Medical Terminology
And
Oral Facial Anatomy 101
Online Course
2015
About the Speaker
Dawn W. Jackson, DrPH, RHIA, CCS-P, FAHIMA
Ms. Jackson is a Professor and Program Director for the Health Services Administration program at
Eastern Kentucky University. She obtained her bachelor’s degree from East Carolina University
(Greenville, NC) in Health Information Management, her master’s degree from Eastern Kentucky
University (Richmond, KY) in Allied Health Education, her doctor of public health degree in Health
Services Management from the University of Kentucky (Lexington, KY), and most recently attained
Fellowship status with the American Health Information Management Association.
Her areas of expertise include: healthcare reimbursement systems, coding and billing processes,
medical law, and health care management. As a certified coding specialist, Ms. Jackson has trained
physicians and their staff for over 20 years. Of particular significance, she has been presenting
coding courses for the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons for over 18 years.
T
able of Contents
Introduction to Word Structure ...................................................................................................1
The Language of Medicine ..................................................................................................1
Learning Methods ................................................................................................................2
Word Components ...............................................................................................................3
Medical Word Analysis .......................................................................................................4
Combining Forms and Suffixes ....................................................................................................7
Suffixes Meaning “Pertaining to” ........................................................................................7
Suffixes Meaning “Condition or Process” ...........................................................................8
Illustrative Overview of the Human Body .........................................................................10
Combining Forms Relating to Anatomical Sites ...............................................................14
Suffixes Relating to the Study of Specialties .....................................................................25
Combining Forms Relating to Specialties .........................................................................25
Pleural Endings ..................................................................................................................29
Common Prefixes .........................................................................................................................35
Directional Prefixes ...........................................................................................................35
Miscellaneous Prefixes ......................................................................................................37
Diagnosis and Treatment Terms ................................................................................................47
Suffixes Relating to Treatment ..........................................................................................47
Miscellaneous Combining Forms ......................................................................................51
Suffixes Relating to Diseases and Conditions ...................................................................55
Oral and Maxillofacial Terms.....................................................................................................71
Illustrative Overview of the Cranial Cavity .......................................................................71
Combining Forms Relating to Orofacial Areas .................................................................73
Alphabetic Index to Word Components ....................................................................................87
Introduction to Word Structure
1
The Language of Medicine
Medical terminology is a professional language – the
language of medicine. Rich in history, most medical
terms stem from the ancient Latin and Greek languages.
Generally, terms describing diagnoses and procedures
have Greek origins, whereas terms describing the anatomical structure of the body have Latin origins.
A Historical Connection
Vein (from Latin vena)
Nose (from Latin nasus)
Mandible (from Latin mandibula)
Biopsy (from Greek bio and opsis)
Pulpectomy (from Latin pulpa and Greek tomas)
Given this heritage, medical terminology is often considered a foreign language. And, in many
ways, it is. Imagine going to a different country where you are unable to communicate effectively. That is how patients feel whenever they come into contact with physicians, nurses, and other
healthcare workers.
Learning medical terminology will likely be confusing and frustrating – at least occasionally.
However, once you know the most common prefixes, roots, and suffixes, you will be able to
combine them in different ways to create numerous medical terms.
As you expand your
knowledge, you will be able to:
•
Better understand medical record documentation,
•
Communicate more effectively with clinicians and patients, and
•
More easily perform work responsibilities.
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
1
Learning Methods
This course focuses on the prefixes, suffixes, and roots most commonly used in the field of oral
and maxillofacial surgery. Beyond this, you will be introduced to roots describing all of the major anatomical structures of the body. In total, you will learn over 290 word components. To a
great extent, you will accomplish this on your own, through a variety of learning methods.
1.
The Word Components section provides a
list of prefixes, suffixes, or roots that need to
be learned. Each list contains definitions and
sample words using the word component.
2.
The automated Flash Cards found at the course website will help you visualize and retain the information
you are learning. In addition, many of these flash cards
contain pronunciations of the terms. Remember, effective communication depends on written and oral abilities.
3.
The Exercises found in each chapter of the
training manual offer you an opportunity to
apply your knowledge in a variety of ways.
The answers to the exercises provide instant
feedback so that you can determine how
well you are learning.
2
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Word Components
Most medical terms can be divided into smaller word components. Understanding these components is the first step in learning medical terminology.
•
Root (stem) – The root is the foundation that establishes the basic meaning of the word.
For example, in the word hepatic, the root (stem) hepat means liver.
•
Combining form – A combining form is a root connected to a combining vowel (normally an “o”). This combining vowel links the root to a suffix or to another root. For example, in the word radiology, the combining form is radi/o. The combining vowel is
linking the root to the suffix –logy.
•
Suffix – A suffix is located at the end of the word that modifies the meaning of the root.
For example, in the word appendectomy, the suffix is –ectomy (excision; to remove). The
root is append (appendix). The suffix changed the meaning of the root to “excision of the
appendix.”
•
Prefix – A prefix is located at the beginning of the word and modifies the meaning of the
root. For example, in the word postprandial, the prefix is post- (after). The root is prand
(meal). The prefix changed the meaning of the root to “after meals.”
Combining Vowel Rules
Rule 1: When two vowels come together, the combining vowel is dropped.
Example: Consider the term “Cardiac” (cardi/ac). The combining form of this word is
cardi/o and the suffix is –ac. Notice that the combining vowel (“o”) has been dropped
because the suffix begins with a vowel.
Rule 2: The combining vowel is kept when connecting two roots.
Example: Consider the term “Adenocarcinoma” (aden/o/carcin/oma). Notice the combining vowel (“o”) is kept between the roots “aden” and “carcin”. However, the combing
vowel (“o”) is dropped between “carcin” and the suffix –oma, because the suffix begins
with a vowel.
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
3
Medical Word Analysis
Medical word analysis is the process of dissecting a medical term and identifying the roots, prefix, suffix, and combining vowels. The following are examples of identifying the components of
a word.
1.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (electr/o/cardi/o/gram)
electr/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning electricity/electrical
cardi/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning heart
-gram = suffix meaning record
Therefore, the word electrocardiogram means “a record of the electrical impulses of
the heart.”
2.
MAXILLOFACIAL (maxill/o/faci/al)
maxill/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning maxilla or upper jaw
faci = root meaning face
-al = suffix meaning pertaining to
Therefore, the word maxillofacial means “pertaining to the maxilla and face.”
3.
RETROGNATHIA (retro/gnath/ia)
retro- = prefix meaning behind or backward
gnath = root meaning jaw
-ia = suffix meaning condition
Therefore, the word retrognathia means “a condition in which the jaw (lower) is in a
backward or recessed position.”
4.
THROMBOSIS (thromb/o/sis)
Thromb/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning clot
-sis = suffix meaning pertaining to
Therefore, the word thrombosis means “pertaining to a clot.”
4
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Exercise 1
Divide the following medical terms into components and identify each.
Medical Term
Word Components
Component Identification
Examples:
a.
Cerebral
cerebr/al
cerebr = root
-al = suffix
b.
Pathology
path/o/logy
path/o = combining form
-logy = suffix
1.
Enteritis
enter/it is
________________________
________________________
2.
Cephalic
cephal/ic
________________________
________________________
3.
Nephrology
________________________
________________________
________________________
4.
Electroencephalogram
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
5.
Pericardial
________________________
________________________
________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
5
Answers – Chapter 1
Exercise 1
1.
Enter/itis
enter = Root
-itis = Suffix
2.
Cephal/ic
cephal = Root
-ic = Suffix
3.
Nephrology
nephr/o = Combining Form
-logy = Suffix
4.
Electroencephalogram
electr/o = Combining Form
encephal/o = Combining Form
-gram = Suffix
5.
Pericardial
peri- = Prefix
cardi = Root
-al = Suffix
Illustration Source
LifeART Collection Images – Copyright ©1989-2001 by Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD
6
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining Forms & Suffixes
2
This chapter contains common suffixes and combining forms that may be seen or heard in a variety of health care settings. Roots and combining forms unique to oral and maxillofacial surgery
are covered in Chapter 5 of the training manual.
Suffixes Meaning “Pertaining to”
Instructions: Review and learn the following suffixes. Pay close attention to the analysis and
meaning of each listed word.
Suffix
-ac
Meaning
Pertaining to
Word List
Cardiac (cardi/ac) – Pertaining to the heart
cardi/o = heart
-al
Pertaining to
Cerebral (cerebr/al) – Pertaining to the cerebrum
cerebr/o = cerebrum
-ar
Pertaining to
Muscular (muscul/ar) – Pertaining to muscles
muscul/o = muscles
-ary
Pertaining to
Urinary (urin/ary) – Pertaining to the urinary system or
urine
urin/o = urine, urinary system
-eal
Pertaining to
Peritoneal (periton/eal) – Pertaining to the peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity)
peritone/o = peritoneum
-iac
Pertaining to
Celiac (cel/iac) – Pertaining to the abdomen
celi/o = belly, abdomen
-ic
-ical
Pertaining to
Phobic (phob/ic) – Pertaining to fear
phob/o = fear
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
7
Suffix
Meaning
Pertaining to
-ior
Word List
Posterior (poster/ior) – Pertaining to the back of the body
or being behind
poster/o = back, behind
Pertaining to
-ous
Nervous (nerv/ous) – Pertaining to nerves
nerv/o = nerves
Pertaining to
-tic
Arthritic (arthr/i/tic) – Pertaining to a joint or arthritis
arthr/o = joint
Suffixes Meaning “Condition or Process”
Instructions: Review and learn the following suffixes. Pay close attention to the analysis and
meaning of each listed word.
Suffix
Meaning
Process
-ation
Word List
Hydration (hydr/ation) – Process of combining with water
hydr/o = water
Process
-ema
Empyema (em/py/ema) – Process of having pus within
(pus pockets)
em- = in
Blood condition
-emia
py/o = pus
Anemia (an/emia) – Deficiency of certain materials in
blood
an- = without
Condition
-ia
Pneumonia (pneumon/ia) – Infectious condition of the
lung
pneumon/o = lung
Process
-ion
-tion
Incision (in/cis/ion) – Process of cutting into
in- = into
8
cis/o = to cut
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Suffix
Meaning
Word List
Process, condition
-ism
Embolism (em/bol/ism) – Condition involving a moving
blood clot
em- = in
Abnormal condition
-osis
-sis
bol/o = to throw
Keratosis (kerat/o/sis) – Excessive growth of horny or
hard tissue of the skin
kerat/o = horny, hard
Process; condition
-y
Atony (a/ton/y) – Condition involving a lack of muscle
tone
a- = without
ton/o = tension
Exercise 2
Identify the suffix in each of the following terms.
Medical Term
Suffix
Medical Term
Suffix
1.
Colicky
__________
6.
Leukemia
__________
2.
Alcoholism
__________
7.
Exostosis
__________
3.
Neurosis
__________
8.
Cervical
__________
4.
Peritoneal
__________
9.
Axillary
__________
5.
Coronary
__________
10.
Lymphatic
__________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
9
Use Stack 1 (Suffixes) and Word List 1 flashcards to reinforce your
learning.
Illustrative Overview of the Human Body
Cavities of the Body (Figure 1)
Cranial Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Spinal Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
10
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Major Components of the Digestive System
Nasal Cavity
(Figure 2)
Salivary Glands
Mouth
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Small Intestine
Large Intestine (colon)
Appendix
Rectum
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
11
Major Components of the Thoracic Cavity
(Figure 3)
Trachea
Lungs
Heart
Major Components of the Urinary System
(Figure 4)
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
12
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Structure of the Spine
(Figure 5)
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
Layers of the Skin
(Figure 6)
Hair
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
13
Combining Forms Relating to Anatomical Sites
Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes (and some new ones), write the definition
of the following medical terms.
Anatomical sites shown in the previous illustrations have the corresponding figure number cited.
Refer to the figure for visual reinforcement of the combining form and its meaning.
