Preventing ”Monkey Business”. Fettered Apes in the
Middle Ages
Thierry Buquet
To cite this version:
Thierry Buquet. Preventing ”Monkey Business”. Fettered Apes in the Middle Ages.
http://mad.hypotheses.org/37. Blog post, published in the Medieval data Network blog
(http://mad.hypotheses.org). 2013. <halshs-00845267v1>
HAL Id: halshs-00845267
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00845267v1
Submitted on 16 Jul 2013 (v1), last revised 30 Jan 2016 (v2)
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.
0HGLHYDO$QLPDO'DWD1HWZRUNª3UHYHQWLQJ´0RQNH\%XVLQHVVµ)HWWHUHG$SHVLQWKH0LGGOH$JHVª3ULQW
0HGLHYDO$QLPDO'DWD1HWZRUNKWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJ
3UHYHQWLQJ³0RQNH\%XVLQHVV´)HWWHUHG$SHVLQWKH0LGGOH$JHV
3RVWHG%\7KLHUU\%XTXHW2Q-XQH#,Q$SHVPRQNH\V&DSWLYLW\3HWV_&RPPHQWV
7KHSUDFWLFHRINHHSLQJPRQNH\VDQGDSHVLQFDSWLYLW\GXULQJWKH0LGGOH$JHVPDLQO\DVSHWVLVZHOONQRZQ-DQVRQLQKLVFODVVLFDOVWXG\$SHVDQG$SHORUH
LQ WKH 0LGGOH $JHV DQG WKH 5HQDLVVDQFH -DQVRQ GHGLFDWHV D FKDSWHU WR WKLV WRSLF ³7KH )HWWHUHG $SH´ FKDS 9 S +H KDV D V\PEROLF
DSSURDFK ³FDSWLYH DSH DV D V\PEROLF ILJXUH´ S DQG D VWXG\ RQ WKH LFRQRJUDSK\ RI WKHVH IHWWHUHG DSHV +LV ERRN LV QRW GHGLFDWHG WR WKH PDWHULDO
FXOWXUHRUWRWKHVWXG\RIWKHSUHVHQFHRIDSHVLQPHGLHYDOPHQDJHULHVRUDVSHWV7KLVVKRUWSDSHUDLPVWRJLYHVRPHH[DPSOHVRIWKHPDWHULDODVSHFWVRI
NHHSLQJDQGFRQWUROOLQJWDPHGEXWVWLOOVDYDJHDQLPDOVWRSUHYHQWWKHPIURPFUHDWLQJDPHVVLQWKHKRPH
.HHSLQJDSHVDWKRPH
.HHSLQJDSHVDWKRPHDVSHWVZDVNQRZQIURP$QWLTXLW\3OLQ\1DWXUDO+LVWRU\9,,,SDQGGXULQJWKH0LGGOH$JHVZHKDYHWHVWLPRQLHV
IURPWKHWKFHQWXU\7KHILUVWDFFRXQWLVIRXQGLQ3HWHU'DPLDQZKROLYHGLQ WKFHQWXU\,WDO\$FFRUGLQJWR'DPLDQ&RXQW:LOOLDPLQWKHGLVWULFWRI
/LJXULDRZQHGDPDOHPRQNH\FDOOHGD³PDLPR´LQYHUQDFXODU,WDOLDQ7KHDQLPDOZDVVRLQWLPDWHZLWKWKHFRXQW¶VZLIHWKDWKHZDVVXVSHFWHGRIKDYLQJ
KDGLQWHUFRXUVHZLWKKHU3HWHU'DPLDQ/HWWHUV
*XLOODXPHOH&OHUFLQKLV%HVWLDLUHGLYLQYH[SODLQVWKDWKLJKUDQNLQJORUGVKDYHDJUHDWDIIHFWLRQIRUWKHPRQNH\V³'RQFOHVKDX]
