ECO-TOURISM:-AN OPPORTUNITY
FOR CONSERVATION AND LIVELIHOODS
V.KARUNAPRIYA,IFS,
CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS,
VILLUPURAM.
ABSTRACT
ECO Tourism stresses on significance of conservation and welfare activities along
with recreation. Many tourists assume that merely travelling to natural areas is eco
tourism. But the true meaning of eco tourism is uniting conservation, communities
and sustainable travel. A walk through the rainforest in not eco tourism unless that
particular walk somehow benefits that environment and the people who live there.
A rafting trip is only eco tourism if it raises awareness and funds to help protect the
watershed. True eco tourism is achieved when the answer to the question “ Is my
trip helping in conserving and improving the place of visit ” is a YES.Ecotourism
is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine and relatively undisturbed
natural areas ,intended as a low impact and often small scale alternative to standard
commercial tourism. Its purpose may be to generate funds for conservation of
environment,
to provide environmental education
to the traveller to enable
economic empowerment of the local dependent communities and to foster respect
for various cultures.
1
The Government of Tamilnadu is taking several initiatives to improve Ecotourism
in the state. This article is about introducing ecotourism in Pichavaram mangrove
forests which from my own perspective has tremendous potential of conserving
and protecting one of the most fragile and productive ecosystems by involving the
local communities dependent on the mangrove forests in planning and
implementation, leading to improvement in the quality of their life. It is the
growing realisation on the part of officials that only happy communities around
the pichavaram mangrove forests will contribute to the conservation of the fragile
ecosystem which led to conceptualisation of ecotourism as an effective tool to
bring about conservation and sustained development
Keywords
ecosystem,livelihoods,economics,Localcommunities,environment,conservation
sustained development.
INTRODUCTION
The term Ecotourism was coined in 1983 by “Hector Ceballos-Lascurian” a
Mexican environmentalist, and was initially used to describe nature-based travel
to relatively undisturbed areas with an emphasis on education. The concept has,
however, developed into a scientific approach for planning, management and
development of sustainable tourism products and activities.
Ecotourism is defined as “ responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the
environment and improves the wellbeing of local people.” (TIES, 1990) Economic
benefits must accrue to local communities through participation and management
for ecotourism to result in conservation. Ecotourism has evolved to combat the
negative impact and effects of tourism and protect the remaining pristine and
2
natural areas from its ill effects by providing the long awaited solution to integrate
conservation of natural environment and providing oppurtunities to improve
livelihood of local dependent communities.
Ecotourism is increasingly gaining acceptance all over the world today with the
emergence of the highly motivated, introspective, value conscious traveller in
quest of educative value packed , adventure filled holidays.
Eco Tourism encompasses an array of subjects like wildlife, heritage, ecosystems, environment and adventure packed with learning experience and is
dependent on highly nature sensitive and environment conscious tourists with
high willingness to pay. Thus, eco tourism is perceived as high value, low volume (
as far as numbers are concerned) venture. Eco tourism must address the quality of
tourists rather than the quantity. The biggest challenge lies in integrating
conservation, community benefits and economic development which entails
careful planning, execution, monitoring and regulations.
Ecotourism is all about integrating conservation, communities and sustainable
travel. This means that those who implement and participate in ecotourism
activities should follow the following ecotourism principles:

Minimize impact on natural environment

Build respect for environment and local and culture

Provide positive experiences and education for both visitors and hosts.

Provide direct financial benefits for conservation.

Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people.

Raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social
climate.
Ecotourism focuses on socially responsible travel, enhanced awareness,
education and environmental sustainability. Ecotourism typically is travel to
3
destinations where flora, fauna and cultural heritage are the primary attractions.
Ecotourism is intended to offer tourists an insight into the wilderness and direct
experience of natural environments and to foster a greater appreciation of our
natural habitats. By recognizing the importance of protecting and conserving
biodiversity, ecotourism is enhancing appreciation for natural resources and
leading to better conservation practices by people.Ecotourism must be properly
regulated and implemented to protect against the negative environmental effects
that can be the fallout of setting up of tourist facilities and concentration of
floating populations around fragile ecosystems.
Ecotourism , if properly
implemented can benefit both the environment and local economic development.
