Laboratories at CIMMYT headquarters
33
38
39
2
Heedquarters international staff
OutrellCh international staff
FiMncial support
37
36. Staff growth
Outreach: International nursery trials
CIMMYT headquarters at El Batan
Outreach: Training at CIMMYT
26
30
Outreach: Projects outside Mexico
24
28
Experiment stations at which CIMMYT works
CIMMYT's major experimental locations
22
·
20
Maize program
Wheat program
14
Board of trustees
Research sites near Mexico City
International agricultural centers
Introduction
........_.
10
3
4
7
8
~
CONTENTS
CIMMYT is a private, autonomous, nonprofit,
scientific and educational institution chartered
under Mexican law to engage in the improvement
of maize and wheat production, everywhere in the
world, with emphasis on developing countries.
Financing. In 1975, CIMMYT's activities cost
about US$8.6 million. The "core program"
in Mexico spent $7.2 million. Expenditures for
special projects in Mexico and elsewhere were
$1.4 million. in 1976 funds for CIMMYT
programs are pledged by:
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Ford Foundation
Inter-American Development Bank
International Minerals and Chemicals Corp.
Iran
Netherlands
Rockefeller Foundation
Saudi Arabia
United Kingdom
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Environmental Programme
SUMMARY
and'
USA
West Germany
World Bank
Zaire
Staff. Forty-two scientists and administrators
work at CIMMYT headquarters in Mexico. They
involve 10 different nationalities:
U.S.A.
13
Mexico
10
India
6
United Kingdom
4
Chile
2
Australia
2
Canada
2
I rel and
1
Switzerland
Argentina
In addition CIMMYT has 24 sc;ieQ.tists··assigned to
•WQrk full tirne On research
production
'~'fojects outside Mexico.
Research stations. CIM~Yl' uses eight research
stations in Mexico ranging in elevation from near
sea level to 2600 meters.
INTRODUCTION
3
To improve world-wide cereal yields rapidly and continuously:
• CIMMYT operates several large breeding programs which produce thousands of new
crosses each year. Selections from these crosses are made with such goals as high
yield potential, wide adaptation, disease and insect resistance, and nutritional superiority.
• CIMMYT acts as the hub of international networks of agricultural scientists. By organizing conferences and supporting the travel of scientists, it encourages the sharing of information and germ plasm among nations. Each year Cl MMYT also coordinates hundreds
of international germ plasm trials. These trials allow scientists to evaluate the performance of their experimental varieties in diverse environments.
•CIMMYT helps nations organize and operate cereal improvement programs, CIMMYT
scientists make frequent consulting visits to national programs-; in addition, some'
CIMMYT staff members are stationed in certain countries to provide full-time assistance.
• CIMMYT provides specialized training to sctentists and technicians.
CIMMYT is an outgrowth of a 20-year collaborative research program between the Rockefeller Foundation and the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture. CIMMYT is now supported
by nearly two dozen agencies including governments and foundations.
CIMMYT was founded in 1966 to help raise world cereal yields. Research at CIMMYT
emphasizes maize and wheat, but work is also conducted on barley, sorghum, and
triticale.
4
ILRAD
ILCA
.I CARDA
CIP
ICRISAT
CIAT
llTA
IRRI
CIMMYT
Sorghum-millets, food legumes and farming systems:
Diseases of African I ivestock
Production of African I ivestock
Crop improvement, soil and water management, and
sheep husbandry.
1972
1972
1973
1973
1976
Colombia
Peru
India
Kenya
Ethiopia
Lebanon·
Syria
International Center of Tropical Agriculture
International
International
Arid Tropics
International
International
International
Dry Areas
Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases
Livestock Center for Africa
Center for Agricultural Research in
Potato Center
Crops Research Institute for the Semi·
Rice and farming systems for rice
Maize, wheat, barley, rye, triticale
Farming systems for humid tropics including
work on maize, rice, tubers, food legumes.
Farming systems for the tropics, with emphasis on
beef, swine, cassava, maize, rice and beans.
Potatoes
1960
1966
1967
Philippines
Mexico
Nigeria
International Rice Research Institute
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
1968
Research
Founded
Location
Center
CIMMYT is one of nine international centers which have been established since 1960
for agricultural research, training, and assistance to developing nations.
INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL CENTERS
<l
en
)>
Rdi
Dt!. f~
~~~1
p
Jl
Jl
-
~
~
Atizapan, Cl MMYT's highest altitude wheat
and maize station, 2640 meters, 60 kilometers west of Mexico City, near Toluca .
Tlaltizapan, CIMMYT's intermediate
altitude maize research station, 130 kilometers south of Mexico City, near
Cuernavaca .
El Batan-CIMMYT headquarters, 45 kilometers northeast of city .
Pyramids of Teotihuacan, probably the
most famous pyramids in the Western
Hemisphere. Built about 900 A .D .
