Remane et al. 1996 - International Commission on Stratigraphy

77
勿 Pi
r
ge
n Re
mane
,
Mi
c
hael
G Bas
s
et
t
,
John W Cowi
e
,
Kl
au
s H Gohr
bandt
,
H Ri
c
har
d
Lane
,
01
可Mi
c
hel
s
e
n and Wang Noi
we
n,
wi
t
h t
he c
ooper
at
i
on q
fmen
i
ber
s
q
f I
CS
Re
vi
s
e
d gui
de
l
i
ne
s
f
or t
he
e
s
t
abl
i
s
hme
nt
of
gl
oba
l
c
hr
o
nos
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
phi
c
s
t
a
nda
r
ds
by t
he
I
nt
e
r
na
t
i
o
na
l
Co
mmi
s
s
i
o
n o
n St
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
phy (
I
CS)
Bac
kgr
ound
1 Introduct
i
on
The
s
e Re
vi
s
e
d Gu
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s a
r
e t
h
e r
e
s
u
l
t
of
c
l
os
e c
oo
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n b
e
t
we
e
n t
h
e
Bu
r
e
a
u a
n
d SU
b
c
ommi
s
s
i
o
n
s of I
CS.
A i
f
r
s
t
p
r
o
vi
s
i
on
a
l
d
r
a
f
t
wa
s p
r
e
-
pa
r
e
d b
y J
Rc
ma
n
e,
Ch
a
i
r
ma
n o
f I
CS.
t
a
ki
n
g i
nt
o a
c
c
ou
n
t
p
r
op
o
s
a
l
s
ma
d
e b
y K H Go
h
r
ba
nd
t
,
t
h
e
n S
e
c
r
et
a
r
y Ge
n
e
r
a
l
o
f I
CS.
A mo
r
e f
o
r
ma
l
dr
a
t f
wa
s
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
h
e
d o
n t
hi
s
ba
s
i
s b
y t
h
e Bu
r
e
a
u o
f
I
CS a
t
i
t
s
me
e
t
i
n
g a
t
Th
e Si
l
ur
i
a
n
-De
v
oni
a
n Boun
da
r
y Commi
t
t
e
e wa
s t
h
e ir
f
s
t
t
o p
ut
i
n
t
o p
r
a
ct
i
c
e (
i
n 1
9
60)
t
h
e pr
i
n
ci
pl
e t
o d
e
in
f
e c
hr
o
no
s
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
p
hi
c
u
ni
t
s b
y t
he
i
r l
o
we
r bo
u
nda
r
y on
l
y,
whi
c
h t
h
us be
c
o
me
s a
ut
oma
t
i
-
c
al
l
y t
h
e upp
e
r bou
nda
r
y of
t
he un
de
r
l
yi
ng uni
t
.
Th
e
Si
l
ur
i
a
n-De
vo
ni
a
n b
oun
da
r
y-
s
t
r
a
t
ot
yp
e a
t
Kl
on
k i
n t
he Cz
e
c
h
Re
pu
bl
i
c wa
s r
a
t
i
ie
f
d a
t
t
he 24
t
h I
nt
e
r
n
at
i
o
na
l
Ge
ol
og
i
c
a
l
Co
ng
r
e
s
s
(
I
GC)
a
t
Mont
r
e
a
l
,
1
97
2.
Dur
i
ng t
hi
s p
r
oc
e
s
s
.
t
he c
ommi
t
t
e
e d
e
ve
l
-
op
e
d t
h
e pr
i
n
c
i
pl
e
s of ch
r
on
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
ph
i
c bo
un
da
r
y d
e
ini
f
t
i
on.
Neuc
hdt
el
(
Swi
t
zer
l
a
nd) i
n Mar
ch 1
994.
Thi
s was ci
r
cul
at
ed t
o al
l
Sub-
commi
ss
i
ons f
or comment
s
.
That dr
a
t f
was al
s
o di
s
cus
s
ed a
t t
he I
nt
ema-
t
i
o
n
al
Sy
mp
os
i
u
m on P
e
r
i
ni
a
n S
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
p
hy a
t
Gui
y
a
n
g (
Ch
i
n
a
)
i
n Se
p
-
t
e
mb
e
r 1
9
9
4,
t
h
e 4t
h I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
na
l
Symp
os
i
um o
n J
u
r
a
s
s
i
c S
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
p
hy
a
t
Me
n
do
z
a (
Ar
g
e
n
t
i
n
a
)
i
n Oc
t
o
b
e
r 1
99
4.
a
n
d a
t
t
h
e 2n
d I
n
t
e
r
na
t
i
on
a
l
Symp
os
i
u
m o
n Cr
e
t
a
c
e
o
u
s S
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
p
hy a
t
Br
u
s
s
e
l
s (
Be
l
gi
u
m)
i
n Se
p
-
t
e
mb
e
r 1
9
9
5.
Th
e in
f
a
l
v
er
s
i
o
n,
i
n
c
or
p
or
a
t
i
ng a
s f
a
r a
s p
o
s
s
i
bl
e o
r
a
l
a
nd
wr
i
t
t
en comment
s f
r
om member
s of I
CS bodi
es,
wa
s wor
ked out at t
he
me
e
t
i
ng of t
h
e Bu
r
e
a
u o
f I
CS a
t
Ne
u
c
h5
t
e
l
i
n Ap
r
i
l
1
9
9
6,
a
t
t
e
n
d
e
d b
y J
Remane (
Chai
r
man)
,
M G Bass
et
t (I
s
t Vi
ce-
chai
r
man)
,
0 Mi
chel
s
en
(
Se
c
r
e
t
a
r
y Ge
ne
r
a
l
)
,
a
n
d H R La
ne (
I
s
t
Vi
c
e
-
c
ha
i
r
ma
n el
e
c
t
)
.
a
n
d wa
s
t
h
e
n s
u
bmi
t
t
e
d f
o
r v
o
t
e t
o t
h
e f
u
l
l
Co
mmi
s
s
i
o
n o
f I
CS (
c
on
s
i
s
t
i
n
g of t
h
e
iv
f
e me
mb
e
r
s o
f t
he Bu
r
e
a
u of I
CS a
n
d t
h
e 1
6 Ch
a
i
r
p
e
r
s
o
ns
o
fI
CS Su
b
-
commi
ss
i
ons)
.
I
n t
h
i
s v
o
t
e
,
t
h
e Re
v
i
s
e
d Gu
i
de
l
i
n
e
s we
r
e a
pp
r
o
v
e
d by t
h
e f
u
l
l
Co
m-
mi
s
s
i
on wi
t
h a
n o
v
e
r
whe
l
mi
n
g ma
j
o
r
i
t
y,
wi
t
h on
l
y on
e o
p
po
s
i
n
g v
ot
e
.
Th
e Re
v
i
s
e
d Gui
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
a
r
e t
h
u
s a f
or
ma
l
a
n
d ma
n
da
t
o
r
y d
oc
u
me
n
t
r
e
g
-
ul
a
t
i
ng t
h
e p
r
oc
e
du
r
e t
o b
e f
ol
l
o
we
d i
n t
h
e d
e
in
f
i
t
i
o
n o
f c
h
r
on
o
s
t
r
a
t
i
-
gr
ap
h
i
c b
ou
n
da
r
i
e
s
.
Th
e pa
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r i
mpo
r
t
a
n
c
e o
f
t
hi
s t
e
x
t
l
i
e
s
a
l
s
o i
n t
h
e
f
a
c
t
t
ha
t
t
h
i
s
i
s t
h
e ir
f
s
t
do
c
u
me
n
t
on s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
ph
i
c p
r
o
c
e
d
ur
e i
s
s
u
e
d by
I
CS whi
ch r
epr
es
ent
s a vot
ed f
or
mal
agr
eement
.
Contents
I Int
roduct
i
on
2 Ai
ms a
nd pr
i
nc
i
pl
es
These '
l
es
sons l
earned'
(
McL.
ar
en,
1
977:
23)
cons
t
i
t
ut
ed t
he bas
i
s of
t
h
e ir
f
s
t
Gu
i
d
el
i
n
e
s of I
CS,
wh
er
e t
he c
o
nc
e
p
t
o
f t
h
e Gl
ob
al
St
a
nd
a
r
d
St
r
a
t
ot
yp
e-
s
e
c
t
i
on a
n
d Poi
n
t
(
GSSP)
wa
s i
nt
r
od
uc
e
d:
T
hi
s Bo
un
da
r
I
v St
r
a
t
o
t
y
pe S
e
c
t
i
on a
nd Poi
nt
i
s t
he de
s
i
gna
t
e
d
(
y
pe o
fa
s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
phi
c bou
n
dar
y i
de
nt
i
ie
f
d i
n pub
l
i
s
h
e
df
o
r
m
an
d mar
k
e
d i
n t
h
e s
e
c
t
i
o
n as a s
pe
c诱c poi
nt
i
n a s
pe
c
币c
s
e
q
ue
n
c
e可.
r
o
c
k s
t
r
at
a a
nd c
o
ns
t
i
t
u
t
i
ng t
he s
t
an
d
ar
df
or t
h
e
de
f
i
ni
t
i
on a
nd r
e
c
og
ni
t
i
on o
,
f
'
t
h
e s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
phi
c b
ou
nd
ar
y
be
t
we
e
n t
wo n
ame
d gl
ob
al
s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
phi
c (
c
hr
on
os
t
r
at
i
gr
a
ph
i
c
)
uni
t
s (
Cowi
e a
nd ot
h
e
r
s
,
1
9
86:
5)
.
Thi
s def
ini
t
i
on i
s st
i
l
l
val
i
d for t
he Phaner
ozoi
c.
A GSSP vot
ed
by t
h
e Ful
l
Commi
s
s
i
o
n o
t I
CS (
t
h
e Bur
e
a
u o
f I
CS a
nd Cha
i
r
pe
r
s
on
s
of al
l
I
C S Subcommi
ssi
ons,
s
ee al
s
o Bass
et
t
,
1990) and conf
ir
med
by t
h
e Exe
c
u
t
i
ve of t
he I
n
t
er
na
t
i
on
al
Uni
on o
f Ge
ol
og
i
c
a
l
Sc
i
en
c
e
s
(
1
UGS)
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s a r
a
t
i
ie
f
d b
oun
da
r
y de
ini
f
t
i
on
Th
e ne
c
e
s
s
i
t
y f
o
r a pr
e
c
i
s
e g
l
o
ba
l
c
hr
o
nos
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c s
ca
l
e i
s
obv
i
ous
.
Res
e
a
r
c
h o
n gl
ob
a
l
e
v
en
t
s me
a
ns c
omp
a
r
i
s
on of s
t
r
a
t
i
-
gr
a
p
hi
c doc
u
me
nt
s f
r
om di
s
t
a
n
t
r
e
gi
on
s
-b
ut
ho
w c
a
n we b
e s
ur
e t
o
d
ea
l
wi
t
h t
h
e s
a
me e
v
e
nt
t
h
r
ou
gh
ou
t
,
wi
t
h
o
ut
ha
vi
n
g a p
r
e
c
i
s
e a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
bl
e ch
r
on
os
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
phi
c s
c
a
l
e
'
?