Responsible ecotourism programmes must encompass programmes that
minimize the negative impacts of conventional tourism on the environment and
ameliorate the cultural and financial condition of local communities. Therefore,
in addition to mitigating the undue stress on environment, ecosystems and
culture, an integral part of eco tourism is the promotion of recycling, energy
efficiency, water conservation and creation of economic opportunities for local
communities. Hence Ecotourism aims at promoting environmental and social
responsibility.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Mainstream tourism is geared towards tourist satisfaction whereas eco tourism
focuses on the conservation (of nature and culture) and livelihoods (economic and
educational benefits) as essential constituents. While it is obvious that tourism
should at least be harmless to nature and society, eco tourism needs to be proactive towards:
4
1. Nature Based Activities: Nature based activities such as nature camps, home
stays, trekking, river cruise, nature walks and adventure camps enlighten tourists
on the essentialities of responsible travel and contribute to the economic growth of
the local community.
2. Eco-Culture Sustainability: Although it is best to keep mass tourism away
from local communities to retain their cultural uniqueness, a balance could be
struck between tourists inflow and retaining local culture. This can be achieved by
careful planning and implementation. Strategies should be developed such that
there is no foreign influence on the native culture.
3. Conservation Education: (for tour operator and the tourist) as a major
component, it is essential to educate tourists and tour operators on their role in
conservation of the environment and the consequences of their actions. Various
communication strategies should be adopted to communicate the same.
Conservation education must promote a sense of responsibility among all
stakeholders in the ecotourism venture.
4. Significant involvement of local communities and benefits to local people:
Local Community plays a vital role in organizing eco tourism activities and
conservation of environment. They serve as tour guides, local staff, security
personnel, entrepreneurs of handicrafts, culinary traditions, agricultural produce
and as hosts. This in turn will help them social economically. The purpose of eco
tourism would be defeated if the local community is not involved and benefited
from its activities.
Ecotourism can be considered as a management tool for the following reasons:
5
1) Regular tourism exerts stress on the biodiversity. Ecotourism is one of the
stategies for reversing the threats that exist to the ecosystem by increasing
staff, putting in place monitoring systems, and introducing and enhancing
environmental education to minimise visitor impact on natural environment.
2)
Ecotourism as a strategy can improve the relationship between forest
department
& local communities which was always under strain and it will
involve developing trust between different stakeholders with different perspectives
and orientations.
3) Local communities are potential candidates for tourism jobs as they know the
local environment well,the treasure of biodiversity that the area harbours, its
history and how it has evolved over the years. Local communities are source of
first hand information of the area, natural environment and how it has evolved over
the years.
The key players are Government, Developers/ operators & suppliers, visitors, host
community, NGOs & Research Institutions. Ecotourism
must have a clear
conservation bias. The cardinal principles of ecotourism must be to involve local
communitiesat all stages of planning and implementation, balancing the conflicts
between livelihoods and tourism, environmental and social-cultural carrying
capacities. Planning in infrastructure development and a detailed benefit cost
analysis prior to implementation are important
activities which must be
undertaken prior to implementation of this activity. Standards for tourists,
continuous monitoring and codes of conduct for visitors must be clearly spelt out.
The way to go ahead is to develop these guidelines into action plans, incorporating
the missing components, institutional support, monitoring criteria, incentives and
regulations.
6
Tamil Nadu, a beautiful State in the Southern Indian peninsula has a spectrum of
social landscapes, pristine forests & wildlife reserves and rich cultural heritage.
Tamilnadu is a tourism destination that focuses on sustainable and eco-friendly
tourism. A combination of sun kissed beaches, tropical climate, serene hill resorts,
friendly people and ancient culture make Tamil Nadu and ideal holiday
destination. Nestled between the western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats Tamil Nadu
has a coastline of about 1076 kilometers which is the third longest in the country.
Pichavaram is situated in the southeast coast of India in the Tamil Nadu State. It is
located at about 225 km south of Chennai and 5 km north east of Chidambaram,
in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, between lat 11°2' north and longitudes 79°45'
to 79°55' east is a tourism It is an estuarine mangrove situated at the confluence
of Uppanar, a tributary of the Coleroon River. Fishing villages, croplands, and
Aquaculture ponds surround the area. The Pichavaram mangrove wetland has 51
islets and the total area of the vellar-Pichavaram-Coleroon estuarine complex is
2335.5 ha. Of this, the mangrove wetland occupies only 1100 ha., comprising the
entire mangrove vegetation located in the middle portion of the VellarPichavaram-Coleroon wetland which has been declared on 15th December 1987 as
a reserved forest by the Department of Forest, Government of Tamil Nadu.