KRPHVIRQWFKLHUWH]´HYHQWKRXJKWKLVDQLPDOLVXQSOHDVDQWDQGXJO\$OH[DQGHU1HFNDPDWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH WK&HQWXU\ZULWHVWKDWRQHFRXOGILQG
GRPHVWLFDSHVDWWKHFRXUWRIWKHULFK'HQDWXULVUHUXPFDS
>@
0kFRQ%LEOLRWKqTXHPXQLFLSDOH0VIWK&HQWXU\
,QDVHUPRQDWWULEXWHGWR+XJKHVRI6DLQW9LFWRU3DULV%Q)0V/DWLQILWLVZULWWHQWKDWHYHQFOHULFVOLNHWRNHHSWKHPLQWKHLUKRXVH³HYHQ
WKRXJKWKHDSHLVDPRVWYLOHILOWK\DQGGHWHVWDEOHDQLPDOWKHFOHULFVOLNHWRNHHSLWLQWKHLUKRXVHDQGWRGLVSOD\LWLQWKHLUZLQGRZVVRDVWRLPSUHVVWKH
SDVVLQJUDEEOHZLWKWKHJORU\RIWKHLUSRVVHVVLRQV´-DQVRQDQGQRWH,QWKHWKLUWHHQWKFHQWXU\FDQRQVRI1RWUH'DPHRI3DULVVWLOONHSW
PRQNH\VLQWKHFORLVWHU&DUWXODLUHGH1RWUH'DPHGH3DULVW,,S7KXVNLQJVQREOHVDQGKLJKHUFOHUJ\ORYHGWRKDYHWKHPDWFRXUWDVDGLYHUWLQJ
SHWDQGDOVRDVDGHPRQVWUDEOHVLJQRIZHDOWK
0RQNH\EXVLQHVVRUSHWVJRLQJDSH
3HWUDUFK FULWLFL]HV WKH SRVVHVVLRQ DQG WKH VHDUFK IRU H[RWLF DQLPDOV DERXW PRQNH\V KH DGGV WKDW WKH\ DUH XJO\ DQLPDOV DQG FUHDWH D PHVV DW KRPH E\
GHVWUR\LQJDQGVFDWWHULQJZKDWHYHUWKH\ILQG3HWUDUFK5HPHGLHVIRU)RUWXQH,6RPHPHGLDHYDOGRFXPHQWVVKRZXVPRUHSUHFLVHO\WKHGDPDJH
WKDWDSHVFRXOGGR$OH[DQGHU1HFNDPUHODWHVWKDWDPRQNH\GHVWUR\HGDQGWRUHSLHFHVRIOHDWKHUZLWKDNQLIHKHVWROHIURPDFREEOHUDIWHUJDLQLQJHQWU\WR
KLVHPSW\KRXVHWKURXJKDQRSHQZLQGRZ'HQDWXULVUHUXPFDS
$PRQNH\GHVWUR\HGDFKDUWHUDWWKHFRXUWRI5REHUW'XNHRI%XUJXQG\LQWKH\HDU7KHFKDQFHU\RIWKH'XNHKDGWRFRS\VRPHRULJLQDOOHWWHUVRIKLV
DQFHVWRU(XGHVGDWHGIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHWKFHQWXU\EHFDXVH5REHUW¶VPRQNH\KDGWRUQWKHGRFXPHQWV$QGHYHQZRUVHWKHFRS\FKDUWHUUHODWHV
WKDW WKH DQLPDO FRPSOHWHG KLV FULPH E\ VHSDUDWLQJ WKH VHDO IURP WKH OHWWHU *X\RWMHDQQLQ ± $SHV WKHUHIRUH KDG WR EH SUHYHQWHG IURP
FDUU\LQJRXWWKHLU³PRQNH\EXVLQHVV´RIWHDULQJFKDUWHUVRUOHDWKHULQWRSLHFHV
&ROODUVDQGOHDVKHV
<RXFDQNHHSDSHVDQGPRQNH\VLQFDJHVEXWPHGLHYDOWH[WVDQGLPDJHVUHSRUWWKDWPRQNH\VDFWXDOO\OLYHGUDWKHUIUHHO\LQKRXVHVDQGFDVWOHV
$IWHUDOOWKHGDPDJHGHVFULEHGE\$OH[DQGHU1HFNDPWKHFREEOHUGHFLGHGWRFRQWUROWKHDSHE\SXWWLQJDVKDUSLURQFROODUDURXQGKLVQHFNWKDWKXUWWKH
DQLPDOZKHQKHMXPSHGDERXWWRRPXFK³«DFLHPIHUULFROORDSSRVXLWHWGXPH[DFXHQWHPLPLWDULYROXLWIHUUXPQLPLVDFXWXPVHQVLW´:LWKWKLVFROODUWKH
DQLPDOZDVDOORZHGWRPRYHPRUHIUHHO\HYHU\ZKHUH1HFNDP'HQDWXULVUHUXP†
7KHPRQNH\VZHUHDOVRDWWDFKHGWROHDVKHVOLNHGRJVDV\RXFDQVHHLQWKLVSDLQWLQJE\/RUHQ]HWWL
>@
3LHWUR/RUHQ]HWWL)ODJHOODWLRQRI&KULVWGHWDLO$SHZLWKFKLOGUHQDQGPRWKHUFLUFD
)UHVFR/RZHU&KXUFK6DQ)UDQFHVFR$VVLVL
7KH\ZHUHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIKDQGOHDVKHVZKLFKFDQVRPHWLPHVEHXVHGWRDWWDFKWKHDQLPDOWRDZDOODVLQWKHIDPRXVLPDJHE\'XUHURIWKH9LUJLQZLWK
PDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJSULQW
0HGLHYDO$QLPDO'DWD1HWZRUNª3UHYHQWLQJ´0RQNH\%XVLQHVVµ)HWWHUHG$SHVLQWKH0LGGOH$JHVª3ULQW
DPRQNH\/HDVKHVZHUHDWWDFKHGWRDFROODUIDVWHQDURXQGWKHQHFNRUGLUHFWO\WRWKHQHFNRUEHOO\
>@
'HWDLORIDPLQLDWXUHE\$WWDYHQWH0LVVDOHHQGRIWK&HQWXU\/\RQ%LEOLRWKqTXH
PXQLFLSDOH0VIY
&ROODUVZHUHVRPHWLPHVPDGHRIULFKUHGOHDWKHUZLWKLURQILWWLQJVDVPHQWLRQHGLQWKHDFFRXQWVIURPWKHFRXUWRI,VDEHDXRI%DYDULD4XHHQRI)UDQFHLQ
WKH WKFHQWXU\&KDUWLHU&KURQLTXHGH&KDUOHV9,,,,,
>@
7ZRDSHVZLWKUHGFROODUVFKDLQVDQGEHOWV'HWDLOIURP*HQWLOHGD)DEULDQR
$GRUDWLRQRIWKH0DJL7HPSHUDRQZRRGîFP)ORUHQFH
2IILFHV,QYQ
%RZOVEORFNVDQGFKDLQV
7KH WK&HQWXU\HQF\FORSDHGLVW%DUWKRORPHZRI(QJODQGVD\VWKDWWKHDSHZKLFKLVDILHUFHDQGPDOLFLRXV
EHDVW PD\ EH WDPHG WKRURXJKO\ E\ YLROHQFH XVLQJ ZKLSV DQG FKDLQV +H DGGV WKDW ZRRGHQ EORFNV WUXQFR
VLYHEORFFRDUHDWWDFKHGWRPRQNH\VWRSUHYHQWWKHPIURPJRLQJDQ\ZKHUHWKH\ZDQWWRDQGWRVXSSUHVV
WKHLULQVROHQFH'HSURSULHWDWLEXVUHUXP;9,,,FDSFI-DQVRQ3LHUUH%HUVXLUHPHQWLRQVWKLV
LQIRUPDWLRQDQGDGGVD&KULVWLDQPRUDOL]DWLRQOLQNLQJWKHPRQNH\WRWKHZRRGHQEORFNV\PEROLVHVWKHVHOI
HQVODYHPHQWRIWKHULFKWRWKHLURZQDYDULFH±KLVGHVFULSWLRQPD\UHDOO\EHDQDWWDFNDJDLQVWWKDWVWUDQJH
SOHDVXUHRIZHDOWK\SHRSOHWRNHHSVXFKDZIXODQGGHYLOLVKEHDVWVOLNHPRQNH\V5HGXFWLRUXPPRUDOHOLE;
FDSS†
,QVWHDGRINHHSLQJPRQNH\VDOOGD\RQOHDVKHVRUFKDLQLQJWKHPWRZDOOVSHRSOHXVHGWRUHVWUDLQWKHLU