'
I
he s
a
me i
s
t
r
u
e f
or
t
h
e es
t
a
bl
i
s
h-
me
nt
ot
e
us
t
a
t
i
c s
e
a
-
l
e
v
el
cu
r
v
es
o
r t
he r
ec
o
ns
t
i
t
u
t
i
on o
f gl
o
ba
l
c
l
i
-
ma
t
i
c ch
a
ng
e
s i
n t
h
e p
a
s
t
.
P
r
o
g
r
e
s
s i
n t
h
e
s
e a
n
d ma
ny ot
he
r
ie
f
l
d
s o
f
g
eo
l
o
gi
c
al
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h i
s
on
l
y p
os
s
i
b
l
e i
f pr
o
gr
e
s
s i
s a
l
s
o ma
de i
n t
h
e
def
ini
t
i
on of chr
onost
r
at
i
g
r
aphi
c
uni
t
s.
2.
1 Ai
ms of t
he r
evi
si
on
2.
2 The Pr
ecambr
i
an St
an
dar
d
2.
3 Co
r
r
el
a
t
i
on pr
e
c
e
d
es de
ini
f
t
i
on
2 Ai
ms and pr
i
nc
i
pl
es
24 Pr
i
or
i
t
y a
n
d na
t
ur
a
l
b
oun
d
ar
i
e
s 2.
5 Bo
un
da
r
y -
s
t
r
a
t
ot
yp
es
i
ns
t
e
a
d ot
un
i
t
-
s
t
r
a
t
o
t
y
pe
s f
o
r
c
h
r
on
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c u
ni
t
s
2.
1 A i
m s of the revi
si
on
3 The choi
ce of t
he be
st boundary l
evel
3
.
1
Some g
en
e
r
a
l
c
o
ns
i
d
er
at
i
o
ns on c
h
r
o
n
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
ph
i
c me
t
hod
s
3
.
2 The be
s
t
bo
un
da
r
y l
e
ve
l
4 Re
qui
r
eme
nt
s f
or a GSSP
4.
1
Ge
ol
ogi
c
a
l
r
e
qu
i
r
e
me
n
t
s
4.
2 Bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c r
e
q
ui
r
em
e
nt
s
4.
3 Ot
her met
hods
4.
4 Ot
her r
equi
r
ement
s
i
nal Gui
del
i
nes.
Never
t
hel
ess,
a caut
i
ou
s r
evi
si
on of t
he Gui
del
i
nes
5 Submi
s
si
on of a GSSP
5.
1
Edi
t
i
n
g o
f t
he s
u
bm i
s
s
i
o
n
5.
2 Vot
i
ng pr
ocedur
e
6 R evi
si
on of a G SSP
7 Sel
ect
ed ref
erences
Ernsodes, Vol. 19.
no. 3
Th
e or
i
gi
na
l
Gui
de
l
i
n
e
s we
r
e i
s
s
u
ed by t
h
e Bu
r
e
a
u of I
CS (
Co
wi
e
a
nd ot
he
r
s
,
1
986
)
an
d s
umma
r
i
s
e
d by Cowi
e(
1
9
86
)
i
n Epi
s
od
e
s
,
t
h
e
o
ic
f
i
a
l
pu
bl
i
c
a
t
i
on of l
UGS,
a
nd by Cowi
e(
1
9
90
,
1
9
9 1
)
.
The
y ha
v
e
gu
i
d
e
d uni
f
o
r
mi
t
y o
t d
ef
i
n
i
t
i
o
n f
or
2
0 c
hr
o
no
s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c b
ou
nd-
a
r
i
e
s
d
ur
i
ng t
e
n ye
a
r
s o
t s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
on.
Th
e ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
g
ai
ne
d i
n t
h
i
s
pr
o
c
e
s
s h
a
s c
on
ir
f
me
d t
he ba
s
i
c p
r
i
nc
i
pl
e
s o
t t
he o
r
i
g-
a
pp
e
a
r
s us
e
f
u
l
f
o
r di
f
f
e
r
en
t
r
e
a
s
ons
:
I
Th
e Pr
e
ca
mb
r
i
a
n Su
bc
o
mmi
s
s
i
on o
t I
CS h
as
pr
opo
s
e
d a g
l
o
ba
l
st
r
at
i
gr
aphi
c s
ubdi
vi
s
i
on f
or t
he Pr
ot
er
oz
oi
c wher
e boundar
i
es a
r
e de
ine
f
d i
n t
e
r
ms
of a
bs
ol
ut
e a
ge
s (
s
e
e s
e
c
t
i
on 2.
2)
,
wi
t
h e
nt
i
r
e
l
y n
ew na
me
s f
o
r t
he ni
ne Pr
ot
e
r
oz
o
i
c s
ys
t
e
ms c
r
e
a
t
e
d
on
7N
t
hi
s bas
i
s
.
The r
es
ul
t
ant new S
ubdi
vi
si
on
of t
he Pr
ot
er
ozoi
c was
Th
er
e i
s
n
o f
or
ma
l
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
y r
eg
ul
a
t
i
on i
n s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
ph
y.
The
r
e-
f
or
e
,
i
n r
ed
e
ini
f
ng b
ou
nd
ar
i
e
s
,
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
y c
a
n b
e g
i
v
en t
o t
h
e l
e
ve
l
wi
t
h
t
on,
1
989;
i
t i
s t
hus f
or
mal
i
s
ed (
and s
houl
d t
her
ef
or
e not have t
h
e be
s
t
c
o
r
r
el
a
t
i
on p
ot
e
n
t
i
al
.
I h
e r
e
d
ef
in
i
t
i
o
n wi
l
l
gi
v
e L
I
S t
h
e opp
o
r
-
been omi
t
t
ed i
n t
he 2nd edi
t
i
on of t
he I
SG)
.
t
u
ni
t
y t
o us
e f
o
s
s
i
l
g
r
ou
ps (
S
u
c
h a
s c
o
no
don
t
s
)
an
d me
t
h
od
s of
2 Dur
i
n
g t
h
e l
a
s
t ye
a
r
s
,
gr
e
at
pr
o
gr
e
s
s ha
s b
e
e
n ma
d
e i
n t
h
e he
l
d
ch
r
ono
cor
r
e
l
a
t
i
on (
S
u
ch a
s t
r
i
a
-t
i
et
os
t
r
a
t
i
a
r
a
phy)
whi
c
h we
r
e
of n
on-
bi
o
s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c me
t
ho
ds o
f c
or
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n (
s
ee s
e
ct
i
o
n 3.
1
)
un
.
kn
own or p
oo
r
l
y de
v
el
o
pe
d a
t
t
he t
i
me (
i
f
t
he or
i
g
i
n
a
l
de
ini
f
t
i
on.
Th
e
s
e s
h
ou
l
d t
h
er
e
f
o
r
e be gi
ve
n mo
r
e wei
ght
i
n t
he c
hoi
c
e of Thi
s d
oe
s n
ot
me
a
n t
h
a
t
pr
i
or
i
t
y s
h
oul
d b
e t
ot
a
l
l
y n
e
gl
e
c
t
e
d.
Pr
a
c
t
i
-
b
ou
n
da
r
y l
e
ve
l
s a
n
d t
y
pe
-
s
e
c
t
i
ons
.
c
al
c
on
s
i
de
r
a
t
i
on
s Wi
l
l
i
nc
i
t
e L
I
S t
o l
i
mi
t
c
ha
n
ge
s t
o t
h
e n
ec
e
s
s
a
r
y
3 Cer
t
a
i
n pr
o
bl
e
ms c
on
c
e
r
ni
ng t
h
e ph
i
l
o
s
op
hy of
bo
un
da
r
y d
ef
i
ni
-
mi
n
i
mum.
I
t
'
,
h
owev
e
r
,
t
he I
nt
e
r
r
e
gi
on
al
c
or
r
e
l
at
i
o
n po
t
e
n
t
i
al
of a
t
i
on c
a
me up r
e
pe
a
t
e
dl
y i
n r
e
c
en
t
d
i
s
cu
s
s
i
ons
of GSSP c
a
nd
i
- t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
na
l
bo
un
da
r
y do
e
s no
t
co
r
r
e
s
p
on
d t
o t
h
e n
e
ed
s of mo
de
r
n
d
a
t
es
,
s
u
c
h a
s t
h
e ne
ce
s
s
i
t
y t
o r
e
s
p
e
c
t
pr
i
o
r
i
t
y
,
t
o ha
v
e n
a
t
u
r
a
l
s
t
r
a
igr
f
a
p
hy,
i
t
s p
os
i
t
i
on ha
s t
o be c
h
an
g
e
d.
b
ou
n
da
r
i
es
(
s
e
e s
e
c
t
i
on 2
.
4)
,
t
he r
ol
e of f
os
s
i
l
s i
n b
oun
da
r
y d
e
h
-
Chr
o
nos
t
r
at
i
g
r
a
ph
i
c b
oun
da
r
i
es
a
r
e c
o
n
vc
n
t
i
on
al
bou
n
da
r
i
es
.
n
i
t
i
o
n (
s
e
e s
e
c
t
i
o
n 3.
1
)
,
a
n
d t
h
e de
gr
e
e t
o whi
c
h gl
o
ba
l
c
or
r
el
a
- Th
e
y a
r
e a ma
t
t
e
r
of
n
or
ma
t
i
v
e s
ci
en
c
e an
d c
a
n be de
c
i
d
e
d b
y a
t
i
o
n h
a
s t
o b
e e
x
a
c
t
be
f
o
r
e de
hni
ng i
t
b
oun
d
ar
y (
s
e
e s
e
c
t
i
on 2.
3)
.
ma
j
or
i
t
y vo
t
e (
Cowi
e a
n
d ot
he
r
s
,
1
986
)
.
To a c
e
r
t
a
i
n de
g
r
e
e,
t
h
i
s
4 S
i
nc
e t
h
e p
ub
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n o
f t
he o
r
i
gi
n
a
l
Gu
i
de
l
i
ne
s
(
Co
wi
e e
t
a
l
二
pr
i
n
ci
pl
e c
a
n b
e r
e
c
on
c
i
l
e
d wi
t
h t
h
e de
ma
n
d f
or
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
bo
un
da
r
i
es
.
As st
at
ed above,
mos
t of t
he cl
assi
cal
boundari
es ar
e not cl
ear
-
cut
1
9
8
6)
,
i
mp
or
t
a
n
t
p
ub
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
s on t
h
e p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s of
s
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
p
hy
h
av
e
a
p
pe
a
r
e
d
.
e
s
p
e
ci
a
l
l
y t
h
e 2n
d e
di
t
i
o
n(
们h
e I
n
t
e
r
na
t
i
on
a
l
St
r
a
t
i
- bu
t
co
r
r
e
s
p
on
d t
o c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
bi
ot
i
c a
nd
/
o
r cl
i
mat
i
c t
r
a
ns
i
t
i
on
s
.
Pl
a
ci
ng a
g
r
a
p
hi
c Gu
i
d
e (
I
SG)
(
Sa
l
v
a
d
o
r
,
1
9
9
4)
,
o
r Ha
r
l
a
n
d(
1
99
2)
.
