This chapter covers the origins and early history of three of the Western world’s
prominent religious groups that formed in the Near East: Jewish, Christian and
Byzantine. The text focuses on the development of these groups and how they
expressed their faith through art and architecture.
NOTE: Be prepared for some
REVIEW QUESTIONS on the Chapter Test.
TOPIC:
ALL OF TERMINOLOGY LIST 3
We will be studying Islamic Art as our next topic. Feel free to scan the pages in that
section and take some notes in order to get a head start.
TERMS:
Allah (218), cherubim (219), catacomb (219), synagogue (220), narthex (222 and 228),
Trinity (222), diocese (222), bishop (222), parish (222), cathedral (222), liturgy (222),
Eucharist/Holy Communion/Mass (222), syncretism (222), orant figure (222), lunette
(223), cubicula (224), tufa (224), transept (227), spolia (227), spandrel (227), chalice
(227), paten (227), ambulatory (228), longitudinal-plan (228), aisle (228), central-plan
(228), putti (229), oratory (232), cruciform (232), conch (234), naos (236), pendentive
(236), squinch (236), icon (237), martyrium (237), pilgrimage church (239), relic (239),
scriptoria (242), scribe (242), manuscripts (242), diptych (“dip-tick”) (242), parchment
(243), vellum (243), codex (243), iconostasis (245), iconoclasm (245-246), Pantokrator
(249), Golgotha (251), doge (251), triptych (“trip-tick”) (252), intercede (252), psalter
(“salt-ur”) (253)
Mandorla:
Round or almond-shaped halo around a holy figure (seen in Anastasis, page 256)
CONCEPTS TO KNOW:
Map Identification for READING QUIZ 24 (219):
Regions:
Waterways:
Cities:
Landmarks:
Canaan, Palestine, Syria
Red Sea, Dead Sea, Black Sea
Jerusalem, Nazareth, Constantinople, Ravenna, Kiev
Mount Sinai
DIAGRAMS:
Know the basic symbols of Christianity (look in PowerPoint, slide #35).
(animal symbols of four evangelists, Chi Rho, Latin Cross, Greek Cross, Saint Peter’s Cross)
Know the difference between the PLAN of a Longitudinal-Plan church and a Central-Plan church (228).
(transept, nave, apse, aisle, atrium, narthex, ambulatory)
Know the pendentive and squinch diagram and be able to label all parts (236).
Recognize the four multiple-dome church plans (look in PowerPoint, slide #301).
CONCEPTS TO KNOW:
Know the similarities/differences between the three major religions that arose in the Near East (218)
Know the significance of Moses, Canaan, Mount Sinai and the Ark of the Covenant (218)
Know the role of Saint Jerome within Christian history (222)
Know the difference between narrative images and iconic images within Christian art (224)
Constantine signed the Edict of Milan in 313. Know how this affected Christian art & architecture (226)
Know the three cycles of Christ’s life (231)
Know about Justinian I (ruled 527-565) and the affect he had on Early Byzantine culture and art (233)
Understand the historical significance of Hagia Sophia and the characteristics of this structure (234-37)
Understand why iconoclasm was adopted as imperial policy during the reign of Leo III (246)
Know the conventions of Middle Byzantine church architecture and provide an example (247)
Know the conventions of Byzantine figure painting (259)
LECTURE SLIDES:
TITLE
TIME PERIOD
YEAR
Map of The Late Roman and Byzantine World
Line Art
David Battling Goliath*
Early Byzantine
629-630
David Plate (from Cyprus, found in 1902)
Early Byzantine
629-630
Menorahs and the Ark of the Covenant
Jewish
3rd century
Second Jewish Temple, Jerusalem (“Dome of the Rock”) Early Islamic
692
Spoils from Temple of Solomon, Arch of Titus
Early Empire
81
Wall with Torah Niche*, Syria
Jewish
244-245
The Crossing of the Red Sea, Syria
Jewish
244-245
Excerpt from Exodus 20:4-6
Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament)
The Finding of Baby Moses, Syria
Jewish
244-245
Mosaic Floor of the Beth Alpha Synagogue*, Israel Jewish
6th century
Synagogue Floor, Maon
Jewish
530
Model of Walls and Baptismal Font, Syria,
Early Christian
before 256
Good Shepherd with Adam/Eve after Fall (lunette), Syria,
Early Christian
before 256
Cubiculum of Leonis, Catacomb of Commodilla
Early Christian
4th century
Catacomb of SS. Peter and Marcellinus, Rome
Early Christian
3rd-4th century
Map of the Roman catacombs
Imagery of Roman catacombs
Christian Symbols
Line Art (Early Christian)
Saint Jerome Writing (Michelangelo Caravaggio)
Baroque
1606
The Good Shepherd*
Early Christian
3rd century
Longitudinal-Plan and Central-Plan churches
Line Art (Early Christian)
Reconstruction of Old St. Peter’s Basilica*, Rome
Early Christian
320-327
Plan of Old Saint Peter’s Basilica, Rome
Early Christian
320-327
Old Saint Peter’s (Jacopo Grimaldi)
Copy of an earlier drawing
1619
Painting of Old Saint Peter’s, Rome
16th century
Restored Perspective view of the Central Hall, Basilica Ulpia, Rome
112
Tholos, Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi
Late Classical (Greek)
380-370 BCE
Church of Santa Sabina, Rome (exterior)*
Early Christian
422-432
Church of Santa Sabina, Rome (interior)*
Early Christian
422-432
The Ascent of Elijah, Church of Santa Sabina, Rome Early Christian
422-432
Plan & Section of Church of Santa Costanza*, Rome Line Art (Early Christian)
350
Church of Santa Costanza, Rome (exterior)*
Early Christian
350
Sarcophagus of Constantina, Rome
Early Christian
350
Church of Santa Costanza, Rome (interior)*
Early Christian
350
Harvesting of Grapes, Santa Costanza*, Rome
Early Christian
350
Audience Hall of Constantine Chlorus (Basilica)
Late Empire Roman
4th century
Basilica of St. John Lateran (Constantine)
Early Christian
320
Oratory of Galla Placidia, Ravenna* (exterior)
Early Christian
425-426
Oratory of Galla Placidia, Ravenna* (interior)
Early Christian
425-426
Good Shepherd, Galla Placidia, Ravenna* (interior) Early Christian
425-426
Baptism of Christ, Oratory of Galla Placidia
Early Christian
425-426
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus*, Vatican
Early Christian
359
INCARNATION & CHILDHOOD:
THE LIFE OF JESUS (231):
The Annunciation
Philippe de Champaigne
1644
The Visitation
Jacques Daret
1435
The Nativity
Domenico Ghirlandaio
1492
Adoration of the Shepherds
Gerrit Van Honthorst
1622
Adoration of the Magi
Peter Paul Rubens
1619
Presentation in the Temple
Sebastien Bourdon
1650
Massacre of the Innocents
Peter Paul Rubens
1637
Flight into Egypt
Matthias Storm
1650
Jesus Among the Doctors
Ambrosius Francken
1587
Practice images “NAME THAT CYCLE”
JESUS’ MINISTRY:
THE LIFE OF JESUS (231):
The Baptism of Christ
Fra Angelico
1425
Marriage at Cana
Giotto Di Bondone
1306
Jesus Heals the Lame in the Temple
James Jacques Tissot
1896
Jesus Cleansing the Temple
Gustave Dore
1832-1883
Christ and the Samaritan Woman at Well
Henryk Siemiradzki
1886
The Miraculous Draft of Fishes
Konrad Witz
1444
Jesus Walking on Water
Giovanni Lanfranco
1628
The Calling of Saint Matthew
Michelangelo Caravaggio
1600
Raising of Lazarus
Rembrandt van Rijn
1630
Jesus in the House of Mary and Martha
Jan Vermeer
1675
The Transfiguration of Christ
Gerard David
1450-1523
The Tribute Money
John Singleton Copley
1782
Delivery of the Keys to Saint Peter
Pietro Perugino
1471
Practice images “NAME THAT CYCLE”
JESUS’ PASSION, DEATH AND RESURRECTION:
THE LIFE OF JESUS (231):
Jesus Enters Jerusalem on an Ass
Hippolyte
1842
The Last Supper
Leonardo da Vinci
1498
The Last Supper
Jacopo Tintoretto
1595
Jesus Washing the Apostles’ Feet
Ford Madox Brown
1821-1893
The Agony in the Garden
Sandro Botticelli
1500
The Betrayal
Giotto Di Bondone
1306
Arrest Under the Cover of Darkness
Hans Holbein the Younger
1525
The Denial of Peter
Gerrit van Hontrorst
1624
Interrogation by Pilate
Jacopo Tintoretto
1657
"Behold the Man" Christ Before Pilate
Antonio Ciseri
1880
The Flagellation of our Lord Jesus Christ
William-Adolphe Bouguereau
1880
Crown of Thorns
Peter Paul Rubens
1612
Christ Falls on the Way to Calvary
Raphael
1516
The Calvary of Christ
Pieter Brueghel the Younger
1607
Crucifixion
Rembrandt van Rijn
1633
Deposition
Rogier van der Weyden
1435–38
The Lamentation
Giotto Di Bondone
1306
Pieta
Michelangelo
1500
The Entombment
Peter Paul Rubens
1612
The Descent of Christ into Limbo
Bronzino
1552
Jesus Before Caiaphas
The Resurrection
Giovanni Bellini
1475-79
Resurrection and Women at the Tomb
Fra Angelico
1441
The Holy Women at the Sepulcher
