Respiration
TOPIC 11
I. Respiration
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A. basic process - includes all the process that
convert food to energy (ATP) - if oxygen is
used it is aerobic and if no oxygen is used it is
anaerobic
B. gas exchange - respiratory systems allow
oxygen to be absorbed and carbon dioxide to
be released
C. respiration occurs in the mitochondria in
both plants and animals
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D. Respiratory surfaces must be:
1. moist
 2. in contact with a source of oxygen
 3. in contact with a method of transport
 4. one cell thick
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II. Adaptations in Animals
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A. Animals and Protozoans
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1. protozoans - gases diffuse through the
moist cell membrane – ameba and
paramecium
Ameba
Paramecium
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2. Hydra - diffusion through cell membrane
Hydra
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3. Earthworm - diffusion through skin
Anatomy of the Earthworm
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4. Grasshopper - spiracles (openings) allow
gas to enter into the tracheal tubes
Anatomy of the Grasshopper
III. Human Respiration
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A. cellular respiration - process by which
energy (ATP) is released from food in
the cells
 B. human respiratory system
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1. Function - to exchange gases between
the blood and the external environment
Anatomy of the Human
Anatomy of Human
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C. structure and function
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1. Nose - air is filtered (cilia), warmed and
moistened
2. Pharynx - passageway for air as it passes to the
trachea
3. Larynx - contains vocal cords for speech
4. Trachea - connects the pharynx with the bronchi
- have cilia – have cartilage rings
5. Bronchi - connect trachea with bronchioles
6. Bronchioles - connect the bronchi with
alveoli
 7. Alveoli - functional units for respiration oxygen diffuses over alveoli into the
surrounding capillaries - carbon dioxide
diffuses into the alveoli to be released back
into the atmosphere
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D. details of human respiration
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1. Breathing - movements of the rib cage
and diaphragm(muscle) change the
pressure in the chest cavity - inhalation and
exhalation
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E. malfunctions of the respiratory system
1. Bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchial
tubes
 2. Asthma - allergic reaction - contraction of
bronchioles
 3. Emphysema - walls of alveoli break down
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