PASS MOCK MIDTERM #2 – FOR PRACTICE ONLY Course: GEOG 1010 A Facilitator: Rachel Canham It is most beneficial to you to write this mock midterm under pretend EXAM CONDITIONS. Complete as much of this mock as you like, but do try it first without your notes to get an idea of where you stand. After, you can use your notes/textbook to fill in your knowledge gaps. Record your ideas/problems in the margins to remind yourself of what you were thinking when you take it up at PASS. The purpose of this mock exam is to give you practice. Use this mock exam as a Iearning tooI in preparing for the actual exam. •
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Come to the PASS session with your mock exam complete. There, you can work with other students to review your work Often, there is not enough time to review the entire mock exam in the PASS session. Decide which questions you most want to review – the facilitator may ask students to vote on which questions they want to discuss. Facilitators do not bring copies of the mock exam to the session. Please print out and complete the exam before you attend. Facilitators do not produce or distribute an answer key for mock exams. Facilitators help students to work together to compare and assess the answers they have. If you are not able to attend the PASS session, you can work alone or with others in the class. Remember, this is not meant to be an all-­‐inclusive study guide. It is only a sample of the lecture material and does not necessarily reflect what the real test will be like in any way. Best of luck! DISCLAIMER: PASS worksheets are d esigned as a study aid only for in PASS workshops. Worksheets may contain errors, intentional or otherwise. It is up to the student to verify the information contained within. PLEASE NOTE: THIS WORKSHEET IS NOT TO BE DISTRIBUTED SOILS 1. This _______________ soil order would probably be found at the base of hill were the drainage is poor. 2. Organic matter turning into humus is an example of __________________________ (Hint: one of the 4 soil forming processes). 3. The soil controlling factor which accounts for slope and aspect is ____________________________. 4. A layer of soil that develops over time and lies parallel to the surface is a soil _________________________. 5. Soil is deepest in regions where there are high amounts of vegetation and precipitation. T / F 6. The prairie soil order which contains very fertile soils is called ________________________ 7. Which horizon is least affected by the soil forming processes? a. C b. B c. A d. O 8. Which horizon indicates an accumulation of clay? a. Bt b. Ae c. Bh d. Ah 9. Pick the correct order from least developed to most developed soil orders a. Regosol, Brunisol, Luvisol, Podzol b. Podzol, Luvisol, Brunisol, Regosol c. Regosol, Podzol, Luvisol, Brunisol d. Brunisol, Regosol, Luvisol, Podzol 10. The Ah horizon indicates a presence of what? a. aluminum b. iron c. clay d. organic matter 11. Which soil order would have the greatest porosity? a. brunisolic b. regosolic c. podzolic d. organic 12. The A horizon is generally a zone of illuviation. T / F 1 13. The diagram below shows a soil profile. Label the following features on it: (8 marks) C horizon A horizon B horizon R horizon O horizon The most fertile horizon Regolith Horizon 1 Fact/Description O/LFH A B C R 14. Match the description to the soil order that it best describes by putting the corresponding letter beside the order. Soil Order Description Letter Cryosol B Podzol F Brunisol H Organic D Chernozem A Gleysol E Regosol I Solonetz G Vertisol C A. A very fertile prairie soil with an extremely think, dark A horizon. B. A soil found in periglacial environments. C. A soil with a high clay content that expands and contracts with the wet/dry cycles D. A wetland soil. E. A soil that develops under wet conditions and often is blue/grey in colour (gleyed) due to the reduction of Fe. F. A soil common to coniferous forests, and which have prominent eluviated A horizons and illuviated B horizons. G. A soil in which salts are deposited near the surface. H. A soil with a distinctive brown B horizon. I. A young, underdeveloped soil. HYDROLOGY 15. A “dry land delta” is where a mountain stream enters a flat plain, suddenly slows down and drops its sediment load. Another word for this is a(n): a. alluvial fan b. natural levee 2 c. delta d. alluvial terrace 16. ______________ is the term for unconsolidated sediments that are transported and deposited by water. 