Th
e b
ou
nda
r
y wi
t
hi
n s
u
c
h a
n i
nt
e
r
v
a
l
wi
l
l
p
r
e
s
e
r
v
e t
h
e a
dva
n
t
a
g
e of ha
v
-
p
os
i
t
i
o
n o
f t
h
e Gu
i
de
l
i
n
e
s
i
n t
hi
s
n
e
w c
o
n
t
ex
t
ha
d t
o h
e c
l
a
r
i
ie
f
d
.
i
ng s
u
c
c
es
s
i
v
e u
ni
t
s
whi
c
h a
r
c di
s
t
i
ng
ui
s
h
e
d b
y t
he
i
r c
on
t
e
nt
s
.
But
The r
ol
e of t
he Gui
del
i
nes r
emai
ns,
however
,
Unchanged.
Th
ey
whe
r
e e
x
a
c
t
l
y t
he b
ou
nd
a
r
y i
s t
o b
e pl
a
c
e
d,
a
r
e ma
t
t
e
r
s of c
on
v
en
t
i
on
r
e
g
ul
a
t
e t
h
e pr
o
c
e
du
r
es
of b
oun
d
ar
y de
ini
f
t
i
of
l
.
t
h
e s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on of
a
n
a
n
d pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
co
ns
i
d
er
a
t
i
ons
.
a
p
pr
o
pr
i
a
t
e b
oun
da
r
y l
e
v
el
,
a
nd t
he c
o
r
r
e
s
p
on
di
n
g v
ot
i
ng pr
o
c
e
-
On
c
e a bo
un
da
r
y i
s (
r
e
)
d
ct
i
ne
d b
y a GSSP ora GSSA,
i
t
s
h
ou
l
d
d
ur
e
s (
al
s
o p
a
r
t
l
y d
e
al
t
wi
t
h i
n a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s 3 an
d 7.
1
of t
h
e s
t
a
t
ut
e
s o
f
b
e us
e
d i
n a
l
l
p
u
bl
i
s
h
e
d hg
ur
e
s an
d t
a
bl
e
s
.
Su
c
h a
n obl
i
g
a
t
i
on wi
l
l
I
CS)
.
Th
e
y f
u
r
t
h
e
r de
in
f
e t
h
e r
e
q
ui
r
emen
t
s
t
o he f
ul
f
i
l
l
e
d b
y t
h
e s
t
r
a
-
n
ot
h
i
n
de
r
a
ny au
t
h
or
s
f
r
om e
xp
r
es
s
i
ng t
h
ei
r pe
r
s
on
al
opi
ni
on
s
t
ot
yp
e
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n ho
us
i
n
g t
h
e bou
n
da
r
y p
oi
nt
.
v
o
t
e
d b
y I
CS a
nd r
a
t
i
ie
f
d b
y l
UGS a
t
t
h
e 2
8t
h I
GC i
n Wa
s
hi
ng-
2.
2 The Precam bri
an St
andard
The n
e
w bou
nd
a
r
y-
t
yp
e d
ef
ini
t
i
on
,
ir
f
s
t
i
n
t
r
o
du
c
e
d f
o
r t
h
e Pr
ot
cr
o
-
z
o
i
c i
n 1
98
9,
wa
s n
e
c
e
s
s
i
t
a
t
e
d by t
h
e l
a
c
k ofa
d
e
qu
at
e f
os
s
i
l
s i
n mos
t
of t
he Pr
ecambr
i
an.
I
t i
s t
er
med her
ei
n t
he Gl
obal
St
andar
d St
rati
-
gr
a
ph
i
c Age (
GSSA)
.
De
ini
f
ng bou
n
da
r
i
es
i
n t
er
ms
01
'
a
b
S
OI
L
I
t
c a
g
es
me
a
ns
t
ha
t
t
h
e nu
me
r
i
ca
l
v
al
u
e of t
h
e bo
un
da
r
y a
g
e i
s a t
he
o
r
e
t
i
c
al
po
s
t
ul
a
t
e
.
i
nd
e
pe
n
de
n
t
of t
h
e me
t
h
od a
ppl
i
e
d t
o ob
t
a
i
n n
ume
r
i
c
al
a
g
es
.
But
,
a
s
i
n t
h
e c
a
s
e ofb
oun
da
r
i
e
s d
e
f
i
ne
d by a GSSP,
a
n ex
pl
i
c
i
t
mot
i
v
a
t
i
on f
or
t
h
e c
hoi
c
e of
t
he pr
o
po
s
e
d n
ume
r
i
c
al
v
al
ue s
hou
l
d be
gi
ve
n
,
c
l
a
r
i
f
yi
ng
,
a
t
t
h
e s
a
me ume
-
i
t
s r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n t
o t
r
a
di
t
i
o
na
l
b
oun
d-
a
r
y de
in
f
i
t
i
o
ns
.
GSSAs h
a
v
e t
h
e s
a
i
ne s
t
a
t
us
f
or bo
un
da
r
y d
ehn
i
t
i
on
i
n t
he Pr
ecambr
i
an as GSSPs have i
n t
he Phaner
oz
oi
c.
2.
3 Cor
r
e
l
at
i
on pr
e
c
e
de
s
de
ini
f
t
i
o
n
Exc
e
p
t
f
o
r t
he Pr
ec
a
mb
r
i
a
n,
t
hi
s p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e i
s s
t
i
l
l
v
a
l
i
d.
To d
e
hne a
b
ou
nd
a
r
y ir
f
s
t
a
n
d t
h
e
n e
v
al
ua
t
e i
t
s
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
f
or l
on
g-
r
a
n
ge c
or
r
e
l
a
-
t
i
o
n (
a
s ha
s b
e
e
n p
r
op
os
e
d i
n s
ome c
a
s
e
s
)
wi
l
l
mo
s
t
l
y l
e
a
d t
o b
ou
nd
-
a
r
y de
in
f
i
t
i
o
ns
of l
i
mi
t
e
d p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
v
al
u
e.
On t
he o
t
h
e
r h
a
nd
,
i
t
Woul
d
b
e un
r
e
a
l
i
s
t
i
c t
o de
ma
nd t
h
a
t
a gi
v
e
n b
ou
nd
a
r
y b
e r
e
c
ogn
i
s
a
bl
e al
l
o
ve
r
t
he wor
l
d be
f
o
r
e i
t
c
a
n b
e f
or
ma
l
l
y d
ef
in
e
d.
I
n e
a
c
h c
a
s
e we
mu
s
t
in
f
d t
h
e b
e
s
t
po
s
s
i
bl
e c
omp
r
omi
s
e
.
ot
he
r
wi
s
e t
he ,
ca
t
c
h f
or t
h
e
Hol
y Gr
a
i
l
o
f t
h
e p
e
r
f
e
c
t
GSSP wi
l
l
ne
v
e
r en
d.
2
.
4 Pr
i
or
i
t
y a
nd na
t
ur
a
l
boundar
i
e
s
Ou
r ma
i
n t
a
s
k f
or a nu
mb
e
r of
y
e
a
r
s
wi
l
l
b
e t
o de
v
el
op pr
e
c
i
s
e
bo
un
da
r
y d
ef
in
i
t
i
o
ns f
or
t
r
a
di
t
i
on
al
c
hr
on
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c u
ni
t
s
.
Mos
t
o
f t
he
m we
r
e d
ef
i
n
e
d i
n t
h
e l
a
s
t
c
en
t
u
r
y b
y t
h
ei
r c
ha
r
a
c
t
er
i
s
t
i
c f
os
s
i
l
c
on
t
en
t
s
,
a
nd t
he
i
r
bou
n
da
r
i
e
s
c
oi
nc
i
de
d wi
t
h s
p
e
c
t
a
c
ul
a
r bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
-
g
r
a
p
hi
c a
n
d l
i
t
h
ol
ogi
c ch
a
n
ge
s
.
Th
es
e wer
e '
na
t
ur
a
l
'
b
ou
nda
r
i
e
s
,
i
n
p
e
r
f
e
c
t
ag
r
e
e
me
nt
wi
t
h t
h
e c
a
t
a
s
t
r
o
ph
i
s
t
p
hi
l
o
s
o
ph
y of t
ha
t
t
i
me
.
I
n
r
e
a
l
i
t
y,
r
a
pi
d f
au
n
al
t
u
r
nov
e
r
s a
r
e t
o a c
e
r
t
a
i
n e
xt
en
t
a
r
t
e
f
a
c
t
s du
e t
o
s
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
phi
c g
a
ps or c
on
d
en
s
a
t
i
o
n.
Mos
t
o
f t
h
e cl
a
s
s
i
c t
yp
e
-
l
o
c
ah
-
t
i
e
s a
r
e t
hu
s u
ns
ui
t
a
bl
e f
or
a pr
e
c
i
s
e b
oun
da
r
y de
ini
f
t
i
on:
we ha
v
e t
o
l
ook f
or new s
ect
i
ons wher
e sedi
ment
at
i
on i
s cont
i
nuous acr
oss t
he
b
ou
nd
a
r
y i
nt
e
r
v
a
l
;
bu
t
t
he
n b
ou
nd
a
r
i
e
s wi
l
l
r
a
r
e
l
y c
or
r
e
s
p
on
d,
t
o a
l
i
t
h
ol
o
gi
c c
ha
n
ge
.
Th
e i
d
e
a t
h
a
t
c
hr
on
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c bo
un
d
ar
i
e
s s
h
oul
d a
l
wa
ys c
o
r
-
r
e
s
p
o
nd t
o s
ome
t
h
i
n
g '
vi
s
i
bl
e
‘
h
a
s
a
l
s
o l
e
d t
o c
on
f
l
i
c
t
i
ng r
e
g
i
o
na
l
*
d
e
f
-
i
n
i
t
i
on
s
'
of
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
na
l
c
h
r
on
o
s
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
ph
i
c bo
un
da
r
i
e
s
,
wh
i
c
h we
r
e
a
da
p
t
e
d t
o r
e
g
i
on
al
l
i
t
ho
s
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
p
hi
c bo
un
d
ar
i
e
s of di
f
f
e
r
en
t
a
g
e
s
,
2
.
5 Bounda
r
y-
s
t
r
at
ot
ype
s i
ns
t
e
a
d of uni
t
-
s
t
r
a
t
ot
ype
s
1
1
'
c
h
r
on
os
t
r
a
t
i
or
a
p
hi
c u
ni
t
s we
r
e de
hn
e
d by u
ni
t
-
s
t
r
a
t
ot
ype
s
,
t
he
b
o
und
a
r
y b
e
t
we
en t
wo a
d
j
a
c
e
nt
Uni
t
s
Wo
ul
d b
e d
e
ine
f
d b
y t
wo s
e
pa
-
r
a
t
e GSSPs
:
a
s t
h
e L
i
pp
e
r b
ou
nd
a
r
y of
一
t
he l
ower
u
ni
t
i
n on
e u
ni
t
-
s
t
r
a
-
t
o
t
y
pe a
nd a
s t
h
e l
owe
r bo
un
da
r
y of t
h
e s
u
c
ce
e
di
n
g un
i
t
i
n t
h
e o
t
h
e
r
.
Th
e Gl
ob
al
Chr
ono
s
t
r
a
t
i
I
-
r
a
p
hi
c S
ca
l
e mus
t
,
h
owev
e
r
,
c
ompr
i
s
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
l
y c
ont
i
g
uo
us Uni
t
s
,
wi
t
ho
ut
ov
e
r
l
a
ps
a
nd wi
t
h n
o g
a
ps
be
t
we
e
n
t
h
em.