Pichavaram mangrove ecosystem attracts a number of true migratory and local
migratory birds. Favourable season for the visit of birds is from September to April
every year and the peak population could be observed between November and
January. Shallow water area with high density of macrobenthos serve as excellent
feeding grounds for the birds. Macrobenthos form staple diet for shore birds.
Common occurrence of piscivorous birds (members of Ardeidae and Laridae) is
due to occurrence of many species of fishes in plenty which form their diet. In the
7
food web, egrets, herons, storks, gulls, terns and raptors hold top position owing to
their habit of feeding on fishes. As many as 200 species of birds are reported from
this mangrove forests
About 147 species of fishes are recorded from the Pichavaram area. Of this, 74
species are marine forms and 64 species are brackish water forms. Total catch of
fish is around 245 tonnes/year. Mullets are the dominant fishes captured.
Metapenaeus monoceros, M. dobsoni, Penaeus indicus and P. monodon are the
dominant species among shrimps. Crafts such as catamaran and dugout canoes and
gears such as small seine net, push net, scoop net, cast net, crab traps, etc, are used
for fishing.
The Pichavaram mangrove wetland is a highly productive ecosystem. Annually
about 245 tons of fishery produce is harvested from this mangrove wetland, of
which prawns alone constitute 208 tons (85%) of the catch). The people belonging
to 17 hamlets of five revenue villages utilise the fishery and forestry resources of
the Pichavaram mangrove wetlands. A total number of 1,900 fishers are annually
dependent on the fishery resources for their livelihood; some 1,000 fishers fish
seasonally in the mangrove waters. Some 1000 to 1500 cattle graze the mangrove
wetlands. About 13 species of mangroves are found of which Avicennia marina
and Rhizophora species are predominant. Pitchavaram mangrove forests also
harbour 73 sps of other plants, 52 spss of bacteria, 23 sps 0f fungi, 82 sps of
phytoplankton, 22 sps of seaweeds, 3 sps of seagrass, 95sps of zooplankton, 40sps
of meibenthos, 52sps of macrobenthos.
Tsunami waves, triggered by an earthquake in the sea near Sumatra, struck the
Southern and eastern coastal areas of india in Dec 2004. Walls of water as high as
10m ingressed upto 3km inland, and caused extensive damage in coastal districts
8
of Tamilnadu. In the villages of Pichavaram region namely T.S.Pettai, Killai
Fisher Colony, Kalainagar Nagar which are under direct physical coverage of
mangrove wetland and about 500m away from mangrove forests were protected
from the ravage wreaked by Tsunami. The huge wall of waters created by Tsunami
was distributed into lagoon, creeks and canals in the mangrove forests reducing
the amount of water finally reaching the shores of villages.Pichavaram mangroves
played a very important role in minimising the devastating effects of Tsunami by
acting as a bioshield. The mangroveforests of Pichavaram acted as speed breakers
against the natural catastrophes like tsunami, cyclones, storms etc. Mangroves are
efficient in carbon sequestration,and hence they reduce the negative effects of
climate change by increasing the absorption of cabon emissions.Mangrove forests
release a lot of nutrients there by acting as good breeding ground of fish.Thus the
communities must be educated on the various benefits that accrue from Mangrove
forests which are pivotal for their very sustenance and programmes must be
designed in such a way by making the communities pivotal in the planning and
implementation of programmes which reduces the unsustainable use of mangroves
by providing alternate livelihood options which improves their standard of living
and at the same time protecting and conserving the highly productive mangrove
ecosystems.
The ariel extent of mangroves has changed in Pichavaram due to continued
anthropogenic pressures and unsustainable practices like aqua culture, grazing of
cattle, use of mangroves as firewood by local dependent communities.. The
continuous and unsustainable exploitation of fish and wetlands has led to a vicious
circle of reduction in fish catch severely impacting the economic condition of the
local community and increasing their direct dependence on the mangrove forests
9
which in turn has led to degradation of the mangrove forests and the productivity
of the ecosystem.
