@ The United NationsUniversity,1979
Printedin Japan
rsBN92-808{080-9
lssN0379-5764
HSDRGPID-18/UNUP-80
THE OUATERNARYSECTOR
Yona Friedman
GPIDConsultant
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CONTENTS
l.
The OuaternarySectoras a Crisis Response
A Scenarioof the lrnpoverishrnent
of lndustrialCountries
a
t
The "Modernized QuaternarySector"
5
The Statuslmage
I
Recommencied
Measures
9
OuaternarvDerrelopment:
Good or Bad?
ll.
1
SomeAdditíonal Hemarkson the CuaternarySector
11
13
Migration
13
Education
14
Status
15
Wh,.reare the Levers?
17
Ftemarkson Ouaternai'yTechnology
1B
The OuaternarySector: A Visual Presentation
21
This papertry YorraFrieciman
wasfirst presented
ar the GPID lll meeting,Geneva,2-8October1978.
It can be consiciered
asa csnîributíonto the AlternateWaysoi Life and the Visionsof Desirable
Societies
sub-projects
of the GPID Project.The final part of the paper,the visualpresentation"
is alsoa
contributionto the Formsof Presentation
sub-project.
Geneva,
Septernber
î 979
JohanGaltung
This paperis beingcircularedin a pre-publication
form to elicit commentsfrom readersand generate
dialogueon this subjectat this stageof the research.
I.
T H EO U A T E R N A R Y
SECTOR
A S A C R I S I SR E S P O N S E
A Scenarioof the lmpoverishrnentof lndustrial Countries
MoCernindustrialsocietyis characterized
by a particularcompositionof its so-called
activepopulation:only a relativelysmallfraction of this activepopulationfurnisheswork
indtspensable
for survival,otherwisecalled"sociallyuseful" work.
I call here "sociallyuseful" ali u'rorkthat is indispensable
for the life of a societyin any
conditions.Thus food productíon,productionof a part of the energy,productionof
clothing,housing,servicesof mairrtenance
and repair,part of the transportationservices,
eCucation,and healthcareare the main item of sociallyusefulactivities.On the other
hand,luxury products,fashion.a maior part of administrative
services
and of ccmmerical
activitiescan be considei'ed,
amongothers,associallylessuseful. For example,during
the SecondWorld War,the non-mobilizedpopulationof most Eurorrean
countries
"less
survitedquite reasonablywithout the
useful"sectors,but sufferedmuch by short"socially
comingsin the
useful" sectors.
lf we examinethe situationfrom sucha point of view as presentedabove,only food
producers(abollt 7 per cent of the activepopulation,for example,in France),a fraction
of factory workers in industries(thosewho produce manufacturedgoodsnecessaryfor
survival,i.e.,about 15 per cent of the whole activepopulation),and a smallfraction of
serviceworkers(about 12per cent of the activepooulation)- who altogethermake up a
total of 35 to 40 per cent of the active population and 15 to 18 per cent of the total
population- are doingwork indispensable
for survivalof the collectivity.
The rest of the activepopulation,about 60 to 65 per cent, might work very honestly, but
the socialutility of their effort could be considereddoubtful. lf a strike of the socially
usefulworking peoplecould causeour society to collapse,a strike of those we havecalled
sociallylessusefulcould go on for quite a long time without producingmajor perturbations.
1
it is evidentthat the incomeof the lessuseful60 percent is produced
As for earnings,
indirectlyby the work of thesociallyuseful40 percent,who,in a way,subsidize
the
former,who arelivingon the work of the useful.Thisfact becomes
clearif oneconsiders
"socially
that only the
useful"(the40 percent)producethingsnecessary
for the whole
society'ssurvival:this is the reasonthey cannotstopwork without provokingmajor
trouble. On the otherhand,the lessuseful60 percentarespendingincomeresulting
from the productionof the 40 per cent,thus redistributing
it to the wholesociety;their
utility is thusin causingthe benefitproducedby a minorityto "irrigate"the societyasa
wholemoreevenly.Thissystemof redistribution
couldwork evenif the sociallyless
useful60 per centdid not performany work andsimplygot their incomeasa rente
originatingfrom what the sociallyuseful40 percentproduced.lt is evidentthat the
currentsystemis in realitylessunjustthanthis simplífíedimageof 60 per centrentíers
livingon the backsof 40 per centworkers,asour socialorganization
makesthe 60 per
centwork, evenif their work is sociallylessuseful,andgivesthemtheir renteasa
remuneration
for this work, but this partialjusticedoesnot remedythe generalinjustice
in the system.
An industrialsocietycouldthussupportup to 60 percentunemployedif they would
acceptsubsistence
in utmostscarcity(ashappened
duringthe SecondWorldWar,when
anybodyworkingin or for the warcouldbeconsidered,
followingour criteria,associally
lessuseful).
The fact is that the lessuseful60 percentrestitutethe largerpart of the "subsidy"to the
sociallyuseful40 per centasconsumers
of their products.
Thissystemis characterized
thusby two steps:
a. the sociallyuseful40 percent producepracticallythe wholeof the goodsandsenrices
necessary
for the survivalof a society,thusmakingpossible
the survivalof the socially
lessuseful60 percent,who arethussubsidized;
b. the 60 percentpay back,asconsumers,
the largestpart of this "subsidy"to the 40
percent.