Bu
t
t
he
r
e i
s
n
o me
t
h
od ofc
or
r
el
a
t
i
on whi
c
h wou
l
d gu
a
r
an
t
e
e a
p
er
f
e
c
t
i
s
oc
hr
ony of t
wo s
e
pa
r
a
t
e b
ou
n
da
r
y p
oi
n
t
s
.
ev
e
n a
t
a s
h
or
t
di
s
t
a
nc
e a
pa
r
t
(
Ha
r
l
a
n
d,
1
9
92)
.
Thi
s
pr
obl
em was
a
l
r
e
a
dy r
e
c
og
ni
s
e
d i
n t
he ir
f
s
t
e
di
t
i
on of t
h
e
I
SG (
He
db
e
r
g,
1
976)
.
bu
t
un
i
t
-
s
t
r
a
t
ot
y
pe
s
f
or
c
h
r
on
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c
un
i
t
s we
r
e s
t
i
l
l
a
dmi
t
t
ed a
s a
n a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e p
os
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y.
I
n t
h
e s
e
co
nd
e
di
t
i
on (
Sa
l
v
a
d
or
,
1
9
94)
.
b
o
und
a
r
y-
s
t
r
a
t
ot
yp
es
a
r
e gi
v
en a s
t
r
o
ng
e
r
pr
ef
er
en
c
e
,
bu
t
as
a wh
ol
e,
t
he pos
i
t
i
o
n r
ema
i
ns
a
mbi
gu
ous
:
'
Si
n
c
e
t
he onl
y r
e
co
r
d o
f g
e
ol
ogi
c t
i
me.
二l
i
e
s i
n t
he r
oc
ks
t
h
e
ms
e
l
v
e
s
,
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
s
t
a
nd
ar
d f
o
r a c
hr
on
os
t
r
a
t
i
o
r
a
phi
c un
i
t
i
s
a b
od
y o
f
r
oc
ks
f
or
me
d
b
e
t
we
e
n t
wo d
es
i
g
na
t
e
d i
ns
t
a
n
t
s
o
f g
e
o
l
o
gi
c t
i
me
.
'
(
Sa
l
va
do
r
,
1
99
4:
8
8)
.
I h
e Gu
i
de
l
i
ne
s
o
f I
CS a
r
e u
n
ai
r
i
b
i
g
uou
s
:
Chr
onos
t
r
at
i
gr
a
phi
c uni
t
s o
f t
he Phane
r
o
z
oi
c Gl
obal
St
a
ndar
d c
an onl
y be de
ine
f
d
t
hr
o
ugh boundar
y s
t
r
a
t
o
t
ype
s
.
Ev
e
n s
h
ou
l
d t
he s
i
t
u
a
t
i
on a
r
i
s
e
(
e.
g.
i
t
s i
n t
h
e Si
l
u
r
i
a
n s
t
r
a
t
o
t
yp
e
s i
n Br
i
t
a
i
n)
t
h
a
t
t
he GSSPs
de
in
f
i
n
g
t
h
e l
owe
r a
nd L
i
p
pe
r b
oun
da
r
i
e
s o
f on
e-
an
d-
t
he
-
s
ame u
ni
t
a
r
e l
oc
a
t
e
d
i
n t
h
e s
a
me s
e
c
t
i
on
,
t
h
i
s do
es
n
ot
i
mpl
y t
ha
t
t
h
e s
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
phi
c i
n
t
e
r
v
al
a
nd i
t
s h
i
ot
a b
et
we
en t
h
e t
h
e t
wo GSSPs r
e
p
r
es
e
nt
a u
ni
t
s
t
r
a
t
o
t
yp
e
.
F
or s
ev
e
r
a
l
s
ys
t
ems
,
L
i
pp
e
r a
n
d l
ower
bou
n
da
r
i
e
s a
r
e no
w de
in
f
e
d b
y GSSPs
.
Fol
l
o
wi
n
g t
h
e c
ho
i
c
e of t
he b
es
t
t
y
pe
-
s
ec
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
s
e a
r
e l
oc
a
t
e
d i
n di
s
t
a
nt
r
e
gi
on
s
:
t
he ba
s
e of
t
h
e Si
l
u
r
i
a
n i
n Sc
o
t
-
l
an
d,
M t
h
a
t
o
f
t
h
e De
von
i
an i
n t
h
e Cz
e
c
h Rep
ubl
i
c;
t
h
a
t
of
t
h
e
Ca
r
bo
ni
f
er
ous
i
n t
he Mo
nt
a
gu
e Noi
r
e
-
Fr
a
nc
e
}
of t
h
e Per
mi
a
n i
n
Ka
z
ak
hs
t
a
n:
a
nd t
h
e b
as
e of
t
h
e Qua
t
e
r
na
r
y i
n I
t
a
l
y.
Th
e l
owe
r
b
ou
nda
r
i
e
s o
f c
hr
on
os
t
r
a
d g
r
a
phi
c un
i
t
s of hi
gh
e
r
r
a
n
k (
s
er
i
e
s
,
s
ys
t
e
ms e
t
c.
)
ar
e a
ut
oma
t
i
c
al
l
y d
ehn
e
d b
y t
he b
as
e o
f
t
he
i
r l
ower
mo
s
t
s
t
a
g
e.
I
n ot
h
e
r wor
ds
:
t
h
e l
owe
r b
oun
da
r
y of
a s
ys
-
t
e
r
n i
s a
l
wa
ys
al
s
o a s
e
r
i
e
s a
n
d a s
t
a
ge bo
un
da
r
y,
A GSSP c
a
nn
ot
b
e c
ompa
r
e
d t
o t
h
e hol
o
t
yp
c of
Zool
og
i
ca
l
Non
i
e
n
cl
a
t
t
l
r
e
}
i
t
c
o
r
r
es
p
on
ds r
a
t
he
r
t
o a s
t
a
nd
a
r
d of mea
s
ur
e i
n
p
h
ys
i
c
s (
Ha
r
l
a
nd,
1
9
92)
.
Th
e u
s
e oft
er
ms
l
i
k
e h
ol
os
t
r
a
t
ot
y
p
e,
pa
r
a
-
s
t
r
at
ot
yp
e e
t
c
.
s
h
o
ul
d t
he
r
e
f
or
e b
e a
v
oi
d
e
d (
Co
wi
e a
nd ot
he
r
s
,
1
98
6)
.
I
f r
e
f
e
r
en
c
e s
e
c
t
i
ons
a
n
d p
oi
n
t
s
s
e
em n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y i
n or
d
er
t
o gi
v
e a b
e
t
-
t
e
r
un
de
r
s
t
a
ndi
n- of t
h
e bo
un
da
r
y i
n a
n
ot
he
r f
a
ci
e
s or
pa
l
c
obi
o
ge
o-
1
1
r
a
p
hi
c c
on
t
e
x
t
,
a
n a
uxi
l
i
a
r
y s
t
r
a
t
o
t
y
pe p
oi
n
t
i
na
y b
e d
ef
in
e
d.
Su
c
h
a
uxi
l
i
a
r
y p
oi
nt
s a
r
e s
ub
or
di
na
t
e t
o a GSSP.
,
S
el
wi
nber 1996
79
3 The c
hoi
c
e of t
he bes
t
boundar
y l
e
ve
l
3.
1
Some general
cons
i
derat
i
ons about
c
hr
ono
s
t
r
at
i
g
r
aphi
c me
t
hods
Chr
o
nos
t
r
a
t
i
gr
ap
h
y a
n
d c
h
r
on
oc
or
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n ha
v
e b
e
e
n di
s
c
us
s
e
d a
t
l
e
n
t
a
}
t
h i
n t
h
e I
SG (
Sa
l
va
d
or
,
1
9
94)
.
We ma
y t
hu
s l
i
mi
t
t
h
e f
ol
l
owi
n
g
di
s
c
us
s
i
on t
o s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d t
op
i
c
s wh
i
c
h a
r
e o
f pa
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r i
mpo
r
t
a
n
c
e f
or
t
h
e c
h
oi
c
e o
t
t
he b
oun
da
r
y l
e
ve
l
.
Cons
i
d
e
r
a
bl
e p
r
og
r
es
s ha
s b
e
e
n ma
d
e i
n t
h
e f
a
s
t
f
e
w y
e
a
r
s i
n
de
v
e
l
op
i
n
g an
d i
mp
r
ov
i
n
g met
ho
ds o
f non
-
bi
os
t
r
a
dg
r
a
phi
c c
h
r
on
o-
c
or
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n.
Sor
r
i
e o
f t
h
ei
n a
r
e b
a
s
e
d on ge
oc
h
ei
ni
c
a
l
s
i
g
na
l
s
,
l
i
ke t
he
f
amous
I
r
-
s
pi
k
e us
e
d as
gu
i
da
n
c
e f
or t
he de
ini
f
t
i
on of
t
h
e Cr
e
t
a
-
c
e
ous
-Pa
l
e
og
e
ne b
oun
da
r
y
,
or
on s
h
i
ts f
of s
t
a
bl
e i
s
o
t
op
e
s whi
c
h
s
h
oul
d b
e h
e
l
p
f
一
ul
i
n t
he d
ef
in
i
t
i
on o
f t
he Pe
r
r
ui
a
n
-Tr
i
a
s
s
i
c b
ou
nd
a
r
y
(
Bau
d a
n
d ot
he
r
s
,
1
989)
.
Rev
e
r
s
a
l
s
o
f t
h
e Ea
r
t
h'
s
ma
gn
e
t
i
c f
i
e
l
d a
r
e i
mpo
r
t
a
nt
,
be
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
y a
r
e a wor
l
dwi
de p
he
n
ome
no
n a
n
d p
r
a
c
t
i
c
al
l
y i
n
s
t
an
t
an
e
ou
s
,
t
hu
s pr
o
vi
di
n
g a p
r
e
ci
s
e an
d r
e
l
i
a
bl
e me
a
ns o
f c
hr
o
no
c
or
r
e
l
at
i
o
n.
La
t
e J
ur
a
s
s
i
c t
o Re
c
en
t
r
e
v
e
r
s
a
l
s ha
v
e b
ee
n c
a
l
i
br
a
t
e
d t
o t
h
e Ma
g-
ne
t
i
c P
ol
a
r
i
t
y Ti
me Sc
a
l
e ba
s
e
d on oc
e
a
ni
c an
oma
l
i
e
s (
Ha
i
l
wo
od,
1989)
.
Ge
op
hy
s
i
ca
l
a
nd g
e
oc
he
mi
c
a
l
e
ve
n
t
s a
r
e
,
h
owe
ve
r
,
r
ep
e
t
i
t
i
ve
a
nd do no
t
a
]
l
o
w a
n un
e
qui
v
oc
a
l
de
t
e
r
mi
n
a
t
i
on o
ft
h
e a
ge
.
Th
e
y n
e
e
d
c
al
i
b
r
a
t
i
on t
h
r
ou
gh r
a
di
oi
s
o
t
op
i
c o
r bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c da
t
i
n
g.
Un
i
f
or
m-
na
t
el
y,
r
a
di
oa
c
t
i
v
e i
s
ot
op
es
a
r
e r
a
r
el
y av
a
i
l
a
bl
e wh
e
r
e ne
e
d
e
d s
o t
h
a
t
s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
phi
c r
out
i
n
e wor
k de
p
e
nds
mo
s
t
l
y on o
t
h
e
r me
t
h
o
ds
.