Combining
Form
Abdomin/o
Aden/o
Angi/o
Meaning
Word List
Abdomen (Figure 1)
Abdominal – _______________________________
Body cavity that contains
all structures between the
chest and pelvis
___________________________________________
Gland
Adenosis – _________________________________
Organ that secretes a
substance (i.e., hormone,
saliva, breast milk)
___________________________________________
Blood Vessel
Angiospasm – Contracting (spasm) of a blood vessel
-spasm = contraction
Hollow tubes that
transport blood throughout the body
Arter/o
Arteri/o
Artery
Arteriosclerosis – Hardening of an artery
-sclerosis = hardening
Blood vessel that carries
oxygenated blood away
from the heart
Arthr/o
Axill/o
14
Joint
Arthritic – _________________________________
Location where two or
more bones make contact
___________________________________________
Axilla
Axillary – __________________________________
Area under the joint
where the arm connects to
the shoulder – armpit
___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining
Form
Bronch/o
Bronchi/o
Cardi/o
Cephal/o
Cerebr/o
Cervic/o
Chondr/o
Chondri/o
Col/o
Colon/o
Meaning
Word List
Bronchus
Bronchial – ________________________________
Large air passages connecting each lung to the
trachea
___________________________________________
Heart (Figure 3)
Cardiac – __________________________________
Muscular organ responsible for pumping blood
throughout the body
___________________________________________
Head
Cephalic – _________________________________
Structure that contains the
brain, eyes, oral cavity,
and ears
___________________________________________
Cerebrum
Cerebral – _________________________________
Largest division of the
brain, divided into left
and right hemispheres
___________________________________________
Neck (Figure 5)
Cervical – _________________________________
Refers to both 1) the neck
area between the head
and shoulders and 2)the
neck of the uterus
___________________________________________
Cartilage
Chondroma – ______________________________
Stiff, inflexible connective
tissue found in many areas of the body (i.e., ears,
joints, nose)
__________________________________________
Colon (Figure 2)
Colonoscopy – ______________________________
Last part of digestive system, removes water and
salt from solid waste before elimination from the
body
___________________________________________
-oma = tumor
-scopy = the process of viewing with a scope
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
15
Combining
Form
Coron/o
Crani/o
Cutane/o
Cyst/o
Meaning
Word List
Heart (Figure 3)
Coronary – ________________________________
See Cardi/o
___________________________________________
Skull (Figure 1)
Cranial – __________________________________
Bony structure in the head
that supports the face and
protects the brain
___________________________________________
Skin (Figure 6)
Subcutaneous – _____________________________
Soft protective covering of
the body
___________________________________________
Urinary bladder
Cystic – ___________________________________
sub- = below, under
(Figure 4)
___________________________________________
Collects urine from the
kidneys before elimination
from the body
Derm/o
Dermat/o
Encephal/o
Enter/o
Skin (Figure 6)
Dermatosis – _______________________________
See Cutane/o
___________________________________________
Brain
Encephalitis – ______________________________
Center of the nervous
system, located in the
cranium
___________________________________________
Intestines (bowel)
Enteritis – _________________________________
-itis = inflammation
(Figure 2)
___________________________________________
Portion of the digestive
system that extends from
the stomach to the anus
16
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining
Form
Esophag/o
Gastr/o
Hem/o
Hemat/o
Hepat/o
Ili/o
Inguin/o
Laryng/o
Meaning
Word List
Esophagus (Figure 2)
Esophagitis – _______________________________
Muscular tube that carries food, liquid, and saliva from mouth to stomach
___________________________________________
Stomach (Figure 2)
Gastric – __________________________________
Pear-shaped sac located
that secretes gastric juices
to break down food
___________________________________________
Blood
Hematemesis – _____________________________
Fluid that carries oxygen
throughout the body
___________________________________________
Liver (Figure 2)
Hepatic – __________________________________
Large solid organ that
aids in digestion and detoxifies the body of drugs,
alcohol, and environmental toxins
___________________________________________
Ilium (hip bone)
Iliac – _____________________________________
Upper portion of the bony
pelvis
___________________________________________
Groin
Inguinal – _________________________________
Area where the thigh joins
the trunk of the body
___________________________________________
Larynx (voice box)
Laryngeal – ________________________________
Part of the respiratory
system between the pharynx (throat) and trachea
that is responsible for
speech
___________________________________________
-emesis = vomiting
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
17
Combining
Form
Lumb/o
Lymph/o
Muc/o
Mucos/o
Meaning
Word List
Lower back (Figure 5)
Lumbar – _________________________________
Refers to the region between the bottom of the
ribs and pelvis, composed
of 5 vertebrae
___________________________________________
Lymph
Lymphatic – _______________________________
Thin, yellowish liquid that
circulates throughout the
body through lymphatic
vessels
___________________________________________
Mucous
Membrane
Mucosa - _________________________________
___________________________________________
Inner lining of some organs and cavities
Muscul/o
My/o
Nephr/o
Neur/o
18
Muscle
Muscular – ________________________________
Tissue capable of contracting in order to cause
bodily movement (i.e.,
heart, leg muscle)
___________________________________________
Muscle
Myoma – __________________________________
See Muscul/o
___________________________________________
Kidney (Figure 4)
Nephritic – ________________________________
Filters blood of metabolic
waste, which is then excreted as urine
___________________________________________
Nerve
Nervous – _________________________________
Cord-like bundles of fiber
through which sensory
stimuli and motor impulses from the brain pass
___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining
Form
Ophthalm/o
Oste/o
Ot/o
Pelv/i
Pelv/o
Meaning
Word List
Eye
Ophthalmic – ______________________________
Organ of sight and light
sensitivity
___________________________________________
Bone
Osteoarthritis – _____________________________
Dense, porous, calcified
connective tissue that
comprises the major portion of the skeleton
___________________________________________
Ear
Otorrhea –_________________________________
Organ of hearing and
maintaining equilibrium
___________________________________________
Hip, pelvic cavity
Pelvic – ___________________________________
-rrhea = flow, discharge
(Figure 1)
___________________________________________
Basin-shaped bony structure that rests on the lower extremities and supports the spinal column
Peritone/o
Peritoneum (abdominal
Peritoneal – _______________________________
wall)
Serous membrane that
lines the walls of the abdominal cavity
Pharyng/o
Pneum/o
Pneumon/o
___________________________________________
Pharynx (throat)
Pharyngitis – _______________________________
Portion of the digestive
system that extends from
the mouth and nose to the
larynx
___________________________________________
Lung (Figure 3)
Pneumonia - _______________________________
Spongy sac-like organs
that remove carbon dioxide from the blood and
supplies it with oxygen
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
19
Combining
Form
Pulmon/o
Ren/o
Rhin/o
Spin/o
Splen/o
Synovi/o
Thorac/o
Thyr/o
Thyroid/o
20
Meaning
Word List
Lung (Figure 3)
Pulmonary – _______________________________
See Pneum/o
___________________________________________
Kidney (Figure 4)
Renal – ____________________________________
See Nephr/o
___________________________________________
Nose
Rhinorrhea – _______________________________
First portion of the respiratory system that contains nostrils and organs
of smell
___________________________________________
Spine (Figure 5)
Spinal – ___________________________________
Spinal column, composed
of vertebrae
___________________________________________
Spleen
Splenic – __________________________________
Blood reservoir located to
the left of the stomach
___________________________________________
Synovial Membrane
Synovectomy – _____________________________
Lubricating fluid, within a
membrane lining, secreted
into joints
__________________________________________
Chest (Figure 1)
Thoracic – _________________________________
Part of the body located
between the neck and diaphragm, containing the
lungs and heart
___________________________________________
Thyroid Gland
Thyroiditis – _______________________________
Two-lobe gland located in
front of and on both sides
of the trachea
___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining
Form
Tonsill/o
Trache/o
Meaning
Word List
Tonsil
Tonsillar – _________________________________
Small masses of tissue
embedded in the lateral
walls of the opening between the mouth and
pharynx
___________________________________________
Trachea (wind pipe)
Tracheal – _________________________________
(Figure 3)
___________________________________________
This tube extending from
the larynx to the bronchi
bringing oxygen to the
lungs
Umbilic/o
Ur/o
Navel, umbilicus
Umbilical – ________________________________
Scar where the umbilical
cord was attached – belly
button
___________________________________________
Urinary tract, urine
Urology – __________________________________
(Figure 4)
___________________________________________
Organs and tubes of the
body that produce and
excrete urine
Uret/o
Urethr/o
Vascul/o
-logy = study of
Ureter (Figure 4)
Ureteral – _________________________________
One of two tubes leading
from the kidney to the
bladder
___________________________________________
Urethra (Figure 4)
Urethral – _________________________________
Tube carrying urine from
the bladder to the outside
___________________________________________
Vessels
Vascular – _________________________________
Ducts that circulate fluids
(i.e., blood, lymph)
___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
21
Combining
Form
Vertebr/o
Meaning
Word List
Vertebra (Figure 5)
Vertebral – ________________________________
One of 26 pieces of bone
making up the spinal column
___________________________________________
Use Stack 2 (Anatomical Roots) and Word List 2 flashcards to
reinforce your learning.
Exercise 3
A.
Complete the following sentences by placing the correct term in the blank.
Abdominal
Hepatic
Vertebral
Renovascular
Axillary
Laryngeal
Peritoneum
Cephalic
Musculoskeletal
Spinal
1.
The lining of the abdomen is also known as the ___________________________.
2.
A alcoholic will often develop a(n) _____________________________ disorder.
3.
A symptom of appendicitis is right-sided ____________________________ pain.
4.
People are often paralyzed due to ________________________________ trauma.
5.
After being hit in the head, the patient complained of __________________ pain.
22
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
6.
After being hoarse for three months, the patient underwent a biopsy that revealed
_______________________ cancer.
7.
Breast cancer often spreads to the ___________________________ lymph nodes.
8.
After bending over to pick up a 150 pound box, the patient experienced pain in
the lower _____________________________ area.
9.
__________________________________ disease can cause high blood pressure.
10.
Orthopedic physicians specialize in the ______________________________ system.
B.
Match the combining form to its meaning.
_______ 1.
Cerebr/o
A.
Spleen
_______ 2.
Rhin/o
B.
Groin
_______ 3.
Thyr/o
C.
Thyroid
_______ 4.
Inguin/o
D.
Navel
_______ 5.
Lumb/o
E.
Cerebrum
_______ 6.
Splen/o
F.
Nose
_______ 7.
Thorac/o
G.
Chest
_______ 8.
Umbilic/o
H.
Lower back
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
23
C.
The suffix “-itis” means “inflammation of.” Match the following inflammations to the
meanings.
_______ 1.
Adenitis
A.
Inflammation of the liver
_______ 2.
Gastritis
B.
Inflammation of the skin
_______ 3.
Dermatitis
C.
Inflammation of the heart
_______ 4.
Carditis
D.
Inflammation of the neck of the uterus
_______ 5.
Hepatitis
E.
Inflammation of a gland
_______ 6.
Arthritis
F.
Inflammation of the brain
_______ 7.
Tonsillitis
G.
Inflammation of a nerve
_______ 8.
Osteoarthritis
H.
Inflammation of the stomach
_______ 9.
Synovitis
I.
Inflammation of the tonsils
_______ 10.
Encephalitis
J.
Inflammation of a joint
_______ 11.
Cervicitis
K.
Inflammation of the intestine
_______ 12.
Neuritis
L.
Inflammation of the kidney
_______ 13.
Enteritis
M.
Inflammation of the synovial membrane
_______ 14.
Nephritis
N.
Inflammation (and breakdown) of the joints
24
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Suffixes Relating to the Study of Specialties
Instructions: Review and learn the following suffixes.
Suffix
Meaning
-iatrics
-iatry
Field of study
-ian
-ician
Specialist
-ist
-iatrist
Specialist
-logy
Study of
Word List
Psychiatry – Study of mental disorders
psych/o = mind
Pediatrician – Specialist in the treatment of children
ped/o = children
Pathologist – Specialist in the area of diseases
path/o = disease
Enterology – Study of intestines (intestinal tract)
enter/o = intestines
Combining Forms Relating to Specialties
Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes, write the definition of the following medical terms.
Combining
Form
Meaning
Word List
Gynec/o
Woman, female
Gynecology – Study of women (female reproductive system)
Obstetr/o
Midwife
Obstetrics – Pertaining to the surgical branch
specializing in the management of pregnancy, labor, and
the postpartum period
Onc/o
Tumor
Oncology – _________________________________
___________________________________________
Orth/o
Straight
Orthopedics – Pertaining to the branch of surgery specializing in correcting (straightening) skeletal
deformities
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
25
Combining
Form
Meaning
Disease
Path/o
Word List
Pathology – _________________________________
___________________________________________
Ped/o
Child, foot
Pediatrics – Branch specializing in the treatment of children
Psych/o
Mind
Psychology – Study of mental disorders (mind)
Radi/o
X-ray, radiation, radius (bone in the lower
Radiology – ________________________________
arm)
___________________________________________
Use Stack 3 (Medical and Surgical Specialties) and Word List 3
flashcards to reinforce your learning.
Exercise 4
A.
Complete the following sentences by writing the correct term in the blank.
Cardiologist
Gynecologist
Obstetrician
Orthopedic
Psychiatrist
1.
Dermatologist
Nephrologist
Oncologist
Pathologist
Urologist
Gastroenterologist
Neurologist
Ophthalmologist
Pediatrician
If a patient were diagnosed as having an infection of the uterus, she should be
seen by a(n) ______________________________.
2.
If a patient were diagnosed as having coronary heart disease, he should be seen by
a(n) ______________________________.
26
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
3.
If a patient were diagnosed as having a pinched nerve, he should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
4.
If a patient were diagnosed as being pregnant, she should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
5.
If a patient were diagnosed as having schizophrenia, he should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
6.
If a patient were diagnosed as having a cancer, he should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
7.
If a patient were diagnosed as having renal failure, she should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
8.
If a patient were diagnosed as having cystitis, he should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
9.
If a patient were diagnosed as having glaucoma (a disease of the eye), he should be
seen by a(n) ______________________________.
10.
If a 4-year-old patient were diagnosed as having the flu, he should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
11.
If a patient were diagnosed as having a skin rash of unknown origin, he should be
seen by a(n) ______________________________.
12.
If a patient were diagnosed as having a peptic ulcer, he should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
27
13.
If a patient were diagnosed as having a fractured arm, she should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
14.
B.
If a patient expires, the autopsy should be done by a(n) _____________________.
Complete the definition of each of the following.
Example: Enter/o/path/y = Pertaining to the diseases of the intestine (or a disease of
the intestine)
y = pertaining to
path/o = diseases
enter/o = intestines
1.
Arth/algia _________________________________________________________
-algia = pain in/painful
2.
Hepat/oma ________________________________________________________
-oma = tumor
3.
Sub/hepat/ic _______________________________________________________
sub- = below
4.
Inter/vertebr/al _____________________________________________________
inter- = between
5.
Hypo/derm/ic ______________________________________________________
hypo- = below
6.
Cephalo/pelv/ic ____________________________________________________
7.
Broncho/spasm _____________________________________________________
-spasm = contraction of
8.
Retro/periton/eal ___________________________________________________
retro- = behind
9.
Radi/ation ________________________________________________________
28
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
C.
Match the following specialties to their meaning.
_____ 1.
Psychiatry
A.
The study of tumors
_____ 2.
Gastroenterology
B.
The study of the mind
_____ 3.
Gynecology
C.
The study of the heart
_____ 4.
Nephrology
D.
The study of the eyes
_____ 5.
Oncology
E.
The study of nerves
_____ 6.
Ophthalmology
F.
The study of women
_____ 7.
Neurology
G.
The study of skin
_____ 8.
Cardiology
H.
The study of kidneys
_____ 9.
Pathology
I.
The study of diseases
_____ 10.
Dermatology
J.
The study of the stomach and intestines
Plural Endings
When some words become plural, an s is not used to designate that status. The following suffixes
show a plural status in alternative manners.
Singular
Suffix
Plural
Suffix
Examples
-a
-ae
Singular
Plural
Vertebra (spinal bone)
Vertebrae (multiple vertebra)
-ex, -ix
-ices
Singular
Plural
Index (second digit of hand)
Indices (second digits of both hands)
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
29
Singular
Suffix
Plural
Suffix
Examples
-is
-es
Singular
Plural
Anastomosis (a surgical communication, opening)
Anastomoses (multiple surgical communications)
-nx
-nges
Singular
Plural
Phalanx (bone of finger or toe)
Phalanges (bones of fingers or toes)
-on
-a
Singular
Plural
Ganglion (mass of nerve tissue)
Ganglia (more than one mass of nerve tissue)
-um
-a
Singular
Plural
Bacterium (a micro-organism)
Bacteria (multiple micro-organisms)
-us
-i
Singular
Plural
Ramus (left or right jaw bone)
Rami (both jaw bones)
Exercise 5
Write the plural form for each of the following terms.
1.
Thrombus (blood clot) ________________________________________________
2.
Crisis ____________________________________________________________
3.
Apex (top of an organ or body part) ________________________________________
4.
Ovum (egg) ________________________________________________________
5.
Bursa (sac-like cavity filled with fluid found where friction occurs) ___________________
6.
Prosthesis (artificial replacement of a body part) _______________________________
7.
Varix (enlarged, twisted blood vessel) _______________________________________
30
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
8.
Diverticulum (out pouches or pits usually in the colon) __________________________
9.
Bronchus _________________________________________________________
10.