Located 20 kilometers from CIMMYT
headquarters .
Poza Rica, CIMMYT's principal low altitude maize research station, 282
kilometers northeast of Mexico City.
Mexico City. Population 8 millions.
Cl MMYT downtown office at Landres
40.
Chapingo, headquarters of Mexico's
National Agricultural Research and Extension Service, National School of Agriculture and Post Graduate College, 8
kilometers from CIMMYT headquarters.
RESEARCH SITES NEAR MEXICO CITY AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST
Toluca~
Zacatepec
To Poza Rice
7
8
Director
Organization de Recherche Scientifique et
Technique Outre-Mer
France
GUY CAMUS
Director General
I nstituto Nacional de I nvestigaciones A gr I colas
Mexico
FRANCISCO CARDENAS R.
Vice-chairman, Board of Trustees
VIRGILIO BARCO
Chairman, Board of Trustees
Senator
Colombia
OSCAR BRAUER H.
President, CIMMYT Asamblea
Secretary of Agriculture
Mexico
Cl MMYT is governed by an autonomous board of trustees
CIMMYT BOARD OF TRUSTEES
LUIZ FERNANDO CIRNE LIMA
K.R. STINO
Business Executive
Dominican Republic
Vice president
The Rockefeller Foundation
U.S.A.
LOWELL S. HARDIN
Agricultural Program officer
Ford Foundation
U.S.A.
Consultant
United Kingdom
Undersecretary of Agriculture ~nd Animal Husbandry
Mexico
(Alternate for Dr. Brauer)
LORENZO MARTINEZ M.
STERLING WORTMAN
Director General
Cl MM YT
W.A.C. MATHIESON
M.S. SWAMINATHAN
Director General
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
HALDORE HANSON
LUIS CROUCH
Director
Arab Organization for Agricultural Developrmmt
Sudan
Banker
Brazil
LEONEL ROBLES G.
Director
Division of Agricultural and Maritime Sciences
Monterrey Institute of Technology
Mexico
10
Importance of maize in the world: The world maize crop is generally
considered to be the third largest cereal crop after rice and wheat.
Approximately 6Q3of the total annual world production measured
by crop weight is grown in temperate climate countries in the northern
hemisphere. Most of this grain is used for animal feeds.
Objectives: 1. To assist in the development of national and regional
maize improvement programs, and to supply technology for those
programs which will benefit the largest possible numbers of farmers,
especially in developing countries. 2. To increase the efficiency of
maize yields, as measured by yield per land unit and by production costs
per measure of grain. 3. To improve the nutritional quality of maize,
especially in protein quality.
MAIZE PROGRAM
International trials: Newly formed progeny and experimental
varieties from the CIMMYT research program in Mexico are tested
Maize improvement through regional groupings of countries: In five
areas of the world, maize-growing countries have joined in voluntary
cooperative groups for maize improvement. These regional groups of
nations sponsor, in their respective areas, regional maize trials, regional
maize workshops, etc.
Assistance to national research and production programs: Cl,MMYT
strengthens national research and production programs through provision of superior germplasm, training of national staff, and helping
plan ways to reach their target for production an staff development.
Although CIMMYT cooperates with scientists and national programs of
temperate climate countries, most of CIMMYT's efforts are concentrated
in the newly developing countries of the world. This involves the
majority of the world maize area and, in general, the area where the
yields are lowest. This area of the world also includes the bulk of the
population which uses maize directly as a human food and thus would
stand to benefit most from the efforts Cl MMYT and its collaborators
are making to improve the protein quality of maize.
Workshops: CIMMYT participates in all the regional workshops organized by regional maize programs. Papers and discussions revolve around
materials and approaches to research and production. The international
testing program provides a common basis for discussion.
In addition to wide testing of such materials, a large international testing
program is under way in which CIMMYT and other contributors from
around the world include materials in uniform trials that are conducted
in dozens of countries. CIMMYT also has uniform trials of its own
material every year in the major environments of the world where maize
is grown. The entries in these trials are changed when new and better
materials become available.
in several locations in Mexico and up to 100 locations outside Mexico.
the CIMMYT plant protection staff inoculates these materials with
pathogens and artificially infes'ts them with insects. The physiologists
are determining the appropriate management practices for maximum
production. CIMMYT trainees receive field experience in all of the
above activities. National production programs are learning to select
packages of cultural practices that fit the local cropping sequence and
economy.
13
New varieties: CIMMYT neither names nor releases new varieties. Release is a responsibility of the cooperating governments, and each
governme~t chooses its releases under local conditions.
Germ plasm bank: CIMMYT operates the largest maize germ plasm
bank in the world. This facility now stores 12,000 accessions from 47
countries under controlled temperature and humidity.