Bu
t
r
a
di
oi
s
ot
op
i
c da
t
i
n
gs a
r
e ve
r
y i
mpor
t
a
n
t
f
or t
h
e q
ua
nt
i
t
a
t
i
ve c
a
l
i
br
a
-
t
i
on o
f r
el
a
t
i
v
e a
ge
s
.
Bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
p
hi
c
b
oun
d
a
r
i
e
s
,
i
.
e.
t
h
e b
oun
da
r
i
e
s of t
h
e ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
ph
i
c o
cc
u
r
r
en
c
e of s
p
e
c
i
es
,
a
r
e di
a
c
hr
on
o
us (
I
SG)
.
Thi
s
f
a
c
t
ha
s
,
h
owe
ve
r
,
b
ee
n ov
e
r
s
t
a
t
e
d.
A s
p
e
c
i
e
s ex
i
s
t
s f
o
r a ini
f
t
e s
pa
n of
t
i
me a
nd i
s t
h
er
e
f
or
e c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c o
f
a c
er
t
a
i
n g
e
ol
o
gi
c i
nt
e
r
v
a
l
.
I
n
r
a
pi
dl
y ev
ol
vi
ng l
i
ne
a
ge
s
t
hi
s ma
y be l
e
s
s
t
h
an on
e mi
l
l
i
o
n y
ea
r
s
,
s
o
t
h
a
t
mos
t
b
i
o
s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
ph
i
c da
t
i
n
gs a
t
t
a
i
n a h
i
g
he
r d
e
gr
e
e of r
es
ol
ut
i
on
t
h
an t
h
e u
s
e of r
a
di
oi
s
o
t
o
pe
s
.
Th
e us
e of
f
os
s
i
l
s f
o
r c
al
i
br
a
t
i
n
g c
h
r
on
os
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
ap
hi
c
un
i
t
s
do
e
s
not
o
nl
y i
nv
ol
ve t
r
a
c
i
n
g o
f bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
phi
c bou
nd
a
r
i
e
s
.
I
t i
s i
nd
e
e
d
l
e
s
s
a ma
t
t
e
r of
c
o
r
r
el
a
t
i
on t
h
a
n o
f de
t
e
r
mi
ni
ng r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e a
ge
s wi
t
hi
n a
bi
oc
hr
ono
l
o
gi
c s
t
a
n
da
r
d of
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e.
Bi
o
c
hr
o
nol
og
y i
s t
h
e r
ec
o
n-
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
on of t
he s
u
cc
e
s
s
i
on of s
pe
c
i
es
i
n t
i
me t
h
r
ou
gh t
h
e s
ynt
he
s
i
s of
l
o
c
al
a
nd r
e
gi
on
a
l
bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
ap
hi
c da
t
a (
f
or
a r
e
c
e
nt
ov
e
r
vi
ew,
s
e
e
Re
ma
n
e
,
1
991
)
.Th
e c
h
r
on
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c r
e
l
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y of
bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
-
gr
a
p
hi
c b
ou
nd
a
r
i
e
s c
a
n t
hu
s b
e t
e
s
t
e
d by c
ompa
r
i
ng da
t
a f
r
om d
i
f
-
f
e
r
en
t
s
pe
c
i
e
s
.
I
n t
hi
s pr
o
ce
s
s
,
ma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
a
p
pr
o
a
ch
e
s (
Qua
n
t
i
t
a
-
f
i
ve St
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
ph
y)
pl
a
y a
n i
n
c
r
e
as
i
n
gl
y i
mpo
r
t
a
n
t r
ol
e (
Gr
a
ds
t
ei
n a
n
d
ot
her
s,
1985}
Guex,
1
991;M a
nn and Lane, 1
995)
.
F
os
s
i
l
s
p
e
ci
e
s de
pe
n
d o
n t
he e
nv
i
r
o
nme
n
t
a
n
d
a
r
e bi
og
eo
g
r
a
p
h-
i
c
a
l
l
y l
i
mi
t
e
d.
An a
p
pr
op
r
i
a
t
e c
ho
i
c
e o
f wi
d
e
s
p
r
e
a
d s
pe
c
i
es
ma
y
di
mi
ni
s
h bu
t
n
e
ve
r t
ot
al
l
y e
l
i
mi
n
a
t
e t
h
es
e s
h
or
t
c
omi
n
gs
.
Ra
di
oa
c
t
i
ve
i
s
ot
op
es
d
o n
ot
s
u
f
f
e
r f
r
o
m t
h
es
e g
e
og
r
a
ph
i
c
a
l
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
ns
:
bu
t
t
h
e
i
r
r
es
ol
ut
i
o
n di
mi
ni
s
h
e
s wi
t
h i
n
c
r
e
as
i
ng a
g
e.
Th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
no
n-
bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
-
gr
a
p
hi
c ma
r
k
e
r
s l
i
k
e ma
gn
e
t
i
c r
e
v
er
s
al
s a
nd s
t
a
bl
e i
s
ot
o
pe
s h
a
ve
ga
i
ne
d i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng i
mpo
r
t
a
n
c
e i
n l
on
g-
r
a
ng
e l
a
t
e
r
a
l
co
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n.
Th
e b
ou
nd
a
r
y d
ef
in
i
t
i
o
n wi
l
l
n
or
ma
l
l
y s
t
a
r
t f
r
om t
h
e i
de
nt
i
ic
f
a
-
t
i
on of a l
e
ve
l
whi
c
h c
a
n b
e c
ha
r
a
c
t
er
i
s
e
d b
y a ma
r
ke
r e
v
en
t
o
f o
pt
i
-
i
na
l
c
o
r
r
el
a
t
i
on p
o
t
e
n
t
i
al
.
Thi
s ma
r
k
e
r ev
e
nt
ma
y b
e a ma
g
ne
t
i
c
r
e
ve
r
s
al
,
s
ome ki
nd o
f ge
oc
h
e
r
n
i
c
a
l
o
r i
s
o
t
o
pi
c s
i
gn
a
l
,
or t
h
e ir
f
s
t
a
pp
e
a
r
a
nc
e or
l
a
s
t
oc
c
u
r
r
e
nc
e of a f
o
s
s
i
l
s
pe
c
i
e
s
.
Howe
ve
r
,
on
l
y t
h
e
bo
un
da
r
y p
oi
n
t
i
n t
h
e s
e
c
t
i
o
n,
t
h
e GSSP (
Cowi
e e
t
a
l
.
.
1
986
)
f
or
-
i
nal
l
y de
ine
f
s t
h
e bo
un
da
r
y.
Thi
s me
a
ns t
h
a
t
a
n oc
c
u
r
r
e
nc
e o
f
t
he p
r
i
-
ma
r
y mar
k
e
r d
oe
s n
ot
a
ut
oma
t
i
c
a
l
l
y d
et
e
r
mi
n
e t
he bo
un
da
r
y.
Ot
he
r
mar
ker
s s
houl
d t
her
ef
or
e be avai
l
abl
e near t
he cr
i
t
i
cal l
evel
, i
n or
der
t
o s
u
p
por
t
c
h
r
on
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c c
or
r
e
l
a
t
i
on i
n s
e
c
t
i
on
s ot
he
r t
ha
n t
he
GSSP.
I
f t
h
e p
r
i
ma
r
y ma
r
k
e
r i
s a f
os
s
i
l
s
pe
c
i
e
s
.
ir
f
s
t
a
pp
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
s a
r
e
ge
n
e
r
al
l
y mor
e r
e
l
i
a
bl
e t
ha
n ex
t
i
nc
t
i
o
n e
v
e
nt
s
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y i
t
t
he g
r
a
d-
ual t
ransi
t
ion bet
w een t
he m arker and i
ts ancestor can he observed.
4 The r
equi
r
ement
s f
or a GSSP
Th
e da
ng
e
r of e
t
e
r
n
al
i
s
i
ng t
h
e s
e
a
r
c
h f
or
t
he be
s
t
t
yp
e
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n h
a
s
a
l
r
ea
dy be
e
n a
d
dr
e
s
s
e
d i
n s
e
c
t
i
o
n 2
.
2.
1he s
t
r
at
ot
y
pe
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
h
oul
d c
on
t
ai
n t
he be
s
t
po
s
s
i
bl
e r
e
c
or
d of t
he r
e
l
e
v
a
nt mar
ke
r
e
v
ent
s
.
I
n t
hi
s s
e
ns
e
,
t
h
e r
e
q
ui
r
e
me
nt
s l
i
s
t
e
d be
l
ow c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
e t
h
e
i
de
a
l
s
e
c
t
i
on
.
Not
a
l
l
of t
he
m ca
n b
e f
ul
il
f
l
e
d i
n e
v
e
r
y ca
s
e
,
b
ut
t
he
f
a
c
t
t
h
a
t
al
l
GSSPs
a
r
e v
o
t
e
d b
y I
CS i
n a
c
c
o
r
da
n
c
e wi
t
h t
he pr
e
s
e
n
t
Gu
i
d
e
l
i
n
es
i
n
s
ur
e
s t
ha
t
le
f
xi
bi
l
i
t
y wi
l
l
n
ot
de
g
e
ne
r
a
t
e t
o a
r
b
i
t
r
a
r
i
n
e
s
s
.
4.
1 Geol
ogi
cal
requi
rement
s
Expo
s
ur
e ov
e
r a
n ade
quat
e t
hi
c
kne
s
s of s
e
di
men
t
s i
s on
e
r
e
qu
i
r
e
me
n
t
t
o g
ua
r
a
n
t
e
e t
h
a
t
a s
u
fi
c
i
en
t
t
i
me i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
i
s
r
e
pr
e
-
s
e
n
t
e
d b
y t
h
e s
e
c
t
i
on
,
s
o t
ha
t
t
he bo
un
da
r
y ca
n al
s
o be d
e
t
e
r
-
mi
n
e
d by i
n
t
e
r
p
ol
a
t
i
on
,
us
i
ng a
ux
i
l
i
a
r
y ma
r
k
e
r
s c
l
o
s
e t
o t
h
e
boundar
y.
Co
nt
i
nuo
us s
e
di
me
nt
a
t
i
on:
n
o g
a
ps
,
n
o c
o
nd
en
s
a
t
i
on i
n p
r
o
x-
i
mi
t
y of t
h
e b
oun
da
r
y l
e
v
el
.
The r
at
e of sedi
m ent
at
i
on s
houl
d be s
uf
i ci
ent t
hat success
i
ve
e
v
en
t
s c
a
n be e
a
s
i
l
y s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
d.
Abs
e
nc
e o
f s
y
ns
e
di
me
nt
ar
y a
nd t
e
c
t
oni
c di
s
t
ur
ba
nc
e
s
.
Abs
e
nc
e o
f me
t
amor
phi
s
m and s
t
r
ong di
a
ge
ne
t
i
c a
l
t
er
a
t
i
on
(
i
d
e
nt
i
ic
f
a
t
i
on of ma
gn
e
t
i
c an
d g
e
oc
h
er
ni
c
a
l
s
i
gn
a
l
s
)
.
4.
2 Bi
ost
r
at
i
graphi
c r
equi
r
eme
nt
s
Abunda
nc
e a
nd di
v
er
s
i
t
y of
we
l
l
-
pr
e
s
e
r
ve
d f
os
s
i
l
s t
h
r
ou
gh
ou
t
t
h
e c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
i
n
t
er
va
l
.
