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ROMI L. BURKS
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LARRY C. BOLES
Figure 1. Abridged history of the chocolate bar and candies.
• 1890 George A. Bayle Jr., of St. Louis, Missouri, packages peanut butter in barrels
and sells it for six cents a pound.
• 1900 Milton S. Hershey of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, introduces the first
HERSHEY’S® Milk Chocolate bar.
• 1903 George Washington Carver researches uses for peanuts. Peanut butter
introduction to the world occurs a year later at the Universal Exposition in St.
Louis.
• 1920 Baby Ruth® candy bar is first sold, named for President Grover Cleveland’s
daughter.
• 1928 Hershey introduced peanut butter cups later named after Harry Burnett
(H.B.) Reese, a former dairy employee.
• 1930 M & M/Mars introduces the SNICKERS® Bar, named for a favorite horse
owned by the Mars family. One candy bar costs a nickel.
• 1941 M & M’S® Plain Chocolate Candies (later M & M’S® Milk Chocolate
Candies) introduced.
INQ UIRY & I N V ES T I GAT I ON
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• 1954 M & M’S® Peanut Candies introduced.
• 1978 REESE’S PIECES candy is introduced.
• 1982 REESE’S PIECES candy makes its big screen debut as “E.T.’s” favorite candy
in the movie E.T., The Extra Terrestrial.
• 1981 A European favorite since 1974, SKITTLES® Bite Size Candies are introduced in the U.S. by M & M/Mars.
• 2001 SNICKERS® Cruncher premiers.
• 2002 SNICKERS® with Almond Bars replace Mars Bar.
• 2004 M & M’S® and chocolate bar merge into M-Azing® Crunchy and Peanut
Butter versions.
Sources: National Confectioners Association (http://www.candyusa.org/
Classroom/timeline.asp), http://www.peanutbutterlovers.com/history/, M&M
Mars Corporation (http://www.mmmars.com/cai/snickers/faq.html#top,
http://www.snickers.com/history.asp, and http://us.mms.com/us/about/history/
story/)), and Hershey Foods Corporation (http://www.hersheys.com/consumer/
history.shtml;. All candies are registered trademarks.
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PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
229
Figure 2. Glossary.
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230
THE AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 69, NO. 4, APRIL 2007
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Figure 3. Different ways to classify sets of candies. In the cut-away view:
BR = Baby Ruth®
RP = REESE’S PIECES
HWC = HERSHEY’S® White Chocolate
SNC = SNICKERS® Cruncher
MMPE = M & M’S® Peanut
HC = HERSHEY’S® chocolate bar
SN = SNICKERS®
HA = HERSHEY’S® with Almonds
MMPL = M & M’S® Plain
SNA = SNICKERS® Almond Bar.
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Figure 4. Sample phylogenies for sister groups of candy pieces (A) and candy bars (B). Perpendicular lines on branches
CF VTFE UP DMBTTJGZ UBYB
represent evolutionary steps.
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PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
231
TJTUFSUBYBTVDIBTBMMWBSJ
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Figure 5. Example of MacClade windows and output. Four possible cladograms shown on the left with the most parsimonious tree (13 steps, shown in Tree Window) appearing below the data matrix (seen in Data Editor window). Larger box
shows tool palette from MacClade where the arrow is used to move branches to arrive at the tree with the fewest steps.
Common ancestor assumed to be a chocolate bar.
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Figure 6. Two most parsimonious cladograms, each with 13 steps. A) Common ancestor assumed to be the chocolate bar
B) Common ancestor assumed to be candy coated chocolate pieces. Perpendicular lines on branches represent evolutionary steps and text defines addition or loss of a character.
Parsimonious phylogenies
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Figure 7. Change in data matrices and cladograms with additions of new taxa. A) REESE’S peanut butter cups B)
SKITTLES®. A non-shaded rectangular box shows score of new taxon in the data matrix and a circle shows the location in
the cladogram. See text for discussion of evolutionary steps.
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236
THE AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 69, NO. 4, APRIL 2007
Appearance of a new hybrid candy (M-Azing®) with the different kinds of candy
coated pieces (chocolate or peanut butter) melded within a chocolate bar C)
Examples of European chocolatiers.
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PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
237