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Physical Properties of Matter
A physical property is a characteristic or description of a substance that may help to identify it.
1. The States of Matter
One of the physical properties of matter is its state – whether it is solid, liquid, or gas at room
temperature.
2. Hardness
Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a solid to being scratched or dented. A harder material will
scratch or dent a softer one. For instance, a diamond stylus is used to cut a large sheet of glass into
different sizes.
3. Malleability
Malleability is the ability of a substance to be able to hammered or bent into different shapes.
Aluminum foil is malleable, which makes it useful for wrapping food as it cooks. Many materials, glass
for example, are not malleable. Instead of flattening out when hammered, they shatter. Brittle
objects shatter easily.
4. Ductility
If a solid is ductile, it can be pulled into wires. Copper is used for electrical wiring due to its ductile
property.
5. Melting and Boiling Points
The temperature at which a solid become a liquid is the Melting Point. The melting point of solid ice
is 0 °C.
The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas is the boiling point. The boiling point of liquid water
is 100 °C.
6. Crystal Form
Solids can exist in different forms. Crystals are the solid forms of many minerals in which you can see
a definite structure of cubes or blocks with a regular pattern. For example, when look closely at salt
crystals, they are seen as tiny crystals.
7. Solubility
Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent such as water. When salt and pepper are
added to water, the salt dissolves but the pepper does not. So, salt is described as soluble while
pepper as insoluble.
8. Viscosity
Maple syrup is thicker than water – it flows more slowly than water when you pour it. Viscosity refers
to how easily a liquid flows: the thicker the liquid, the more viscous it is.
9. Density
Density is the amount of matter per unit volume of that matter. Oil is less dense than water and
therefore, oil floats on water.
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Density is expressed in kilograms per cubic metre or grams per cubic centimetre. For example, the
density of water is 1.0 g/cm3.