Annibale Carracci
Late 16th century
Noli Me Tangere
Alonso Cano
1601
The Doubting of Thomas
Michelangelo Caravaggio
1603
Supper at Emmaus
Jacopo Pontormo
1525
The Ascension of Jesus
Garafolo
1520
Land Walls of Constantinople
Pre-Byzantine
began 412
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (exterior)*
Early Byzantine
532-537
Plan of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul*
Line Art (Early Byzantine)
532-537
Section of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul*
Line Art (Early Byzantine)
532-537
Isometric Drawing of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul*
Line Art (Early Byzantine)
532-537
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (interior)*
Early Byzantine
532-537
Practice images “NAME THAT CYCLE”
Elements of Architecture: Pendentives &squinches Line Art
Plan and cutaway drawing, Church of San Vitale*, Ravenna
Line Art (Early Byzantine)
520-547
Church of San Vitale, Ravenna (exterior)*
Early Byzantine
520-547
Church of San Vitale, Ravenna (interior)*
Early Byzantine
520-547
Christ Enthroned, Flanked by Angels, St. Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius, San Vitale* 520-547
Emperor Justinian and his Attendants, San Vitale* Early Byzantine
520-547
Theodora and Attendants, San Vitale**
Early Byzantine
547
Justinian as World Conqueror (Barberini Ivory)
Early Byzantine
550
Transfiguration of Christ, Church of Sant’Apollinare*
Early Byzantine
549
Sant’Apollinare, Classe (exterior)*
Early Byzantine
549
Sant’Apollinare, Classe (interior)*
Early Byzantine
549
Archangel Michael
Early Byzantine
early 6th century
COMPARE TO: Priestess of Bacchus(?), diptych
Roman
390-401
Rebecca at the Well, Vienna Genesis*
Early Byzantine
early 6th century
The Crucifixion and Resurrection, Rabbula Gospels Early Byzantine
586
The Ascension, Rabbula Gospels
Early Byzantine
586
David Battling Goliath
Early Byzantine
629-630
Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels
Early Byzantine
6th century
Crucifixion and Iconoclasts, Chludov Psalter*
Early Byzantine
Muiltiple-Dome Church plans
Line Art
9th century
Cathedral of Saint Basil, Moscow (EXPANDED QUINCUNX IS NOT IN TEXTBOOK) 1555-1561
Monastery Churches at Hosios Loukas, Greece (exterior) Middle Byzantine
11th century
Monastery Churches at Hosios Loukas, Greece (interior) Middle Byzantine
11th century
Monastery Churches at Hosios Loukas, Greece (plan)
Middle Byzantine
11th century
Cathedral of Santa Sophia, Kiev (interior)*
Middle Byzantine
1037-1046
Cathedral of Santa Sophia, Kiev (exterior)
Middle Byzantine
1037-1046
Christ Pantokrator, Church of Dormition, Daphni* Middle Byzantine
11th century
Christ as Pantokrator (Ruler of the Universe)
Ceiling mosaic at Saint Paul’s Cathedral, Rome
Crucifixion, Church of Dormition, Daphni*
Middle Byzantine
11th century
Cathedral of Saint Mark, Venice (interior)*
Middle Byzantine
1063
Cathedral of Saint Mark, Venice (plan)*
Middle Byzantine
1063
Cathedral of Saint Mark, Venice (exterior)*
Middle Byzantine
1063
Procession of Relic of True Cross before Church of Saint Mark, Giovanni Bellini
1496
Cathedral of Saint Mark, 1:100 scale model
Attilio Savoia
1893-1975
Virgin of Vladimir**
Middle Byzantine
1100
Palatine Chapel (Chamber of King Roger)
Middle Byzantine
12th century
Harbaville Triptych (from front, open)*
Middle Byzantine
11th century
Harbaville Triptych (from behind, open)
Middle Byzantine
11th century
David the Psalmist, Paris Psalter
Middle Byzantine
10th century
Church of Monastery of Christ in Chora (plan)
Late Byzantine
1310-1321
Church of Monastery of Christ in Chora (exterior)
Late Byzantine
1310-1321
Church of Monastery of Christ in Chora (interior)
Late Byzantine
1310-1321
Church of Monastery of Christ in Chora, Infant Virgin Mary Caressed by her Parents (Joachim and Anna)
Late Byzantine
1310-1321
Church of Monastery of Christ in Chora, Anastasis* Late Byzantine
1310-1321
Old Testament Trinity (3 Angels Visiting Abraham) Late Byzantine
1410-1425
Church of Monastery of Christ in Chora, Funerary Chapel
*Possibly a slide-identification question. Know the title and time period.
**Know the title, time period and YEAR.