I like to call this system"mutualsubsidy,"asthe benefitof the first groupsubsidizes
the
second,who liveon it and handbackto the first groupa reducedbut substantial
part of
the benefit. Thus,insteadof the first groupkeepingall the profit and the secondbeing
reducedto begging,
a moreevendistributionof the producedwealthis obtained.
2
It is evidentthat a systemof mutual subsidycannotwork well in completelyclosed
if the society'slife-styleis high abovethe austeritylevel:the system
circuit, particLrlarly
hasto be fed from outside. A society the majority of whoseactivepopulation belongsto
the sociallylessusefulsectorscannotsupportfor long the deficit causedby the mutual
subsidVsystem. This deficit hasto be coveredby some income from outside. Modern
industrialsociety assuresthis income through external trade; thus it exports its own defícit
and wherethe mutual subsidvsystemtakes
for other societieswhich are lessindustrialized
lessexcessíveproportions.
In lessindustrializedcountries(what we often call the Third World) the activepopulation
was until very recentyearspracticallythe oppositeof that of industrialcountriesin its
composition:it consistedof 60 per cent sociallyusefulagainst40 per cent lessuseful.
This proportion started to change after the SecondWorld War; in order to understand
"quaternary"
well the nature of this change,we first haveto explicatea new term - the
sector.
"inactive" (as
opposed
I call "quaternary sector" that fraction of the population called
"active"l
to
that performs socially useful work, but whose work does not fígure in the
grossnational product (GNP). Housewives,
for example,belongto the quaternarysector:
by an income. The
without beingrecompensed
their work is usefuland indispensable
sameis true of do-it-yourselfcraftsmen,Sundaygardeners,Sundayartists,etc. Indeed,
one could say that in industrialsocietiesthe traditionalquaternarysectorcouldbe
and that of Sundays(the
divided into two major groups:that of weekdays{housewives)
others)"
In the Third World today the quaternarysector is different, as it doesnot look for leisure
but tries to assuresubsistence.lt becomesmore and more sizeable:with an active
popufation totalling often not more than about 2O per cent of the whole population
(whereinonly about half - '10per cent of the total population- is performingsocially
usefulwork), there is a quaternarysector which often comprisesas much as 70 per cent
of the growingunemployof the whole population. This phenomenonis a consequence
ment in the classicsectors. The quaternarymembersof the Third World are mostly
inhabitantsof shantytownswho perform work simply in order to survive:they build
themselves
their shelters;they keep a rninusculekitchen garden,somechickens,and
eventuallya goat in order to assurea part of their food;and they survivethus without
spendingany money, as they earn practicallynone. For example,in one of the largest
3
citiesof the Third World about 45 per cent of the inhabitantsrnakelessincomethan the
strict minimum necessary
forsurvival"but in spiteof this they are reasonablyfed through
"quaterrlary
their
farming" (whichdoesnot figr.rre
in the statistics;in Egypt"for example,
it is estimatedthat quartei'nary
food productionmakesup about 40 per cerrtof the totai
output [Le Mande,28-2.9"12.77j]r.
Theseare capitalfactsfor the future.
It is evidentthat the growth of the qLratet'nary
secîcr,which is alreadyof significantsize
in the Third World, has (or míght have)a decisiveinfluenceon the policiesof these
countries.Their governments
hopedfor quite a long time to be ableto stop this growth
by the rapid develoomentr:f industrialization,
thus enlargingthe seconclary
and tertiary
sectors.which would then absorbthe quaternary.Today, after a long periodof
unrewardeci
hope,it is becomingclea;'thatrapid industrialization
and advantageous
marketingof the hoped-forproductscannet be achievecj.Thrls,goverrìrnents
in Third
World countriesacceptmore and more the ideathat the quaternarysectorís gainingin
importanceand that nationalsurvivalis harClypossiblewithout the develoomentof a
subsistence
economY They are becomingmore and more consciousof the fact that the.ycannotremainin power uririleignoringthe quaternarysectorantJare lookinqfor ways tc
acceptit at leasttacitly. Thus qovernments
havetci defencJ
and support quaternarv
promisingat the sametirne that the quaternarysectoris but a provisory
interests"
expedient. A.ssucha provisoriumwill necessarily
be of long duration,politiciansin the
ThirclWorld (andelsewhere)
do everythingthey can to improvethe imageand self-esteem
of peoplebelonginotc this sector"
lf Thiro World countriesare underconstraintto follow sr-ichpoiicies.they necessarily
lose
interestin industrialization,
and sirnultaneously
re.duce
irnportationof manufactrrrecl
goodsfrom industrialized
countries. Indeed,such importectgoodsgenerallyare bought
by the 2O per cent of the oopr.rlation
jobs,the remainingB0 per cent not
havingclassical
receivingmuch benefitfrorn such importation. lmportationof goods.evenif envisagecl
in order to createjobs (suchas the importationof machinetor:ls),doesnot help verlr
much,as it cannotsufficeto producesignificantimprovementin employmentwithin a
practicallyacceptable
time" especiallywith demographicexpansiondiminishingeventhe
smallimprovementattainable.Thus tradewith industrialcountriesis not pnofitablefor
the largemajority in Third World countries.