CIMMYT sponsors an annual field workshop involving its resident
staff in Mexico and its international staff posted outside Mexico.
This has been a way of keeping all staff up to date on new materials
and approaches and ensures that they are working cooperatively
towards well-defined objectives.
National training programs help nations strengthen research and
production.
Bringing people together on a regional basis and occasionally on a
global basis stimulates exchange of material and ideas. In fact.' it brings
the world maize research and production people into a common
fraternity with a common interest.
14
Wheat provides 203 of the total world food calories, second only
to rice at 21% Wheat constitutes the main food in the diet of 35%of
the world's population. CIMMYT's priorities in the small grain pro-
Objectives: 1. To help food grain improvement programs, and to
supply materials and technology for those programs which will
benefit the largest possible number of farmers, especially in developing countries. 2. To increase the efficiency and stability of
yields, to help the grower achieve a greater net income, and to ensure
an adequate food supply for wheat growing countries. 3. To improve
the nutritional quality of food grain, especially in protein quantity
and quality.
WHEAT PROGRAM
Winter bread wheat is the most important food crop in the highlands of
Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan, and is the predominant type of wheat
in Argentina and Chile. Winter wheats also are predominant in Europe,
Japan, and the USA,.
Spring bread wheat is the major type of wheat grown in Mexico, India,
Nepal, Pakistan, Egypt, the USSR, Canada, and Australia. Large areas
are also grown in Turkey, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Syria, Iraq,
Afghanistan, Guatemala, Kenya, Sudan, South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, countries of the Andean Zone and the northern USA.
grams have been shaped by the needs of the nations which CIMMYT
and its predecessors have assisted: first an emphasis on spring bread
wheats in Mexico; next the spring bread wheats of India and Pakistan;
then programs in North Africa, Near East, East Africa, and Latin
America, involving spring bread wheats and durums; next, assistance
in Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Argentina and Chile, requiring winter
bread wheats; and then a return to barley on behalf of the semi-arid
Near East, North Africa and South Asia and for the short-season,
high-attitude areas of the Andean Regions.
CIMMYT also is developing new cereals for the future by its work on
wide crosses and triticale.
16
Triticale is a "man-made" wide cross (a cross between two different
genera, wheat and rye). Like the mule, which is also a wide cross,
triticale was originally sterile, but its fertility has been restored by
plant breeders. Despite seed defects which remain, it is hoped that
before the end of the 1970's triticale will provide a higher yield and
better protein qua Iity than either its wheat or rye parents under some
ecological conditions. Already it has demonstrated its adaptation to
areas of acidic soils in widely separated points of the world.
grain at CIMMYT, generally a winter generation at near sea level at
Ciudad Obregon, and a summer generation near Toluca at an elevation
of 2640 meters. Special winter nurseries are also planted at Navojoa
and Los Mochis and Poza Rica all near sea level. Additional summer
nurseries are grown at El Batan, Tlaxcala and Patzcuaro.
Two generations are grown per year of all experimental lines of small
Continuous crossing; Every year since 1954, CIMMYT and its predecessor agencies have made numerous crosses within a working wheat
collection in Mexico. The breeding program is massive and continous.
In 1975 about 8000 crosses were made in bread wheat alone. From
past experience .at least 40% of these crosses wil I be discarded after
the first generation, and at each further generation from F2 through
F7, more will be discarded. By generation F7, less than 1%of the
crosses will survive the rigorous screening.
of wheat. The U.S. Department of Agriculture is CIMMYT's chief
source whenever Cl MMYT finds it desirable to rescreen the world
collection for particular economic characteristics. It is highly dependent also on the supply of plant materials from its cooperators
in 90 countries.
and such special preparations as couscous and semolina. Durums are
important in the Mediterranean region, and in Argentina, Chile, the
USA, USSR, India and Canada.
Barley is a human food in the semi-arid countries of North Africa and
the Near East, stretching from Morocco in the west to Iran in the east
and in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia. This is one of man's most dependable cereals in areas of very low rainfall. Cl MMYT began barley
research in 1972, principal!-; to serve those areas of low rainfall
adjacent to deserts or at high altitude where wheat is only marginally
successful. The emphasis of the CIMMYT barley program is on barley
for human food and animal feeds with high nutrition.
Germ plasm bank: CIMMYT maintains only a small working collection
Durum wheat provides the world's macaroni, spaghetti, other pastas
This research process is unique in the range of wheat germ plasm
employed, and in the worldwide network of collaborating scientists.
19
Diseases and insects: Because CIMMYT's breeding materials are grown
in a large number of countries under different environments, the
need for a broad spectrum of disease resistance is evident. New sources
of resistance to major diseases are continously incorporated into the
gene pool and selections made in other countries are recycled through
the system of crosses. The objective is to develop yield stability
through broad resistance to the principal diseases. Obervations on
insect attack are also made within the various national programs and
on a regional basis.