Pichavaram is a tourism destination that focuses on sustainable and eco-friendly
development of tourism. A treasuretrove of biodiversity and unparalled natural
attractions make Pichavaram a unique ecotourism hotspot, of which the people are
largely unaware.Ecotourism is one of the strategies that can protect and conserve
the mangrove forests and at the same time impact and improve the livelihoods of
the local communities. To enable ecotourism to gain momentum in Pichavaram, ,
an array of activities
need to be developed with the active support and
involvement of the local community. Activities that will let the traveller discover
an entirely satisfying and enriching experience - all while respecting the nature,
environment and the community. The promotion of Pichavaram mangroves as a
potential ecotourism site should focus on the high intangible ecological services
in addition to the tangible benefits which accrue, which to the extent possible,
should be translated into a tangible monetary value to make the public, officials,
planners as well as tourists aware and appreciate the importance of conserving and
protecting the fragile mangroves ecosystems
Ecotourism may play a crucial role the way local communities benefit from
mangrove ecosystem. The underlying cause of the indiscriminate, unsustainable
use of natural resources is poverty. The dependent communities need to eke out a
living to survive by adopting alternate livelihood practices to give a go by to the
previously followed unsustainable practices exerting stress on the limited natural
resources..
Ecotourism should address the local people’s needs. Conservation activities
through ecotourism should deliver long-term economic benefits to the local
10
communities . Ecotourism has the potential to offer solution to the ills plaguing
the pitchavaram mangrove ecosystem by focussing on conservation and strengthning the livelihoods of local communities.
.
Community or peoples participation is pivotal
to
the
development
of
ecotourism.Ecotourism has immense potential and a very important and useful
tool for conservation of fragile wetland mangrove ecosystem from anthropogenic
pressures by knitting together community participation and development
and
conservation of fragile ecosystems. The ecotourism activity must focus on
interaction with natural resources and communities simultaneously improving the
living
standards
of the
dependent communities ultimately leading to the
conservation and protection of fragile ecosystems and resources.
Ecotourists will be looking at gaining educational experiences, to learn more
about the mangrove ecosystems and forests. Through interpretative guided board
walks, tours,interactive models in interpretation centres, ecotourism aims at
promoting
enhanced environmental and educational awareness and foster
appreciation of local culture among ecotourists in Pichavaram. Nature Tourism
provides perfect, ideal material for environmental education. During an exciting
nature board walk, visitors will be educated on ecosystems and natural habitats.
The local fisher men community in Pichavaram must take care of of natural
resources by using tourism as a means to strengthen their livelihoods there by
reducing anthropogenic pressures on mangrove ecosystem.
11
An important
prequisite for sustainable ecotourism is
involving the
local
dependent community in planning. Capacity building of all the stake holders
must be ensured . Awareness must be created to all the stakeholders at all levels..
Once
alternate livelihood options
ecotourism becomes a powerful
are
created
tool for
to the local communities ,
conservation and protection of
ecosystem.Strict conservation measures and monitoring must be developed to
ensure that tourism does not have a negative impact on fragile ecosystem.
To promote ecotourism in Pichavaram , firstly the mindset of local fishermen
community must be impacted and oriented towards twin objectives of nature
conservation through responsible tourism to mangrove areas & at the same time
creating livelihood oppurtunities to the local fishermen community and improving
the quality of their life there by bringing about holistic development of the
area.This is sought to achieved by involving local communities by
a) Empowering local communities and imparting skills.
b) Provide employment by involving the local community in making of boats,
managing home stays, cooking, serving as guides, involving in rescue operations,
maintenance of premises and monitoring, acting as guides to bird lovers, etc
c) Ensure and encourage participation by providing essential benefits and
incentives in the from of money, education, lifestyles and benefits for their
children’s future.
d) Providing
platform to showcase their skills such as handicrafts, pottery etc.,
which would also enable them earn an extra income.
e) Popularization of local agricultural products and produce.