Di
ve
r
s
i
ie
f
d b
i
ot
a
s
wi
l
l
o
f
f
e
r t
h
e be
s
t
po
s
s
i
-
bi
l
i
t
y off
i
r
e
c
i
s
e c
or
r
e
l
a
t
i
on
s
.
Abs
e
nc
e o
f ve
r
t
i
ca
l
f
a
c
i
e
s c
ha
nge
s a
t
or
n
e
a
r t
he b
ou
nd
a
r
y.
A
c
ha
n
ge o
f l
i
t
ho-
o
r b
i
o
f
a
c
i
e
s r
e
le
f
c
t
s a c
h
a
ng
e o
f e
c
ol
og
i
c c
on
di
-
t
i
on
s whi
ch may ha
v
e c
o
nt
r
ol
l
e
d t
h
e a
p
pe
a
r
a
n
c
e of
a g
i
v
e
n
s
p
e
c
i
e
s a
t t
h
e b
ou
nd
ar
y l
e
v
el
.
A s
h
a
r
p l
i
t
ho
f
a
c
i
a
l
c
ha
ng
e ma
y
a
l
s
o c
or
r
es
po
nd t
o a hi
a
t
u
s
.
'
An obv
i
o
us b
ou
n
da
r
y s
ho
ul
d b
e
s
u
s
p
e
c
t
'
(
Cowi
e a
n
d ot
he
r
s
,
1
98
6)
.
Fa
v
our
abl
e f
a
c
i
e
s f
o
r l
ong
-
r
ang
e bi
o
s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
phi
c c
o
rr
e
l
l
a
-
t
i
ons
;
t
hi
s wi
l
l
no
r
mal
l
y c
or
r
e
s
pon
d t
o a
n o
pe
n ma
r
i
ne e
n
vi
r
on-
me
nt
wh
er
e s
pe
c
i
es
wi
t
h a wi
d
e g
e
og
r
a
phi
c r
a
ng
e wi
l
l
b
e mo
r
e
c
ommo
n t
h
a
n i
n c
oa
s
t
a
l
a
n
d c
on
t
i
ne
n
t
a
l
s
e
t
t
i
n
gs
.
Th
e l
a
t
t
e
r
should ther
efore be avoi
ded.
3.
2 The bes
t boundary l
eve
l
Wi
t
h t
h
e a
bov
e c
on
s
i
de
r
a
t
i
o
ns i
n mi
n
d,
t
h
e c
or
r
e
l
a
t
i
on po
t
e
nt
i
a
l
o
f
a
ny b
ou
nda
r
y l
e
v
el
s
h
oul
d b
e t
e
s
t
e
d t
h
r
ou
gh a d
e
t
a
i
l
e
d s
t
u
dy o
f s
e
v-
e
r
a
l
c
on
t
i
nu
ous
s
u
c
c
es
s
i
on
s c
ov
e
r
i
n
g t
h
e c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
i
nt
e
r
v
a
l
,
i
f
p
os
s
i
b
l
e
on di
f
f
er
ent cont
i
nent
s.
The mos
t sui
t
abl
e of t
hes
e s
ect
i
ons can t
hen
be s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d f
or
de
ini
f
t
i
on o
f t
he GSSP.
I
f t
wo b
ou
nd
a
r
y l
e
v
el
s o
f
e
qu
a
l
co
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n p
ot
e
nt
i
a
l
a
r
e a
v
ai
l
a
bl
e,
t
h
e be
t
t
e
r
c
a
n
di
da
t
e (
s
ee
c
ha
p
t
e
r 4)
wi
l
l
d
e
c
i
d
e t
h
e c
h
oi
c
e o
f t
he b
oun
da
r
y l
e
ve
l
.
Thi
s i
mpl
i
e
s t
h
e i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
on of da
t
a f
r
om di
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
f
a
c
i
e
s a
n
d
pa
l
e
og
e
ogr
a
p
hi
c p
r
ov
i
n
c
es
i
n a gl
o
ba
l
s
yn
t
h
es
i
s
.
The p
er
f
e
ct
GSSP,
wh
e
r
e a
l
l
e
l
e
me
n
t
s
of s
u
c
h a s
yn
t
h
e
s
i
s a
r
e we
l
l
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d,
wi
l
l
of
ten not be avai
l
abl
e.
Fl
exi
bi
l
i
t
y i
s t
her
ef
or
e necess
ar
y i
n or
der t
o
ma
ke a t
i
mel
y d
ec
i
s
i
on.
Epi
s
ode
s,
Vol
.
19,
no.
3
4.
3 O ther m ethods
M a
g
n
et
os
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
ap
h
y
,
s
e
qu
e
n
c
e s
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
ph
y
,
c
yc
l
o
s
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
p
hy
,
a
n
al
y
-
s
i
s
o
f
s
t
a
bl
e i
s
ot
op
e
s s
ho
ul
d b
e gi
ve
n du
e we
i
gh
t
i
n t
h
e s
el
e
c
t
i
on of a
GSSP.
I
f a c
h
oi
c
e ha
s
t
o b
e ma
d
e b
e
t
we
e
n c
a
n
di
da
t
e
s ha
v
i
n
g mor
e o
r
l
e
s
s t
he s
a
me bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c qua
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
t
h
e o
n
e o
f
f
e
r
i
n
g t
he be
t
t
e
r
a
p
pl
i
c
a
t
i
on
s o
f n
o
n-
b
i
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c me
t
ho
ds
s
h
o
ul
d b
e pr
e
f
e
r
r
e
d.
Radi
o
i
s
ot
o
pi
c dat
i
ng.
Wh
e
ne
v
e
r p
os
s
i
bl
e,
i
t i
s
i
mpo
r
t
a
nt
t
o a
c
hi
e
ve di
r
e
c
t
q
ua
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
ve c
a
l
i
br
a
t
i
o
n (
n
ume
r
i
c
al
a
ge
)
o
f a c
h
r
on
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c b
ou
nd
a
r
y a
t
t
h
e GSSP.
Mag
ne
t
os
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
aphy.
A r
e
p
r
odu
c
i
bl
e ma
g
ne
t
i
c r
e
v
er
s
a
l
s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hy i
s a d
es
i
r
a
b
l
e r
e
qu
i
r
eme
n
t
i
n or
d
e
r t
o kn
o
w w h
e
r
e
i
n t
h
e ma
g
ne
t
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hi
c s
e
qu
e
n
c
e t
h
e GSSP i
s l
oc
a
t
e
d. so
Che
mos
t
r
at
i
gr
aph
y.
i
n
cl
u
di
n
g t
h
e s
t
u
dy of
、
ve
r
t
i
c
a
l
c
h
a
ng
es
of
'
t
h
e p
r
op
o
r
t
i
o
ns
ol
'
s
l
a
bl
e i
s
o
t
o
pe
s
,
whi
ch ma
y b
e i
n
di
c
a
t
i
v
e o
t
gl
ob
a
l
e
v
en
t
s
.
Th
e r
e
gi
on
al
pa
l
c
og
e
ogr
a
phi
c
a
l
c
on
t
ex
t
a
n
d t
h
e f
a
c
i
e
s r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n-
s
h
i
p
s o
t t
he s
t
r
a
t
o
t
y
p
e-
s
e
c
t
i
on s
ho
ul
d b
e c
l
a
r
i
ie
f
d.
Kn
owl
e
d
ge ot
t
h
e s
e
qu
e
n
c
e s
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
ph
y wi
l
l
c
ont
r
i
b
ut
e t
o a
n U
nd
e
r
s
t
an
di
ng of
'
t
hes
e r
el
at
i
ons
2 I
f t
hi
s ob
t
a
i
ns
t
h
e s
t
a
t
u
t
or
y wor
ki
ng ma
j
or
i
t
y川t
he Wo
r
k
i
n
g
Gr
o
up.
me
mb
er
s of t
h
e r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e Su
bc
ommi
s
s
i
o
n wi
l
l
v
ot
e o
n
wh
e
t
h
e
r or
n
o
t
t
h
e c
a
n
di
da
t
e b
e a
p
pr
ov
e
d.
3 I
n t
h
e c
a
s
e ofa s
t
a
t
u
t
or
y ma
j
o
r
i
t
y be
i
ng i
n f
a
vo
ur
,
f
or
mal
s
u
b-
i
ni
s
s
i
on o
f t
h
e c
a
n
di
da
t
e t
o I
CS f
o
r a
ppr
o
va
l
.
4 Ag
a
i
n
,
i
n t
h
e ca
s
e ofa s
t
a
t
ut
or
y ma
j
or
i
t
y,
s
u
bmi
s
s
i
on of
t
h
e
GSSP or GSSA candi
dat
e t
o t
he I
UGS Execut
i
ve Commi
t
t
ee f
or
r
a
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on.
t
og
et
he
r
wi
t
h a
n a
bs
t
r
a
c
t
o
f t
h
e s
u
bmi
s
s
i
o
n,
p
r
e
- p
a
r
e
d b
y t
he r
e
s
p
ons
i
bl
e I
CS bo
dy.
I
CS s
h
oul
d a
t
t
e
mpt
t
o in
f
al
i
s
e
,
w i
t
hi
n t
h
r
e
e y
e
a
r
s a
te
f
r I
UGS
'
I
h
e GSSP s
h
ou
l
d be i
n
di
c
a
t
e
d b
y a pe
r
ma
n
en
t
l
y f
i
x
e
d i
na
r
k
e
r
.
r
a
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
,
之
m
y r
e
ma
i
n
i
n
g o
f
f
i
c
i
a
l
s
t
e
ps f
o
r t
h
e p
r
ot
e
c
t
i
on of
t
h
e s
i
t
e
Ac
c
es
s
i
bi
l
i
t
y
:
c
a
n
di
da
t
e s
e
c
t
i
ons
i
n r
emo
t
e r
e
gi
on
s wh
i
c
h c
an wi
t
h t
h
e au
t
h
or
i
t
i
es
of t
h
e c
oun
t
r
y i
n whi
c
h t
h
e GSSP i
s l
oc
a
t
e
d.
on
l
y be vi
s
i
t
ed b
y o
r
ga
n
i
s
i
n
g c
os
t
l
y e
xp
e
di
t
i
ons
s
h
oul
d n
or
ma
l
l
y
4.
4 Ot
he
r r
e
qui
r
e
me
nt
s
be excl
uded f
r
om t
he s
el
ect
i
on.
Fr
e
e a
c
c
e
s
s
f
or r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h t
o t
he t
y
pe
-
s
e
c
t
i
on f
o
r a
l
l
s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
ph
e
r
s
6 Revi
si
on of a GSSP
r
e
g
a
r
dl
es
s o
f t
h
ei
r na
t
i
on
a
l
i
t
y.
Whe
n ma
k
i
n
g a f
or
ma
l
s
ub
mi
s
s
i
on t
o I
CS,
t
he c
on
c
e
r
ne
d Su
b-
A GSS
P or GSSA c
a
n be ch
a
ng
e
d i
t
'
a s
t
r
o
ng de
ma
n
d a
r
i
s
e
s ou
t
o
f
c
o
mmi
s
s
i
on s
ho
ul
d t
r
y t
o obt
a
i
n gua
r
an
t
e
e
s i
f
-
or
n t
h
e r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
S
u
b
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
t
o
i
t
s
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
e
n
t
.
