Day One Notes: Early Native American Cultures Obj:1.01​
Describe the diversity of Native American culture in Pre­Columbian America. I.
II.
III.
Origins of the Native American People A. Hypothesis: natives descended from Asian nomads who used a land bridge (​
Beringia​
) and had been here for a long time 1. Evidence #1: common dental patterns between Natives and northwestern Asians 2. Evidence #2: no type B blood among Native Americans 3. Evidence #3: 500 distinct language patterns would’ve taken 25,000 years to develop 4. Nomadic peoples may have followed large mammals onto land 5. Land bridge submerged at the end of the last ice age. Agricultural Revolution A. Farming emerges in Mexico about 5,000 years ago‐ Limited access to easily domesticated plants and animals B. Society changes‐ drastically as a result with larger populations, permanent settlements, division of labor, new technology Increasing Social Complexity A. Government 1. Tribes governed by councils 2. No idea of property ownership 3. Population around 7‐10 million at contact B. Gender: More ​
egalitarian ​
(equal) than European society 1. Matrilineal​
Society‐ descent is traced from the mother 2. Divorce easy, women enjoyed more equality 3. Gender‐based division of labor (Men = hunters, Women= field work) C. Religion 1. Different based on type of society, but all had a “master spirit” a) Hunters: celebrated personal relationships with spirits b) Agrarian​
: celebrated fertility and season changing. (priests) 2. Most communities combined the two. Day Two Notes: Early Explorers – Motivations and Key People Obj: 1.02​
​
Understand the motivations of 15th and 16th century key explorers. I.
Motivations for Exploration A. Renaissance ‐‐> Sparks a new curiosity about the world B. Technological advancements ​
→​
maps and compasses C. Desire for wealth, power and resources D. Desire to spread religion II.
Key Explorers A. Christopher Columbus 1. Financed by Spain 2. Open the Atlantic World to other explorers B. Ferdinand Magellan 1. Financed by Portugal 2. Circumnavigated the world C. Hernan Cortes 1. Financed by Spain 2. Defeated the Aztecs, set example for conquistadors D. Ponce De Leon 1. Financed by Spain 2. Founded Florida while searching for the fountain of youth E. Samuel de Champlain 1. Financed by France 2. Founded Canada, city of Quebec F. John Cabot 1. Financed by the British 2. First to reach North America III.
G. Henry Hudson 1. Financed by the British 2. Looking for the North West Passage, company ruled the Hudson Bay. H. Prince Henry the Navigator, Marco Polo, Amerigo Vespucci Effects of Exploration on Natives A. Massive decrease in population 1. Introduction of new diseases 2. Many enslaved and worked to death 3. Killed by explorers B. New trade markets‐ Fur trade with French C. Dependency on European goods: guns & gunpowder, horses, ironwork (​
even changed culture​
) Day Three Notes: Differences in Colonies Obj: ​
1.03 Compare and contrast Spanish, French and English colonies and motivations for settlements. I.
Spain and Portugal A. Treaty of Tordesillas​
: divided New World in half between Portugal and Spain. B. Goal: get gold and silver, create plantations, convert natives to Catholicism C. Portugal: First to begin exploring – 1400s & 1500s, settled in Brazil D. Spain 1. Settled in Florida (St. Augustine the first colony in N. America), Western South America, Mexico (​
Santa Fe capital of New Mexico, established 3 years after Jamestown) 2. Encomienda system​
‐ Mostly enslaved Native Americans worked in gold mines and plantations and taught Christianity 3. Class system based on race but with frequent mixing between whites and natives (​
mestizos​
) II.
France A. Goal: send members of military temporarily to set up trade with the natives, did not permanently settle until later. B. Catholic explorers/traders, Best relationship with natives because mainly interested in the fur trade → intermarriage C. Settled Canada (Quebec) and along Mississippi (biggest city of New Orleans) ​
(20x amount of British) Netherlands D. Very small presence E. New Amsterdam around the Hudson Bay 1. English eventually seized this area and renamed it New York III.
England A. Last to the party: 1500s‐1600s 1. Most territory already taken by this point by Spain 2. Turning point: English defeat the Spanish armada ​
→​
opens the door for English Colonization 3. Goal: Set up mini societies to supply England with raw materials → permanent settlements B. Very large population growth and best standard of living among the colonies C. Many early colonies were set up by private ​
joint‐stock companies​
‐ stockholders own to make a profit D. First colonies struggled significantly‐ Roanoke, Jamestown, Plymouth Day Four Notes: The Southern Colonies​
(Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas & Georgia) Obj: ​
1.04 Describe the Southern colonies in terms of: Geography, economy, government, religion, and social hierarchy. I.
First Settlements A. Roanoke (1587)‐ colonists mysteriously disappeared (​
established by Sir Walter Raleigh​
) B. Jamestown​
, Virginia (1607)= first permanent English settlement 1. Nearly failed because sought gold before farming 2. Introduction of tobacco (by John Rolfe), saves colony II.
Geography and Economy A. Most people were farmers, came to America to get rich B. Specialized in ​
cash crops​
: Rice, Tobacco and indigo grown on plantations 1. Run by wealthy men with huge mansions and 50 ‐100 slaves 2. Poorer families lived in log cabins and owned 1‐2 slaves III.
Characteristics of Colonies A. Government 1. Proprietary colonies​
‐ Created with charters and ruled by an appointed governor who divided up lands among families 2. Virginia was self‐governed by a ​
House of Burgesses​
(first representative assembly) B.
C.
3. Eventually transition into Royal colonies Religion 1. Officially Anglican but very tolerant compared to New England 2. Maryland was originally Catholic, practiced toleration 3. Traditional African religions kept alive by slave communities Social Structure 1. 40% of population were African Slaves (did not mix with whites) 2. Very large wealth gap between the rich and the poor a) Most only reached above subsistence Day Five Notes: Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania & Delaware) Obj: ​
1.05 Describe the Middle colonies in terms of: Geography, economy, government, religion, and social hierarchy. I.
First Settlements A. New York‐ originally Dutch New Amsterdam, great port B. Pennsylvania‐ owned by Quaker William Penn II.
Geography and Economy A. Very fertile soil and large rivers ​
like the Susquehanna B. Fertile soil allowed the area to become the “​
Bread Basket​
” of the colonies (but fewer cash crops), small scale subsistence farming C. Fur trappers used the area’s rivers to access the interior and trap animals native to the region. D. Deep water ports for shipping and fishing III.
Characteristics A. Government 1. Proprietary colonies​
that eventually transitioned into Royal colonies. 2. Mostly ruled by the elite and original Quaker families in the area. B. Religion 1. First people to the area were mostly​
​
Quakers​
​
(aka Society of Friends)‐ little hierarchy, against war and slavery 2. Very tolerant of other Christian religions‐ Included Catholic, Anglican, Baptist, Puritans, Jews, etc. C. Social Structure‐ 1. Elite planters ruled colonies but greater equality than other colonies 2. Due to rapid population growth, most ethnically diverse of all of the regions, with many different Europeans, Africans and Native Americans (cultural salad bowl) Day Six Notes: New England Colonies (Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire) Obj: ​
1.06 Describe the role religion played in the creation of the New England colonies and how those beliefs changed over time. OR Describe the New England Colonies in terms of: Geography, economy, government, religion, and social hierarchy. I.
First Settlements A. Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620)‐ Pilgrims 1. Signed the ​
Mayflower Compact​
‐ first example of self government and set up more of a direct democracy B. Massachusetts Bay Colony (became Boston, 1628)‐ Puritans’ “City on a Hill” eventually becomes the dominant colony in New England II.
Geography
and Economy A. Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire B. Thin, rocky soil ​
→​
not ideal for farming, Manufacturing based economy C. Lumber industry used for homes, shipbuilding and exporting back to England (Shipping industry helped to support the Atlantic Slave Trade) D. Great fur and fishing trade III.
Characteristics of Colonies A. Government 1. Governed mostly by Puritan congregations – rule by the church, town hall meetings 2. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut​
‐ first constitution in the colonies B. Religion 1. Pilgrims‐ wanted to separate from Anglican Church 2. Puritans​
‐ wanted to strictly purify the Anglican Church, were self‐governing but repressive and intolerant C. Social Structure 1. Class system not as strong because of limited agriculture 2. Merchants and clergy most dominant Day Seven Notes: Relations with the Natives Obj: ​
1.07 Explain how growing tensions between Native Americans and Colonists led to conflict. I.
Early Colonists A. Plymouth and Massachusetts 1. Assistance and tense relationships (Thanksgiving & Squanto) 2. Pequot War: ​
a war between Massachusetts Bay Colony and Pequots, motivated by expansion onto Pequot land, 1634‐1638 a) 1637, raiding of Pequot villages celebrated with “Second Thanksgiving” b) Thanksgiving declared national holiday by Abe Lincoln B. Jamestown 1. Assistance and tense relationships (Pocahontas & John Smith) 2. Anglo‐Powhatan War: ​
a series of wars between the English of Jamestown and the Powhatan tribe, lasting 1610‐1646 a) motivated by bad harvests, starvation and english expansion onto Powhatan lands II.
Later Relationships A. King Phillip’s War 1. Conflicts emerged between natives and colonists over expansion onto Native land 2. Effects: last attempt to drive away Europeans in New England, Iroquois Confederation refused to help ‐ turned on fellow natives, Puritans saw victory as religious proof B. Iroquois Confederation​
‐ recognized in 1722, loose organization of Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, & Seneca tribes. 1. Significance: U.S. government later modeled after Iroquois Confederacy C. Bacon’s Rebellion 1. 1675, Nathaniel Bacon (former indentured servant) leads violent raids on Susquehannok villages due to conflict with tobacco farmers (got land on frontier after term of indenture) a) Governor attempts to stop these and angers Bacon b) Bacon and supporters lay siege to Jamestown 2. Signals growing conflict of expansion into frontier lands 3. Fear of disorderly indentured servants accelerated use of slaves. (Blacks and servants worked together) Day Eight Notes: Slavery and Indentured Servitude Obj: ​
1.08 Trace the evolution of indentured servitude and African American slavery in the colonies. I.
Beginnings of Indentured Servitude and Slavery A. Indentured Servitude​
‐ Men and women would work 4‐7 years for passage to the New World then gained freedom to start their own farm 1. Many were treated cruelly or didn’t survive their sentence, most did not survive long B. Beginnings of African Slavery 1. Slavery existed in Africa but not in traditional sense, later became an export to Europeans 2. Packed onto ships and taken to Americas =often called the ​
Middle Passage​
of the Triangular Trade (manufactured goods to Africa, slaves to Americas, manufactured goods to Europe) 3. At first, slaves were very expensive and had a very short life expectancy 4. Some slaves treated like indentured servants and free blacks but with limited rights II.
Transition to Mass Enslavement A. Why use African slaves? 1. Indentured Servants were temporary and harder to recruit 2. Increase in demand for tobacco means more demand for labor 3. Better standard of living made sure slaves lived longer and were a better “investment” 4. Slaves still imported but population also increased naturally B. Bacon’s Rebellion​
‐ indentured servitude gradually transitioned to slavery because they were rebellious and temporary C. Virginia Slave Codes​
(1705)‐ Children inherit their mother’s slave status, converting to Christianity did not affect slave status ​
→​
Chattel (inherited) Slavery III.
African American Culture A. Lived in nuclear families in slave quarters B. Music and dance formed the foundation of African American culture 1. Recreated African instruments (banjo) and learned European ones C. Linguistic and religious cultural intermixing 1. African American “languages” of Gullah and Geeche developed, Not all enslaved Africans knew the same language 2. Linguists argue that southern accent is a mix of English and African accents D. Transformed cooking style of the south: new spices and cooking methods Day Nine Notes: Society and Religion in the Colonies OBJ: ​
1.09 Describe early colonial culture. I.
Culture in the Colonies A. 3 Major Institutions for Settlers 1. Family, the church and the community 2. Lives regulated by sunrise and sunset and changing of seasons B. Highly communal cultures 1. Town culture: self governing and with little privacy a) Families slept in one room, even courting couples 2. Rural households: grew enough to support family and a little extra to sell for manufactured goods a) Often practiced a trade on the side: blacksmith, midwifery, etc. 3. Slave culture: developed tight communities, blended African traditions, but constant threat of fracturing due to slave conditions C. Highly ​
patriarchal ​
society 1. Men = head of the household, owned all property 2. Women couldn’t own property, businesses, testify in court II.
Religion A. The Salem Witch Trials 1. Puritan New England community in which 24 people died (most executed) after being accused of heresy and witchcraft 2. Effects: revealed religious fear of non‐traditional lifestyles, danger of religion/gov’t rule, revisions in court procedures B. The Great Awakening 1. Enlightenment ideals of rationality and order led questions about the idea of ​
predestination 2. Revivals began in New England a) Very dramatic and emotional in nature, “Fire and Brimstone”, individual experiential religion 3. Eventually spread south a) Africans began to convert to Christianity for the first time. 4. Effects a) Caused congregations to break into factions, created new denominations b) Created a new American religious identity c) Colonists questioned religious and political authority