Referencing: Harvard style
There are many versions of the Harvard system. The version that we use in the Library has been
loaded onto Endnote Online (web). Look for ‘Harvard Strathclyde’ style and add it to your favourites.
Components of a book reference:
Components of a journal reference:
Author
Publication date
Article title
Cunningham, I.R. (2011) ‘Constrained by managerialism: caring as participation in the voluntary social
services’. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 32 (2), pp.329-352.
Journals, websites
other
materials may Volume
have additional
referencing
components e.g. the
(part or issue),
page numbers
Journaland
title in
italics
URL and date accessed for websites. See examples in this guide.
Journals, websites and other materials may have additional referencing components such as
the URL and date accessed. Have a look at the other examples in this guide.
YOUR
LIBRARY
This Harvard guide and the Harvard Strathclyde style for EndNote are based on Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2016)
Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 10th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. YOUR
There are lending copies available from the Library at: (D 820-4(09) PEA).
LEARNING…
More information on referencing styles and bibliographic management software is available
in our referencing LibGuide: http://guides.lib.strath.ac.uk/referencing_guide
YOUR
LIBRARY
YOUR
LEARNING…
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Contents
Books
Single Author
2 Authors
3 Authors
4+ Authors
Editors
No Author
Reprint
Chapter in Edited Book
Multi-volumes
Ebooks
Journal Articles
Newspaper Articles
No Author
Author
Reports
Published Report
Company Annual Report
Reports from Online Databases
Financial Report
Market Report
Conference Papers
Published on the Internet
In Digital Repository
Thesis
Government Dept. Publications
Web Pages
Author
No Author
No Author of Title
Podcasts
Social Networking
Twitter
Facebook
Blog
Interviews
Internet/Television
Newspaper
Personal
Skype
PowerPoint Presentation (Lecture Handouts)
TV Adverts
YouTube
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Citations in your text
Citations in the text are in brackets and normally give the author followed by a comma and
then the date. Direct quotations should include the page numbers e.g. “Making use of the
Harvard referencing system” (Blaxter, 2013, p.2). However, the exact format will vary
depending on the style of your citation.
Introducing citations: examples






According to…
In their conclusion…
…suggests that
…argues that
Research by…
…discussed
Arrangement
The reference list and/or bibliography is arranged alphabetically by the name
(author’s surname or organisation name ) or title (if no author) and then by date.
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Harvard referencing system examples
Books
Author/Editor surname, initials. Publication date (round brackets) Title of book.
(italics) Edition (only if it is not the first) Place of publication: Publisher.
Single author
Murray, R. (2011) How to write a thesis. 3rd edn. Maidenhead: Open University.
In-text citation
According to Murray (2011, p.41), the best way…
2 authors
Press.
Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2015) Business research methods. 4th edn. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
In-text citation
Bryman and Bell (2015) thought that…
3 authors
Barrow, C., Barrow, P. and Brown, R. (2011) The business plan workbook. 7th edn.
London: Kogan Page.
In-text citation
In their conclusion, Barrow, Barrow and Brown (2011) stated…
4 or more authors
Blaxter, E. et al. (2015) Creating references. Glasgow: University of Strathclyde.
In-text citation
According to Blaxter et al. (2015) the simplest…
Editors
Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (eds.) (2011) The Sage handbook of qualitative
research. 4th edn. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
In-text citation
Research methods were discussed in Denzin and Lincoln (2011)
No author
World consumer lifestyles databook. (2013) 12th edn. London: Euromonitor
International.
In-text citation
In 2012 Finland had the highest alcoholic beverage consumer expenditure in the
world (World consumer lifestyles databook, 2013, p.118)
Reprint
Handy, C. (1991) The age of unreason. Reprint, London: Arrow Business Books,
1995.
In-text citation
Handy (1991) believes…
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Chapter in edited book
Chapter authors. Publication date (round brackets) Chapter title (single quotation
marks), in book author / editors. Title (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher.
Chapter page numbers.
Clacher, I., Hillier, D.J. and McColgan, P. (2010) ‘Agency theory: incomplete
contracting and ownership structure’, in Baker, H.K. and Anderson, R. (eds.)
Corporate governance: a synthesis of theory, research, and practice. Hoboken: Wiley,
pp. 157-175.
In-text citation
According to Clacher, Hillier and Mccolgan (2010, p.160)…
Multi-volumes
Egan, J. and Harker, M. (2005) Relationship Marketing (3 vols). London: Sage.
In-text citation
Egan and Harker (2005) propose…
Ebooks
Electronic books are available via the Library webpages and are part of collections such as
EBL, Dawsonera, MyiLibrary or Cambridge Books Online. These ebooks look like printed
books with publication details and pagination and so you would reference as a printed book.
However, if you download an ebook to a personal device (Kindle, tablet, smartphone etc) then
you should add that information to the citation.
Baker, H.K. and Anderson, R. (2010) Corporate governance: a synthesis of theory,
research and practice. Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks.com
(Downloaded: 28 August 2014).
In-text citation
In their conclusion, Baker and Anderson (2010)…
Journal articles
Print or electronic journal with author.
(See note above for ebooks)
Authors. Publication date (round brackets) Article title (single quotation marks),
Journal title, (in italics – capital letters for each word in title, except for and, of, the, for
etc) volume / issue (part), page numbers.
Cunningham, I.R. (2011) ‘Constrained by managerialism: caring as participation in the
voluntary social services’. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 32 (2), pp.329-352.
In-text citation
Cunningham article (2011) suggests…
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Adding a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
A DOI can be added but is not essential.

Barron, A. (2010) ‘Exploring national culture's consequences on international business
lobbying’. Journal of World Business, 46 (3). pp. 320-327. doi:
10.1016/j.jwb.2010.07.008.
Working paper not yet published in a journal
Subodh, U. P. (2013) Market efficiency and behavioural finance: evidence from Indian
stock market, working paper. H. L. Institute of Commerce. Available at:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2371980 (Accessed: 21 September 2015)
In-text citation: Subodh (2013) argues that….
Newspaper articles, print and electronic
No author
Title of newspaper (in italics) Publication date (round brackets) Article title (in single
quotation marks), day and month, page number.
The Guardian (2012) ‘National: Banking: Q&A: How does Libor affect you?’ 29 June,
p. 11.
In-text citation
The article (The Guardian (2012, p.11) outlined…
Author
Author/byline. Publication date (round brackets) Article title (in single quotation marks),
Title of Newspaper (in italics), Edition if required (in round brackets), day and month,
page number.
Wilson, H. (2012) ‘Hester says RBS computer glitch could hit executive bonuses’. The
Daily Telegraph, 26 June, p.3.
In-text citation
Executive bonuses could be hit by a computer glitch (Wilson, 2012)
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Reports
Author or organisation Publication date (in round brackets) Report title (in italics).
Print: Place of publication: Publisher. Online: Available at: URL (Accessed: date). (in
round brackets)
Published report
Print
Overell, S. et al. (2010) The employment relationship and the quality of work. London: The
Good Work Commission.
Online
Overell, S. et al. (2010) The employment relationship and the quality of work. London: The Good Work
Commission. Available at:
http://www.goodworkcommission.co.uk/Assets/Docs/ReportsWithCovers/07.EmploymentRelationshipQualityOfWor
k.pdf (Accessed: 13 February 2014).
In-text citation
Overell et al. (2010) reported…
Company annual report: online
The Weir Group (2013) Annual report and financial statements 2013. Available at:
http://www.weir.co.uk/media/84259/The-Weir-Group-PLC-Annual-Report-2013.pdf
(Accessed: 19 August 2014).
In-text citation
The company reported (The Weir Group, 2013)
Reports from online databases
Publisher Publication date (round brackets) ‘Report title’ (in single quotation marks).
Available at: URL (Accessed: date). (in round brackets)
Financial report
Bureau van Dijk (2013) ‘A.G. Barr plc company report.’ Available at:
https://fame2.bvdep.com (Accessed: 8 August 2013).