On the other hand,suchtrade is exceedinglyprofitablefor industrialcountries:it is vital
for the equilibriumof their economy (because
of the "mutual subsidy"systern)and it is
4
evenmore important for their prclduction,as indispensable
raw materialsoriginatingfrom
non-industrial
courrtriesare generallyobtainedin excharige
lor industrialprociuctsexported to thesecountries. Thus trade with non-inciustrial
countriesis indisuensable
for inciustrial courrtries,particularlya:saccoun-iancy
of this trade is rnadeon the monetarybasis.
It can be corrsidered
highly prcbablethar at ieastcertaincountliesof the Third Wortrl
facingthis situationrnighrdo everythingin orcjerto stop iheir tradewith irrdustrial
nations,and, in orcierto be abiero do su, they nìight leavethe internationaimorretary
system. Indeed,as we saw,this tradeis ncrtvital tor rhem (it is, rather,of negativevaiue)
asthe incomethey earn in exchangefor non-renewable
resout"ces
is iargelyinsufficierrtto
assure their becominq incjustri
alizedthemselves.
Governments
curi'entlyirr pcrverin tl,e Thir<jWorid rilay try to avoidcuttinEthe su1;ply
of raw nrateriais
to industríaicountries;but. if we coirsiderthe socialsituationof most of
theseccuntries,we find ihat Inanygovernnìents
are very fragileand that they may be
replacedsooneror later by otiiers,lessfragile,tirat wili clrooseto basetheir power on
activesuplJortof the quaternarysector,and theseiatter might encouraEe
the suspension
of any tradewith industriainatiorrs.Many precursorysignssLtpporîthis view"and it
seernsiogicalfor industrialnationsto get preparedfor this eventuality.
lf theseeventualities
shouidbecomerealities,irrdustrialcountrieswould haveto choose
b e t w e e n t w o m a j o r s t r a t e g i Jehs e. f i r s t i n v o i v e s t l ' r e u s ef o fr c e - - í . e . , r r r i l i t a r y i n t e r ventionsagainstcountriesrefusingto sellaway their naiuralrescurces.This stretegy,
besides
beinginhuman,'rruouici
the grcwingefficíencyof
[jrovevefy risky, if rryeconsicier
guerrilles
againstregulai'armies
and with it the growingcìernographic
reserves
of the Third
Worid. J'heother strategy,lar i-norepiragntatic
and recomlnendable,
wouid be to
reorganize
the economicstructureof ii-rcustriai
countriesby supportingand accelerating
the growth of their quaternar'y'
sector. This could be done by ernphasizing
its role (a
"rnoderrrized
quite differentone from that in the Third Worid countries),that of a
quaternarysect0r."
The "ModernizedOuaternarySector"
Modernlzation
of the quaternarysectorirr industrialcountriesis alreadyan r:ngoing
process.This fact alonecould suffice to raisethe interestof governrnentsin the
5
phenomenon,particularlyif one considersthat the leverage
of governments
on economic
planning,in which a pianning
and socialprocesses
diminishesrapidly. lndeed,classical
"steers"
authority fixes some objectivesand
a society towards theseobjectivesfollowing
program,is practicailyno longerfeasible:in a periodcharacterized
a predetermined
by
"zero growth" oreven "negativegrowth" the r.rsuai
leversichannellingand subsidizing
production)are no longeravaílablefor authorities.This is especiallytrue for states
whosesizeis beyondcriticalsize(i.e.,whoseinstruction-transmitting
and feedback
mechanisms
havebecomeself-blocking
with size):most industrialcountrieshavebecome
actuallyungovernable,
and authorities,insteadof beingable to think about planning,can
do nothingelsebut acceptongoingtrendsand seekwaysto avoidconflictsand eliminate
planning,consistingin the orientationof
obstacles
beforethe ongoingprocessus;
classical
processes
or even in resistanceto thern, has had to be desperatelygiven up.
It is thus extremelyimportant to examinethe emergingmodernizedquaternarysector.
The modernizedquaternarysector in industrialcountriesemergesas a consequenceof
growingunemployment.An unemployedperson,evenif his survivalcould be subsidized
by public funcls(aswe saw before. if austeritycould be acceptedas a life-style,industrial
societiescould subsidizeup to 50 per cent unemployed),prefersto improvehis quality of
life by startingto engagein quaternaryoccupations. He beginsto produce at leastpart of
his food, provided he hasaccessto the necessaryland, but doesthis not for sheer
subsistence
as doeshis counterpartin the Third World countriesbut in order to raisethe
quality of his life. He startsto practisesomecraft he is able to do, or volunteersfor some
community service,alwayswith the ideaof supplementary
improvementof his situation
and not in order to assurehis basicsurvival. lf we acceptthe ideathat unemployment
will continueto grow in the next decades(asseemsplausibleif Third World countries
canceltheir tradewith industrialnations),we can presumethat a growingquaternary
sectormight be the solutionfor absorbingunemploymentand for reversing
the absurd
proportion of socially usefulversuslessuseful activities. lf this hypothesisholds true, the
ntodernizedquaternarysector might be a ma.lorkey for the future, both for industrial
societies{by recqu!libratingthem)and for lessindustrialized
ones(givingthem the time
"development").
necessary
f or
Thereare many examplesof this phenomenonin industrialcountries:"black work"
originatingfrom insufficiencyof salariesin somecountries,barterof services
and
productsin certain others,motivated by tax evasion,etc.