Worldwide selection: CIMMYT's experimental materials are distributed
from generation F2 onward to a network of approximately 500 cooperating scientists in 90 countries. Plant performance is observed for
up to six generations under wide variations in growing conditions:
some irrigated, some dryland, some fertilized, some unfertilized,
some machine-operated, some hand cultivated. This testing is
conducted in competition with local wheats and other small grains.
International data from the testing process is sent back to Cl MMYT
and after analysis a summary report is issued to the network of
scientists around the world to help guide their research.
New varieties: CIMMYT neither names nor releases new varieties.
Release is the responsibility of the cooperating governments, and each
government chooses and names its releases for its local conditions. A
country that produces rainfed wheat selects new varieties which do best
under rainfed conditions.
Exotic germ plasm: Whenever cooperating scientists in countries
outside Mexico develop promising local breeding materials, as measured
against Cl MMYT materials, these exotic materials are brought to
CIMMYT and added to the breeding gene pool.
Optin:ium production environment: All CIMMYT experimental sites
in Mexico are levelled, equipped with irrigation facilities, and cultivated ll)'~chanically. The purpose is to eliminate variations in seedbed
and/moisture and thus permit each experimental line to express its
full production potential. This does not mean that CIMMYT is
ttying to benefit the irrigated, mechanized farmer, but only that
CIMMYT provides a dependable first step for breeding and experiments.
even though about five-sixths of its efforts are directed toward
providing varieties for rainfed areas.
20
Cl MMYT works on eight experiment stations in
Mexico . Four are Cl MMYT operated and four are
controlled by IN IA (The Mexican National Institute
of Agricultural Research). These stations range in
elevation from sea level to 2640 meters. Because of
the wide range in temperature, moisture, and radiation on these stations, CIMMYT's experiments are
exposed to the major climates, disease, and insects
that exist in the maize and wheat growing areas of
the world in which CIMMYT is concentrating its
major efforts .
EXPERIMENT STATIONS AT WHICH CIMMYT WORKS IN MEXICO
• stations operated by CIMMYT
•stations belonging to INIA
Cd. Obregon, 8 km
Navojoa, 11 km
Los Mochis, 20 km
Rio Bravo, 10 km
Poza Rica, 10 km
Texcoco, 4 km
Toluca, 27 km
Cuernavaca, 47 km
CIANO-IN IA
Navojoa-INIA
Los Mochis-INIA
Rio Bravo-INIA
Poza Rica-CIMMYT
El Batan -CIMMYT
Atizapan·CIMMYT
Tlaltizapan-CI MMYT
km
km
km
km
132 km
60 km
47 km
1735
1580
1600
282
1800 km
Distance from
Mexico City
940m
2640m
2249 m
40 m
40 m
30m
60m
39 m
Alt.
t
150 ha. wheat*
5 ha. maize
14 ha. triticale
2 ha. wheat
1 ha. maize
38 ha. maize (planted
twice a year)
2 ha. wheat
20 ha. maize
34 ha. wheat**
2 ha. sorghum
44 ha. wheat*
18 ha. maize
5 ha potatoes t
31 ha. maize (planted
twice a year)
Exp. land used
by CIMMYT
Nov-May
Jun-Dec
Dec-May
Dec-May
Nov-May
Dec-May
Jun-Nov
Dec-May
Apr-Dec
Apr-Dec
Jun-Dec
Apr-Dec
Apr-Dec
Mar-Dec
Dec-May
Jun-Nov
Crop
season
In cooperation with the International
18°N
19°N
19°N
27°N
26°N
26°N
20°N
27°N
Lat.
*includes barley and triticale. **Includes barley and triticale; 12 ha. are rented.
Potato Center.
Closest city
Station
21
~
22
E
u
6
z
..:
M
m
E
"'§-
0
,_i=
ro
~
~
m
~
Cl
ro
cc
ro'
.~
"'
0
E
El Satan, 2249 m
-
Atizapan, 2640 m
CIMMYT'S MAJOR EXPERIMENTAL LOCATIONS IN MEXICO
Poza Rica has an average temperature of 24° C and 1000 mm of rain. The
wet season is from June to November, but rain occurs during the other
months, being fairly evenly distributed. Crops can be planted all year
round. CIMMYT uses two cropping seasons: November to April, and May
to October .
This station is located in a climatic zone conducive to the development of widely adapted varieties of maize for the lowland tropics of the
world.
Soils are calcareous sandy loams developed in recent river deposits.
Good responses to nitrogen are obtained.
CIANO has an average temperature of 23° C and an average rainfall of 330
mm . The wet season is from July to February . There are two cropping
cycles: November to May and June to December. The wheat program
plants one cycle here in November and the maize program plants in June.
Soils are brown clay loams developed as a coastal plain outwash under
desert conditions . Good response is obtained with nitrogen and sometimes phosphorus. In general, potassium is in plentiful supply and there
are essentially no micronutrient problems.
Atizapan has an average temperature of 12°C and an average rainfall of
717 mm. The wet season is from May to September, the rest of the
year is dry.
This station is situated in a humid valley, and conditions are ideal
for the development of wheat diseases. Plantings of wheat, maize and
potatoes (in cooperation with the International Potato Center) begins in
April and harvests are completed by December.
Soils are of volcanic origin. When dry they are fine-particled. When
wet they become extremely colloidal and appear very high in organic
matter. There is good percolation of water. Good response to nitrogen
and phosphorus is obtained.
El Batan is the site of the CIMMYT headquarters. The average temperature is 15°C and the average rainfall is 625 mm. The wet season is from
June to September, the rest of the year is mostly dry. The growing
season is from April to December.
Soils are clay loams of volcanic origin. They are fertile but good
response is achieved with application of nitrogen and phosphorus.
23
Tlaltizapan has an average temperature of 23°C, and an average rainfall of
946 mm. The wet season is from June to September, the rest of the year
is dry.
This .is the intermediate altitude station for the maize program. Its
climate permits materials from around the world to be grown.
Soils are calcareous clay loams of varying depth over limestone rock.
Moisture holding capacity and fertility are good, except at sites where
the lime subsoil reaches into the surface causing problems with certain
minor elements.
24
Regional programs
Mideast
Central America and
Caribbean
East Africa
Asia
2
2
2
1
1974
1975
1976
2
2
1
1
3
4
2
1
1
Cl MM YT staff
1973
1965
1968
1968
1970
1971
1971
1972
1973
1976
Year started
Inter-American Development Bank
United Nations Development Programme and Canada
United Nations Development Programme
CIMMYT
Ford Foundation
Ford Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation
United Nations Development Programme
Rockefeller Foundation
Ford Foundation
Zaire
U.S. Agency for International Development
USA/International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
USA
Donor
CIMMYT staff members are stationed in countries outside Mexico when a government requests
them and a special grant to CIMMYT covers the cost. CIMMYT staff members are also assigned
responsibilities in regional programs which usually are funded by special grants. Services to
other countries are provided by CIMMYT headquarters staff traveling from Mexico.
Country programs
Pakistan
Tunisia
Egypt
Turkey
Algeria
Zaire
Nepal
Tanzania
Guatemala
OUTREACH: PROJECTS OUTSIDE MEXICO
.
'
I
26
In-service
Research Assistant
Predoctoral
Postdoctoral
Visiting senior scientist
Short-term resident
Total
158
36
5
27
8
45
279
67
20
2
6
4
20
119
1966-70 1971
82
14
1
3
6
25
131
106
14
3
11
54
22
210
3
15
57
8
165
-
82
102 597
84
22
8
76
14
30 159
16 136
170 1074
1972 1973 1974 1975 Total
r.IMMYT trainees, 1966-75. (Individuals per year)
In-service trainees: Young researchers and extension personnel
(generally 22 to 30 years old) from developing countries, with experience in government agricultural programs, spend 6 to 18 months in
Mexico participating directly in research or production methods.
Cl MMYT trains or gives experience to agriculturists in a variety of ways.
OUTREACH: TRAINING AT CIMMYT
Short-term residents: Policy-making officials from developing countries
may spend 1 week to 1 month observing CIMMYT research and
production methods.
Visiting senior scientists: While on leave from his post, a senior scientist
may spend several months at CIMMYT, engaged in joint research with
Cl MMYT staff. Candidates may come from either developing or advanced
countries.
Postdoctoral fellowships: A scientist who recently completed his doctoral
degree may spend 1 or 2 years at CIMMYT in applied research. Most
candidates are from Asia, Africa, or Latin America.
Predoctoral fellowships: Graduate students who have completed
coursework and preliminary examination for Ph.D. degree may perform
thesis research under CIMMYT supervision.
Research assistants: After 1 to 2 years applied training at CIMMYT,
candidate is sometimes awarded a fellowship for master's degree study,
usually in Mexico.
Latin America
Argentina
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
2
3
1
4
7
5
5
-
-
-
-
5
2
2
1
3
9
9
15
13
1
3
14
-
1
6
-
5
1
7
14
-
63
17
3
2
5
118
13
3
Maize Wheat
Origin of maize and wheat in-service trainees, 1966-75.
-
2
1
1
-
13
18
1
5
1
8
3
6
22
6
140
31
1
7
8
4
1
4
5
17
1
3
22
30
Maize Wheat
Africa, South of the Sahara 69
1
Cameroon
Ethiopia
2
Ghana
7
Ivory Coast
5
Kenya
2
Malagasy
Nigeria
12
Tanzania
19
1
Uganda
Zaire
20
I
North Africa 8i Near East
Algeria
Cyprus
Egypt
Iran
Iraq
Jordan
Lebanon
Lybia
Morocco
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Tunisia
Turkey
Yemen
Total
Other countries
France
Hungary
Japan
Korea
Poland
Portugal
Ru mania
Spain
USA
USSR
South & Southeast Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Thailand
6
254
-
1
-
-
3
-
4
27
304
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
16
1
1
4
28
3
9
13
14
3
-
63
14
11
45
3
Maize Wheat
28
In 1975 there were 1521 trials in 99 nations.
The objectives are to test new lines of wheat, triticale, barley, and maize under widely
differing conditions of moisture, temperature, day length, disease, and insects; to
obtain data which guides the CIMMYT breeding programs; to train a network of cooperating scientists; and to obtain from these scientists their best experimental germ
plasm for inclusion in future trials and in CIMMYT's crossing programs.
An "international nursery trial" consists of identical sets of experimental lines or populations sent to a large number of cooperating scientists throughout the world, who grow
the seeds under specified conditions in comparison with recommended local varieties.
Their results are reported back to Mexico, where the data are analyzed, published, and
redistributed to cooperating scientists and others who are interested.
OUTREACH: INTERNATIONAL NURSERY TRIALS, 1975
Asia and Pacific
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Khmer
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
South Korea
Thailand
Australia
New Zealand
Europe
Albania
Austria
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Finland
France
Greece
1
-
-
4
4
3
2
4
2
21
6
-
8
1
13
13
6
-
22
2
-
-
13
3
19
4
-
13
62
-
11
13
28
99
1
5
Wheat Maize
International nursery trials 1975
Middie East
Cyprus
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Lebanon
Malta
North Yemen
Saudi Arabia
South Yemen
Syria
Turkey
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Rumania
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
West Germany
United Kingdom
USSR
Yugoslavia
11
13
19
10
19
28
2
4
4
4
15
14
10
2
10
9
1
14
3
10
22
5
4
7
11
14
15
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
Maize Wheat
Africa
Algeria
Cameroon
Chad
Egypt
Ethiopia
Ghana
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Libya
Malagasy Republic
Malawi
Mali
Morocco
Mozambique
Nigeria
Rhodesia
Senegal
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Tanzania
Tunisia
Uganda
Zaire
Zambia
12
11
4
10
26
9
6
21
1
3
4
22
2
8
1
2
2
4
-
40
7
3
19
30
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
6
3
8
9
1
3
2
1
-
Maize Wheat
South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
61
20
42
28
4
16
1
8
22
4
3
6
6
-
29
2
6
1
20
7
2
14
9
12
4
9
3
71
7
7
1
-
Maize Wheat
North and Central America
Belize
Canada
33
Costa Rica
2
Cuba
1
Dominican RepublicEl Salvador
11
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
3
Jamaica
Mexico
42
Nicaragua
6
Panama
U.S.A.
73
30
I
,..,~
.f
3'"'
-~
:,.~/,_____
(;
"'
~~
·~
Housing ·and
recreation area
station buildings
Experiment
Construction of CIMMYT headquarters began in 1969 on 43
hectares of land contributed by Mexico. An additional 22
hectares were purchased in 1972. The headquarters was
inaugurated in 1971.
CIMMYT HEADQUARTERS AT EL BATAN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Administration and office building
Laboratory building
Power house
Physiology /agronomy laboratory
Greenhouses
Headquarters buildings, El Batan
=
6. Service building for greenhouse,
and entomology laboratories
7. Insect breeding laboratory
8. Seed processing and seed storage
9. Meteorological station
Dormitories
Cafeteria
Guest house
Apartment houses for individuals
on short term appointments
5. Vehicle repair shop
6. Warehouse
7 . Irrigation reservoir
8 . Tennis courts
9 . Football field
10 . Swimming pool
11. Dressing rooms for swimming pool
1.
2.
3.
4.
H ousing and recreation area, El Batan
~I~
D
4
~ ~ ~
'O'O
0
7
m
c>.~~~~~~~----====­
+1
1 . Station office
2 . Station managers's house
3 . Substation coordination center
4 . Field equipment shed
5. Heavy vehicle and machinery shed
6 . Maize dryer and work area
7. Wheat dryer and work area
8 . Station seed area
9 . Storage for maize and wheat programs
10. Fertilizer and chemical storage
Experiment station buildings, El Batan
31
11
s
1 10
I
2
7
3
6
~
I
BB G
r--
[
s
"
3. Milling and baking. This laboratory is an
aid to the plant breeder in the selection of
the genetic materials for the development of
new wheat and triticale varieties .
2. Protein quality. In this laboratory the
protein content and amino acid balance of
genetic materials are chemically evaluated to
help breeders select strains with good nutri tional value . Using simple screening techniques
chemists annually evaluate the protein of
thousands of samples of maize , wheat, triticale,
barley, and sorghum .
1 . Staff offices.
LABORATORIES AT CIMMYT HEADQUARTERS
4 . Cytology. Used for investigating intergene ric crosses involving maize and intergeneric
crosses involving wheat and otner small grains .
The laboratory has standard cytological equipment including microscopes with normal light
and ultraviolet flourescence . Space is available
for embryo culture work with triticales and
other crosses .
33
A screening microtest is used in the evaluation of gluten quality from seed of thousands
of individual plants selected by the breeders in
early generations. Only the best Iin es are retain ed for future planting.
For advanced generations a complete evaluation of the materials includes milling, rheological,
and chemical tests . Baking or spaghetti processing are the final tests .
34
7. Pathology. This laboratory mass produces
maize and wheat pathogens, and evaluates
new techniques for mass inoculation which are
6. Stored-grain insects. This laboratory
consists of two rooms and two temperature and
humidity controlled chambers. This area provides facilities for microscopic examination
and weight determinations of insects and
grain samples, and for preparing, conditioning
and infesting the materials to be tested.
5. Soils and plant nutrition. This Iaboratory
provides information on the characteristics and
fertility of the soils used in experiments, allowing correction of possible deficiencies and the
evaluation of the chemical and physiological
factors involved in the metabolism of the plants,
as an aid to the selection of lines with increased
production of protein, starch and/or yield of
grain.
8. Physiology/Agronomy. There are three
main parts of the laboratory: a large rough work
laboratory, a microscope and seed lab, and an
instrument room and workshop. Rough-work
room: For studies of the growth and yield of
crops, relatively bulky samples of plant material
are collected from the field trials. This
laboratory provides the washing, weighing,
and drying facilities needed to handle such
samples. The microscope and seed room
provides space which is relatively free from
the dust and dirt brought in with field samples.
It is \jsed for dissection and microscope work
and for handling experimental seed samples.
The instrument room involves a small workshop for the repair and service of instruments
used at El Satan and at other experiment
stations.
necessary in the selection of more resistant
genotypes of maize and wheat.
12. Greenhouse. Principally for rust identification and screening for reaction· to various
wheat rusts. Some area also devoted to propagation of F2 materials coming from widecross activities, principally with triticale.
11. Greenhouse work area. Potting area, soil
preparation, rust inoculation facilities and for
general greenhouse activities.
10. Insect mass-rearing workroom. Used for
storing and processing diet ingredients used in
mass-rearing insects.
9. Insect mass-rearing. Has 12 chambers with
controlled temperature and humidity for incubating insect eggs and allowing larval development and oviposition. Egg masses are
used for infestation of maize experiments.
..
'
" I
,
:
#
I
•
'·
.
36
1968
24
8
89
25
146
1967
18
2
66
17
103
1966
8
1
25
8
42
*Including post-degree fellows.
Headquarters senior staff *
Outreach staff
Supporting in Mexico
Field labor force in Mexico
Total
Staff positions
The Cl MMYT staff has grown as its
international responsibi Ii ties increased.
The headquarters staff in Mexico is now
considered near its maximum size, but
the staff outside Mexico may undergo
further growth.
STAFF GROWTH
27
12
171
40
250
1969
28
10
184
45
267
1970
39
18
226
48
331
1971
1973
51
21
321
71
464
1972
46
23
225
58
382
53
21
347
95
516
1974
1976
58
24
279
133
496
1975
56
21
355
108
540
Carlos De Leon, Mexico, Pathologist
N.L. Dhawan, India, Breeder
Kenneth S. Fisher, Australia, Agronomist
Peter R. Goldsworthy, U.K., Agronomist
Gonzalo Granados R., Mexico, Entomologist
Elmer C. Johnson, U.S.A., Breeder
Federico Kocher, Switzerland, Assistant Training
Agronomist
Alejando Ortega C., Mexico, Entomologist
Shree P. Singh, India, Breeder (sorghum)
Maize
, Haldore Hanson, U.S.A., Director General
Keith W. Finlay, Australia, Deputy Director General
Robert D. Osler, U.S.A., Deputy Director General and
· Treasurer
Norman E. Borlaug, U.S.A., Director, Wheat Program
Ernest W. Sprague, U.S.A., Director, Maize Program
R. Glenn Anderson, Canada, Associate Director, Wheat
Program
R.L. Paliwal, India, Associate Director, Maize Program
Direction
Don Winkelmann, U.S.A., Economist
Edgardo Moscardi C., Argentina, Economist
Richard K. Perrin, U.S.A., Economist
Economics
Maximina Alcala' D., Mexico, Breeder, International
Nurseries
H. Jesse Dubin, U.S.A., Triticale Pathologist
Santiago Fuentes F., Mexico, Pathologist
Man Mohan Kohli, India, Triticale Breeder
John H. Lindt, U.S.A., Training Agronomist
Paul N. Marko, U.S.A., Training Agronomist
Matthew McMahon, Ireland, Triticale Agronomist
Sanjaya Rajaram, India, Bread Wheat Breeder
Enrique Rodri~uez C., Mexico, Barley Breeder
Rii;:ardq Rodi;jguez R., M_exicq, Wheat Breeder
Francis J. Zillinsky, Canada, Triticale Breeder
Wheat
Surinder K. Vasa!, India, Breeder
John C. Vessey, U.K., Pathologist
Alejandro Violic, Chile, Training·Agronomist
HEADQUARTERS INTERNATIONAL STAFF
Emilio Madrid C., Chile, Executive Officer
Gregorio Martinez Valdes, Mexico, Public Affairs
Officer
Betsey V. Marsh, U.S.A., Grant Management Officer
General administration
Steven A. Breth, U.S.A., Science Writer
James H. Bemis, U.S.A., Science Editor
Information services
John Stewart, U.K., Head
Experiment stations
Peter Walker, U.K., Biometrician
Statistical services
37
Evangelina Villegas M., Mexico, Biochemist, in charge
of general laboratories
Arnoldo Amaya C., Mexico, Cereals Chemist, in charge
of wheat industrial quality laboratory
Laboratories
38
Economics
East Africa Region
Asia Region
Egypt
Guatemala
Nepal
Pakistan
Tanzania
Zaire
Central America and
Caribbean Region
Maize
Michael P. Collinson, U.K., Economist (headquarters: Kenya)
Willy Villena, Bolivia, Breeder (headquarters: Mexico)
Roberto Soza, Chile, Agronomist (headquarters: Mexico)
Takumi lzuno, U.S.A., Agronomist (headquarters: Pakistan)
Wayne L. Haag, U.S.A., Agronomist
Hugo S. Cordova, El Salvador, Breeder
Donald R. Schmidt, U.S.A., Agronomist
A. Frederick E. Palmer, U.K., Agronomist
David W. Sperling, U.S.A., Breeder
Thomas G. Hart, U.S.A., Agronomist/team leader
James R. Bullard, U.S.A., Research farm training officer
Mahesh Chandra Pandey, India, Plant protection specialist
Richard N. Wedderburn, Barbados, Breeder/agronomist
OUTREACH INTERNATIONAL STAFF
Turkey
Nepal
Pakistan
Tunisia
Algeria
North Africa Region
Mideast Region
East Africa Region
Wheat
Gerbrand Kingma, Netherlands, Breeder (headquarters:
Kenya)
J. Michael Prescott, U.S.A., Pathologist (headquarters:
Turkey)
Eugene E. Saari, U.S.A., Pathologist (headquarters: Egypt)
George Varughese, India, Breeder/team leader (headquarters
Algeria)
Walter Nelson, U.S.A., Breeder/agronomist
David A. Saunders, Australia, Agronomist
Torrey Lyons, U.S.A., Agronomist
Armando Campos V., Mexico, Breeder
John B. Doolette, Australia, Agronomist
Johnson E. Douglas, U.S.A., Seed productio_n specialist
Arthur A. Klatt, U.S.A., Breeder
Donors to CIMMYT include international organizations, national governments, and private foundations.
They give three kinds of support:
•Core unrestricted ..These are annual operating
funds and capital funds for land, buildings, and
equipment. In 1975, US$5,570,000 were received
as core unrestricted funds, including $98,000 for
capital expenditures.
•Core restricted. These funds are for activities
specified by the donors. US$1,755,000 were
donated in 1975 for core restricted activities.
•Special programs. These funds are most often
for assistance to governments outside Mexico in
conducting maize and wheat production programs.
Donors gave US$1,420,000 in 1975 to support
special programs.
Fl NANCI AL SUPPORT
Inter-American Development Bank
USA
Ford Foundation
United Nations Development Programme
Rockefeller Foundation
Canada
West Germany
Denmark
Zaire
United Kingdom
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
United Nations Environment Programme
International Potato Center
International Development Research Center
World Bank
lnstitut Mondial du Phosphate
Other
TOTAL
DONORS 1971-75 (US$000)
10
26
8644
-
2090
1860
1376
1017
753
562
341
150
111
111
42
70
63
62
1975
32
6975
63
89
366
12
8
866
1389
1105
720
917
547
440
150
271
1974
191
77
6641
1334
104
6223
1000
100
285
-
5
91
1208
1496
752
1051
136
1972
11
1577
1244
493
1022
235
451
1973
39
23
5629
122
39
972
1565
262
2437
209
,.,,
CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE MEJORAMIENTO DE.MAIZ Y TRIGO 1976
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Apartado Postal 6-641, Mexico 6, D.F. Mexico