PRYHPHQWVXVLQJDQKHDY\EORFNRUERZOOLNHKXPDQSULVRQHUV:HKDYHDIHZWHVWLPRQLHVDERXWWKHVH
EORFNVLQGRFXPHQWDU\VRXUFHVDQGLQLFRQRJUDSK\
,QWKHDFFRXQWVRI-HDQGH%HUU\LQWKH\HDULWLVVDLGWKDW-HKDQG¶(VWDPSHVZDVSDLGIRUPDNLQJD
URXQGHGZRRGERZODQGDQLURQFKDLQIRUWKHGXNH¶VPRQNH\7KHVDPH\HDU-RKQRI%HUU\SDLG+HQU\D
ORFNVPLWKIURP3DULVIRUDQRWKHULURQFKDLQIRUVHFXULQJKLVPRQNH\*XLIIUH\4XHHQ,VDEHDXRI
%DYDULD KDG D PRQNH\ WKDW ZDV FKDLQHG WR D ZRRGHQ ERZO WKDW WXUQHG ZLWKLQ DQ LURQ FLUFOH &KDUWLHU
&KURQLTXH,,,
>@
'HQ+DDJ.RQLNOLMNH%LEOLRWHN0V.
IWKFHQWXU\
PDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJSULQW
0HGLHYDO$QLPDO'DWD1HWZRUNª3UHYHQWLQJ´0RQNH\%XVLQHVVµ)HWWHUHG$SHVLQWKH0LGGOH$JHVª3ULQW
>@
'HWDLORIWKH7DSHVWU\RIWKH/DG\DQGWKHXQLFRUQ0XVpHGH&OXQ\3DULV
FLUFD
,QWKH3DODFHRI-DFTXHV&°XULQWKHFLW\RI%RXUJHVFDSLWDORIWKH'XNHVRI%HUU\DWWKHHQGRIWKH0LGGOH$JHVRQHFDQILQGDFXULRXVPRQNH\EDOOHW
VFXOSWHGLQWKHVWRQHRIDFKLPQH\DQGGDWLQJWRWKHHQGRIWKHWKDQGWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH WKFHQWXU\0RQNH\VDUHDWWDFKHGWRZRRGHQEORFNVE\
URSHV
>@
3DODLV-DFTXHV&°XU%RXUJHVWKWK&HQWXU\
&RQFOXGLQJUHPDUNV
:HDOZD\VQHHGWRNHHSLQPLQGWKDWVRPHRIWKHDQLPDOVIRXQGLQDUWPD\DOVRUHIOHFWUHDODQLPDOVLQFRXUWO\OLIH,IV\PEROLFSDWWHUQVDUHRIWHQREYLRXVZH
KDYHWRUHPHPEHUWKDWPRQNH\VZHUH5($//<FKDLQHGIHWWHUHGDQGOLQNHGWREORFNVWRSUHYHQW³PRQNH\EXVLQHVV´.HHSLQJDSHVDQGPRQNH\VDWKRPH
ZDVSDUWRIHYHU\GD\FRXUWO\OLIHDQGWKHFKDLQVERZOVDQGOHDVKHVXVHGWRUHVWUDLQWKHPZHUHSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFXOWXUHRIOLYLQJZLWKH[RWLFSHWV:KLOH
DOOWKHVHREMHFWVXVHGWRFRQVWUDLQWKHPRQNH\¶VPRELOLW\ZDVRQWKHRQHKDQGSDUWRIWKHDQLPDO¶VOLIHLWFRXOGVRPHWLPHVDOVREHKXUWIXODQGFUXHO1RW
RQO\GLGWKHKHDY\EORFNUHSUHVHQWDV\PERORIHYLOSOHDVXUHVFRPSODFHQF\KDELWDQGWKHKHDY\EXUGHQVRPHDIIDLUVRIWKHKXPDQFRQGLWLRQIRU&KULVWLDQ
VFKRODUV-DQVRQEXWIRUWKHDSHWKHVHUHVWUDLQVZHUHDQHYHU\GD\UHPLQGHURIWKHLUFDSWLYLW\DQGWKHYHU\OLPLWHGIUHHGRPDOORZHGWRWKHP
1%7KLVSDSHUZDVJLYHQDWWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO0HGLHYDO&RQJUHVV/HHGVGXULQJDURXQGWDEOH6HVVLRQ-XO\WK0RQNH\V$WWUDFWLYH