6
One could arguethat the developmentof the quaternarysectorin theseexamplesresults
from actsof "marginals." That might be true, but with growingunemployment,with a
growingfeelingof beingunfairly payedor unfairly taxed,marginalsare rapidly Erowirig
into a majority. lt is not impossiblethat ín the nearfuture classical
enrpioymentwill
becorne"marginal"and quaternaryactivitiesthe bulk of the economicsystem.
Let us take againas an examplethe periodof the SecondWorld War,when airout60 per
cent of the activepopuiationdid work exciusiveiyfor the military rnachine(assoldiersor'
ascivilianworkersi. The portion of the civilianpopulationnot working exctusivelyfor
the vvarirnprovedtheir conditionthrough quaternaryoccupationsand surviveci
in spiteof
the insufficiencyof avaiiableresources.Our presenteconomiccrisishasmany sin-rilarities
to that war (at leastas concernsan imnrinentcut of availableresources),
evenif the
nìotor is not of the military kind.
It seemsthus important to anaiysethe phenomenon,and evenmore important to think
about meansand ways by which authùritíes could co-operate with the trenciof
quaternarydevelopmenf. What shapecould pianníngtake if, insteadof trying to direct
i
the phenomenon,it could be content to supportit?
planningor policy-makinghasto take into accountthat, beforeall,
Any governmental
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the materializationof any objectivedependsupon a consensusof the public that is
supposedto act in a way recommendedby the planners. This consensuscannot be
merefya verbal one but hasto be actual - i.e., expressedeffectively by how the public
acrs. Suchpublic action cannot be eitherdirectedor nranipuiatedby governmental
decrees,
and this in spiteof often-heardstatementsabout governmentmanipulation.
Commonpeoplefollow in one !1/ayor anothertheir irnages
and habíts,and no realistic
policy can ignorethis fact.
Emergingpatternsareemerginghabitsof the comrrìonman, and measures
undertakenby
authoritieshaveto gawith and notagainst such trencis. The measureshaveto facilitate
the developmentof the trendsand, if necessary,modify institutionswhich obstruct these
trends. Thus the principalquestionsconcerningthe developmentof the quaternary
sectormight be:
- What physicalplanningcan facilitate the developmentof the quaternarysector?
- What are the principal resourcesnecessaryfor it?
- Wherecan theseresourcesbe found?
7
What are the institutional barriersin the way of such development?
How can thesebarriersbe modified?
of food. Actual food
Sucha policy line could,for example.start with a re-evaluation
pricesare high, but peopleworking in the primarysector(food growing)are underpaidin
comparisonwith thoseworking in industry. Food producerslive thus on a subsidy
accordedto them, which makesit possibleto keep wagesand food priceslow. lf food
to its realimportance,and thus its realvalue,comparedto
attainedpricescorresponding
than food), both
the valueand pricesof industrialgoods(whichare far lessindispensable
employedand unemployedwould start to try to produceat leasta part of their food
themselves.But, how could they do that in a twentieth-centurycity? Non-rural
agriculture{periphericor other) could be a main featureof a quaternarycivilizationif
urbanand regionalplanningwere to becomeawareof this rìew potentialresource.
Examplesof such planningexisted in nineteenth-centuryEurope: the jardins ouvriers and
the schrebergdrtenamong others.
Another measuremight haveto do with a certaindiminution of classiccomrnercial
activitiesand of transportationdependentupon commerce,two of the main sourcesof
"wild
wastein oureconomy. This could be effectuatedby the authorizationof
sales"(in
French,ventesauvage,free saleon the streetwithout any permit or other formaiity),
which could developinto a sort of "quaternarytrade." The quaternarymarket,where
quaternaryproducerswould sellor bartertheir own products,could emergewith sucha
measureand could becomea sourceof improvingsurvivalin a periodof ever-increasing
unemployment.
(our equivalentto "black work") could becomeas well
Finallynon-urrioncraftsmanship
an importantquaternaryresource:one could call this form of activity the "quaternized
tertiary" sectorwithin a neighbourhood.Governmentalmeasures
could, for example,
protectactivitiesof this type and liberatethem from all formal authorizations,
permits,
etc. which makethem illegalin many countriestoday.
Non-ruralagriculture,free saleon streets,and free exerciseof skills couid, among other
occupations,
absorba very largepart of unemployrnentand re-equílibrate
the proportion
betweensociallyusefuland lessusefulactivities.
I
The Status lmage
The developmentof the quaternarysector hasat the sametime a by-product which acts
againstit: the statusproblem.
Indeed,the life-stylein industrialsocietiesemphasizes
consumptionasthe imageof status
and of socialsuccess.One hasto earn much money in order to buy many things,to use
much îransport and many services;all this counts as the measureand the symbol of a
man'sstatusand personalvalue. On the other hand,to live economicallyat a subsistence
levelis considereda signof poverty and of low personalvalueand status. A peasantliving
in quasiautarl(y is scornedby a factory worker (who consumesmore). Farmingbecomes
more and more an industry,in spiteof the overcxploitationof the soil which often impoverishesthe soil irreversibly:the farmerconsentsto ruin his main tool, his land,in order to
earn more for a short period and buy higherstatussymbolswith his increasedrevenue.
Only when he realizesthat he cannot improve his statusdoeshe turn to a procedurewhich
we could call a "farmer's strike": he stops producingfood "for the city" and produces
only for himselfand his family, trying to get better pricesand higherstatuswith it.