Metastasis (transfer of disease from one body part to another) ______________________
Answers – Chapter 2
Exercise 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
-y
-ism
-sis
-eal
-ary
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
-emia
-sis
-al
-ary
-ic
Word List Definitions (Pages 14-22)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abdominal – Pertaining to the abdomen
Adenosis – Abnormal condition of a gland
Arthritic – Pertaining to a joint (or arthritis)
Axillary – Pertaining to the armpit
Bronchial – Pertaining to the bronchus
Cardiac – Pertaining to the heart
Celiac – Pertaining to the abdomen
Cephalic – Pertaining to the head
Cerebral – Pertaining to the cerebrum
Cervical – Pertaining to the neck
Chondroma – Tumor involving cartilage
Colonoscopy – The process of viewing the colon with a scope
Coronary – Pertaining to the heart
Cranial – Pertaining to the skull
Cystic – Pertaining to the bladder or to a cyst
Dermatosis – Abnormal condition of the skin
Encephalitis – Inflammation of the brain
Enteritis – Inflammation of the intestine
Esophagitis – Inflammation of the esophagus
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
31
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gastric – Pertaining to the stomach
Hematemesis – Vomiting of blood
Hepatic – Pertaining to the liver
Iliac – Pertaining to the ilium
Inguinal – Pertaining to the groin
Laryngeal – Pertaining to the larynx
Lumbar – Pertaining to the lower back
Lymphatic – Pertaining to lymph
Mucosa – Pertaining to mucous membrane
Muscular – Pertaining to muscle
Myoma – Tumor of the muscle
Nephritic – Pertaining to the kidney
Nervous – Pertaining to nerves
Ophthalmic – Pertaining to the eye
Osteoarthritis – Inflammation of the joint (and bony components)
Otorrhea – Discharge from the ear
Pelvic – Pertaining to the pelvis
Peritoneal – Pertaining to the wall of the abdomen
Pharyngitis – Inflammation of the throat
Pneumonia – A condition of the lung (an infectious condition)
Pulmonary – Pertaining to the lung
Renal –Pertaining to the kidney
Rhinorrhea – Discharge from the nose (runny nose)
Spinal – Pertaining to the spine
Splenic – Pertaining to the spleen
Subcutaneous – Pertaining to below the skin
Synovectomy – Excision of the synovial membrane
Thoracic – Pertaining to the chest
Thyroiditis – Inflammation of the thyroid
Tonsillar – Pertaining to the tonsil
Tracheal – Pertaining to the trachea
Umbilical – Pertaining to the navel (belly button)
Urology – The study of the urinary system
Ureteral – Pertaining to the ureter
Urethral – Pertaining to the urethra
Vascular – Pertaining to little vessels
Vertebral – Pertaining to vertebrae
32
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Exercise 3
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Peritoneum
Hepatic
Abdominal
Spinal
Cephalic
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Laryngeal
Axillary
Vertebral
Renovascular
Musculoskeletal
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
E
F
C
B
5.
6.
7.
8.
H
A
G
D
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
E
H
B
C
A
J
I
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
N
M
F
D
G
K
L
Word List Definitions (Page 26)
•
•
•
Oncology – The study of tumors
Pathology – The study of disease
Radiology – The study of the use of x-rays or other penetrating radiation
Exercise 4
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Gynecologist
Cardiologist
Neurologist
Obstetrician
Psychiatrist
Oncologist
Nephrologist
Urologist
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Nephrologist
Urologist
Ophthalmologist
Pediatrician
Dermatologist
Gastroenterologist
Orthopedic
Pathologist
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Painful joint
Tumor in the liver
Pertaining to being below the liver
Pertaining to being between vertebrae
Pertaining to being below the skin
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
33
6.
C.
7.
8.
9.
Pertaining to the head and pelvis (a term used to describe the relationship
between the infant’s head and the mother’s pelvis)
Contraction or spasms of the bronchus
Pertaining to being behind the abdominal wall (peritoneum)
Process of using radium
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B
J
F
H
A
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
D
E
C
I
G
Thrombi
Crises
Apices
Ova
Bursae
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Protheses
Varices
Diverticula
Bronchi
Metastases
Exercise 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Illustration Source
LifeART Collection Images – Copyright ©1989-2001 by Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD
34
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Common Prefixes
3
Directional Prefixes
Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes and roots (and some new ones), write the
definition of the following medical terms.
Prefix
Meaning
Word List
Ab-
Away from
Abnormal – Not normal
Ante-
Before, forward
Antepartum – ______________________________
__________________________________________
-partum = birth, labor
Circum-
Around
Circumzygomatic – _________________________
__________________________________________
zygomat/o = zygoma (cheek bone)
E-
Out, away
Edentulous – _______________________________
___________________________________________
dent/o = teeth
-ulous = inclined to
Em-
In
Empyema – Condition involving pus within (pus pockets)
EnEndo-
In, within
Endoscope – _______________________________
__________________________________________
Epi-
Upon, on, above
Epidermis – Pertaining to the outer layer of the skin
ExExo-
Out, away from
Excision – _________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
35
Prefix
Extra-
Meaning
Outside
Word List
Extraoral – ________________________________
___________________________________________
or/o = mouth
In, not
In-
Incision – __________________________________
___________________________________________
Inter-
Between
Intervertebral – ____________________________
___________________________________________
Intra-
In, within
Intravenous – ______________________________
__________________________________________
ven/o = vein
Near, beside,
abnormal, away
Para-
Paramedic – _______________________________
__________________________________________
Through
Per-
Percutaneous – _____________________________
__________________________________________
Around
Peri-
Pericardium – ______________________________
__________________________________________
After
Post-
Postmortem – ______________________________
__________________________________________
mort/o = death
PrePro-
Before, in front of
Precancer – A condition that has the tendency to
become a cancer
Retro-
Behind, backward
Retroperitoneum – __________________________
__________________________________________
36
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Prefix
Sub-
Meaning
Word List
Under, below
Sublingual – _______________________________
__________________________________________
lingu/o = tongue
Supra-
Above
Suprahepatic – _____________________________
__________________________________________
Trans-
Across, through
Transurethral – ____________________________
__________________________________________
Use Stack 4 (Directional Prefixes) and Word List 4 flashcards to
reinforce your learning.
Miscellaneous Prefixes
Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes and roots (and some new ones), write the
definition of the following medical terms.
Prefix
AAn-
Meaning
Word List
No, not, none, without
Apnea – ___________________________________
__________________________________________
-pnea = breath
Allo-
Other, different
Allograft – _________________________________
__________________________________________
Anti-
Against
Antiseptic – ________________________________
__________________________________________
-sept/o = infection
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
37
Prefix
Meaning
Word List
Auto-
Self
Autolysis – The destruction of tissues due to one’s own
enzymes
Bi-
Two
Bilateral – Pertaining to two sides
later/o = side
Brady-
Slow
Bradycardia – ______________________________
__________________________________________
Contra-
Against, opposite
Contraindication – __________________________
__________________________________________
Down, lack of, loss
De-
Dehydration – ______________________________
__________________________________________
Through, throughout,
completely
Dia-
Diagnosis – ________________________________
__________________________________________
-gnosis = knowledge
Separation, take apart Dissection – ________________________________
Dis-
__________________________________________
sect/o = to cut
Painful, difficult
Dys-
Dyspnea – _________________________________
__________________________________________
Echo-
Sound
Echocardiography – _________________________
___________________________________________
-graphy = process of recording
Hemi-
Half
Hemifacial – ______________________________
__________________________________________
Hyper-
Over, excessive, increased
Hypertrophy – Increased development, excessive
size
-trophy = development, nourishment
38
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Prefix
Hypo-
Meaning
Under, below,
decreased
Word List
Hypodermic – ______________________________
___________________________________________
Macro-
Large
Macrocephalic – ____________________________
___________________________________________
Mal-
Bad
Malnutrition – ______________________________
___________________________________________
Micro-
Small
Microcephalic –_____________________________
___________________________________________
Neo-
New
Neonatal – _________________________________
___________________________________________
nat/o = birth
Poly-
Many
Polyneuritis – ______________________________
___________________________________________
Re-
Back, again
Reattach – To connect or join again
Semi-
Half
Semicoma – ________________________________
___________________________________________
Tachy-
Fast
Tachycardia – ______________________________
___________________________________________
Uni-
One
Unilateral – ________________________________
___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
39
Use Stack 5 (Miscellaneous Prefixes) and Word List 5 flashcards to reinforce your learning.
Exercise 6
A.
For each of the following, identify the prefix with the opposite meaning.
Prefix
Meaning
Prefix
Meaning
Example:
a.
Ex-
Out, away
En-
In, within
1.
Bi-
____________________
________
____________________
2.
Macro-
___________________
________
____________________
3.
Post-
____________________
________
____________________
4.
Hypo-
____________________
________
____________________
5.
Brady-
____________________
________
____________________
6.
Epi-
____________________
________
____________________
40
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
B.
Match the following prefixes to their meaning.
_____ 1.
Auto-
A.
Through
_____ 2.
Dys-
B.
Many
_____ 3.
Neo-
C.
Around
_____ 4.
Macro-
D.
Without
_____ 5.
Hyper-
E.
In
_____ 6.
Ante-
F.
Self
_____ 7.
Sub-
G.
Against
_____ 8.
Contra-
H.
Difficult
_____ 9.
An-
I.
Upon
_____ 10.
Epi-
J.
Excessive
_____ 11.
Circum-
K.
Before
_____ 12.
E-
L.
Out
_____ 13.
Em-
M.
New
_____ 14.
Per-
N.
Large
_____ 15.
Supra-
O.
Above
_____ 16.
Poly-
P.
Under
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
41
C.
Complete the crossword puzzle. The word list can be found on page 44.
Across
1.
3.
5.
7.
8.
9.
42
Alternating slow and fast heart rate
Opposite side
Type of medication that literally
means “against life”
Poorly healed fracture
Painful urination
Above the stomach
Down
2.
4.
6.
Excessively functioning thyroid
Within the cerebrum
Within the liver
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
D.
Identify the prefixes in each of the following and provide the meaning of the word.
Term
Prefix
Meaning
Example:
a.
Dysphagia
Dys-
Painful swallowing
__________
_______________________________
-phagia = eating,
swallowing
1.
Anencephaly
_______________________________
2.
Antispasmodic
__________
_______________________________
_______________________________
3.
Endotracheal
__________
_______________________________
_______________________________
4.
Exocolitis
__________
_______________________________
_______________________________
5.
Hemigastrectomy
__________
_______________________________
_______________________________
6.
Intracranial
__________
_______________________________
_______________________________
7.
Peribronchial
__________
_______________________________
_______________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
43
Term
8.
Postpartum
Prefix
__________
Meaning
_______________________________
-partum = birth
_______________________________
9.
Transabdominal
__________
_______________________________
_______________________________
10.
Polymyositis
__________
_______________________________
_______________________________
Word List (Exercise 6C)
Antibiotic
Bradytachycardia
Contralateral
Dysuria
Epigastric
Hyperthyroidism
Intracerebral
Intrahepatic
Malunion
Answers – Chapter 3
Word List Definitions (Pages 35-37)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Antepartum – Before birth
Circumzygomatic – Around the cheek bone (zygoma)
Edentulous – Inclined to have no teeth
Endoscope – An instrument used to view inside
Excision – The process of cutting out
Extraoral – Outside the mouth
Incision – The process of cutting into
44
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Intervertebral – Pertaining to being between vertebrae
Intravenous – Pertaining to being within a vein
Paramedic – Pertaining to a profession that is close to or similar to medicine
Percutaneous – Pertaining to going through the skin
Pericardium – Pertaining to being around the heart
Postmortum – Pertaining to the period of time after death
Retroperitoneum – Pertaining to being behind the abdominal wall
Sublingual – Pertaining to being under the tongue
Suprahepatic – Pertaining to being above the liver
Transurethral – Pertaining to going through the urethra
Word List Definitions (Pages 37-39)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Apnea – Without breath
Allograft – The transplant of tissue from one person to a different person
Antiseptic – Pertaining to opposing or inhibiting an infection (infectious organisms)
Bradycardia – Condition involving a slow heart rate
Contraindication – Against indication
Dehydration – The process of having a lack of water
Diagnosis – Complete or thorough knowledge
Dissection – Process of cutting apart
Dyspnea – Painful or difficult breathing
Echocardiography – Process of recording the heart using sound waves (ultrasonagraphy)
Hemifacial – Half (one side) of the face
Hypodermic – Pertaining to being below the skin
Macrocephalic – Pertaining to having an unusually large head
Malnutrition – Process of having bad (or insufficient) nutrients
Microcephalic – Pertaining to having an unusually small head
Neonatal – Pertaining to a new birth
Polyneuritis – Inflammation of many nerves
Semicoma – A partial or mild state of comatose
Tachycardia – Condition involving a fast heart rate
Unilateral – Pertaining to one side
Exercise 6
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
BiMacroPostHypoBradyEpi-
Two
Large
After
Under
Slow
Above
UniMicroPreHyperTachySub-
One
Small
Before
Over
Fast
Under
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
45
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
F
H
M
N
J
K
P
G
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Bradytachycardia
Hyperthyroidism
Contralateral
Intracerebral
Antibiotic
Intrahepatic
Malunion
Dysuria
Epigastric
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Anencephaly
Antispasmodic
Endotracheal
Exocolitis
Hemigastrectomy
Intracranial
Peribronchial
Postpartum
Transabdominal
Polymyositis
46
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
AnAntiEndoExoHemiIntraPeriPostTransPoly-
D
I
C
L
E
A
O
B
Condition in which a person has no brain
Pertaining to stopping spasms
Pertaining to being inside the trachea
Inflammation of the colon’s outer coating
Excision of half of the stomach
Pertaining to being within the skull
Pertaining to being around the bronchus
The period after giving birth
Pertaining to going across the abdomen
Inflammation of many muscles
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Diagnosis & Treatment Terms
4
Suffixes Relating to Treatment
Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes and roots (and some new ones), write the
definition of the following medical terms.
Suffix
-centesis
Meaning
Word List
Surgical puncture to
remove fluid
Arthrocentesis – ___________________________
__________________________________________
-crit
Separation
Hematocrit – ______________________________
__________________________________________
-ectomy
Excision, remove
Splenectomy – Removal of the spleen
-gram
Record
Pneumogram – Record of lung activity
-graph
Instrument for
recording
Electrocardiograph – _______________________
__________________________________________
electr/o = electricity, electrical
-graphy
Process of
recording
Electrocardiography – ______________________
__________________________________________
-lysis
-lytic
Breakdown,
separation,
destruction
Hemodialysis – Process of separating certain elements from the blood
-opsy
Process of viewing
Biopsy – __________________________________
__________________________________________
bi/o = life
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
47
Suffix
Meaning
Fixation, put into
place
-pexy
Word List
Gastropexy – ______________________________
__________________________________________
-plasty
Surgical repair
Angioplasty – ______________________________
__________________________________________
-rrhaphy
Suture
Herniorrhaphy – Repair by suture of a hernia
-scope
Instrument used to
view
Bronchoscope – ____________________________
__________________________________________
-scopy
Process of examining
with a scope
Arthroscopy – _____________________________
__________________________________________
-stasis
-static
Stopping, controlling
Hemostasis – ______________________________
__________________________________________
-stomy
Artificial opening
Tracheostomy – ____________________________
__________________________________________
-therapy
Treatment
Chemotherapy –____________________________
__________________________________________
chem/o = chemical
-tomy
Process of cutting
Osteotomy – _______________________________
__________________________________________
-tripsy
Process of crushing
Lithotripsy – _____________________________
__________________________________________
lith/o = stone
48
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Use Stack 6 (Treatment Suffixes) and Word List 6 flashcards to
reinforce your learning.