In-text citation
A.G.Barr turnover rose by …(Bureau van Dijk, (2013)
Market report
Key Note (2013) ‘Grey consumer’. Available at:
http://www.keynote.co.uk/academics/ (Accessed: 12 August 2013).
In-text citation
Key Note (2013) reported a growth in the grey consumer market.
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Conference papers
Published on the internet
Author. Publication date (round brackets) ‘Title of paper’ (in single quotation marks),
Conference name (in italics). Date of conference. Publisher. Available at: URL.
(Accessed: date). (in round brackets).
NB. If DOI is used then accessed date is not required.
Pret,T and Shaw, E. (2013) ‘Entrepreneurial capital: exploring the perspectives of
craft entrepreneurs, 36th Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ISBE)
conference. Cardiff, Wales,12 – 13 November 2013.
Available at: http://www.isbe.org.uk/content/assets/Creative-_Tobias_Pret.pdf
(Accessed: 15 August 2014)
In-text citation
Pret and Shaw (2010) highlighted…
In digital repository (already published)
Hibbert, P.C. (2009) ‘Reflexivity as a threshold concept: troublesome understanding’.
Sixty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago, USA. 7 – 11
July 2009.
In-text citation
Hibbert (2009) discussed…
Thesis
Author. Submission year (round brackets). Title (in italics). Degree. Awarding body.
If available online add:
Available at: URL. (Accessed: date). (in round brackets)
James, R. (2010) Marketing the arts. PhD thesis. University of Strathclyde.
In-text citation
Research by James (2010)…
Government department publications
Government department name Publication date (round brackets) Title (in italics)
Series (round brackets). Available at: URL (Accessed: date). (in round brackets)
If referencing a non UK government publication add the country (round brackets) after
the department name. For example: Department of Commerce (US)
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) (2011) Economic opportunities
and challenges of ageing. Available at:
http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/corporate/docs/e/11-915-economicopportunities-challenges-ageing (Accessed: 19 August 2014).
In-text citation
In 2033 the number of people over 65 is projected to be 23% cent of the UK
population. (Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 2011)
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Web pages
Web page: with author
Author. Date site was published or last updated (round brackets) Title of webpage (in
italics). Available at: URL (Accessed: date). (in round brackets)
Malkoutzis, N. (2015) Greece's Tsipras risks red lines in eurozone deal.
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-33879126 (Accessed: 14
August).
In-text citation
Malkoutzis (2011) reviews the Greek Eurozone deal.
Web page: no author
Title of the webpage (in italics) Date site was published or last updated (round
brackets) Available at: URL (Accessed: date). (in round brackets)
Russian import ban fuels food price rises (2014) Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-28849726 (Accessed: 19 August 2014).
In-text citation
Economic sanctions increase food prices (Russian import ban fuels food price rises,
2014)
Web page: no author or title
URL Date site was published or last updated (in round brackets) (Accessed: date) (in
round brackets)
http://www.strath.ac.uk/library/ (2015) (Accessed: 14 August 2015)
In-text citation
There are many ways to access information (http://www.strath.ac.uk/library/, 2015)
Podcasts
Name of programme (date of publication or last update) Podcast title (Italics)
[Podcast]. Day & month of broadcast. Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
World Business Report (2014) Eurozone economy flatlines [Podcast]. 14 August.
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/wbnews (Accessed: 20 August
2014).
In-text citation
Eurozone economy is flatlining (World Business Report), 2014)…
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Social networking websites
Twitter
Author. (Date the page was last updated). Day & month message was posted.
Available at: URL. (Accessed: date).
Peston, R. (2014) 10 August. Available at: https://twitter.com/Peston (Accessed: 19
August 2014)
In-text citation
The BBC Economics Editor tweeted a link to zero rated snacks was tweeted (Peston,
2014)
Facebook
Author. (Date the page was last updated). Page title (in italics) Day & month message
was posted. Available at: URL. (Accessed: date). (in round brackets)
Duffy, S. (2014) Delivering economic growth through investment in Scotland’s rail
network. 17 July. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/strathbusiness (Accessed:
20 August 2014).
In-text citation
A recent Fraser of Allander study (Duffy, 2014)
Blog
Author. (Date the page was last updated). Title of message (single quotation marks)
Title of internet site (in italics), day & month message was posted. Available at: URL.
(Accessed: date). (in round brackets)
Flanders, S. (2012) ‘US versus China: who will own the future?’ Stephanie Flanders
Stephanomics blog, 24 July. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/correspondents/stephanieflanders/ (Accessed: 25 July
2012)
In-text citation
Stephanie Flanders (2012) discussed…
Interviews
Internet / television
If the interview is available on the internet then include the URL and the date accessed.
Name of person interviewed.(Date of interview) Interview title, if any (single quotation
marks). Interviewed by, title of publication or broadcast (in italics), day & month of
interview, page numbers if relevant. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Sri-Kumar, K. (2013) Interviewed by Tom Keene and Sara Eisen for Surveillance,
Bloomberg Television, 7 May. Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/video/komalsri-kumar-on-fed-policy-economy-strategy-TFwumFVbTB22qqrdWS7YEw.html
(Accessed: 7 May 2013).
In-text citation
The consultant discussed US investment strategy (Sri-Kumar, 2013).
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Newspaper
Russell, L. (2013) ‘Would I give back my winners to have Campbell back? Of course’.
Interview with Lucinda Russell. Interviewed by Susan Swarbrick for The Herald, 29
April, p12.
In-text citation
Lucinda Russell discusses her life and work (Russell, 2013)
Personal
Cameron, D. (2014) Interviewed by Linda Emery. 25 August.
In text citation
(Cameron, 2014)
Skype
Cameron, D. (2014) Skype conversation with Lorna McNally, 11 August 2014.
In text citation
This was discussed by Cameron (2014).
PowerPoint presentation (Lecture Notes)
Author. (Date) Title (in italics) [PowerPoint presentation], Module code / title if known
(in italics). Institution. Day & month.
Hamill, J. and Stevenson, A. (2011) Mastering social media [PowerPoint presentation
to CM2], Customer management, 2. University of Strathclyde. 2 November.
In-text citation
(Hamill and Stevenson, 2011)
Television advertisement
Company name. (Date) Name of advert (in italics) [Advertisement on…]. Day &
month of broadcast.
Gocompare.com (2011) Gio Compario [Advertisement on ITV1 Television]. 26 June.
In-text citation
Advertisement by Gocompare.com (2011)…
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YouTube
Person / organisation posting video (date posted) Title of video. (in italics)
Available at: URL. (Accessed: date).
University of Strathclyde Business School. (2015) Introduction to Fundamentals of
Business Economics. Available at: https://youtu.be/r-AzKi5xJ98 (Accessed: 25
August) 2015).
In-text citation
In the Introduction to business economics (University of Strathclyde Business
School, 2015) discussed…
Press releases / announcements online
Author / organisation. (Year issued) Communication title (in italics) [Press release].
Day & month. Available at: URL. (Accessed: date).
CAMAC Energy Inc. (2014) CAMAC Energy to acquire 3D seismic offshore Gambia
[Press release]. 15 December. Available at: http://www.erinenergy.com/media/pressreleases/press-release-details/2014/CAMAC-Energy-to-Acquire-3D-Seismic-OffshoreGambia/default.aspx (Accessed: 17 August 2015).
In-text citation
Minutes(CAMACEnergy
of meetingsInc., 2013)
Author or group. (Date) ‘Item referenced’ (single quotation marks). Title and meeting
date (in italics), Organisation, Meeting location.
Weintraub, S. (2012) ‘Item 10: INS Student Organization’. INS Business Meeting 28
June 2012, International Neuropsychological Society, Oslo.
In-text citation
Weintraub (2012) proposed…
Minutes of focus groups
Author or group. (Date) ‘Item referenced’ (single quotation marks). Title and meeting
date (in italics), Organisation, Meeting location.
Andersonian Library focus group (2014). ‘Item 4: How to borrow a book’. Minutes of
the Andersonian Library focus group 5 July 2014, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.
In-text citation
The Andersonian Library focus group (2014) proposed…
Last updated January 2017. Lorna McNally, Business Faculty Librarian
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