It seemsessentialto considerhow statussymbolscould be revisedin order to make the
quaternarysector "respectable"- what new statussymbolscould be acceptedby people,
how could they be propagated.etc. In ?îany countriesefforts tovvardcreatinga new
aristocracy(party members,a professionalcaste,
an educationalcaste,etc.) haveshown
provisionalsuccess
in supplantingconsumptionasa statussymbol.
Sportsorcultural actívities,too, could furnishnewstatussymbols,butstill there has
beenpracticallyno explorationof how suchsymbolscould enter public consciousness
without becomingcommercial. lt might be one of the most important tasksof future
educationto help establishthe respectabilityof the quaternarysector. lt is important
that the membersof the quaternarysectorthemselvesshould acceptsuch symbols,onc€
they understandthat they are no socialfailure but the safeguardof society. Their selfrespectmight force the respectof those who refuseto recognizetheir importancetoday.
Recommended
Measures
for authoritiesto make,therefore,wouldseemto be to
Themostreasonable
response
I
eliminatelegalobstaclesin the way of the developingquaternarysector,thus avoiding
potentialexplosionsthat growingunernploymentmight leadto.
With sornerelativelysimpleand seeminglyunimportantmeasures
authoritiescould
progressively
substitutequaternaryactivitiesfor the sociallylessusefuitasksin the classic
sectors,and thesetasksthen could ultimatelyciisappear.Openingthe \ruayfor quaternary
developmentin industrialcountriesrioesnot rìeces$arily
haveto be precededby growing
poverty:a reasonable
attitude on the part of public authoritiescould avoidsuchan
eventualitV.
Let us sum up somerecommendedoptions:
1. Unemploymentin sociallylesstrsefulsectors(mostlyin the tertiarV)shoutdbe
acceptedas a fact. Insteadof trying to createnew jobs, new "occasionsfor activity"
shouldbrecreated,the differencsbeingin the remuneration:jobs are rernunerated
in
money,which can be devaluatedand not be sufficientfor survival;quaternaryactivities
are remuneratedin productsguaranteeing
survival,suchas non-ruralagriculture,
craftsmanship,
comrnunityservices,
etc.) The cost of creatingone classicaljob equalsthe
cost of creatingabout ten quaternaryoccupations.
2. The inevitableriseof food pricescould incite unemployedpeopleto turn to non-rural
food-growing,individuallyor in co-operatives.
Taxationof unexploitedland (which ís
essentially
vr,aiting
for speculation)could oressproprietorsto m.aketheir land available
for non-ruralfarmers,for example,and peopleventuringinto this activity could be
protected by the authorities. A small co-operativegroup of unemployedpeople,for
instance,cou!d grow on a relativelysmallplot sufficientfood for their familiesand evena
smallsurplusfor saleor fcr barter.
3. Thesemeasureswould, as weil, authorizefree saleof food in the streetsor marketsi.e.,legalize"wild sales." Oncesr,tch
a systemwas legalize,l,
the unemployedcould find
opportunitiesfor limited commercialactivities.The conflict with classical
cornmerce
could be minimizedif, for example,peoplewere authorizedto sell only their own
products. But, evenif conflictswould appear,we must recognizethat the peopleassuring
their survivalby benefitingfrom suchmeasunes
would greatlyoutnumberthe prejudiced
shopkeepers.
10
largelyanalogousto
4. The legalizationof practisingcraftscould haveconsequences
those of the previousmeaslrre.
5. The questionof taxing incomefrom quaternaryactivitieswould leadto suggestions
for structuraichangcsin the fiscalsystem. Ouaternaryactivitiescannot be controlledby
the usualtax-controllingapparatus:there is no way to enforcethe keepingof approoriate
accountantsfor tax purposesin the quaternarysector. Thus,a tax "in kind" (in gor:dsor
in services)could advantageoLtsly
replacethe customarytax in rnoney.
Taxationin kind would meaneither the contributionof a part of the goodsproducedor a
contributionof "disponibility" (rnakingoneselfavailablefor sonresort of public service),
both for the benefitof the community" lt is evidentthat a tax in kind could be
controlledefficiently by the neighbourhoodof the taxpayer.
6 . An open policy of developingthe quaternarvsectorimpliesan appropriateprogramme
i n p h y s i c apl l a n n i n g .
7. Besides
the measures
mentioned,other long-terminterventions
will be necessary,
mostly in the educationalfield: instructionin sirnplesurvivaltechniques,
crafts,etc.
Suchinstructioncould be part of primaryteaching,but adulî educationshouldbe
includedas well. One of the priority tasksof this educationalprograrnme
shouidbe that
of helpingestablishthe respectability
of the quaternarylife-style.
QuaternaryDevelopment: Good nr BadT
We havetried to define a trend towards quaternarydevelopmentin industrialcountries,
startingfrom a scenario.lt shouldbe clearthat, if this scenariodoesnot materialize.
quaternarydevelopmentmight not appear,or it rnighttake a differentform than the one
described
here. But it seernsto me ratherdifficu!t to refute this scenarioin its whole,and
it would be a lamentableerror not to be preparedfor eventualquaternization,
at leastby
trying to understandthe phenomenon.
On the other hand, rapid developmentof the quaternarysectordoesnot imply either
permanentquaternizationor a generalization
of the quaternarylife-style.A provisional
quaternarydevelopment(like that duringthe SecondWorld War) givesa different light to
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the processus,
without supposinga definitive rupture with the current economic system.