To promote ecotourism venture in Pichavaram , infrastructure facilities must be
developed in a phased manner in coordination with district administration and by
12
getting
fund
from
various
coordination.Absolutely no
sources
through
lodging and boarding facilities are available for
tourists at affordable prices.Infrastructural facilities
ecofriendly materials
interdepartmental
like
cottages using
which merge with the ecosystem as far as possible,
developing boat facilities for cruising the tourists through the creeks and canals
to enable them to appreciate the mangrove ecosystem and understand the dynamics
of wetland ecosystem and do bird watching, developing boardwalks in mangroves
to enable tourists to actually have a first hand experience of mangroves,setting up
interpretation centre for providing education to tourists and some catering and food
arrangements need to be setup.
Local educated youth and community having ample knowledge on birds and
mangroves and knowledge of the area will be trained to act as guides . The boat
men will also be employed from the local community. The local community will
be trained to address to the catering needs of the local community and provide the
tourists local sea food delicacies. The mangrove areas will be frequently visited
by the department staff as well as the local community which in turn will reduce
the anthropogenic pressure on the mangrove forests.
employed in ecotourism and
community
The local community
departmental activity will impress on the local
not to undertake activities that have a degrading effect on the
mangrove forests. Small local economic enterprises to cater to the needs of the
tourists will be encouraged. Maintanence of environment
will be done by
employing the local community.
All these activities will create alternate livelihood oppurtunities to the local
communities leading to improvement in the standard of their living which in turn
acts as an incentive and leads to conservation of mangrove ecosystem by reducing
13
and eliminating anthropogenic pressures.Joint Mangrove Forest Management
committees will be constituted and the revenue generated through entrance fees
and various services provided will be used for improving livelihood of the people
and for the maintanance of the facilities and infrastructure. The members of these
committes will be imparted training and will be employed as guides, boat drivers,
ticket collectors, in maintenance of various infrastructural facilities that will be
created for visitors,
for providing food facilities, in afforestation and other
maintanance works to be carried in mangrove ecosystem .The selfhelp groups that
will be constituted will be linked to rural development department and they will be
imparted training in alternate sources of livelihood and will be linked with
financial institutions to set up micro enterprises along with providing market
linkages which is likely to improve the economic condition of the local dependent
communities.Fish landing centres will be established with support from fisheries
department to provide platform for better marketing
produce thereby leading to an increase in
and pricing of the fish
incomes of the dependent
community.All these tourist and ecofriendly community based initiatives will
ultimately
result
in
conservation
and
improvement
of
the
ecosystem
complementing the policing role of the department to protect and conserve the
natural habitats
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Pichavaram Ecotourism
proposal is intended to
evolve
support to the
community based conservation initiative. It is aimed to be a community owned
and managed ecotourism initiative started with the aim to support, strengthen and
ameliorate the livelihoods of local communities without hampering the fragile
wetland Ecosystem. Pichavaram Ecotourism aims to inspire, inform and enable
local communities to turn
mangrove ecosystems into a sustainable source of
14
livelihood through well managed tourism instead of exploiting them for short term
profits. Project involves working in three key areas- Capacity Building of the local
communities by imparting training in areas like Eco-Guiding and tourism allied
activities which aim at improved living conditions of dependent communities .
Ecotourism policy highlighting
integration of different conservation measures
should be adopted to reverse the negative effects of tourism on mangrove
ecosystem. Pichavaram needs to adopt ecotourism principles like prohibiting use of
motor boats, not allowing tourists to venture into mangrove forests without trained
local guide, discouraging littering, following a designated route etc. Cottages
which are ecofriendly will be developed for tourists visiting the mangroves.The
dilapidated cottages and dormitories on one of the islands will be renovated to
have ecofriendly look. Infrastructural facilities like laying pipeline to provide
water to the cottages and power will be taken up. It is the responsibility of the
local communities to share the
knowledge about the area’s vast array of
biodiversity and culture and give fillip to ecotourism promotion. The local
fishermen community will in turn will reap the benefit of
better wage
employment and
Department must create
increased income,
increase in living standards. The Tourism
policy guidelines and framework
and work with
necessary departments of the Government for offering incentives and subsidies.
The department must act as an accreditation body for the certification process and
must provide with technical aspects for participatory planning and finance for
project implementation and will don on the role of a facilitator.