Exercise 7
A.
Match the suffix to its meaning.
_____ 1.
-centesis
A.
Remove
_____ 2.
-gram
B.
Suture
_____ 3.
-plasty
C.
Cutting
_____ 4.
-scope
D.
Fixation
_____ 5.
-ectomy
E.
Record
_____ 6.
-rrhaphy
F.
Crushing
_____ 7.
-tomy
G.
Surgical repair
_____ 8.
-pexy
H.
Puncture to remove fluid
_____ 9.
-tripsy
I.
Instrument used for viewing
_____ 10.
-stomy
J.
Artificial opening
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
49
B.
Complete each sentence with the appropriate term.
Arthrocentesis
Bronchoscopy
Lithotripsy
1.
Angioplasty
Gastrorrhaphy
Rhinoplasty
Biopsy
Urinalysis
Tracheostomy
A patient requests a “nose job”. The correct medical term for this procedure is
_______________________________________.
2.
Suturing of the stomach could also be called __________________________.
3.
As part of his cancer treatment, the patient underwent a procedure to create an
artificial opening of his windpipe. He underwent a _____________________.
4.
Often, patients undergo __________________________ before coronary bypass surgery.
5.
A man has been experiencing kidney stones. He could have these eliminated by
_________________________________.
`
6.
A woman has been experiencing shortness of breath and coughing up of blood. She
underwent a(n) __________________________________ with biopsy as a diagnostic
tool.
7.
A patient had a variety of laboratory work performed as a part of an annual examination. Included in this laboratory work was a(n) ______________________.
8.
A patient experiencing tightness and discomfort in his knee underwent a(n)
________________________________ to remove fluid.
9.
A patient presents, who had with a lump in the floor of the mouth, underwent a
_____________________________ to determine the nature of the lump.
50
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Miscellaneous Combining Forms
Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes and roots (and some new ones), write the
definition of the following medical terms.
Combining
Form
Algesi/o
Meaning
Word List
Suffering, pain
Analgesic – ________________________________
__________________________________________
Ankyl/o
Bent, crooked, stiff,
fixed
Ankylosis – Condition involving a fixed or fused
(joint)
Bacteri/o
Bacteria
Bacterial – _________________________________
__________________________________________
Bi/o
Life
Biology – __________________________________
__________________________________________
Carcin/o
Cancer
Carcinoma – Cancerous tumor
Cirrh/o
Orange-Yellow
Cirrhosis – Literally, the term means pertaining to
orange-yellow. However, cirrhosis is a chronic condition involving the degeneration of liver cells – often giving the person an orange-yellow hue to the
skin.
Cis/o
To cut
Excision – Process of cutting out
Cry/o
Cold
Cryosurgery – ______________________________
__________________________________________
Cyan/o
Blue
Cyanotic – Pertaining to a bluish discoloration of
skin due to a lack of oxygen
Cyt/o
Cell
Cytology – _________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
51
Combining
Form
Meaning
Electricity
Electr/o
Word List
Electromyogram – ________________________
__________________________________________
Red
Erythr/o
Erythrocyte – ______________________________
__________________________________________
-cyte = cell
Esthesi/o
Aesthesi/o
Sensation, feeling
Anesthesia – _______________________________
__________________________________________
Fibr/o
Relating to fibrous
tissue
Fibroma – _________________________________
__________________________________________
Fistul/o
Tube, pipe
Fistula - ___________________________________
__________________________________________
Hist/o
Histi/o
Tissue
Histology – ________________________________
__________________________________________
Hydr/o
Water
Hydration – Process involving water
Infer/o
Below, beneath
Inferior – __________________________________
___________________________________________
Leth/o
Death
Lethal – ___________________________________
__________________________________________
Leuk/o
White
Leukemia – ________________________________
___________________________________________
Fat, lipid
Lip/o
Lipoma – __________________________________
__________________________________________
52
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining
Form
Lith/o
Meaning
Word List
Calculus, stone
Nephrolith – _______________________________
__________________________________________
Melan/o
Black
Melanoma - ________________________________
___________________________________________
Morph/o
Shape, form
Morphology – ______________________________
__________________________________________
Mort/o
Death
Mortality – ________________________________
__________________________________________
Narc/o
Numb, sleep
Narcotic – _________________________________
__________________________________________
Necr/o
Death
Necrosis – _________________________________
__________________________________________
Norm/o
Normal
Normocephalic – ____________________________
__________________________________________
Pseud/o
False
Pseudocyst – _______________________________
__________________________________________
Purul/o
Py/o
Pus
Pyorrhea – _________________________________
__________________________________________
Sarc/o
Muscular, flesh-like
Sarcoma – _________________________________
__________________________________________
Scler/o
Hard
Scleroderma – ______________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
53
Combining
Form
Meaning
To cut
Sect/o
Word List
Resection – ________________________________
__________________________________________
Infection
Seps/o
Sept/o
Sepsis – ___________________________________
__________________________________________
Sound
Son/o
Sonogram –________________________________
__________________________________________
Suppur/o
Suppurat/o
Pus forming
Suppurative - ______________________________
__________________________________________
Heat
Therm/o
Thermal – _________________________________
__________________________________________
Thromb/o
Clot/clotting
Thrombosis – ______________________________
__________________________________________
Tox/o
Toxic/o
Poison
Toxic – ____________________________________
__________________________________________
Xen/o
Strange, foreign
Xenograft – ________________________________
__________________________________________
Dry, dryness
Xer/o
Xerostomia – _______________________________
__________________________________________
stom/o = mouth
54
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Use Stack 7 (Miscellaneous Combining Forms) and Word List 7
flashcards to reinforce your learning.
Suffixes Relating to Diseases and Conditions
Instructions: Using the previously covered prefixes, suffixes, and roots (and some new ones),
write the definition of the following medical terms.
Combining
Form
-algia
Meaning
Pain
Word List
Arthralgia – ________________________________
___________________________________________
-cele
Hernia, cyst
Mucocele – _________________________________
___________________________________________
-crine
Secretion
Endocrine – ________________________________
___________________________________________
-cyte
Cell
Leukocyte – ________________________________
___________________________________________
-dynia
Pain
Pleurodynia – Pain in the pleural cavity of the chest
-edema
Swelling
Lymphedema –______________________________
___________________________________________
-emesis
Vomiting
Hyperemesis – ______________________________
___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
55
Combining
Form
-genic
Meaning
Produced by,
producing
Word List
Carcinogenic – ______________________________
___________________________________________
-gnosis
Knowledge
Prognosis – _________________________________
___________________________________________
Inflammation
-itis
Otitis – ____________________________________
___________________________________________
-malacia
Softening
Encephalomalacia –__________________________
___________________________________________
-megaly
Enlargement
Splenomegaly – _____________________________
___________________________________________
Resemblance to
-oid
Carcinoid – ________________________________
___________________________________________
Tumor, mass
-oma
Osteoma – _________________________________
___________________________________________
-paresis
Slight paralysis
Hemiparesis – ______________________________
___________________________________________
-pathy
Disease, emotion
Arthropathy –______________________________
___________________________________________
-penia
Deficiency
Osteopenia – _______________________________
___________________________________________
56
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining
Form
-pepsia
Meaning
Word List
Digestion
Dyspepsia – ________________________________
___________________________________________
-phagia
Swallowing
Aphagia – _________________________________
___________________________________________
-phasia
Speech
Dysphasia _________________________________
___________________________________________
-plakia
-plasia
-plasm
A plate or flat plane,
usually on a mucous
membrane
Leukoplakia – ______________________________
Formation
Neoplasm – ________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
-porosis
Porous, less density
Osteoporosis – ______________________________
___________________________________________
-prandial
Meal
Postprandial – ______________________________
___________________________________________
-ptosis
Drooping
Glossoptosis – ______________________________
___________________________________________
-ptysis
Spitting
Hemoptysis – _______________________________
___________________________________________
-rrhage
-rrhagia
Bursting forth
Hemorrhage – ______________________________
___________________________________________
-rrhea
Flow, discharge
Rhinorrhea – _______________________________
___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
57
Combining
Form
-sclerosis
Meaning
Hardening
Word List
Arteriosclerosis – ___________________________
___________________________________________
-spasm
-stenosis
Involuntary
contraction of
muscles
Cardiospasm – _____________________________
Tightening,
stricture, narrowing
Ureteral Stenosis – __________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
-trophy
Development
Hypertrophy – _____________________________
___________________________________________
Thing
-us
Thrombus – _______________________________
___________________________________________
Use Stack 8 (Suffixes Related to Diseases) and Word List 8
flashcards to reinforce your learning.
58
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Exercise 8
A. Match each suffix to its meaning.
_____ 1.
-centesis
A.
Surgical repair
_____ 2.
-logy
B.
Process of recording
_____ 3.
-dynia
C.
Hardening
_____ 4.
-lysis
D.
Pertaining to
_____ 5.
-graphy
E.
Pain
_____ 6.
-al
F.
Treatment
_____ 7.
-emia
G.
Surgical puncture
_____ 8.
-sclerosis
H.
Secretion
_____ 9.
-therapy
I.
Blood condition
_____ 10.
-plasty
J.
Study of
_____ 11.
-edema
K.
Meal
_____ 12.
-ptysis
L.
Spit
_____ 13.
-rrhage
M.
Bursting forth
_____ 14.
-prandial
N.
Separation
_____ 15.
-crine
O.
Swelling
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
59
B.
Complete the following sentences by writing the correct term in the blank.
Cephalocentesis
Craniotomy
Dysentery
Neurospasms
Cervicodynia
Cystostomy
Hepatomalacia
Splenectomy
Colonorrhaphy
Cytotoxic
Hypothermic
Urolith
1.
To cut into the skull is also known as _________________________________.
2.
Bloody bowel movements are symptoms of ____________________________.
3.
Softening of the liver is also known as ________________________________.
4.
A term which means destructive to cells is _____________________________.
5.
A surgical puncture of the head is also known as ________________________.
6.
To suture the colon is also known as __________________________________.
7.
An artificial opening in the bladder is called a(n) ________________________.
8.
To remove the spleen is also known as ________________________________.
9.
A patient who has been experiencing pain on urination and decrease in fluid output may
be told he has a(n) _______________________________________.
10.
A person, experiencing pain in the neck, may refer to his condition as
_______________________.
11.
A condition in which there is a low body temperature is known as being
____________________________________.
12.
60
Contractions of a nerve are also known as _________________________.
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
C.
Match the term to the meaning.
_____ 1.
Pyorrhea
A.
Suture in the intestine
_____ 2.
Cardiospasm
B.
Hardening of the skin
_____ 3.
Tracheostenosis
C.
Cancerous tumor of glandular tissue
_____ 4.
Osteonecrosis
D.
Inflammation of the bladder
_____ 5.
Enterorrhaphy
E.
Narrowing of the trachea
_____ 6.
Microlith
F.
Pus discharge
_____ 7.
Adenocarcinoma
G.
Small calculus
_____ 8.
Scleroderma
H.
Hernia of bladder
_____ 9.
Septicemia
I.
Death of bone
_____ 10.
Osteomalacia
J.
Contractions of the heart
_____ 11.
Thrombolysis
K.
Destruction of a clot
_____ 12.
Electroencephalogram
L.
Record of brain activity
_____ 13.
Osteoma
M.
Tumor of the bone
_____ 14.
Cystitis
N.
Blood infection
_____ 15.
Cystocele
O.
Softening of the bone
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
61
D.
Match the term to the meaning. Note: Some terms may be used more than once.
_____ 1.
Arthrotic
A.
Pertaining to a joint
_____ 2.
Arthritis
B.
Puncture of the joint to remove fluid
_____ 3.
Arthroscope
C.
Process of recording (x-raying) a joint
_____ 4.
Arthralgia
D.
Inflammation of a joint
_____ 5.
Arthropathy
F.
Pain in a joint
_____ 6.
Arthroscopy
G.
Removal of a joint
_____ 7.
Arthroplasty
H.
Instrument used to view a joint
_____ 8.
Arthrotomy
I.
Record of a joint after x-ray exam
_____ 9.
Arthral
J.
Swelling a joint
_____ 10.
Arthrectomy
K.
Disease of the joints
_____ 11.
Arthrocele
L.
Disease of the joints
_____ 12.
Arthrocentesis
M.
Surgical repair of a joint
_____ 13.
Arthrodynia
N.
Cutting of a joint
_____ 14.
Arthrogram
O.
Process of viewing a joint with a scope
_____ 15.
Arthrography
62
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
E.
Define each of the terms underlined in the following reports.
Radiology Report
Patient: Johnson, Peter
Technique: Lateral views of the chest
Exam: Chest
Findings: The examination shows lower lobe peribronchial disease compatible with scarring or
bronchitis. Cardiomegaly with mild chronic congestive failure. Low probability for pulmonary
embolus.
1.
Radiology ______________________________________________________
2.
Peribronchial ___________________________________________________
3.
Bronchitis ______________________________________________________
4.
Cardiomegaly ___________________________________________________
5.
Pulmonary _____________________________________________________
Operative Report
Patient: Griffen, Mary
Postoperative Diagnosis: Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of palate
Operation:
1.
2.
Excision of carcinoma of palate
Direct laryngoscopy
Anesthesia: General via nasal endotracheal intubation
6.
Carcinoma _____________________________________________________
7.
Excision _______________________________________________________
8.
Laryngoscopy ___________________________________________________
9.
Anesthesia _____________________________________________________
10.
Endotracheal ___________________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
63
F.
Match the combining form to its meaning.
_____ 1.
Cry/o
A.
Red
_____ 2.
Algesi/o
B.
Black
_____ 3.
Infer/o
C.
Suffering
_____ 4.
Fistul/o
D.
Below
_____ 5.
Melan/o
E.
Cold
_____ 6.
Narc/o
F.
Shape
_____ 7.
Erythr/o
G.
False
_____ 8.
Pseudo
H.
Pus
_____ 9.
Morph/o
I.
Tube
_____ 10.
Lip/o
J.
Sleep
_____ 11.
Suppur/o
K.
Sound
_____ 12.
Xen/o
L.
Dry
_____ 13.
Son/o
M.
Fat
_____ 14.
Xer/o
N.
Foreign
64
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
G.
Identify the suffix in each of the following terms and provide the meaning of the word.
Term
Suffix
Meaning
Example:
a.
Iliac
-ac
Pertaining to the ilium
1.