It can be assumedwith somecertainty that any extension,even limited, of the quaternary
sectorwill produceenormoussocialproblems:divisionof a society into two sectionsas
different as the quaternarysectorand the classiconescould provoke heavyconflicts
betweentwo life-stylesand two ideologies.This problem cannot be treated casually,and
questionsarise:First,could the divisionof our societyinto employedand unemployedbe
desirable? And, second,is quaternarydevelopment"reactionary" and againstprogress?
l d o n ' t t h i n k l c a n r e a l l y a n s w e r t h e s e q u e s t i o n sl b
. elievethatthedevelopmentofthe
quaternary sector re-oríentsprogress- a progressbasedmore on biology than on
mechanics(is this a contradiction?), lessimpatient, and better evaluatingits own means
and goals. we can certainly imaginea "quaternary progress"- a developmentpaying
more attention to a new concept of the sciencesof food, of habitat, and of social realities
- which would be increasingly
beneficialfor humanity.
But, to start with, is the trend alreadyirreversible?
12
I I . S O M EA D D I T I O N A LR E M A R K S
O N T H EO U A T E R N A R Y
SECTOR
Migration
Visitingin a Third World country, very rich in naturalresourc€s
but the majority of
whosepeopleare terribly poor, with one of the lowest population densitiesin the world,
and havinga ferociouslycapitalistpublic mentality (errenthe poorestpeoplein the slums
believein the possibilityof earninga smallcapitalwhich will bring profit for them generallyin the form of real estate,on which they rely more than on the continuously
devaluatingmoney), I perceivedparticularlystrongevidenceof the relation betweenintocity migrationand the quaternarysector. In this country the largestpart of the national
areais extremelyunder-expln,,'iij,
and rural povertyincreasing
by the under-exploitation
drívespeoplemassívelytowards the city (the largestcity tripled its population in the
last30 years). Those migrantswho find jobs do so either in industry or in the tertiary
sector. The tertiary sector of this country is roughly the samein proportion to the total
activepopulationas in industrialized
countries.
The caseof a country that is quasiempty, rich in resources,and thinking in the capitalist
way is particularlyinteresting:the United Statesof the nineteenthcentury was such a
country. The policy of the United Statesof that period was decisiveto its future: it
stipulatedfree immigrationÍor anybody dissatisfiedwith hísway of life on the old
continent. Thesewere the immigrantswho built up the presentAmericaneconomy first asfarmers,then moving into industry and the tertiary sector.
It would be possibleto imaginean internationalpolicy-makinguseof the phenomenonof
the quaternarysector by stipulatingfree immigrationto such countries. A country like
Brazilcould open its doors for peasantscoming from the poorestcountries. Largeareas
suchas the Patanao,which is actually sparselyinhabitedmarshland,could not be
convertedinto productivefarmland except by quaternary(subsistence)
farming,
performedby peoplewho would be content, at leastfor one generation,to grow not
13
more food than necessary
for the livingof their family, without producingfor the market.
Thosewho are starvingin Bangladesh,
for example,would agreewillingly to settlethose
marshlancJs
and to convertthem, let us say,into rice paddies,investíngan amount of
labourthat farmersf rom more prosperous
sociallayerswouid refuseto do.
An inimigrationpolicy open for the poorestis often an inrpiernentabie
way of achievinga
more equaldistríoutionof the resources
necessary
for survival.Makingpossiblea nonaggressive
overflowfrom economicallydisbalanced
regionscould leaCthus to making
practicailyunirrhabitedareashabitable(in the sensea civiiizationassociares
with it).
Establishing
an internationalfoundationto supportfree migrationcould be one of the
most important operationsof internationalorganizations,
in an epoch wherenationaletc.
identity is more and more definedin termsof "how to keepthem out."
Education
Educationcan be interpretedas the operationwhich seeksto inrprovethe capacityof the
membersof a speciesfor procuringthe meansof their survival.
Presenteciucation,in most countries,seeksonly to procureiobs for thosewho follow a
particularcurriculum.Once,when the primaryand secondarysectorswere the irnportant
ones,educationforrnedtarrnersand technicians.Today,evenwith the hypertrophyof
the tertiarysecror,educationexclusivelyproducespeoplefor this secror.
In spiteof the tertiarysector'sbeconringplethoric,the numberof peoplepreparedfor
jobs in this areacontinuesto increase
at a ratefasterthan the number of availablejobs.
The cost of creatingjobs in other sectorsis prohibitive,and - as we saw when discussing
the introductoryscenario- it is practicallyimpossibleto increase
the tertiary sector
without eitherat the sametime increasing
the numberof socialiyusefuljobs to balance
the resuitingdeficit or destroyingthe currenteconomycompietely. Evensharinga job
amongseveralpersonsdoesnot resolvethe problem, as a systemof production can
supportonly a limited numberof jobs: in an economicsystembasedon the market,jobs
(which,as we saw,seemsnot
can becomemore numerousoniy if productionincreases
too probable).
14
This situatíon leadsevidently to the emergenceof the quaternarysector: quaternary
production does increase,as it is largelyindependentof the market.
ln sum: current education makes the tertiary sector grow without increasingproduction
at the same tíme. On the other hand, appropriate educatíon for training people in
quaternary production is completefy lackíng.
To characterizeappropriateeducationfor quaternaryproduction, we havefirst to
emphasizethatthe quaternary sector is complementary to the other sectors: it is different
from the other sectorsnot in what it produces (food, manufactured objects, or services)
but in how it doesso (it usestools simple enoughto be repairedor made without
necessitating
big organization). lt differs as well from the othersectorsin the wav the
productíon is accounted for, and thus makes new concepts of profitability and of
exchangeemerge. There are many productswhich cannot be producedbut the
quaternaryway, be they plants,objectqrorservices.lf housewives'activities
stay
quaternaryin all economicsystems,this is becausetheseactivitiescannot be made
profitablein the sameway as activitiesin the other sectors.
But let us come irack to education. We alreadyknow an exampleof educationfor
quaternaryproduction: the training girls got in the past in order to becomegood housewives.This trainingwas indeedvery useful,and it is instructiveas an example.
Ouaternaryeducation has to be training for daily /ife: survival techniques,including the
useof both primitive and sophisticatedtechnologies,are its main subjectmatter. Such an
educationhasto encourageinnovationand improvization:one hasto be able to produce
for one's own survival,or to make substitutionsfor such things,and to
thingsneoessary
know how to repair them if necessary.Many examplesfor such educationexist already:
trainingfor sailors,for the military, for huntersand other sporting people.
The very largepublic for kitchen recipesmight demonstratehow much interest
"quaternaryinformation" can command.
Sutus
A society is governedmore by custom than by laws. There is no doubt that in caseof
15
conflict betweenlawsand customit is customwhich will be victorious(exceptin the
obviouscaseswhen the customin questionis alreadyon its way oLtt). The conflict
betweenlawsand custom becomesparticularly interestingwhen it arisesbetweentwo
different kindsof custom:this is generallythe casewhen lawscan play the arbiterover
custon'ìs.
A conflict of this kinclemergeswith the quaternarysectorgainirrgimportance:the
quaterÌ-ìary
attitude es a responseto shortagesis acceptedby custom on the one hand;
but, on the otfrerhand,socialconternptfor the quaternaryway of life is alsocustomary.
An exampleof sucha scornis the low respectpalcito housewives'work,both by "male
chauvinists"arrciby the women'sliberationmovements.
The arbitrat;r.rnof the iaw (of the state) in the conflict betweenquaternarysurvivaland
current ideason socialstatusmight be decisive.Thus the duty of the stateshould be ro
make the quaternary sec'tor respectable.
a. The first step towards this goai would be to recognizethe legalexístenceof quaternary
praxis:at presentsuchpraxisis outlawedin most countries,and its legalization
could
re-establish
its status.
governmentshouldprotect
b. The secondstep hast(, go beyondsimplelegalization:
quaternarypraxis againstaggression
coming from those in other sectorswho might be
jeaiousfor their privileges
in certainfields,privileges
which often become
m o n o p o i i s t i c( t r a d eu n i o n s e
, tc.).
c. The third step would consist in publícly attributing a "real importance"to the
quaternarysector(by the way, what would happenif housewives
were to form a
tracjeunion or Eo on strike? ). The law should recognizepublicly the índíspensability
of quaternary praxis in a context of growing unemploymerf. Indeed, there is no
other actualway tc resolvethe problemoi survivalof an evergrowingnurnberof
unenrployed.
The grantingof legalexistence,the protectionof privileges,
and recognitionof the
indispensabilityof a socialgroup are the most ir-nporrantfactorsto make it attractiveto
people. Thesethree factorsare at leasras impofrant asare profits; the hypertrophy of
the tertiary sectorwas more the result of its statusthan of the profits it brought.
Governments
shouldgraspthat tfre! could facilitatethe restorationof socialequilibrium
by helpingthe quaternarysectorto a betterstatus.
16
Where Are the Levers?
It is easyto write an analysisof the ernergenceof the quaternarVsector,and it is easyto
would produce. lt is far more difficult to
this emergence
describethe advantages
and to
determineand proposewaysand meanswhich could leadto sucha developrnent
identifVthe leverswhích could triggerand regulateit. Evenif some of theselevershave
etc.),all of them representrather
beenmentioned(education,migration,legalization,
complexpolicieswhich cannot be implementedby a simpledeclarationdecidedon by a
government.
of our presentsocieties-- no
Indeed- and this one of the fundamentalcharacteristics
government,no executivehas real accessto the "levers" which miglhtgovernsocial
mechanisms.(This thesis I havedescribedand demonstratedin my book Realísable
Utopías.l Social mechanismsbecomeoversizedand overly complex, and they do not
obey in any simpleway simplecommandscomingfrom any of their organs,governnìents
beingamongthese. In the best cases,the socialmechanismcannot be consideredany
"brain" but rather is an entity following a random process
more to be governedby a
actsdecidedon by a multitudeof individualbrains,which
resultingfrom unforeseeable
"black boxes" to the observerand whose interconnectivepattern is largely
act like
unknown.
Let us take an example. What would be society'sreactionto legalrecognitionetc. of
quaternarypraxis (suchas growing one's own food, organizingone'sown energy
body favouringsuchactionscould only with difficulty
etc.)? Any legíslative
husbandry,
transmitits opinion to the public,either by legalprocedureor by propaganda.A
governnìentdoesnot hold power enough to createquaternarypraxis.
On the other hand,if thereexistsa scarcityin certaincommoditiesor in certainservices,
quaternarypraxisestablishesitself spontaneouslyeven if governmentis againstit (for
exampfeshowingLtpas a black market). Ouaternarypraxis can thus be createdthrough
scarcíty,as its essentialquality is to be aweapon againstneed,similar to certain biological
the organismis subjectto certain aggressions.
agentswhich manifestthemselvesonly v''rhen
Quaternarypraxis is the rool of society to survive in critical situations (l have called it
"
elsewhere"guerril la survival ).
i
I
to makea remarkhereabout scarcity:when commoditiesare abundant,
It is interesting
I
I
I
I
17
I
II
L
there is a "scarcity of statussymbols" (a commodity or a servicebecomesa statussymbol
only when it is scarce).For example,when carsare widely available,
they losetheir
quality as statussymbols;on the other hand, when they are difficult to procure,they gain
a high statusvalue. When a physicalscarcityprevails,any commodity (or service)can
becomea statussymbol: there is no scarcityof statussynnbolsany more. Similarly, once
there is physicalscarcity,the statusobstacleblockíngthe developmentof guaternary
praxisdisappears.
Thus, theoretically,a governmentcould haveone obviouspolicy in order to promote
quaternarydevelopment:it could promote scarcity. But, of course,no governmentcould
openly follow such a policy. However,if a governmentcannot fight emergingscarcity
(comingfrom the "exterior"), the quaternarypraxisstartsimmedíately,spontaneously,
in the field affected by the scarcity.
The levergovernmentscan useto assistthe developmentof quaternarypraxis could thus
be the choice of the field hit by the scarcity. Knowing that the quaternary sector is
called into existenceby scarcityand that it is the only meansto fight it, the rational action
of a governmentwould be to toleratescarcity in those fields where quaternarypraxis has
been preparedfor (by education,by legalization,by propaganda,etc.): in thesefields
society could reactfast enough.
It would be thus a sine gua nan of any governmentalplanningfírst to make clear what
quaternarytechnologiesand what quaternaryorganizatíonscould be operative,relatedto
suchplanning.
Remarkson OuaternaryTechnology
In orderto determinewhichtechnologies
couldbecome"quaternized,"
we should
perhapsfirst recxaminewhat technologyis.
The definition which seemsto me the mostappropriateis: a sef of waysand meanswhich
seekto increarethe number of individuals(af a species)who can fínd theír subsistence
ín
a givenarea. Thus,for example,humankindincreased
this numberoverwhat it hadbeen
duringprehistory,first by introducingagriculture,
then industry.andso on.
18
It is evident that this definition locatesany technologyas a set of survivaltechniques,and
that the meansused by a technologycan be two-fold: "protheses" (objectsborrowed
from the environmentto serveas tools) and "skills" (waysof makinguseof the individual
organism,adaptingit to the environmentin order to needfewer prothesesor less
consumptionof materials).lt is surelynot necessary,
in our civilization,to giveexamples
of tools. But skillsare lessexplored:they could include,for example,adaptationto a
certaindiet (which hasan effect on agrotechnics),adaptationto a givenclímate (which
influencestechniquesof buildingshelters),
etc. Thus,a vegetarian
ethnic group uses
different skills than doesa carnivorousgroup, and consequentlydevelopsdifferent tools.
lf, for example,on a giventerritory a vegetarian
ethnic groupcould enable100 persons
to survive,and the carnivorousgroup only 15, this would signifythat the technologyof
the vegetariangroup was superiorto that of the carnivores.
We could add another categoryof means- that of "organization." lt is evident that
appropriateorganizationcan play a role in defininga technoloEy.Thus,technologies
belongto three distinct sets:those using protheses,those developingskills,and those
exploitingorganizati
on.
Gradingtechnologiesbecomesmore complicatedonce we give attention to "power"t in
our example,it could happenthat the carnivores(who havea survivaltechnologyof a
lower gradebut might compensatefor it with high-grademilitary skill) would chaseaway
orenslavethe vegetarianethnic group in order to ensuresurvivalfor their own kind.
Thus,it woufd be better to describea technolcgy by at leasttwo terms: the number of
personsit can enable to survive on a given area, and the means oî self-defence it can
develop in the face of aggressors.
Quaternarytechnologyhasthus to be characterizedby the very high coefficient of
"suryivaldensity" (number personsfed
of
on a referencearea)and very efficient selfdefence. Techniquessatisfying these conditions are not necessarílyprimitiue, nor based
on so-called"convivial" techniques:we are not looking for romantic attitudes. Urban
agriculture(asexplainedin my book SurvivalArchitecture) is not primítive, nor is
quaternaryorganizationof a society. Self-defenceby guerrillasprovesthe point: one of
the most important phenomenaof the secondhalf of the twentieth century is the fact
that guerrillassystematicallybeat regularand overcquipped armies.
I
L
We can rtow concludeby trying to define one of the most important functions to be
performed by governments:the preparation of files Íor "high survival density" techniques
and for security by self-defenceand keepingthe public informed about thesefiles,
íntroducing the subiect into public education, thus supporting the emergenceof the
quaternarysectorwhen needed.
The existenceof the quaternarysector might be the safety valvefor the survivalof our
civilizations.and who knows,evenfor our species.
20
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