Sustainable resources are prerequisites for sustainable ecotourism. To achieve
twin objectives of resource conservation of ecosystems and sustainable economic
use of
finite resources in the ecosystem, ecotourism must have multiple
stakeholders who directly or indirectly are dependent on ecotourism activity such
15
as a local dependent communities , hotel and resort operators, providing services
in colloboration with the department,develop some sort of mechanism for
involving the various stakeholders in the planning and management of eco tourism
activities. Local communities will be trained in self employment skills and
encouraged to sell their value added products which appeal to the tourists, to
promote and strengthen their microenterprises, to augment
their incomes
through the ecotourism venture. Interdepartmental linkages will be tied up to
improve infrastructure like roads and to ensure that development reaches the
hitherto untouched
local community invoved in protecting
the mangrove
ecosystems through ecotourism.
Overgrazing, illegal felling in mangrove areas is not only an issue of what is more
important,either the cattle, communities or protecting the mangroves, but the
problem has deeper socioeconomic and socio-cultural connotations.. The local
people can play a key role in restoring and improving the health of the mangrove
forests.. The establishment of a community-based nursery, involving the local
people in various tourism related activities and providing alternate sources of
livelihood, will augment the income of the local communities and build and
strengthen their commitment and resolve to conserve the natural resources,
environment and ecosystem as the communities very existence is inextricably
linked to the very existence and health of mangrove forests.
Ecotourism development in Pichavaram aims to ensure local economic benefits in
a much bigger way accrue to the local communities which will lead to economic
development of the local community by and large coupled with conservation of
fragile ecosystem leading to balanced over all holistic development of the area.
16
CONCLUSION
Community based and mangrove protection centered ecotourism is the hallmark
of this venture. These ecotourism programmes will be conducted by trained local
community who are responsible for the protection of the fragile mangrove wetland
ecosystem supplementing and complementing the efforts of forest department. By
taking the tourists along and doing interpretive, guided board walks, they not only
interpret the values of mangrove ecosystem as one of the most dynamic and
productive ecosystems in nature and enrich the visitor experience but also add to
the conservation of the fragile mangrove wetland ecosystem and earn a livelihood
out of it. Hence, the visitor on going to this ecotourism spot is helping the cause of
conservation and community welfare. Ecotourism in Pichavaram has the potential
to relieve stress by providing hands on experience of nature,by facilitating
involvement of the local communities living in and around the fragile ecosystems
for their livelihood without adversely affecting
the cultural values of the
community,Creating awareness on education and conservation techniques among
tourists and local communities.
Sustainable tourism has proven to be one of the
most effective ways of providing economic and employment oppurtunities while at
the same time protecting and conserving natural resources. Conservation can be
achieved when both the forest department and the local communities work in
tandem. . Ecotourism development in Pichavaram aims to ensure that local
economic benefits in a much bigger way accrue to the local communities which
will lead to economic development of the local community by and large coupled
with conservation of fragile ecosystem leading to balanced over all development
of the area.
17
Ecotourism’ s greatest contribution to conservation is the degree by which it can
change
individual oriented unsustainable
practices
perceived as threats to
oppurtunities for development of communities and conservation of ecosystem.
Ecotourism
in Pichavaram will promote Conservation only when local
communities
clearly reap
benefits out of this initiative and
when they
comprehend and are able to link their improved living conditions to the
continued existence of healthy and sustainable mangrove forests.. An atmosphere
of trust needs
to be
built between the forest department and the local
communities dependent on the mangrove ecosystem through ecotourism initiative
with the forest department, playing largely a facilitators role.
Ecotourism can hence be seen as one way by which communities can strengthen
their traditional stewardship role in natural areas converting their role from being
destroyers of the fragile productive ecosystems to one of guarding , protecting and
conserving the ecosystem through enhanced understanding of the role the
mangroves play as bioshields to ward off natural calamities and mangroves being
the teasure trove of biodiversity and one of the most productive ecosystems, to
sustainably manage the ecosystem
by reducing their unsustainable practices
affecting the ecosystem and minimising their dependency by taking up alternate
means of livelihood leading to improved living conditions.
References:Uniting conservation, communities & sustainable travel
Importance of Ecotourism
Socioeconomic impact of tourism by Shree Gulab Nabi
Ecotourism & livelihoods by Shree A.K.Bhattacharya
Management plan Of Pichavaram Mangroves.
18
Guidelines for Ecotourism in and around Protected areas -MOEF
19