APA referencing: APA 6 th edition
Note: This guide was developed and adapted from the Curtin University hand-out that is readily available on
the internet (Curtin University, 2008). This guide is only an introduction to the APA (American Psychological
Association) referencing system. For more comprehensive guides please refer to both the Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association, 2009), and the Concise Rules of
APA Style (American Psychological Association, 2010).
What is Referencing?
Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used
in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. There are many acceptable forms of
referencing. APA is the accepted citation style at AUT.
Why Reference?
Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read
more fully the cited author’s arguments. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories,
from both published and unpublished works, must be referenced.
Steps Involved in Referencing
There are two key elements to APA referencing - in-text citations and the reference list.
1. In-text citations
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Use the Family name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the
text of an assignment, (Smith, 1998). Where authors of different references have the same family name,
include the author’s initials in the in-text citation (Hamilton, C. L., 1994) or C. L. Hamilton (1994).
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If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in-text
citation, separated by a semicolon (e.g. Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by
author.
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When directly quoting (ie, direct citation) from another source, if the quotation is less than 40 words, the
relevant page number must be given and double quotation marks placed around the quote, “….” (Brown,
1991, p. 23).
If the quote is 40 or more words, then the quote is a free-standing indented block.
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When paraphrasing (indirect citation) or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or
lengthy text. It is optional to include the relevant page number. This is done if it would be useful to provide
a page number for the reader.
2. How to Create a Reference List
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A reference list only includes books, articles etc that are cited in the text. In contrast, a bibliography is a
list of relevant sources for background or for further reading.
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The reference list is arranged alphabetically, usually, by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by
its title, and ordered in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically by the first significant word of the
title.
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The APA style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented, as shown in the
examples below, to highlight the alphabetical order.
Note: Capitalisation of the title of a book or journal article: Apart from proper nouns, only the first letter of
the first word in a title and subtitle are capitalised. The title of a journal is italicised
1. In the case of a book, the relevant details include:
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Author/Editor.
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(year of publication).
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Title (edition).
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City, country of publication: [Or if a city in the U.S.A then City, Postal code e.g. New York, NY]
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Publisher.
Author. (year of publication). Book title. City of publication, Country [or State Code if in USA,]:
Name of the Publisher.
For example, if you looked at a book with these elements:
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Author: Mack, C.
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Year of publication: (2005)
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Title: Looking at the Renaissance: Essays toward a conceptual appreciation
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Place of Publication: London, England: [in the case of cities in the U. S. the official State Postal Code is
provided e.g. New York, NY]
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Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Your citation in the reference list for a book would look like this:
Mack, C. (2005). Looking at the renaissance: Essays toward a conceptual appreciation. London,
England: Taylor & Francis.
2. For a journal article, you need the following elements in this order and format:
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Author of article.
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(year of publication).
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Title of article.
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Title of Journal,
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Volume number
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(issue number),
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pages
Author(s). (year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number(issue number),
Page numbers.
For example, if you looked at a journal with these elements:
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Authors of article: Labonte, R., & Schrecker, T.
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Year of publication: (2007)
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Tile of article: Globalisation and social determinants of health
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Title of Journal: Globalisation and Health
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Volume: 3
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Issue: (7)
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Pages: 190-200
Your citation in the reference list for the journal article would look like this:
Labonte, R., & Schrecker, T. (2007). Globalisation and social determinants of health.
Globalisation and Health, 3(7), 190-220.
For all electronic sources of information, in addition to the above you may need to note the date
that you accessed the information, the database name or web address (URL), or the doi (Digital
Object Identifier).
References
American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th
ed.). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
American Psychological Association. (2010). Concise rules of APA style. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
AUT University, Library. (2010, March 3). APA 6th edition guide at AUT. Retrieved March 3, 2009, from
http://www.aut.ac.nz/library/study/referencing