DQG 5HSHOOLQJ ± $ 5RXQG 7DEOH 'LVFXVVLRQ >@ RUJDQL]HG E\ WKH 0HGLHYDO $QLPDO 'DWD 1HWZRUN DQG VSRQVRUHG E\ WKH &HQWUDO (XURSHDQ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
%XGDSHVW
%LEOLRJUDSK\
6RXUFHV
%HUVXLUH3LHUUH2SHUDRPQLDWRWDP66FULSWXU PRUXPQDWXU KLVWRULDPFRPSOHFWHQWLD,$QYHUV-.HHUEHUJLXP
KWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWN>@ &DUWXODLUHGHO¶pJOLVH1RWUH'DPHGH3DULVpG%*XpUDUGYROV&ROOHFWLRQGHGRFXPHQWVLQpGLWVVXUO¶+LVWRLUHGH)UDQFH UHVpULH+LVWRLUHSROLWLTXH
3DULV&UDSHOHW
&KDUWLHU-HDQ&KURQLTXHGH&KDUOHV9,,URLGH)UDQFHW,,,HG9DOOHWGH9LULYLOOH3DULV-DQQHWKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWNS
>@
*XLOODXPHOH&OHUF/H%HVWLDLUHGLYLQGH*XLOODXPHFOHUFGH1RUPDQGLHWURXYqUHGX[LLLHVLqFOH(GLWHGE\&+LSSHDX&DHQ$+DUGHO
1HFNDP$OH[DQGHU$OH[DQGUL1HFNDP'H1DWXULV5HUXP/LEUL'XRZLWKWKH3RHPRIWKH6DPH$XWKRU'H/DXGLEXV'LYLQDH6DSLHQWLDH(GLWHGE\
7KRPDV:ULJKW5HUXP%ULWDQQLFDUXP0HGLL$HYL6FULSWRUHVRU&KURQLFOHVDQG0HPRULDOVRI*UHDW%ULWDLQDQG,UHODQG'XULQJWKH0LGGOH$JHV
/RQGRQ/RQJPDQ5REHUWVDQG*UHHQKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWNV>@ 3HWUDUFK)UDQFHVFR3HWUDUFK¶V5HPHGLHVIRU)RUWXQH)DLUDQG)RXO$0RGHUQ(QJOLVK7UDQVODWLRQRI'H5HPHGLLV8WULXVTXH)RUWXQH(GLWHGE\&RQUDG
+5DZVNLYROV%ORRPLQJWRQ,QGLDQD8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
3HWHU'DPLDQ/HWWHUV(GLWHGE\2ZHQ-%OXP9RO)DWKHUVRIWKH&KXUFK0HGL YDO&RQWLQXDWLRQ:DVKLQJWRQ'&&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI
$PHULFD3UHVV
3OLQ\WKH(OGHU1DWXUDO+LVWRU\,,,/LEUL9,,,;,(GLWHGE\+5DFNKDP/RHE&ODVVLFDO/LEUDU\/RQGRQ&DPEULGJH0D:LOOLDP+HLQHPDQQ
+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
6WXGLHV
*XLIIUH\-XOHV³/D0pQDJHULHGX'XFGH%HUU\´0pPRLUHVGHOD6RFLpWpGHVDQWLTXDLUHVGXFHQWUH±
KWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWN>@ *X\RWMHDQQLQ2OLYLHUHG&RQVHLOVSRXUO¶pGLWLRQGHVWH[WHVPpGLpYDX[,,$FWHVHWGRFXPHQWVG¶DUFKLYHV2ULHQWDWLRQVHW0pWKRGHV3DULV