17. When the stream load is greater than its capacity what is happening and what is this type of stream called? a. deposition, degrading stream b. erosion, degrading stream c. deposition, aggrading stream d. erosion, aggrading stream 18. Point bars are located on the inside of meanders, where the velocity is the highest. T / F 19. Exotic streams are streams in which discharge increases further downstream. T / F 20. Capacity is the amount of sediment a glacier can carry. T / F 21. Wide, shallow rivers flow slower than narrow deep rivers. T / F 22. A topographic region from which a river receives drainage is called a ______________________________________. 23. A body of water formed from a cut-­‐off meander is called an _________________________ lake. 24. Alluvium is to rivers what till is to glaciers. T / F 25. Which statement will not cause an increase in stream velocity? a. an increased sediment load b. a steeper gradient c. a deeper, more smooth channel d. a larger discharge 26. Bird’s foot describes a type of river ________________ which occurs where the river meets the ocean. 27. The deepest and fastest part of the stream is called the ___________________________. 28. Turbulent flow is more efficient than laminar flow. T / F 29. Pretend a forest along the banks of a river was cut down. What would happen? (Use at least 4 key fluvial terms) 30. In fluvial terms, what does Q stand for and what is the equation that describes it? (2 marks) 31. List 5 controls on stream velocity and state the relationship (i.e. if ________ increases, velocity decreases or vice versa) 32. List the 4 methods of stream transport and indicate which two make up the “Bed load”. (6 marks) 3 33. What is the difference between stream competence and stream capacity? How does velocity affect them? 34. Label the stream channel pattern shown in each of the diagrams below. (3 marks) 35. Fill in the following equation with the 5 soil forming/controlling factors. (5 marks) 36. Describe how natural levees are formed in terms of competence, capacity and velocity. (3 marks) 37. The diagram below shows a meandering stream. Draw in the letter labels for the words in the Label chart to where they belong in the diagram. Draw in the features from the Label B Point Bar C Cut Bank D Pool Draw & Label these features Thalweg Oxbow lake Meander Scar 4 GLACIERS 38. The term for snow after it has been compacted into a very dense state, but before it turns to ice is ________________. 39. When ________________ is greater than _________________, the glacier will retreat. 40. A lake formed by the melting of a block of ice that creates a depression in glacial till is a: a. tarn b. kettle c. kame d. esker 41. Horns are created by retrogressive erosion by cirque glaciers. T / F 42. The firn line marks where the winter snow didn’t melt during the summer. T / F 43. Increased water content will increase the speed of a glacier. T / F 45. A sinuous ridge of till dropped in the shape of the subglacial river in which it used to flow in is called a(n) ______________________. (Esker) 46. A glacial ______________ occurs when a glacier moves faster than its typical rate. 47. Which of the following is not a type of alpine glacier? a. cirque b. valley c. ice sheet d. piedmont 48. Which statement is untrue about the Last Glacial Maximum? a. ice sheets covered most of North America b. there was an isostatic decrease in sea level c. accumulation was greater than ablation d. there was an eustatic increase in sea level 49. Which feature does not belong? a. drumlin b. esker c. roche moutonée d. kame 50. Outwash plains contain unsorted till and lie in front of the terminal moraine. T / F 51. A rock that doesn’t match the local geology is probably an ______________________ which had been transported and deposited by a glacier. 52. A mountain lake formed in the depression of a cirque is called a ____________________. 53. During glacial times, plants and animals are thought to have found refuge on _____________________________. 54. Lodgement deposits material at the front and sides while ablation deposits material at the base of the glacier T / F 5 55. Describe the difference between eustatic and isostatic sea level change. 