B
u
t
i
n
t
h
e
m
e
a
n
t
i
m
e
i
t
w
i
l
l
a
u
t
h
or
i
t
y c
on
c
er
n
i
n
g f
r
e
e a
c
c
es
s f
o
r r
es
e
a
r
c
h a
n
d p
e
r
ma
n
en
t l
i
v
e a s
t
abl
e po
i
n
t
o
f r
ef
er
e
n
c
e.
Nor
ma
l
l
y,
t
h
i
s
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y s
h
oul
d b
e
pr
ot
ect
i
on of t
he s
i
t
e.
,
ma
i
nt
ai
n
e
d a
nd t
h
e p
r
a
c
t
i
ca
l
v
al
u
e of
t
he bou
n
da
r
y de
ini
f
t
i
on t
e
s
t
e
d
f
or a mi
ni
mum p
er
i
o
d of t
en ye
a
r
s
.
Re
vi
s
i
ons
f
or
o
t
h
e
r r
e
a
s
ons
s
h
oul
d b
e ma
d
e o
nl
y i
n ex
c
e
pt
i
o
na
l
c
i
r
cu
ms
t
a
n
ce
s
,
s
uc
h a
s
:
5 Pr
ocedur
e f
or t
he submi
s
si
on of a GSSP
I
Th
e p
er
ma
n
e
nt
de
s
t
r
uc
t
i
on or
i
n
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y of a
n e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
hc
d
G SSP
5.
1 Edi
t
i
ng of t
he s
ubmi
s
s
i
o
n
2 a vi
ol
a
t
i
on of
a
c
c
ep
t
e
d s
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
phi
c pr
i
nc
i
p
l
es
di
s
c
ov
e
r
e
d on
l
y
Su
bmi
s
s
i
ons
mu
s
t
b
e i
n EnI
gl
i
s
h.
I
n o
r
de
r t
o p
r
ov
i
de a cl
e
a
r pi
c
t
u
r
e
o
f t
h
e qua
l
i
t
i
es
ot
t
h
e p
r
op
os
e
d GSSP c
a
nd
i
d
a
t
e
,
t
h
e f
o
r
ma
l
s
u
bmi
s
-
s
i
on t
o I
CS or t
o t
h
e c
on
c
e
r
ne
d Su
b
co
mmi
s
s
i
on s
hou
l
d gi
v
e t
h
e f
ol
-
]
o
wi
ng i
nf
o
r
ma
t
i
on
:
af
ter t
he r
at
i
icat
f
i
on of a GSSP.
7 Sel
ect
ed r
ef
er
ences
I
name of
- t
he boundar
y }
2 i
ndi
cat
i
on of t
he exact l
ocat
i
on (
coor
di
nat
es)
of t
he s
t
r
at
ot
ype-
Th
e 2
nd e
di
t
i
on oft
h
e I
SG (
Sal
v
a
dor
,
1
9
94)
c
on
t
a
i
ns
a c
or
np
r
eh
e
n-
s
i
v
e l
i
s
t
of p
ub
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
s d
e
al
i
n
g wi
t
h t
he pr
i
nc
i
pl
es
a
nd t
ec
h
ni
qu
es
of
s
ec
t
i
on on a de
t
a
i
l
e
d t
o
po
gr
a
ph
i
c n
i
a
p o
r a
er
i
al
ph
ot
og
r
a
ph,
i
f t
r
at
i
gr
apl
-
t
v.
The pr
es
ent l
i
s
t of r
efer
ences i
s t
her
ef
or
e l
i
mi
t
ed t
o
p
os
s
i
b
l
e a
t
a s
c
al
e n
o
t
l
es
s t
h
a
n I:
50.
0
00:
s
p
ap
e
r
s pr
ov
i
di
n
g f
ur
t
he
r i
nf
o
r
ma
t
i
on on t
h
e p
r
i
n
ci
p
l
e
s un
de
r
l
yi
n
g
3 l
o
c
a
t
i
on on a d
e
t
a
i
l
e
d g
e
ol
ogi
c ma
p;
t
he
s
e Gu
i
del
i
ne
s
,
a
d
di
m
I
,
s
ome t
i
t
l
es
n
o
t
me
nt
i
on
e
d i
n t
h
e I
SG.
4 d
et
a
i
l
e
d d
e
s
c
r
i
pt
i
on of
t
h
e s
t
r
at
ot
yp
e
-
s
e
c
t
i
on i
n
c
l
u
di
n
g a l
i
t
h
ol
og
a
nd ph
ot
os o
t
'
t
h
e s
e
c
t
i
on,
i
n
di
c
a
t
i
ng t
h
e b
e
d i
n whi
c
h t
h
e
Bas
s
et
t
,
M G,
1
990,
I
nt
cr
i
i
a
t
i
onal
(
’
o
ni
n
i
i
s
si
on on St
r
at
i
gr
aphy,
hi
Br
i
ggs
bo
un
da
r
y
-
po
i
n
t
i
s
de
f
i
n
e
d a
nd t
h
e k
e
y-
l
ev
e
l
s
f
or
al
l
p
hy
s
i
c
al
a
nd
D E G a
nd Cr
owt
h
er
.
P(
’
.eds.
.
Pal
e
obi
ol
ogy,
a s
ynt
hes
i
s:
Bl
ackwel
l
,
bi
os
t
r
a
ig
f
r
a
phi
c ma
r
k
e
r
s
}
pp468-469.
5 mot
i
v
a
t
i
on f
or t
h
e c
h
oi
c
e of t
h
e bou
n
da
r
y l
ev
e
l
a
n
d t
h
e s
t
r
a
t
o-
Baud,
A,
Maga
r
i
t
z,
M.
and Hol
s
er
,
W T.
1
989,
Per
mi
an-Ir
i
as
s
i
c of t
he
t
y
pe
-
s
e
c
t
i
on
,
wi
t
h a di
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n of
、
J
a
i
l
e
d c
a
n
di
da
t
e
s
an
d t
h
e
i
r I c
t
h
ys
:
Ca
r
bon i
s
ot
ope s
t
u
di
es
:
Geol
ogi
s
che Run
ds
c
hal
-
1
.
v.
7S,
pp.
649- eas
e of i
nt
er
cont
i
nent
al
cor
r
el
at
i
on:
6 a
n
y c
ompa
r
i
s
on wi
t
h f
o
r
me
r u
s
a
g
e s
h
oul
d be di
s
cu
s
s
e
d f
ul
l
y}
7 di
s
cus
si
on of al
l
mar
ker
s us
ed i
n t
he det
er
mi
nat
i
on of t
he
677
Cowi
e.
J W,
1
986,
Gui
del
i
nes f
or boundar
y s
t
r
at
ot
y
pes:
Epi
s
odes
,
v.
9,
pp.
78-82.
Cowi
e,
J W,
1
990,
Cdobal
boundar
y s
t
r
at
ot
ypes
,
i
n Br
i
ggs
,
D E G a
nd
Cr
owt
he
r
,
P C,
eds,Pal
eol
b
i
ol
o
gy.
a s
yn
t
he
si
s
:
Bl
a
ckwel
l
,
pp.
471
-48
2. Cowi
e.
J W,
1
991
, Op
eni
ng a
ddr
e
ss
:
I l
e Cong
r
es I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
de St
r
a
t
i
gr
a
-
phi
e et
d
e Gc
ol
ogi
e du Car
boni
f
e
r
e,
Bei
J
i
ng 1
987 v.
1,
pp.
1
6-20,
Nan
.
j
i
ng.
has been us
ed}
Cowi
e.
J W.
Zi
ef
ler
,
W,
Bouc
ot
,
A .
1
,
Bas
s
e
t
t
,
M G,
a
nd Remane.
J
,
1
986
1
0 r
e
s
ul
t
s
ot
al
l
v
o
t
e
s wi
t
hi
n t
h
e Wor
k
i
n
g Gr
o
up a
n
d t
h
e Su
bc
om-
Gui
del
i
nes a
nd s
t
at
ut
es of t
he I
nt
er
nat
i
ona
l
Commi
s
s
i
on on St
r
a
t
i
gr
aphy
m ission .
(
I
CS)
:
Cour
i
er I
}
ot
s
ch
l
-
i
n&s
i
ns
t
.
Sen
ckenbe
r
g,
v.
83,
pp.
I
一1
4.
No
t
e
:
Wi
t
hi
n t
he
s
e pr
o
c
e
du
r
e
s
,
onl
y i
t
ems I
,
6,
7,
9,
1
0,
a
n
d t
he
Gr
a
dst
ei
n,
F M,
Agt
cr
her
g,
F R Br
ower
,
J C,
a
nd Schwa
r
za
che
r
,
W S,
eds
mo
t
i
va
t
i
o
n f
o
r t
h
e c
ho
i
c
e o
f
'
t
h
e bo
un
da
r
y-
l
e
ve
l
a
r
e r
el
e
va
n
t
t
o t
he
1
98
5.
Qu
ant
i
t
a
t
i
ve s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
aphy:
Unes
co.
Par
i
s
,
Rei
del
,
598 pp.
es
t
abl
i
shment ol
'
a GSSA.
Guex,
J.
1
99 1
,Bi
oc
hr
onol
ogi
c
al
cor
r
el
at
i
ons:
Spr
i
nger
,
252 pp
Har
l
a
nd,
W B,
1
992.
St
r
at
i
gr
aphi
c gui
dan
ce and r
egul
at
i
on:
A cr
i
t
i
que Of
Cut
Fol
l
o
wi
ng a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
of t
h
e s
u
bmi
s
s
i
o
n wi
t
hi
n t
h
es
e Gui
de
-
r
ent
t
en
denci
es i
n s
t
i
at
i
gr
aphi
c codes a
nd gui
de
s:
Bul
l
e
t
i
n oft
he Geol
og-
l
i
ne
s
,
t
he Cha
i
r
p
er
s
on or t
h
e Se
c
r
e
t
a
r
y of I
CS wi
l
l
a
r
r
a
n
ge a v
ot
e b
y
i
cal
Soci
et
y of Amer
i
ca,
v.
1
04.
pp.
]
231
一123
5.
t
h
e f
ul
l
Commi
s
s
i
o
n wi
t
h
i
n a p
e
r
i
o
d of no mor
e t
h
an 60 da
ys
.
He
db
er
g,
H D,
ed.
,
1
976, I
nt
er
na
t
i
onal
s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
aphi
c gUi
de--
a gui
de t
o s
t
r
at
i
-
gr
a
phi
c cl
as
s
i
f
i
cat
i
on,
t
e
rmi
nol
ogy an
d pr
oc
edur
e:
New Yor
k,
John 5.
2 Vot
i
ng pr
o
c
e
dur
e
Wi
l
ey an
d Sons
,
200 pp.
Ha
i
l
woo
d,
F A,
1
989,
Ma
gn
et
os
t
r
at
i
gr
aphy:
Speci
al
Re
por
t oft
he Geol
ogi
cal
I
n a
c
c
or
da
n
c
e wi
t
h t
h
e I
CS s
t
a
t
u
t
e
s
,
a
l
l
f
or
ma
l
vo
t
i
ng mus
t
be c
on-
Soci
et
y.
no.
1
9,
8
4 pp.
d
uc
t
e
d by pos
t
,
gi
vi
ng a d
e
a
dl
i
n
e o
t
'
6
0 da
y
s f
or
t
he r
e
c
ei
p
t
of
vo
t
e
s
.