&RPLWpGHVWUDYDX[KLVWRULTXHVHWVFLHQWLILTXHVeFROHQDWLRQDOHGHVFKDUWHV
-DQVRQ+RUVW:ROGHPDU$SHVDQG$SH/RUHLQWKH0LGGOH$JHVDQGWKH5HQDLVVDQFH6WXGLHVRIWKH:DUEXUJ8QLYHUVLW\/RQGRQ
:DONHU0HLNOH.DWKOHHQ0HGLHYDO3HWV%R\GHOO3U
1%:HZRXOGOLNHWRPHQWLRQWKHZRUNRID\RXQJ)UHQFKVFKRODU$PDQGLQH*DXGURQVWXGHQWDWWKH(FROHQDWLRQDOHGHV&KDUWHV3DULV6KHLVDVWXGHQW
RI3URI0LFKHO3DVWRXUHDXDQGVKHMXVWKDVILQLVKHGKHU0$67(5¶VWKHVLVRQWKHPHGLHYDOPRQNH\/HVLQJHGDQVO¶2FFLGHQWPpGLpYDO$PDQGLQH*DXGURQ
PDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJSULQW
0HGLHYDO$QLPDO'DWD1HWZRUNª3UHYHQWLQJ´0RQNH\%XVLQHVVµ)HWWHUHG$SHVLQWKH0LGGOH$JHVª3ULQW
SUHVHQWHGKHUYHU\LQWHUHVWLQJZRUNLQ)UDQoRLV3RSOLQ¶VVHPLQDURQ0DUFKLQ3DULV,QWKHVDPHVHPLQDU)UpGpULF*HUEHUSUHVHQWHGDYHU\ZHOO
GRFXPHQWHGVWXG\RQWKHKLVWRU\RIPRQNH\VDQGDSHVLQFODVVLFDO$QWLTXLW\EHJLQQLQJZLWKUHFHQWILQGVRI*DOOR5RPDQUHPDLQVRIPRQNH\ERQHVIURPD
IXQHUDOFRQWH[WLQ3RLWLHUV
7RFLWHWKLVSRVW7KLHUU\%848(7³3UHYHQWLQJµ0RQNH\%XVLQHVV¶)HWWHUHG$SHVLQWKH0LGGOH$JHV´0HGLHYDO$QLPDO'DWD1HWZRUNEORJRQ
+\SRWKHVHVRUJ-XQHWK>2QOLQH@KWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJ>@
*UDGXDWHLQKLVWRU\DQGSKLORORJ\DWWKH(FROH3UDWLTXHGHV+DXWHVpWXGHV(3+(3DULV7KLHUU\%XTXHWLVD&156HQJLQHHUDWWKH
)UHQFK ,QVWLWXWH RI WKH 1HDU (DVW ,ISR %HLUXW DIWHU EHLQJ DW WKH ,QVWLWXWH RI 5HVHDUFK DQG +LVWRU\ RI 7H[WV ,5+7 2UOHDQV IRU
ILIWHHQ\HDUV+HLVQRZPDQDJHURIGLJLWDOKXPDQLWLHVDQGHOHFWURQLFUHVRXUFHVDW,ISR+LVVFLHQWLILFZRUNVDUHGHYRWHGWRWKHKLVWRU\
RI H[RWLF DQLPDOV LQ WKH 0LGGOH $JHV IURP 2ULHQW WR 2FFLGHQW PDLQO\ WKH $IULFDQ DQG $VLDWLF IDXQD ELJ TXDGUXSHGV OLNH *LUDIIH
(OHSKDQW&KHHWDK3DQWKHU/LRQ=HEUDHWF+LVUHVHDUFKLQWHUHVWVDUHWKHKLVWRU\RISULQFHO\PHQDJHULHVWKHKLVWRU\RIDQLPDO
QDPHVWKHKLVWRU\RI]RRORJLFDONQRZOHGJHDQGLWVWUDQVPLVVLRQIURPWKH$QWLTXLW\WRWKH5HQDLVVDQFH
3HUVRQDOZHESDJHKWWSZZZLISRULHQWRUJWKLHUU\EXTXHW>@
7KLHUU\%XTXHW¶V>@ RWKHUSRVWV>@
>@
7ZHHW>@
$UWLFOHSULQWHGIURP0HGLHYDO$QLPDO'DWD1HWZRUNKWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJ
85/WRDUWLFOHKWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJ
85/VLQWKLVSRVW
>@,PDJHKWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJILOHVPDFRQEPI,5+7BBMSJ
>@,PDJHKWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJILOHVIODJHOODWLRQBFKULVWORUHQ]HWWLGHWDLOJUDQGMSJ
>@,PDJHKWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJILOHVO\RQEPIY,5+7BBFRSLHMSJ
>@,PDJHKWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJILOHVJHQWLOHGDIDEULDQRPDJHVMSJ
>@,PDJHKWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJILOHVODKD\H.%.I9SQJ
>@,PDJHKWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJILOHVWDSLVVHULHGDPHDODOLFRUQHPXVHHFOXQ\EXTXHWBMSJ
>@,PDJHKWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJILOHVERXUJHVSDODLVMDFTXHVFRHXUMSJ
>@0RQNH\V$WWUDFWLYHDQG5HSHOOLQJ±$5RXQG7DEOH'LVFXVVLRQKWWSVLPFOHHGVDFXNGEVTO$4XHU\6HUYOHW"
LG IRUP,G FRQWH[W ,0&FRQIHUHQFH VHVVLRQ,G FKRVHQ3DSHU,G VHUYOHW85, KWWSVLPFOHHGVDFXNGEVTO$4XHU\6HUYOHW
>@KWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWNKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWN
>@KWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWNSKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWNS
>@KWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWNVKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWNV
>@KWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWNKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWN
>@KWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJKWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJ
>@,PDJHKWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJILOHVWKLHUU\EXTXHWPDGMSJ
>@KWWSZZZLISRULHQWRUJWKLHUU\EXTXHWKWWSZZZLISRULHQWRUJWKLHUU\EXTXHW
>@7KLHUU\%XTXHW¶VKWWSLISRK\SRWKHVHVRUJDXWKRUVWDGQLFNL
>@RWKHUSRVWVKWWSPDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJDXWKRUWKLHUU\
>@7ZHHWKWWSWZLWWHUFRPVKDUH
&RS\ULJKW‹0HGLHYDO$QLPDO'DWD1HWZRUN$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG
PDGK\SRWKHVHVRUJSULQW