Cystoscopy
__________
________________________________
2.
Axillary
__________
________________________________
3.
Rhinitis
__________
________________________________
4.
Neuralgia
__________
________________________________
5.
Appendectomy
__________
________________________________
6.
Bronchial
__________
________________________________
7.
Cystocele
__________
________________________________
8.
Cardiomyopathy
__________
________________________________
9.
Laryngoscope
__________
________________________________
10.
Gastric
__________
________________________________
11.
Necrotic
__________
________________________________
12.
Cytopenia
__________
________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
65
Term
Suffix
Meaning
15.
Aphasia
__________
________________________________
16.
Chondroplasty
__________
________________________________
17.
Electroencephalograph __________
________________________________
Answers – Chapter 4
Word List Definitions (Pages 47-48)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Arthocentesis – Puncture of a joint
Hematocrit – To separate blood (laboratory test)
Electrocardiograph – The instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiography – The process of using the instrument that records the electrical activity
of the heart
Biopsy – Viewing life (or tissue taken from a live being)
Gastropexy – A surgical procedure that involves fixing or putting the stomach back in place
Angioplasty – A surgical repair of a vessel
Bronchoscope – The instrument used to view the inside of the bronchus
Arthroscopy – The process of using a scope to view a joint
Hemostasis – To stop or control blood flow
Tracheostomy – A surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening to the trachea
Chemotherapy – Treatment involving the use of chemicals
Osteotomy – The process of cutting bone
Lithotripsy – A procedure that crushes a stone (normally a kidney stone)
Exercise 7
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
66
H
E
G
I
A
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
B
C
D
F
J
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Rhinoplasty
Gastrorrhaphy
Tracheostomy
Angioplasty
Lithotripsy
Bronchoscopy
Urinalysis
Arthrocentesis
Biopsy
Work List Definitions (Pages 51-54)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Analgesic – Pertaining to a group of drugs that creates a state of no pain (pain killer)
Bacterial – Pertaining to bacteria
Biology – The study of life
Cryosurgery – Surgery involving the application of extreme cold to remove abnormal tissue
Cytology – The study of cells
Electromyogram – A record of the electrical activity of muscles
Erythrocyte – A red blood cell
Anesthesia – A condition or state of having no sensation
Fibroma – A tumor involving fibrous tissue
Fistula – An abnormal condition or state of having a tube connecting two anatomical areas
Histology – The study of tissues
Inferior – Pertaining to something that is below or beneath a point of reference
Lethal – Pertaining to death
Leukemia – A malignant blood condition involving the blood or bone marrow, characterized
by an accumulation of white blood cells
Lipoma – A benign tumor composed of fatty tissue
Nephrolith – A kidney stone
Melanoma – A malignant tumor that has a black appearance
Morphology – Literally: the study of shapes or forms (This is a term used to describe a neoplasm’s form or type. [i.e., carcinoma, fibroma, sarcoma])
Mortality – Pertaining to death
Narcotic – Pertaining to a class of drug that causes a person to be numb
Necrosis – Abnormal condition in which tissue dies
Normocephalic – Pertaining to having a normal head
Pseudocyst – False cyst (an accumulation of fluid that appears to be a cyst, but it is not)
Pyorrhea – Discharge composed of pus
Sarcoma – Malignant tumor that arises in connective tissue (bone, cartilage, fat cells)
Scleroderma – A chronic autoimmune condition that is characterized by the hardening of the
skin
Resection – The process of cutting back
Sepsis – An infection
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
67
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sonogram – A record (diagnostic image) that is made using sound waves capturing equipment
Suppurative – The formation or discharge of pus
Thermal –Pertaining to heat
Thrombosis – A condition involving a blood clot
Toxic- Pertaining to poison
Xenograft - The transplant of tissue from one species to an unlike species
Xerostomia- Dry mouth
Word List Definitions (Page 55-58)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Arthralgia – Pain in a joint
Mucocele – A cyst or cavity filled with mucous secretion
Endocrine – A body system composed of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream
Leukocyte – White blood cell
Lymphedema – Swelling or localized fluid retention due to a compromised lymph system
Hyperemesis – Excessive vomiting
Carcinogenic – Pertaining to the production or cause of cancer
Prognosis – A prediction of an outcome made before knowledge of the actual outcome
Otitis – Inflammation of the ear
Encephalomalacia – Softening of the brain
Splenomegaly – Enlargement of the spleen
Carcinoid – Resemblance of a cancer
Osteoma – A tumor that arises in the bone
Hemiparesis – Slight paralysis of half of the body
Arthropathy – A condition or disease of a joint
Osteopenia – Deficiency of bone mass (precursor to osteoporosis)
Dyspepsia – A condition in which there is painful digestion
Aphagia – A condition in which there is an inability to swallow
Dysphasia – A condition in which speech is difficult
Leukoplakia – White patches of the mucous membrane
Neoplasm – Abnormal new mass of tissue
Osteoporosis – Abnormal loss of bony tissue that results in porous bone
Postprandial – After meals
Glossoptosis – Downward displacement (drooping) of the tongue
Hemoptysis – Coughing of blood
Hemorrhage – Excessive discharge of blood
Rhinorrhea – Runny nose
Arteriosclerosis – Hardening or thickening of the arterial walls
Cardiospasm – Spasms (contraction) of the cardiac sphincter (located between the esophagus
and stomach)
Ureteral stenosis – Tightening of a ureter
Hypertrophy – Increase in the size of an organ or tissue
68
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
•
Thrombus – Stationary blood clot
Exercise 8
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
G
J
E
N
B
D
I
C
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
F
A
O
L
M
K
H
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Craniotomy
Dysentery
Hepatomalacia
Cytotoxic
Cephalocentesis
Colonorrhaphy
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Cystostomy
Splenectomy
Urolith
Cervicodynia
Hypothermic
Neurospasms
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
F
J
E
I
A
G
C
B
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
N
O
K
L
M
D
H
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A
D
H
F
J
O
M
N
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
A
G
J
B
F
I
C
E.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Study of the use of x-rays and other penetrating radiation
Pertaining to around the bronchi
Inflammation of the bronchi
Enlargement of the heart
Pertaining to the lungs
Malignant tumor (growth)
The process of cutting out
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
69
8.
9.
10.
The process of viewing the larynx with a scope
Pertaining to no sensation
Pertaining to within the trachea
F.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
E
C
D
I
B
J
A
G.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
13.
--scopy
-ary
-itis
-algia
-ectomy
-al
-cele
-pathy
-scope
-ic
-ic
-penia
-phasia
-plasty
-graph
70
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
G
F
M
H
N
K
L
Process of viewing the bladder with a scope
Pertaining to the axillae (armpits)
Inflammation of the nose
Nerve pain
Removal of the appendix
Pertaining to the bronchi
Swelling or herniation of the bladder
Disease of the muscle of the heart
Instrument used to view the larynx
Pertaining to the stomach
Pertaining to death
Deficiency of cells
Without speech
Surgical repair of cartilage
Instrument used to measure the electrical activity of
the brain
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Oral and Maxillofacial Terms
5
The following are word components not previously covered in Chapters 1-4. Note: Several digestive system and musculoskeletal system components have already been introduced. You will
need to reference these when completing the exercises.
Illustrative Overview of the Cranial Cavity
Structure of the Tooth (Figure 7)
Crown
Enamel
Dentin
Pulp
Gum
Bone
Cementum
Root
Blood vessels and
nerves
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
71
Bones of the Face (Anterior View) (Figure 8)
Frontal Bone
Nasal Bone
Zygomatic Bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Bones of the Face (Lateral View) (Figure 9)
Frontal Bone
Lacrimal Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Nasal Bone
Ethmoid Bone
Zygomatic Bone
Temporal Bone
Zygomatic Arch
Maxilla
Mandible
72
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Structures of the Mandible
(Figure 10)
Condyle
Coronoid Process
Ramus
Body
Mental Foramen
Combining Forms Relating to the Orofacial Areas
Instructions: Using the previously covered prefixes and suffixes, write the definition of the following medical terms.
Combining
Form
Alveol/o
Amel/o
Meaning
Word List
Hollow cavity, pit
Alveolar – __________________________________
Tooth socket in the jaw
bone
___________________________________________
Enamel (Figure 7)
Amelogenesis – ______________________________
Hard, thin covering of a
tooth
___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
73
Combining
Form
Meaning
Word List
Apex, summit, tip
Apicoectomy – ______________________________
Terminal end of the root
of a tooth
___________________________________________
Aur/i
Aur/o
Auricul/o
Ear, hearing
Auricular – _________________________________
Blephar/o
Eyelid
Apic/o
___________________________________________
Blepharoplasty – ____________________________
___________________________________________
Brux/o
Grind
Bruxism – __________________________________
___________________________________________
Bucc/o
Cheek
Buccal – ___________________________________
___________________________________________
Cement/o
Rough stone,
cementum
Cementoma – _______________________________
___________________________________________
Chei/o
Condyl/o
Dent/o
Dont/o
Lip
Cheilitis – __________________________________
Upper or lower fleshy
margin of the mouth
___________________________________________
Condyle (Figure 10)
Condylar – _________________________________
Rounded projection on a
bone
___________________________________________
Teeth (Figure 7)
Dentoalveolar – _____________________________
___________________________________________
Faci/o
Face
Cervicofacial – ______________________________
___________________________________________
74
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining
Form
Fren/o
Frenul/o
Front/o
Meaning
Word List
Frenulum
Frenectomy – _______________________________
Band of tissue that holds
down a body part (i.e.,
tongue, lip, cheeks)
___________________________________________
Forehead (Figure 8)
Frontonasal – _______________________________
___________________________________________
Geni/o
Chin
Genioplasty – _______________________________
___________________________________________
Gingiv/o
Gums (Figure 7)
Gingivitis – _________________________________
___________________________________________
Gloss/o
Tongue
Ankyloglossia – _____________________________
___________________________________________
Gnath/o
Jaw (Upper or lower)
Retrognathia – ______________________________
(Figure 8)
___________________________________________
Labi/o
Lip
Labial – ____________________________________
___________________________________________
Lingu/o
Tongue; language
Sublingual – ________________________________
___________________________________________
Mal/o
Cheek
Malar – ____________________________________
___________________________________________
Mandibul/o
Lower jaw,
mandible (Figure 10)
Mandibular –_______________________________
___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
75
Combining
Form
Maxill/o
Meaning
Upper jaw, maxilla
Word List
Maxillary – _________________________________
(Figure 8)
___________________________________________
Menisc/o
Crescent shaped
Meniscus – Pertaining to the crescent shaped cushion
found in joints
Nas/i
Nas/o
Nose
Nasolabial – ________________________________
___________________________________________
Occlus/o
Shut, close up
Malocclusion – ______________________________
___________________________________________
Odont/o
Tooth (Figure 7)
Odontogenic – ______________________________
___________________________________________
Mouth
Or/o
Oropharynx – ______________________________
___________________________________________
Osse/o
Bone
Osseous – __________________________________
___________________________________________
Palat/o
Saliv/o
Palate
Palatonasal – _______________________________
Roof of the mouth
___________________________________________
Spit
Salivary – __________________________________
___________________________________________
Saliva, salivary gland
Sial/o
Sialolith – __________________________________
(Figure 2)
___________________________________________
Clear liquid secreted by
salivary gland to moisten
food and start the digestive process
76
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining
Form
Sinus/o
Stom/o
Stomat/o
Meaning
Word List
Depression, cavity, or
channel (i.e., facial si-
Sinusitis – __________________________________
nuses)
___________________________________________
Mouth
Stomatoplasty – _____________________________
___________________________________________
Temple, temporal
bone (Figure 9)
Tempor/o
Temporomandibular – _______________________
___________________________________________
Zygomat/o
Cheek bone (Figure 8)
Zygomatic – ________________________________
___________________________________________
Use Stack 9 (Oral and Maxillofacial Combining Forms) and Word
List 9 flashcards to reinforce your learning.
Exercise 9
A.
Provide the medical term for each of the following definitions.
Osteoradionecrosis
Micromandible
Intermaxillary
Prognathism
Buccolabial
Agnathia
Orthognathic
Orthodontics
Orolingual
Ankyloglossia
Microgenia
Extraoral
1.
Pertaining to the cheek and lip – _______________________________________.
2.
Having an extremely small mandible – _________________________________.
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
77
3.
Congenital absence of the upper or lower jaw– ___________________________.
4.
Between the bones of the upper jaw – __________________________________.
5.
Marked forward projection of the jaw – _________________________________.
6.
Death of the bone after radiation exposure – _____________________________.
7.
Pertaining to the bones of the jaw – ____________________________________.
8.
Having an unusually small chin – ______________________________________.
9.
Pertaining to the mouth and tongue – ___________________________________.
10.
Pertaining to straight teeth – __________________________________________.
11.
Tongue-tied – _____________________________________________________.
12.
Outside the mouth – ________________________________________________.
78
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
B.
Define each of the terms underlined in the following reports.
Office Note
Patient: Wilson, Mark
This 58-year-old patient presents with an edentulous mandible and partially edentulous maxilla due to periodontal disease. He has significant bone loss that results in
nerve impingement in the left mandible that causes sharp pain each time he chews
when his denture is in place. He also has micrognathia of the mandible.
Plan: Sinus lift, with autograft from iliac crest.
1.
Edentulous_________________________________________________________
2.
Periodontal ________________________________________________________
3.
Micrognathia ______________________________________________________
4.
Autograft _________________________________________________________
5.
Iliac _____________________________________________________________
Office Note
Patient: Owens, Linda
The patient presents with a large unsightly hypertrophic scar extending from the corner
of her right eye down to the angle of her mandible. The scar developed after extensive
injuries from a motor vehicle accident 14 months ago in which she was thrown through
the windshield. Scar contraction and muscle injuries have led to mechanical ptosis of
her right eyelids.
The oral and maxillofacial surgery treatment plan includes:
1. Upper and lower lid blepharoplasties
2. Scar revision of 11cm hypertrophic scar on the right side of face by excision
6.
Hypertrophic ______________________________________________________
7.
Ptosis ____________________________________________________________
8.
Blepharoplasties ____________________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
79
Office Note
Patient: Howard, John
A 47-year-old man diagnosed as having severe obstructive sleep apnea underwent a nasopharyngoscopy 4 weeks ago. He presents today for discussion
of recommended surgery – reconstruction of the upper airway via maxillary osteotomies (LeFort I) and mandibular sagittal split with internal fixation and genioglossus muscle advancement.
C.
9.
Apnea ____________________________________________________________
10.
Nasopharyngoscopy _________________________________________________
11.
Osteotomies _______________________________________________________
12.
Genioglossus ______________________________________________________
Match the following inflammations with their meaning.
_______ 1.
Alveolitis
A.
Inflammation of the tongue
_______ 2.
Cheilitis
B.
Inflammation of the sinuses
_______ 3.
Glossitis
C.