56. What are the 2 types of glaciers in terms of scale and what differentiates them? (3 marks) 57. List the sub-­‐types of the 2 types of glaciers. 58. Draw the velocity profile of a glacier from the cross sectional and top down views. Where does it move the fastest? (2 marks) Side Cross-­‐Section Top-­‐Down View Faster: Faster: 59. Define what a drumlin is and what a roche mountonnée is. Give 2 ways in which they differ. (4 marks) 60. Give 3 examples of erosional features formed from alpine glaciers and briefly describe them. (3 marks) 61. Give 3 examples of depositional features formed from continental glaciers and briefly describe them. (3 marks) PERIGLACIAL 62. Which characteristic would not be associated with the presence of permafrost? a. frost action is the main form of weathering b. too dry for glaciers c. along the -­‐7oC isotherm d. surfaces with a low albedo 6 63. An ice cored hill that is greater than 10m high and lasts for 2 winters or more is called _____________________. 64. A ______________ is a small (<10m) ice-­‐cored mound which lasts for 2 or more winters. 65. Block fields, also known as ____________________ are created by __________________________________. 66. The ______________ is the part of the permafrost which goes through seasonal freeze-­‐thaw cycles a. Active Layer b. Seasonal Layer c. Alluvial Layer d. Interstitial Layer 67. How does the active layer change as you go north to south? 68. Write the definition of permafrost. 69. Northern Siberia permafrost is much older than Canada’s. T / F 70. Which word is not specifically associated with thermokarst topography? a. Ventifacts b. beaded channels c. thaw lakes d. drunken forests 71. The __ isotherm represents the approximate southern limit of the continuous permafrost, while the __ isotherm represents the approximate southern limit of discontinuous permafrost. a. -­‐1o , -­‐5oC b. -­‐7o , -­‐1oC c. -­‐12o , -­‐3oC d. -­‐15o , -­‐2oC 72. An unfrozen zone within permafrost (usually under water bodies) is called a __________________________. 73. What are 3 causes of degrading permafrost? 74. What is difference between thermokarst topography and karst topography? Give an example of a feature found in these landscapes. (2 marks) 7 75. What are 2 ways to minimize the effects of human infrastructure on permafrost? 76. Label the type of permafrost found in each region using the colour legend. (4 marks) The labels should include: Alpine, Discontinuous, Continuous, or Sporadic 77. Match the example to the type of permafrost it is. Permafrost Type Example Alpine Dry Valleys Subsea Beaufort Sea Polar Antarctic Canada & Siberia Polar Arctic Andes & Tibetan Plateau BIOMES 78. Ecology is the study of __________________ between living things and the environment. 79. Which word doesn’t fit in this following group? a. tundra b. marsupials c. sclerophyllous plants d. monotremes 8 80. Which Canadian biome has lush green forests with both conifers and deciduous trees & has both mild winters and summers? a. Midlatitude braodleaf & mixed forest b. Temperate Rainforest c. Needleleaf Forest & Montane Forest d. a and b 81. Which biome has the shortest growing season and is dominated by shrubs and herbs? a. Needleleaf Forest & Montane Forest b. Midlatitude braodleaf & mixed forest c. Arctic and Alpine Tundra d. Midlatitude Grasslands 82. A(n) ___________________ is the transition region between to 2 biomes. 83. Precipitation is the principle limiting factor in the _________________________ biome. 84. Biomes contain lots of smaller biogeographical realms. T / F 85. What is the significance of the Wallace Line? 86. What are 2 plant adaptations used by plants living in the Arctic Tundra biomes? How are these adaptations useful? 87. Fill in the names of the 6 Biomes. A:________________________________ E F E F A A B G B:________________________________ C:________________________________ D:________________________________ E:________________________________ F:________________________________ C G:________________________________ D B 9 88. Name all 5 major Canadian Terrestrial Biomes shown on the map (5 marks). 1 2 3 4 5 6 Terrestrial Biome Name Arctic Tundra Alpine Tundra Needleleaf Forest Midlatitude Grassland Midlatitude Mixed Forest Temperate Rain Forest 10