Mann,
K(
)and La
ne,
H R,
e
ds
.
,
1
995,
Gr
a
phi
c Cor
r
el
at
i
on:
SEPM Soc.
Vot
i
n
g me
mb
e
r
s (
o
f t
h
e Wor
ki
ng Gr
o
up
,
Su
b
c
ommi
s
s
i
on or f
ul
l
s
e
di
m.
Gcol
.
,
Sp
ec.
Publ
.
No.
53,
263 pp
McLar
en一D .
1
,
1
977,
The Si
h
-
i
r
i
an-De
voni
a
n Boundar
y Cor
r
i
n
ut
t
e
e-a f
i
nal
Co
mmi
s
s
i
on)
ma
y vo
t
e '
YES'
,
'
NO'
.
or '
ABSTAI
N'
.
The l
a
s
t
s
t
e
p
r
e
por
t
,
i
n Mar
t
i
ns
s
on,
A.
e
d.
,
The Si
l
ur
i
a
n-Devoni
an Boundar
y:
i
n t
h
e s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on of
a ina
f
l
ca
n
di
da
t
e f
o
r a bo
un
da
r
y l
ev
e
l
a
n
d/
or
i
t
St
ut
t
gar
t
:
I
UGS Ser
i
e
s A,
n
o.
5,
pp.
1
-34.
GSSP s
h
oul
d al
wa
ys b
e a vo
t
e on on
e s
i
ngl
e c
a
n
di
d
a
t
e (
Cowi
e et
a
l
.
-
Odi
n,
G S,
1
992,
New st
r
al
oopc
s f
or t
he Pal
eogene,
t
he Cr
et
ac
eous
/
Pal
eo-
1
986)
gen
e,
Foc
ci
r
e
/
Ol
i
gocci
i
c and Pa
l
cogene
[
Neogenc boun
da
r
i
es
:
Neue
s I
n
ou
t
l
i
n
e,
t
h
i
s
pr
o
c
e
du
r
e i
nc
l
ud
e
s t
h
e f
ol
l
owi
n
g s
t
e
ps
:
Jah
r
buch t
ui
-
Geol
ol
l
i
C Und Pal
a
ont
ogi
e Ahhandl
ungen v.
1
86,
pp.
7
-20. I
Su
c
c
e
s
s
i
v
e v
ot
i
n
g b
y me
mbe
r
s of t
h
e c
o
nc
e
r
ne
d Wor
k
i
n
g Gr
oup
Rema
ne,
J,
1
9
91
,
Fr
om bi
os
t
r
at
i
gr
aph
y t
o bi
o
chr
onol
ogy:
I
'
i
r
r
r
e cor
r
el
at
i
on
l
e
a
di
ng t
o t
he c
h
oi
c
e o
f a b
oun
da
r
y l
e
v
el
an
d t
he f
i
na
l
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n b
y I
os
s
i
l
s
:!
I
c Congr
0s I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
de St
r
at
i
gr
a
phi
e e
t de GM ogi
e do of a s
i
n
gl
e GSSP or
GSSA c
an
di
da
t
e.
Car
boni
f
er
e,
Bei
i
i
ng,、.I
.pp.
1
87
-20
0.
b
ou
n
da
r
y l
ev
e
l
:
8 i
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
i
on o
f i
mpo
r
t
a
n
t
f
os
s
i
l
s
:
9 r
es
ul
t
s
of
r
a
di
oi
s
o
t
o
pi
c da
t
i
ng
,
i
nd
i
c
a
t
i
n
g cl
e
a
r
l
y wh
a
t
me
t
h
od
Se
pt
embet
-
1996
81
Sa
l
v
ador
,
A,
e
d.
,
1
994,
I
nt
er
na
t
i
ona
l s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
phi
c gui
de
-a gui
de t
o s
t
r
at
i
-
gr
a
phi
c cl
as
s
i
icat
f
i
on, t
er
mi
nol
ogy and pr
oce
du
r
e,
2nd edi
t
i
on:
l
UGS and t
he Ge
ol
ogi
ca
l Soci
e
t
y ofA
mer
i
ca
,
21
4 pp.
Kl
aus H Gohr
ban
dt
,
or
i
gi
n
al
l
y a
Pa
l
e
o
ge
n
e s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
ph
e
r ha
s l
o
ng
e
x
pe
r
i
e
nc
e as pe
t
r
ol
e
um ge
ol
o
gi
s
t
i
n
s
e
v
e
r
al
c
o
mpani
e
s
.
He wa
s Se
c
r
e-
t
ar
y Ge
n
er
al
o
f I
CS fr
om 1
99
2 t
o
1
9
95
,
whi
l
e wor
k
i
n
g as a s
e
ni
or
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h g
eo
l
o
gi
s
t
wi
t
h Ch
ev
r
on
Overseas Petrol
eum.
Pi
r
ge
n Re
mane t
e
ac
he
s pal
e
on
t
o
l
-
og
y and s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
p扔,a
t t
he Uni
v
er
-
s
i
t
y o
f Ne
uc
hdt
e
l
.
Hi
s s
t
r
at
i
g
r
a
ph
i
c
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h i
s mai
nl
y c
on
ce
r
ne
d wi
t
h
c
al
pi
o
ne
l
l
i
d b
i
o
s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
ph
y o
f t
he
Te
t
h
y
an u
ppe
r
mos
t
Jur
as
s
i
c an
d
l
owe
r Cr
e
t
a
c
e
ou
s
,
wi
t
h万e
l
d wor
k i
n
t
he Al
ps a
nd Me
x
i
c
o
.
He was S
e
cr
e
-
t
ar
y Ge
ne
r
al
o
f t
h
e I
nt
e
r
n
at
i
o
na
l
Co
mmi
s
s
i
on o
n St
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p勺 (
I
CS)
户o
m 19
85 t
o 1
9
9
2,
a
nd h
as b
e
e
n
Ch
ai
r
man o
fI
CS s
i
n
ce 1
99
2.
摧蒸黯薰蒙鬓翼襄
臀i摹
燕薰蒸鬓
{
缨蒸
H Ri
c
ha
r
d La
ne i
s a gr
a
du
at
e o
f t
he
Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y o
f I
l
l
i
n
oi
s an
d a po
s
t
-
gr
adu
at
e o
f t
he Un
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y o
f I
owa
.
For mo
s
t
o
f h
i
s c
ar
ee
r he ha
s b
e
e
n a
pal
ae
on
t
ol
ogi
s
t
/
s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
ph
er wi
t
h
Amoco, at t
he Resear
ch Cent
er i
n
Tul
sa, Okl
ahoma,
and wi
t
h t
he
Wor
l
dwi
de Ex
pl
or
at
i
on Bus
i
ne
s
s
an
d Ex
pl
or
at
i
o
n a
nd Pr
odu
c
t
i
on
Te
c
hno
l
og
y Gr
ou
ps i
n Hou
s
t
o
n,
T
e
x
as
.
Cur
r
e
nt
l
y,
he i
s t
he Di
r
e
c
t
o
r
o
f t
h
e Bi
o
s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
phi
c Su
p
por
t
a
nd
Devel
opment Sect
i
on.
Mi
c
hae
l
G Bas
s
e
t
t
i
s Ke
e
pe
r o
f
Ge
ol
og
y at
t
he Nat
i
o
n
al
Mus
e
um o
f
Ol
a
f Mi
c
he
l
s
e
n ha
s l
o
ng e
x
pe
r
i
e
nc
e
Wal
es,
UK.
Hi
s r
es
ear
ch i
nt
er
est
s
wor
k i
n t
he Dani
s
h Geo
l
ogi
c
al
Sur
v
e
y
.
S
i
n
c
e 1
9
89
,
he h
as t
au
gh
t
s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
ph
y a
s a pr
o
fe
s
s
o
r at
t
he
Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y o
fA
ar
hu
s
,
wi
t
h a s
pe
c
i
a
l
a
r
e mai
nl
y i
n Ca
mbr
i
a
n-
Si
l
ur
i
a
n
bi
os
t
r
at
i
gr
a
phy,
j
ac
t
e
s e
v
ol
u
t
i
on
a
nd br
ac
hi
o
pod p勺l
o
ge
n
y
,
e
s
pe
-
c
i
al
l
y i
n t
h
e UK an
d Ba
l
t
os
c
ana
di
a.
He i
s a pas
t
Se
cr
e
t
a
r
y Ge
ne
r
al
an
d
Fi
r
s
t
Vi
c
e Cha
i
r
ma
n o
f t
he I
nt
e
r
n
a-
t
i
o
nal
Co
mmi
s
s
s
i
o
n on St
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p妙
a
nd r
e
c
en
t
l
y r
e
t
i
r
e
d as Ch
ai
r
man o
f
t
he Ge
ol
o
gi
c
al
So
c
i
e
t
y o
f Lon
do
n,
Co
mmi
s
s
i
o
n o
n St
r
at
i
gr
aph
y
.
John W Cowi
e i
s a r
e
t
i
r
e
dpr
o
f
e
s
s
or
o
f t
he Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y o
f Br
i
s
t
o
l
,
UK.
He
i
s mai
nl
y a Ca
mbr
i
a
n s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
ph
er
and has done much work on t
he Pr
e-
c
ambr
i
an
-Cambr
i
an boun
dar
y.
He wa
s Cha
i
r
ma
n o
f t
he Pr
e
c
am-
b
r
i
an
-Ca
mbr
i
a
n Bo
un
da
r
y Wor
k
i
n
g
Gr
ou
p o
f I
CS f
or s
ev
e
r
al
y
e
ar
s
.
Fr
om 1984 t
o 1992 he was Chai
r
-
man o
f I
CS a
nd s
i
nc
e t
h
e
n
,
h
as
a
ct
i
v
e
l
yp
a
r
t
i
c
i
pat
e
d i
n t
h
e ac
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
o
fI
CS Bu
r
e
a
u.
Eni
sodes. Vol. 19. no. 3
i
n Me
s
o
z
o
i
c s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
ph
y
,
fr
o
m hi
s
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
i
n s
e
q
ue
n
c
e s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
ph
y o
f
t
he Ce
noz
oi
c success
i
on i
n t
he Nort
h
Se
a.
He was Se
cr
et
ar
y o
f t
he
Ju
r
a
s
s
i
c Su
bc
o
mmi
s
s
i
o
n o
f I
CS f
o
r
t
e
n y
e
ar
s a
nd
,
s
i
n
c
e 19
95
,
ha
s b
e
e
n
Se
c
r
e
t
ar
y Ge
ne
r
al
o
fI
CS.
Wang Nai
we
n i
s a Me
s
o
z
oi
c s
t
r
a
t
i
g-
r
a
phe
r wor
k
i
ng wi
t
h o
t
h
e
r
s i
n Ti
b
e
t
.
He i
s a pr
o
f
e
s
s
or o
f t
he Ge
ol
og
i
c
a
l
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e o
ft
h
e Chi
n
e
s
e Ac
ad
e
myf
or
Ge
ol
ogi
c
al
Sc
i
e
nc
e
s i
n Be
i
j
i
ng,
Chi
na.
He was Second Vi
ce-
Chai
r
-
man o
fI
CSfr
o
m 1
9
92 t
o 19
96
.