Inflammation of the eyelid
_______ 4.
Gingivitis
D.
Inflammation of a salivary gland
_______ 5.
Condylitis
E.
Inflammation of the throat
_______ 6.
Blepharitis
F.
Inflammation of the gums
_______ 7.
Sinusitis
G.
Inflammation of the ball of the lower jaw
_______ 8.
Pharyngitis
H.
Inflammation of the mouth
_______ 9.
Stomatitis
I.
Inflammation of the alveolus
_______ 10.
Sialadenitis
J.
Inflammation of the lip
80
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
D.
Match the medical term to its correct definition.
_______ 1.
Macrodontia
A.
Having no tongue
_______ 2.
Leukoplakia
B.
Inflammation of the pulp
_______ 3.
Pulpitis
C.
Excision of the gum
_______ 4.
Periodontist
D.
Unusually large teeth
_______ 5.
Anodontia
E.
Cutting into the frenum
_______ 6.
Aglossia
F.
Thickened whitish patches
_______ 7.
Cheilorrhaphy
G.
Physician who specializes in the tissue supporting the teeth
_______ 8.
Gingivectomy
H.
_______ 9.
Frenotomy
Excision of the crescent-shaped cushion
found in a joint
_______ 10.
Odontoma
I.
Absence of teeth
_______ 11.
Meniscectomy
J.
Suture of the lip
_______ 12
Periapical
K.
Neoplasm made of calcified masses of teeth
_______ 13.
Palatoplasty
L.
Cyst or swelling of the mucosa
_______ 14.
Macrognathia
M.
Painful esophagus
_______ 15.
Odontogenic
N.
Unusually large jaw
_______ 16.
Esophagodynia
O.
Pertaining to maxilla and other facial bones
_______ 17.
Maxillofacial
P.
Surgical repair of the palate
_______ 18.
Mucocele
Q.
Arising in tissues that give origin to the teeth
R.
Around the apex of the root of the tooth
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
81
E.
Complete the crossword puzzle. Word List can be found on page 83.
Across
5.
9.
10.
82
Physician that specializes in the
treatment of the tooth pulp
Drooping of the eyelid
Puncture of a joint
Down
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
Painful tongue
Inside the mouth
Excision of half of the tongue
Pertaining to the skull and face
Death of the bone
Under the lower jaw
Excessive sensitivity to stimuli
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
F.
Match the combining form to its meaning.
_______ 1.
Amel/o
A.
Tongue
_______ 2.
Zygom/o
B.
Bone
_______ 3.
Or/o
C.
Chin
_______ 4.
Saliv/o
D.
Grind
_______ 5.
Occlus/o
E.
Cheek bone
_______ 6.
Nas/o
F.
Mouth
_______ 7.
Gloss/o
G.
Shut
_______ 8.
Osse/o
H.
Nose
_______ 9.
Geni/o
I.
Enamel
_______ 10.
Brux/o
J.
Spit
_______ 11.
Tempor/o
K.
Ear
_______ 12.
Aur/o
L.
Temple
_______ 13.
Cement/o
M.
Forehead
_______ 14.
Front/o
N.
Cheek
_______ 15.
Mal/o
O.
Rough stone
Word List (Exercise 11E)
Arthrocentesis
Blepharoptosis
Craniofacial
Endodontist
Glossodynia
Hemiglossectomy
Hyperesthesia
Intraoral
Osteonecrosis
Submandibular
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
83
Answers – Chapter 5
Word List Definitions (Pages 73-77)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alveolar – Pertaining to the tooth sockets
Amelogenesis – The process during which tooth enamel is formed
Apicoectomy – Excision of a tooth’s root tip (apex)
Auricular – Pertaining to the sense of hearing
Blepharoplasty – Surgical repair of the eyelid
Bruxism – Pertaining to grinding
Buccal – Pertaining to the cheek
Cementoma – A tumor composed of tissue resembling cementum
Cheilitis – Inflammation of the lip
Condylar – Pertaining to the condyle
Dentoalveolar – Pertaining to the teeth and tooth sockets
Cervicofacial – Pertaining to the neck and face
Frenectomy – Excision of the frenum
Frontonasal – Pertaining to the frontal and nasal bones
Genioplasty – Surgical repair of the chin
Gingivitis – Inflammation of the gum
Ankyloglossia – Crooked or bent tongue
Retrognathia – Abnormal posterior positioning of the jaw
Labial – Pertaining to the lips
Sublingual – Below the tongue
Malar – Pertaining to the cheek
Mandibular – Pertaining to the mandible
Maxillary – Pertaining to the maxilla
Nasolabial – Pertaining to the area of the nose and lip
Malocclusion – A condition in which the upper and lower teeth do not fit together in biting or chewing
Odontogenic – Pertaining to the formation or development of teeth
Oropharynx – Pertaining to the area of the mouth and pharynx (throat)
Osseous – Pertaining to bone
Palatonasal – Pertaining to the area of the palate and nasal cavity
Salivary – Pertaining to saliva
Sialolith – Salivary stone
Sinusitis – Inflammation of the sinuses
Stomatoplasty – Surgical repair of the mouth
Temporomandibular – Pertaining to the area of the temporal and mandibular bones
Zygomatic – Pertaining to the zygoma
84
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Exercise 9
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Buccolabial
Micromandible
Agnathia
Intermaxillary
Prognathism
Osteoradionecrosis
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Orthognathic
Microgenia
Orolingual
Orthodontics
Ankyloglossia
Extraoral
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Pertaining to having no teeth
Pertaining to the area around the tooth
Having an extremely small jaw
Taken from one site and grafted to a different site in the same person
Pertaining to the hip bone
Pertaining to an area that has experienced excessive increase in size
Drooping
Surgical repairs of the eyelids
Without breath
Process of viewing the nose and the pharynx with a scope
Cutting of bone
Pertaining to the area of tongue and chin
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I
J
A
F
G
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
C
B
E
H
D
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
D
F
B
G
I
A
J
C
E
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
K
H
R
P
N
Q
M
O
L
E.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Glossodynia
Intraoral
Hemiglossectomy
Craniofacial
Endodontist
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Osteonecrosis
Submandibular
Hyperesthesia
Blepharoptosis
Arthocentesis
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
85
F.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I
E
F
J
G
H
A
B
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
C
D
L
K
O
M
N
Illustration Source
LifeART Collection Images – Copyright ©1989-2001 by Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD
86
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
6
Lecture Guides
The Lecture Guides contained in this chapter accompany the Lessons in Unit 6 of the course.
Lesson 11 - Radiographic Examinations
_____________________________________________
Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery Review
Radiographic Examinations
_____________________________________________
Click to edit Master title style
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Intraoral
Radiographic Views
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Periapical Radiograph
• Shows
 Tooth in its entirety
 Periapical tissues around the
roots of the teeth
• Small rectangular film (1” X 1.5”)
• Technique
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
 Film inside mouth
 Conventional dental x-ray unit
_____________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
87
Bitewing Radiograph
• Shows
 The crowns of both the
maxillary and mandibular teeth
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
• Technique
 Patient bites on a tab that holds
the film
 Conventional dental x-ray unit
_____________________________________________
• Used for detection of caries
_____________________________________________
Occlusal Radiographs
• Used to evaluate




Impacted teeth
Cysts
Salivary stones
Trauma
• Larger film (3” x 2.25”)
• Exposures
 From above for maxilla
 From below for mandible
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Extraoral
Radiographic Views
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Panoramic Radiograph
• 5” x 12” radiograph
• Provides lower face image
• Used to evaluate





Third molars
Fractures
Disease
Orthognathic surgery
Implant surgery
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
88
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Lateral Cephalogram
• Used to evaluate
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
 Entire facial skeleton and
cranial base
 Soft tissues of the face
_____________________________________________
• Taken from the side (lateral
view)
_____________________________________________
Posterior-Anterior Cephalogram
• Taken from the posterior
aspect (back to front)
• Used to evaluate
 Facial bones, jaws, and skull
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Conventional CT Scan
• Large series of 2-D images
 Taken around a single axis
of rotation (axial cuts)
• Data reformatted into
images (coronal reformatted
images)
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Cone Beam CT Scan
• C-shaped arm makes 360o
rotation
• Captures images from
different angles
• Discriminates between
multiple types of structures
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
89
_____________________________________________
Cone Beam CT Scan
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3-Dimension CT Images
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Virtual Surgical Planning
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Lesson 12 – Anesthesia Administration
____________________________________________
Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery Review
Anesthesia Administration
Click to edit Master title style
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
90
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Definitions
• Anesthetic
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
 Partial or total loss of sensation
• Analgesic
 Reduces pain
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Oral Administration
• Enteral administration
 Through the digestive system
• Formats
 Pill
 Liquid
 Lollipop
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Oral Administration
• Advantages
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
 No intravenous access needed
 Patient acceptance
• Disadvantages
 Affects not achieved with one dose
 Wait time needed
 Not predictable
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Parenteral Administration
•
•
•
•
Intramuscular
Intravenous
Inhalation
Transmucosal
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
91
Intramuscular Administration
• Advantages
 No intravenous access needed
 More rapid onset of effect
 More reliable absorption
• Disadvantages





Not titratable
Wait time needed
“Shot” required
Potential long duration of action
Monitoring required
Intravenous Administration
• Methods
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
 Bolus (bulb)
 Drip
 Needle (push)
• Advantages




____________________________________________
Titratable
Rapid onset
More predictable effects
Emergency situation assistance
• Disadvantages
 Intravenous access needed
 Monitoring required
Inhalation Administration
• Nasal mask
• Full face mask
• Intubation
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Inhalation Administration
• Advantages




Quick acting
Titratable
Good patient acceptance
Quick recovery
• Disadvantages
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
 Special equipment needed
 Not predictable or effective
____________________________________________
92
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Transmucosal Administration
• Route: through the mucosa
• Delivery systems
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
 Injections
 Dissolvable lozenge/pill
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Depth of Anesthesia
• Nitrous oxide analgesia
 Pain reduction
 Euphoria
 Dissociation
• Local anesthesia
 Small part of body affected
 Consciousness retained
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Depth of Anesthesia
• Minimal sedation
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
 Characteristics
 Appears to be relatively awake
 Communicates clearly
• Moderate conscious sedation
____________________________________________
 Characteristics
 Appears to be sedated
 Responds to verbal and tactile stimuli
 Maintains airway independently
Depth of Anesthesia
• Deep sedation
 Partial or complete loss of
protective reflexes
 Characteristics
 Possible difficulty maintaining an
independent airway
 Decreased response to tactile or
verbal stimuli
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
93
____________________________________________
Depth of Anesthesia
• General anesthesia
 Partial or complete loss of
protective reflexes
 Characteristics
 Needs assistance in maintaining
airway
 Does not respond to stimuli
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Lesson 13 – Craniofacial Anatomy
____________________________________________
Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery Review
Craniofacial Anatomy
Click to edit Master title style
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Bony Structures
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Bones of the Cranium
Coronal Suture
Parietal Bone
Frontal Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Ethmoid Bone
Lambdoid Suture
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Styloid Process
Mastoid Process
____________________________________________
Supraorbital Foramen
94
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
____________________________________________
The Facial Skeleton
____________________________________________
Nasal Bone
____________________________________________
Lacrimal Bone
Zygoma
Nasal Conchae
Infraobital Foramen
Vomer
Maxilla
____________________________________________
Mandible
Mental Foramen
____________________________________________
Temporomandibular Structures
____________________________________________
Articular Eminence
Glenoid Fossa
Postglenoid Process
Condyle
Sigmoid Notch
____________________________________________
Zygomatic Arch
Coronoid Process
Maxilla
Ramus
Mandibular Angle
Mandibular Body
Mental Protuberance
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Temporomandibular Structures
____________________________________________
Articular Eminence
Glenoid Fossa
Postglenoid Process
Condyle
Sigmoid Notch
____________________________________________
Zygomatic Arch
Coronoid Process
Maxilla
Ramus
____________________________________________
Mandibular Angle
Mandibular Body
Mental Protuberance
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Sinuses
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
95
Paranasal Sinuses
• Air-filled spaces
• Types




Frontal sinuses
Ethmoid sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoid sinus (not shown)
• Functions




Decrease weight of the bones
Add resonance to voice
Warm and humidify air
Provide a trauma buffer
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Muscles of Mastication
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Temporalis Muscle
• Fan shaped
• Origin
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
 Temporal line on the parietal
bone
• Insertion
____________________________________________
 Coronoid process of the
mandible
• Function
 Elevates and retracts the
mandible
____________________________________________
Masseter Muscle
• Origin
 Zygomatic arch and the
maxilla
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
• Insertion
 Coronoid process and
ramus of the mandible
____________________________________________
• Function
 Elevation and retraction of
the mandible
96
____________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
• The superior head
 Origin and Insertion
• The inferior head
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
 Origin and Insertion
• Function
 Opens the jaw
 Assists with lateral
movements
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Medial Pterygoid Muscle
• Deep head: origin
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
 Medial side of pterygoid plate
behind upper teeth
• Superficial head: origin
 Pyramidal process of palatine
bone and maxillary tuberosity
____________________________________________
• Insertion
 Medial aspect of the
mandibular angle
• Function
____________________________________________
 Elevate the mandible
 Assists with lateral movement
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Facial and Neck
Muscles
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Facial and Neck Muscles
Frontalis
Procerus
Orbicularis Oculi
Occipitofrontalis
Nasalis
Levator Labii
Zygomaticus
Buccinator
Orbicularis Oris
Mentalis
Depressor Anguli Oris
Stylohyoid
Levator Scapulae
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Digastric
Sternohyoid
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Omohyoid
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
97
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Blood Supply and
Nerves of the Face
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Blood Supply to the Face
• External Carotid Artery
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
 Facial Artery
 Angular Artery
 Lateral Nasal Branch
 Superior Labial Artery
 Inferior Labial Artery
____________________________________________
 Superficial Temporal Artery
 Transverse Facial Artery
 Frontal Branch
 Orbital Artery
____________________________________________
 Internal Maxillary Artery
 Posterior Auricular Artery
Fifth Cranial Nerve
• Trigeminal nerve
• Function
 Sensory Root
 Motor Root
• Branches
 Ophthalmic Nerve
 Maxillary Nerve
 Mandibular Nerve
• Semilunar ganglion
Trigeminal Branches
• V1 – Ophthalmic nerve
 Sensory nerve
 Upper, central face
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
• V2 – Maxillary nerve
V1
V2
 Sensory nerve
 Upper jaw region
• V3 – Mandibular nerve
 Sensory nerve
 Lower jaw region to ears and temples
V3
 Motor nerve
 Muscles of mastication
98
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
____________________________________________
Seventh Cranial Nerve
• Facial nerve
• Sensory portion
____________________________________________
 Taste from the anterior twothirds of the tongue
• Motor component
____________________________________________
 Muscles of facial expression
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Seventh Cranial Nerve Branches
____________________________________________
Frontal Branch
Zygomatic Branch
____________________________________________
Buccal Branch
Marginal Mandibular Branch
____________________________________________
Cervical Branch
Lesson 14 – Oral Anatomy
__________________________________________
Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery Review
Anatomy of the Mouth
__________________________________________
Click to edit Master title style
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
The Mouth
Cupid’s Bow
Philtrum
Vermillion Border
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Commissure
Vermillion
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
99
Dental Arches and Quadrants
• Arches (2)
 Upper and lower
• Quadrants (4)
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
 Maxillary (upper)
 Right and left quadrants
 Mandibular (lower)
__________________________________________
 Right and left quadrants
__________________________________________
The Dentitions
• Definition
 The natural teeth in the jawbones
• Primary dentition
 First set of 20 primary teeth
 Also known as “baby teeth” or “deciduous teeth”
• Permanent dentition
 Second set of 32 secondary teeth
 Also known as “adult teeth”
• Mixed dentition
 Both primary and permanent teeth present
Tooth Numbering Systems
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Primary:
20 Teeth
__________________________________________
Permanent:
32 Teeth
Oral Cavity Directions
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Mesial
Distal
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
100
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
__________________________________________
Additional Terms
•
•
•
•
•
Eruption
Exfoliation
Occlusion
Occlusal Surface
Incisal Surface
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Intraoral Anatomy
__________________________________________
Linea Alba
Gingiva
__________________________________________
Vestibule
__________________________________________
Intraoral Anatomy
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Maxillary Buccal Frenum
Mandibular Buccal Frenum
__________________________________________
Maxillary Labial Frenum
__________________________________________
Mandibular Labial Frenum
Intraoral Anatomy
Palatopharyngeal Arch
Palatoglossal Arch
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Uvula
Tongue – Dorsum
Tongue – Lateral Border
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
101
Intraoral Anatomy – Mandible
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Tongue – Ventral Surface
Mandibular Lingual Frenum
__________________________________________
Sublingual Caruncle
Floor of Mouth
__________________________________________
Intraoral Anatomy – Maxilla
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Incisive Papilla
Rugae
__________________________________________
Hard Palate
Soft Palate
__________________________________________
Lesson 15 – Dentoalveolar Diagnoses
__________________________________________
Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery Review
Dentoalveolar Diagnoses
Click to edit Master title style
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Infections
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
102
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Dentoalveolar Infections
• Periapical abscess
 Pus enclosed in the tissues of
the jaw bone around the root
of the tooth
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
 Potential fistula
 Accompanying radiolucency
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Dentoalveolar Infections
Mucous Membrane Involvement
Infraorbital Cellulitis
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Dentoalveolar Infections
Infraorbital and Supramandibular Cellulitis
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Multispace Cellulitis
Dentoalveolar Infections
• Incision and Drainage
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
103
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Common Pathologic
Lesions
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Fibroma and Papilloma
• Fibroma
 Reactive hyperplasia of
fibrous connective tissue
 Trauma or local irritation
• Squamous papilloma
 Painless
 Exophytic, cauliflower-like
surface
 Human papillomavirus
Mucocele
• Painless mucous-filled
sac in the submucosa
• Bluish in color
• Duct is severed or
obstructed
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Leukoplakia
•
•
•
•
Precancerous
A white patch or plaque
Develops on tongue or cheek
Caused by irritation
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
104
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Lichen Planus
__________________________________________
• Chronic inflammatory disease
• Interlacing white striations
__________________________________________
• Malignant transformation
possible in erosive lichen planus
• Allergic or immune reaction
__________________________________________
(Wickham striae)
__________________________________________
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Red/white lesion of the
soft tissues
• Risk factors – tobacco,
alcohol, sunlight, human
papillomavirus
• May be asymptomatic
• Metastasis to regional
lymph nodes
Odontogenic Cysts
• Inflammatory cysts
 Radicular cyst
 Paradental cyst
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Odontogenic Cysts
• Developmental cysts




Dentigerous cyst
Lateral periodontal cyst
Odontogenic keratocyst
Glandular odontogenic cyst
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
105
Nonodontogenic Cysts
• Median mandibular cyst
• Nasopalatine cyst
• Pseudocyst
 Aneurysmal bone cyst
 Traumatic bone cyst
 Staphne bone defect
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Odontogenic Jaw Tumors
• Derived from the tooth
forming tissues
• Benign or malignant
• Common types
 Ameloblastoma
 Odontoma
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Nonodontogenic Tumors
• Benign tumors
 Localized, no metastasis
 Slow growing
 Found in or are composed
of a variety of different
tissues
• Malignant tumors
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
 Primary or metastatic
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Tumor Treatment
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
106
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Incisional Biopsy
• Obtain a small portion of the
lesion
• Submitted to laboratory for
diagnosis
• Treatment based on definitive
diagnosis
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Excisional Biopsy
• Entire lesion is removed
plus a border of normal
tissue
• Tissue is submitted to the
laboratory for definitive
diagnosis
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Curettage
• Removal by scraping or
scooping
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Resection
• Partial or complete removal of
organ or structure
• Used to remove
 Aggressive lesions
 Malignant lesions
 Osteonecrosis
• Structural replacements
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
 Mandible
 Reconstruction plate
 Maxilla
 Obturator prosthesis
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
107
Lesson 16 – Dentoalveolar Procedures
__________________________________________
Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery Review
Dentoalveolar Procedures
Click to edit Master title style
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Tooth Removal
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Exodontia – Simple Extraction
• Visible tooth (full eruption)
• Removed by forceps
• No incision or suture
needed
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Exodontia – Surgical Extraction
• Not easily accessed
• Steps
 Elevation of mucoperiosteal tissue flap
 Removal of alveolar bone or sectioning
of the tooth or roots
 Removal of tooth
 Suture
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
108
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Impacted Teeth
• Failure to emerge fully in expected position
• Term applied to third molars (wisdom teeth)
• Levels of severity
 Soft tissue
 Partial bony
 Full bony
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Soft Tissue Impaction
• Crown covered by gum tissue only
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Bony Impaction
• Partial Bony
 Part of tooth covered with bone
but not entire tooth
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
• Full Bony
 Tooth covered completely with
bone
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Other Dentoalveolar
Procedures
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
109
Operculectomy
• Operculum definition
 Residual flap of tissue that
overlies a portion of the
tooth
• May create a food trap
• Also known as “removal of
pericoronal gingiva”
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Surgical Exposure/Bond Bracket
• Indications
 Delayed eruption of tooth
 Ectopic positioning of a tooth
• Joint effort
• Exposure and bonding
 Surgical access to the tooth
 Application of orthodontic
appliance
• Orthodontist guides
eruption and positioning
Apicoectomy
• Indications
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
 Root disease after previous
root canal treatment
 Retreatment not possible
• Purpose
__________________________________________
 Eradicate infection
• Technique
 Root tip resected
 Root filled with material
 Create an apical seal
__________________________________________
Frenectomy
• Types
 Maxillary labial
 Mandibular lingual
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
• Techniques
 Scalpel
 Laser
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
110
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Prosthodontic
Procedures
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Removal of Exostosis and Torus
• Locations
 Buccal exostosis
 Lingual torus
 Palatal torus
• Indications
 Denture preparation
 Repeated trauma to the area
 Periodontal disease
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Alveoloplasty
• Indication
 Elimination of sharp edges after
tooth extractions
 Preparation for dentures
• Technique
 Creation of mucoperiosteal flap
 Bone smoothing
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Removal of Hyperplastic Tissue
• Indication
 Epulis fissuratum
 Ill-fitting denture
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
• Treatment
 Surgical removal
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
111
__________________________________________
Socket Graft
• Placed within extraction
socket
 Immediately after
extraction
• Preserves the dimensions
of the alveolar bone
• Technique
 Insertion of graft material
 Placement of barrier
 Closure
Guided Bone Regeneration
1
3
2
• Surgical grafting
procedure
• Barrier membrane
directs new growth
• Purpose
4
 Reconstruction of a
site with insufficient
bone volume or
dimensions
5
Soft Tissue Allograft
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Subantral Sinus Augmentation
• Also known as sinus lift
• Purpose
 Increase the volume of
maxillary bone before
implants
• Technique




Creation of access window
Lifting of sinus membrane
Insertion of graft material
Closure
112
1
2
3
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Autogenous Bone Graft
__________________________________________
• Autograft definition
• Harvest sites
__________________________________________
• Purpose
__________________________________________




Hip
Tibia
Chin
Ramus
 Augment area of
decreased volume or size
__________________________________________
Basic Implant Parts
Crown
Abutment Screw
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Abutment
Implant Body
Surgical Guide
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Pilot Hole Creation
• Pilot hole drilled
• Alignment pin checks alignment
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
113
Osteotomy
• Increasing bit sizes used
• Site is widened to the
final depth, angulation,
and shape to receive
the final implant
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Implant Placement
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Cover Screw Placement
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Healing Abutment Placement
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
114
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
__________________________________________
Transfer Abutment
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Final Restoration
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
One-Day Implant
• Also known as immediate load implant
• Reduced osseointegration time
• Candidacy criteria
__________________________________________
 Adequate bone height
 Adequate bone width
 Adequate bone density
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Lesson 17 – Maxillofacial Trauma
__________________________________________
Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery Review
Maxillofacial Trauma
__________________________________________
Click to edit Master title style
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
115
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Fractures
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Types of Fractures
•
•
•
•
•
•
Closed
Open (compound)
Displaced
Nondisplaced
Comminuted
Greenstick
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Dentoalveolar Trauma
• Fractured teeth
• Avulsed teeth
• Fracture of the supporting
alveolar bone
• Injury to the dentoalveolar
soft tissues
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Le Fort I Fracture
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
116
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Le Fort II Fracture
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Le Fort III Fracture
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Orbital Fracture
• Cause
__________________________________________
 Blunt force of a blow
__________________________________________
 Diplopia
 Movement restriction
 Entropion
__________________________________________
• Floor of the orbit or the medial
wall is normally involved
• Serious consequences
__________________________________________
ZMC Fracture
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
117
Frontal Sinus Fractures
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Nosoorbitoethmoid Fractures
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Mandibular Fractures
Subcondylar
Coronoid Process
Ramus
Angle
Symphysis
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Parasymphysis
Alveolar Process
Panfacial Trauma
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
118
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Trauma Repairs
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Fracture Repairs
• Open Reduction
 Opening the site of the fracture
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
With or without internal fixation
• Closed Reduction
 No incision required
 Manipulated by radiographic guidance or feel
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Closed Reduction With Fixation
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Open Reduction Internal Fixation
Intraosseous Wiring
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Compression Plate
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
119
__________________________________________
External Fixation
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Laceration Repairs
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Lesson 18 – Temporomandibular Disorders
__________________________________________
Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery Review
TMDs and TMD Treatment
Click to edit Master title style
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
TMJ Anatomy
Glenoid Fossa
Capsule
Condyle
Articular Eminence
__________________________________________
Meniscus
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
120
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Temporomandibular Disorders
• Inflammation of the joint space
 Capsulitis
 Synovitis
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
• Internal derangement
 Adhesions
 Disk displacement
__________________________________________
 With reduction
 Without reduction
 Dislocation
__________________________________________
Temporomandibular Disorders
• Degenerative joint disease
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
 Osteoarthritis
 Rheumatoid arthritis
• Disorders of the masticatory muscles




Myofascial pain syndrome
Myalgia
Myositis
Muscle spasm
__________________________________________
• Ankylosis
__________________________________________
Arthrocentesis
• Puncture of a joint
• Nonarthroscopic lysis
and lavage
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Arthroscopy
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
121
__________________________________________
Arthroplasty
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Total Joint Reconstruction
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Lesson 19 – Congenital Anomalies
__________________________________________
Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery Review
Congenital Anomalies
Click to edit Master title style
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Cleft Lip and Palate
__________________________________________
• Congenital deformity
• Effects of cleft lip
__________________________________________
• Effects of cleft palate
__________________________________________
 Inability to form oral seal
 Difficulty speaking
 Regurgitation of food into nasal cavity
 Difficulty speaking
• Multiple procedures or services needed
• Team effort
122
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
__________________________________________
Cleft Lip
• Distinctions
__________________________________________
 Incomplete vs complete
 Unilateral vs bilateral
• Repaired a few months
after birth
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Cleft Palate
• Distinctions
__________________________________________
 Incomplete vs complete
 Unilateral vs bilateral
• Presence of bifid uvula
• Repaired a 6 to 12 months
after birth
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Jaw Relationships
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Class I
Class III
Class II
Jaw Relationships
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Apertognathia
Vertical Maxillary Excess
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
123
__________________________________________
Le Fort Procedure
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Lesson 20 – Cosmetic Procedures
__________________________________________
Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery Review
Cosmetic Procedures
Click to edit Master title style
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Genioplasty
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
124
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Rhinoplasty
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Otoplasty
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Blepharoplasty
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Brow Lift
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
125
Face Lift
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Face Lift
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Before
__________________________________________
After
__________________________________________
Botox Injections
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Injectable Dermal Fillers
Before
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
After
__________________________________________
126
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Laser Skin Resurfacing
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
127
128
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Alphabetic Index to Word Components
Component
Meaning
A
a-
No, not, without
ab-
Away from
abdomin/o
Abdomen
abort/o
Expulsion of a viable fetus
-ac
Pertaining to
acanth/o
Spiny, thorny
acetabu/o
Acetabulum
acou/o, acous/o
Hearing
acr/o
Extremities
acu/o
Sharp, severe
ad-
Toward, in direction of
aden/o
Gland
adenoid/o
Adenoids
adhes/o
Stick to
adip/o
Fat
adnex/o
Bound to
adren/o
Adrenal glands
aero-
Air
aesthesi/o
Sensation
agress/o
Attack
-aise
Comfort, ease
-al
Pertaining to
albin/o
White
algesi/o
Pain
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
129
Component
Meaning
-algesia
Sensitivity to pain
-algia
Pain
aliment/o
Nourishment
all/o
Other, different
alopec/o
Baldness
alveol/o
Hollow cavity, pit
ambly/o
Dim
ambul/o
To walk
amel/o
Enamel
amyl/o
Starch
an-
No, not, without
andr/o
Male
aneurysm/o
Aneurysm
angio/o
Vessel
an/o
Anus
anky/o
Bent, crooked, stiff, fixed
ante-
Before, forward
anter/o
Forward
anti-
Against
aort/o
Aorta
apic/o
Apex, tip
aplast/o
Defective, lack of development
append/o
Appendix
appendic/o
Appendix
-ar
Pertaining to
-arche
Beginning
arter/o, arteri/o
Artery
arthr/o
Joint
-ary
Pertaining to
-ase
Enzyme
130
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component
Meaning
-asthenia
Lack of strength
ather/o
Plague, fatty substance
-ation
Process
atop/o
Strange, out of place
atri/o
Atrium
aur/i, aur/o, auricul/o
Ear
auto-
Self
axill/o
Armpit
azot/o
Urea, nitrogen
B
bacteri/o
Bacteria
balan/o
Glans penis
bi-
Two
bi/o
Life
bifid/o
Split into two parts
bil/i
Gall, bile
-blast
Embryonic, immature
blast/i
Embryonic, immature
blephar/o
Eyelid
bol/o
To cast, throw
brachi/o
Arm
brady-
Slow
bronch/o, bronchi/o
Bronchus
brux/o
Grind
bucc/o
Cheek
burs/o
Bursa
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
131
Component
Meaning
C
calcin/o
Calcium
calcul/o
Stone, calculus
calor/i
Heat
carcin/o
Cancer
cardi/o
Heart
cari/o
Decay, rot
carp/o
Carpals, wrist bones
cartilage/o
Cartilage
cauter/o
Burn, heat
cav/i
Hollow, cave
cec/o
Cecum
-cele
Hernia, cyst, swelling
celi/o
Abdomen, belly
cement/o
Rough stone, cementum
-centesis
Puncture to remove fluid
cephal/o
Head
cerebell/o
Cerebellum
cerebr/o
Cerebrum
cervic/o
Neck
cheil/o
Lip
chem/o
Chemical
cholangi/o
Bile duct
chol/e
Gall, bile
cholecyst/o
Gallbadder
choledoch/o
Common bile duct
chondr/o, chondri/o
Cartilage
-cide
Causing death
circum-
Around, about
132
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component
Meaning
cirrh/o
Orange-yellow
cis/o
To cut
col/o
Colon
colp/o
Vagina
colon/o
Colon
colp/o
Vagina
condyl/o
Knuckle, knob
conjunctiv/o
Conjunctiva
contra-
Against, opposite
corne/o
Cornea
coron/o
Crown, Heart
cort-
Covering
cost/o
Rib
cox/o
Hip
crani/o
Skull
-crine
Secretion
-crit
Separation
cry/o
Cold
crypt/o
Hidden
cubit/o
Elbow
cutane/o
Skin
cyan/o
Blue
cyst/o
Bladder
cyt/o
Cell
-cyte
Cell
D
dacr/o
Tear, tear duct, lacrimal duct
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
133
Component
Meaning
dactyl/o
Fingers and toes
de-
Down, lack of, loss
dehisc/o
Burst open, split
demi-
Half
dem/o
People, population
dent-, dent/i, dent/o
Tooth
derm/o, dermat/o
Skin
-desis
Bind together, surgical fixation of joint
di-
Two
dia-
Through, complete
-dipsia
Thirst
dips/o
Thirst
dis-
Absence of
dissect/o
Cutting apart
dist/o
Far
diverticul/o
Side pouches
dont/o
Tooth
dors/o
Back of body
duct/o
Tube
duoden/o
Duodenum
dur/o
Dura mater
-dynia
Pain
dys-
Painful, difficult
E
e-
Out of
-eal
Pertaining to
ec-
Outside
134
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component
Meaning
ecchym/o
Pouring out of juice
echo-
Sound
-ectasia
Stretching, dilation
-ectasis
Stretching, dilation
ecto-
Out
-ectomy
Remove, cutting out
-edema
Swelling
electr/o
Electricity
em-
In
-ema
Process
embol/o
Thrown in
-emesis
Vomiting
-emia
Blood condition
en-, endo-
In, within
encephal/o
Brain
enter/o
Small intestine
eosin/o
Red
epi-
Upon, on, above
episi/o
Vulva
erupt/o
Break out, burst forth
erythr/o
Red
-esis
Abnormal condition
esophag/o
Esophagus
esthesi/o, -esthesia
Feeling, sensation
eti/o
Cause
eu-
Well, good
ex-, exo-
Out, away from
extra-
Outside
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
135
Component
Meaning
F
faci/o
Face
fasci/o
Fibrous bond, fascia
febr/i
Fever
femor/o
Femur
fren/o, frenul/o
Frenulum
fibr/o
Fibrous
fibril/o
Muscular twitching
fibul/o
Fibula
fiss/o
Crack
fistul/o
Tube, pipe
fluor/o
Luminous
foll/i
Sac
follicul/o
Small sac
foramen/o
Opening
fren/o
Frenula
front/o
Forehead
furc/o
Branching
G
galact/o
Milk
gangli/o
Ganglion
gastr/o
Stomach
-gene, -genic
Origin, cause
geni/o
Chin
genit/o
Related to reproductive organs
-genous
Origin, cause
ger/i
Old age
136
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component
Meaning
geront/o
Old age
gingiv/o
Gums
glauc/o
Grey
-globulin
Protein
gloss/o
Tongue
glott/o
Back of tongue
gluc/o
Sugar
glyc/o
Sugar
glycer/o
Sweet
gnath/o
Jaw
-gnosis
Knowledge
gon/o
Seed
-gram
Record, tracing, picture
-graph
Instrument for recording
-graphy
Process of recording
gravid/o
Pregnancy
gynec/o
Female, woman
H
hal/o
Breath
halit/o
Breath
hem/o, hemat/o
Blood
hemi-
Half
hepat/o
Liver
heter/o
Different
hist/o, histi/o
Tissue
humer/o
Humerus
hydr/o
Water
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
137
Component
Meaning
hyper-
Over, excessive, increased
hypn/o
Sleep
hypo-
Under, below, decreased
hyster/o
Uterus
I
-ia
Condition
-iac
Pertaining to
-iactrics
Field of study
-ian
Specialist
-iasis
Abnormal condition
-iatrist
Specialist
-iatry
Field of study
-ic
Pertaining to
-ical
Pertaining to
-ician
Specialist
ile/o
Ileum, small intestine
ili/o
Ilium, hip bone
in-
In, not
infer/o
Below, beneath
infra-
Below, beneath, inferior to
inguin/o
Groin
inter-
Between
intern/o
Within, inner
intra-
In, within
intro-
In, within
-ion
Process
-ior
Pertaining to
138
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component
Meaning
ir/o, irid/o
Iris of the eye
isch/o
To hold back
-ism
Process, condition
iso-
Same, equal
-ist
Specialist
-itis
Inflammation
-ium
Structure, tissue
J
jejun/o
Jejunum
jugulo
Throat
juxta-
Near, nearby
K
kera-
Horn, hardness
kerat/o
Horny, hard, cornea
kinesi/o
Movement
-kinesis
Movement
kyph/o
Bent, hump
L
labi/o
Lip
lacer/o
Torn, mangled
lacrimin/o
Tear, tear duct
lact/o
Milk
lapar/o
Abdomen, abdominal wall
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
139
Component
Meaning
laps/o
Slip, fall, slide downward
laryng/o
Larynx, voice box
later/o
Side
leiomy/o
Smooth muscle
-lepsy
Seizure
letharg/o
Drowsiness
leth/o
Death
leuk/o
White
ligat/o
Binding, tying off
lingu/o
Tongue
lip/o
Fat
lith/o
Stone
-lith
Stone
lob/o
Lobe
-logist
Specialist in the study of
-logy
Study of
lumb/o
Lower back
lymph/o
Lymph
-lysis, -lytuc
Breakdown, separation, destruction
M
macro-
Large
macul/o
Spot
mal-
Bad
mal/o
Cheek
-malacia
Softening
mamm/o
Breast
man/i, man/o
Hand
140
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component
Meaning
mandibul/o
Mandible, lower jaw
mast/o
Breast
mastic/o
Chew
maxill/o
Maxilla, upper jaw
meat/o
Meatus, passage
medi/o
Middle
mediastin/o
In the middle
medull/o
Medulla, inner section, middle,
mega-, megal/o
Large
-megaly
Enlargement
melan/o
Black
mening/o, meningi/o
Meninges
men/o, menstru/o
Menses, menstruation
menisc/o
Cresent
mens-, mens/o
Menses, menstruation
ment/o
Mind
mes/o, mesi/o
Middle
meta-
Beyond, over, between, change
metacarp/o
Metacarpals
metatars/o
Metatarsals
metr/i, metr/o, metri/o
Inner lining of uterus
-metry
Measurement
micro-
Small
mictur/o
Urination
mono-
One, single
morbid/o
Disease, sickness
morph/o
Shape, form
mort/o
Death
muc/o, mucos/o
Mucous
multi-
Many
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
141
Component
Meaning
muscul/o
Muscle
mut/a
Genetic change
mut/o
Unable to speak
my/o
Muscle
myel/o
Spinal cord, bone marrow
myring/o
Tympanic membrane, eardrum
N
nar/i
Nostril
narc/o
Numbness
nas/i, nas/o
Nose
nat/i, nat/o
Birth
necr/o
Death
neo-
New
nephr/o
Kidney
nev/o
Mole
neur/o
Nerve
noct/o
Night
nod/o
Knot, swelling
non-
No
norm/o
Normal
nuch/o
Nape, neck region
nucle/o
Nucleus
O
obstetr/o
Midwife, pregnancy
occipit/o
Back of the skull
142
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component
Meaning
occlus/o
Shut, close
ocul/o
Eye
odont/o
Tooth
-oid
Like, resembling
olecran/o
Elbow
olfact/o
Smell
olig/o
Scanty, few
-oma
Tumor
onc/o
Tumor
onchy/o
Fingernail or toenail
oo/o
Egg
oophor/o
Ovary
ophthalm/o
Eye vision
-opia
Vision
-opsy
Process of viewing
opt/o
Eye
optic/o
Eye
or/o
Mouth
orch/o
Testes
orchi/o
Testes
orchid/o
Testes
orth/o
Straight
-osis
Abnormal condition
oss/e, oste/o
Bone
-ostomy
Artificial opening
ot/o
Ear
-ous
Pertaining to
ov/i, ov/o
Egg
ovari/o
Ovary
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
143
Component
Meaning
P
palat/o
Palate
pancreat/o
Pancreas
papill/o
Nipple-like
papul/o
Pimple
para-
Near, beside, abnormal, away
-paresis
Slight paralysis
-partum
Birth
patell/o
Kneecap
path/o
Disease
-pathy
Disease, emotion
pector/o
Chest
pedi/o
Child
ped/o
Child, foot
pelv/i, pelv/o
Hip, pelvic cavity
-penia
Lack, deficiency
peps/i, pept/o
Digestion
-pepsia
Digestion
per-
Through
peri-
Around
perine/o
Perineum
peritone/o
Abdominal wall
pernici/o
Destructive, harmful
pertuss/i
Intensive cough
petechi/o
Skin spot
-pexy
Fixation, put into place
-phage
Cell that destroys
-phagia
Swallowing
144
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component
Meaning
phalang/o
Phalanx
pharyng/o
Pharynx, throat
-phasia
Speech
phleb/o
Vein
-plegic
Paralysis
phob/o
Fear
-plakia, plak/o
Thin flat layer
plant/o
Sole of foot
-plasia, -plasm
Formation, growth
-plasty
Surgical repair
-plegia, plegic
Paralysis
pleur/o
Pleura, side of body
-pnea
Breathing
pneum/o, pneumon/o
Lung
pod/o
Foot
poly-
Many
por/o
Pore, small opening
-porosis
Pore, less density
post-
After
poster/o
Back, behind
-prandial
Meal
pre-, pro-
Before, in front of
proct/o
Anus and rectum
prost/o
Prostate
prostat/o
Prostate
proxim/o
Near
pseud/o
False
psych/o
Mind
-ptosis
Dropping, sagging, prolapsed
-ptysis
Spitting
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
145
Component
Meaning
pulmon/o
Lung
purul/o
Pus
py/o
Pus
pyel/o
Renal pelvis
R
radi/o
Radiation, radius
radicul/o
Nerve root
re-
Back, again
rect/o
Rectum
ren/o
Kidney
retro-
Behind, backward
rhin/o
Nose
-rrhage, -rrhagia
Burst forth
-rrhaphy
Suture
-rrhea
Flow, discharge
rrhythm/o
Rhythm
S
sacr/o
Sacrum
saliv/o
Saliva
salping/o
Fallopian tube
sarc/o
Flesh
scler/o, -sclerosis
Hardening, abnormal dryness
scoli/o
Crooked, curved
-scope
Instrument for viewing
-scopy
Process of viewing with scope
146
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component
Meaning
scrot/o
Bag, pouch
sect/o
To cut
semi-
Half
seps/o, sept/o
Infection
sial/o
Saliva, salivary glands
sialaden/o
Salivary glands
sigmoid/o
Sigmoid colon
sinus/o
Sinus
-sis
Abnormal condition
son/o
Sound
-spasm
Contraction of muscle
-sphyxia
Pulse
spin/o
Spine
splen/o
Spleen
spondyl/o
Vertebra
-stasis, -static
Stopping, controlling
-stenosis
Tightening, stricture, narrowing
stern/o
Sternum
stom/o, stomat/o
Mouth
-stomy
Artificial opening
sub-
Under
suppur/o, suppurat/o
Pus forming
supra-
Above, excessive
synov/o
Synovial membrane
T
tachy-
Fast
tars/o
Tarsals, ankle
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
147
Component
Meaning
tempor/o
Temple
ten/o, tendin/o
Tendon
test/o, testicul/o
Testicle
-therapy
Treatment
therm/o
Heat
thorac/o
Chest
-thorax
Chest
thromb/o
Clot, clotting
thyr/o, thyroid/o
Thyroid
tibi/o
Tibia, shin bone
-tic
Pertaining to
tinnit/o
Ringing, buzzing
-tion
Process
tom/o
Section, cut
-tomy
Process of cutting
ton/o
Tension
tonsill/o
Tonsil
tox/o, toxic/o
Poison
trache/o
Trachea
trans-
Across, through
trigon/o
Trigone
-tripsy
Crushing
-trophy, troph/o, -trophic
Development, nourishment
tympan/o
Tympanic membrane, eardrum
U
-ule
Little
uln/o
Ulna
148
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component
Meaning
ultra-
Beyond, excess
umbilic/o
Umbilicus, navel
uni-
One
ur/o
Urinary tract, urine
-uria
Urination, urinary condition
urin/o
Urinary tract, urine
uret/o
Ureter
urethra/o
Urethra
-us
Thing
urtic/o
Rash
uter/o
Uterus
V
vagin/o
Vagina
valv/o
Valve
valvul/o
Valve
varic/o
Twisted, swollen vein
vas/o
Vessel
vascul/o
Vessel
ven/o
Vein
ventricul/o
Ventricle
vertebr/o
Vertebra
visc/o
Sticky
vulv/o
Vulva
X
xanth/o
Yellow
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
149
Component
Meaning
xen/o
Strange, foreign
xer/o
Dry
Y
-y
Condition, process
Z
zygomat/o
150
Zygoma, cheek bone
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons