BeforetheFirstWorldWar–1911
BeforetheSe
FirstNa@ons
1.5%
Scandinavian
1.6%
Asian
0.6%
OtherEuropean
5.0%
Bri@sh
Scandinavian
2.2%
French
Jewish
1.1%
German
5.6%
FirstNa@on
1.2%
Black
Asian
0.8%
Jewish
1.5%
German
Jewish
Black
0.2%
French
28.7%
Popula'on
1911
Scandinavian
Bri@sh
55.7%
German
4.5%
Asian
Black
0.2%
FirstNa@ons
French
28.1%
OtherEuropean
Immigra@ontoCanada1911-1945
450,000
400,000
350,000
PopulationStatisticsfromStatisticsCanada
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/sectiona/4147436-eng.htm
Conclusions:
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
191119131915191719191921192319251927192919311933193519371939194119431945
Immigra@ontoCanada1911-1945
BeforetheFirstWorldWar
BeforetheSe
Militarism
Rearmament
Militarismmeansthatmilitaryforces,likethearmy,aregivenahighprofile
bythegovernment.ThegrowingEuropeandividehadledtoanarms
racebetweenthemaincountries.ThearmiesofbothFranceandGermany
hadmorethandoubledbetween1870and1914andtherewasfierce
competitionbetweenBritainandGermanyformasteryoftheseas.The
Britishhadintroducedthe“Dreadnought,”aneffectivebattleship,in1906.
TheGermanssoonfollowedsuitintroducingtheirownbattleships.The
German,VonSchlieffenalsodrewupaplanofactionthatinvolvedattacking
FrancethroughBelgiumifRussiamadeanattackonGermany.Themap
belowshowshowtheplanwastowork.
http://www.historylearn
ww2/germany-and-rearm
Conclusions:
BeforetheFirstWorldWar
BeforetheSe
Alliances
Anallianceisanagreementmadebetweentwoormorecountriesto
giveeachotherhelpifitisneeded.Whenanallianceissigned,those
countriesbecomeknownasallies.
Anumberofallianceshadbeensignedbycountriesbetweenthe
years1879and1914.Thesewereimportantbecausetheymeant
thatsomecountrieshadnooptionbuttodeclarewarifoneoftheir
allies.declaredwarfirst.
NewAlliances
TheAxisPowers:
http://www.britannica.co
The“Allies”:
http://www.newworlden
TripleAlliance(CentralPowers)=Germany,Austria-Hungary,Italy
(alsotheOttomanEmpire)
TripleEntente(AlliedPowers)=Britain,France,Russia(alsoSerbia,
andmembersoftheBritishEmpirelikeCanada)
Conclusions:
BeforetheFirstWorldWar
BeforetheSe
Imperialism
Imperialismiswhenacountrytakesovernewlandsorcountriesand
makesthemsubjecttotheincomingcountry’srule.
By1900theBritishEmpireextendedoverfivecontinents,andFrance
hadcontroloflargeareasofAfrica.Withtheriseofindustrialism
countriesrequirednewmarkets.Theamountoflands“owned”by
BritainandFranceincreasedtherivalrywithGermanywhohad
enteredthescrambletoacquirecolonieslateandonlyoccupied
smallareasofAfrica.
TheBritishEmpirewasthelargest,consistingofnationsaroundthe
worldincludingAustralia,India,andCanada.
Appeasement
Conclusions:
http://www.history.co.uk
After1933,Hitlerbegant
expansiontoEuropeann
- MunichConference
- AnnexationofAustr
- InvasionofPoland
BeforeTheFirstWorldWar
BeforeTheS
Nationalism
Nazism
http://www.holocaust-ed
Nationalismisasetofbeliefsthatpromotethecollectiveinterests
andculturalidentifyofanation–itwasgrowingintheyearsbefore
TheFirstWorldWar.
Austria-Hungary,forexample,washometo50millionAustrians,
Hungarians,Bosnians,Ukrainians,andothergroups,whowereoften
hostiletooneanother.Manyofthegroupswantedtheirown
independentcountries.
GermanyandItalyhadonlyrecentlybecomeunifiedcountries(inthe
late1800s),patriotismandpridewereforcesthathelpedtounite
thesenewEuropeannations.
CountrieslikeBritainandFrancehadlonghistoriesandpatriotic
sentimentsrandeep.
Conclusions:
InTheFirstWorldWar
InTheSecon
Some619,636CanadiansenlistedwiththeCanadianExpeditionaryForce
duringthewar,andapproximately424,000servedoverseas.Ofthesemen
andwomen,59,544diedduringthewar.ThesmallRoyalCanadianNavy
reported150deathsfromallcauses.Anadditional1,388Canadiansdied
whileservingwiththeBritishFlyingServices.
http://www.canadaatwa
Ofthemorethan172,000Canadianswhoreportedwoundsduringthewar,
medicalauthoritiesclassifiedapproximately138,000asbattlecasualties.Of
thewoundedwhosurvived,3,461menandonewomanhadalimb
amputated.Onesoldier,CurlyChristian,wastheonlyCanadiantoloseall
fourlimbsandsurvive.
Ofthe2,504Canadiannurseswhoservedoverseas,53werekilledfrom
enemyfire,disease,ordrowningduringthewar.Ontwooccasionsin1918,
CanadianhospitalsinEuropewerehitbyenemybombersandseveralnurses
werekilledinthelineofduty.
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/after-the-war/legacy/thecost-of-canadas-war/
Conclusions:
ForTheFirstWorldWar
ForTheSeco
BecauseCanadawasnotyetanindependentinternationalactor,
Britain’sdeclarationofwarwasalsobindingonCanada.
Canadadeclaredwaraga
7daysafterthesamedec
http://www.warmuseum
InAugust1914,BritainandFrancewenttowarwithGermany.The
CanadiangovernmentimmediatelyofferedBritaintroopsfor
overseasservice,althoughOttawacontrolledthelevelofCanada’s
militaryparticipation.MostCanadiansgreetedtheoutbreakofwar
withenthusiasm,especiallythosebornintheBritishIsleswho
volunteeredinlargenumbers.Theywereunaware,alongwiththe
restoftheworld,ofthehorrorsthattwentieth-centurywarfare
wouldbring.
Recruitsweregatheredandgivenbasictrainingatthehastily-built
campatValcartier,Québec.OnOctober3,thefirst32,000-strong
contingentoftheCanadianExpeditionaryForcesailedforBritain.The
BritishcolonyofNewfoundlandalsosent500troopsatthistime.
http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1914first_ww_e.shtml
Conclusions:
InTheFirstWorldWar
InTheSecon
RobertBordenledCanadathroughoneofthemostdifficultperiodsinits
history.Heorchestrateditsenormouscontributiontothewareffortwhile
managinggrowingsocialtensionsandpoliticalproblemsathome.
WilliamLyonMackenzie
http://www.thecanadian
king/(seetheSecondWo
Canadahadlittlecontroloveritsmilitaryforcesoritsforeignpolicyatthe
startofthewar,andnoexperiencewithmanagingawartimeeconomy.
BordenusedthescaleandimportanceofCanada’sgrowingwareffortto
advocategreaternationalindependencewithintheEmpire.Henevertheless
believedstronglyinloyaltytoBritainandthenecessityofalarge-scale
militaryandindustrialcontributiontothewar.HeevenvisitedLondonand
thebattlefieldsoftheWesternFrontin1917.
Borden’sdecisiontoinvokeconscription,orcompulsoryservice,inorderto
maintainCanada’sarmiesinthefieldnearlytorethecountryapart.Borden
improvedhischancesforvictoryinthe1917electionbygivingthevoteto
likelysupportersofconscription(suchassoldiers,aswellastheirmothers,
wives,orwidows)whiletakingitawayfromlikelyopponents(somerecent
immigrants).
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/people/canadianleaders/sir-robert-borden/
Conclusions:
IntheFirstWorldWar
IntheSeco
Throughoutthewar,butespeciallyinitsearlymonths,
Canadiansrushedtoenlistforreasonsofpatriotism,
adventurism,oppositiontoGermanaggression,orpersonal
tiestoGreatBritain.Publicattitudesalsoinfluenced
individualdecisions,inparticularthewidespreadviewin
manypartsofthecountrythatthosewhofailedtoenlist
werecowards.
http://www.warmus
1931britains_side_e
Dailynewspapereditorials,politicalspeeches,andlectures
fromthepulpitimploredmenthattheirdutytoKingand
Countrymeantservinginthemilitary.Earlyrecruitment
postersurgedenlistmentonthebasisofpatriotismand
emotionalconnectionstothewar’smajorissues.Later,
moredesperateposterstriedtoshamemenintoenlistingby
questioningtheirloyaltyandtheirmanhood.Wartime
propagandaalsourgedwomentopressurementoenlist
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/life-at-home-duringthe-war/recruitment-and-conscription/voluntary-recruitment/
Conclusions: