LCA Phase 1: Goal and Scope Section 2: What occurs in the Goal and Scope
Definition Phase of a Life Cycle Assessment?
2.1 Introduction: ISO LCA Study Design Parameters Please read the following pages from ​Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter. Pages 83­84, Ch. 4 The ISO LCA Standard ­ Goal and Scope Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter H. Scott Matthews, Chris T. Hendrickson, Deanna H. Matthews 2.2 SDP 1. Goal
Please read the following pages from ​Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter. Pages 84­85, Ch. 4 The ISO LCA Standard ­ Goal and Scope Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter H. Scott Matthews, Chris T. Hendrickson, Deanna H. Matthews 2.3 Scope
Please read the following pages from ​Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter. Pages 85­86, Ch. 4 The ISO LCA Standard ­ Goal and Scope Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter H. Scott Matthews, Chris T. Hendrickson, Deanna H. Matthews SDP 2. Functional Unit Please read the following pages from ​Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter. 1 LCA Phase 1: Goal and Scope Pages 86­88, Ch. 4 The ISO LCA Standard ­ Goal and Scope Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter H. Scott Matthews, Chris T. Hendrickson, Deanna H. Matthews (​Zbicinski et al, 2006, p. 92­93​) An LCA of a product must have clearly specified functions to be assessed. If, for instance, the product is a washing machine, it is important to describe its performance characteristics. These state what minimum quality standards the washing machine must meet: the degree of cleanliness and the degree to which clothes should be dried, how long the machine should work and how frequently it is to be used, the amount of clothes that can be washed at one time, etc. That is, it is important to define a function of a product rather than a product itself. The measure of performance which the system delivers is called a functional unit. (​Zbicinski et al, 2006, p. 92­93​) The functional unit provides a reasonable point of reference when comparing different products. Two products, A and B, may have different performance characteristics even though they fulfil the same function. An illustrative example is the comparison of different kinds of milk packaging, already discussed above. Two possible alternatives are: a milk carton and a returnable glass bottle. A glass bottle can be used ten or more times, whereas a milk carton can be used only once. On the other hand, a milk carton does not need washing and additional transportation. When comparing one carton and one bottle we could conclude that carton is the environmentally best choice. If the functional unit of the two packages is established, however, the analysis are not distorted by unfair assumptions. Considered for example, that the packaging for 10 litres of milk could be a functional unit. In this case we have to compare 10 milk cartons to 1 bottle and 9 washings (assuming 9 return trips of the bottle). Another example of a functional unit is when one wish to compare different anti­corrosive paints used for protecting a metal surface. The functional unit in this case might be the amount of paint which covers a certain surface for a certain time , e.g. 1 m2 painted for 2 years. We then compare the different properties of the paints, the lifetime of coating, and the ability to cover a specified surface instead of the amount of paint. Reference Flows Please read the following pages from ​The Product, Functional Unit and Reference Flows in LCA. Pages 32­33 of ​
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The Product, Functional Unit and Reference Flows in LCA. Bo Weidema, Henrik Wenzel, Claus Petersen, Klaus Hansen READ HERE 2 LCA Phase 1: Goal and Scope SDPs 3 and 4. Product System and System Boundary
Please read the following pages from ​Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter. Pages 88­91, Ch. 4 The ISO LCA Standard ­ Goal and Scope Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter H. Scott Matthews, Chris T. Hendrickson, Deanna H. Matthews Process Flows
Please read the following pages from ​Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter. Pages 91­93, Ch. 4 The ISO LCA Standard ­ Goal and Scope Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter H. Scott Matthews, Chris T. Hendrickson, Deanna H. Matthews SDP 5. Inventory Inputs and Outputs
Please read the following pages from ​Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter. Page 93, Ch. 4 The ISO LCA Standard ­ Goal and Scope Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter H. Scott Matthews, Chris T. Hendrickson, Deanna H. Matthews SDP 6. Impact Assessment
Please read the following pages from ​Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter. Pages 93­94, Ch. 4 The ISO LCA Standard ­ Goal and Scope Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter H. Scott Matthews, Chris T. Hendrickson, Deanna H. Matthews 3 LCA Phase 1: Goal and Scope References
Matthews, S. H., Hendrickson, C. T., and Matthews, D. H. (2015). ​Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approached for Decisions that Matter. Retrieved June 1, 2016 from http://www.lcatextbook.com/​. Weidema, B., Wenzel, H., Petersen, C., & Hansen, K. (2004). ​The Product, Functional Unit and Reference Flows in LCA. Danish Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved June 20, 2016 from http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/Publications/2004/87­7614­233­7/pdf/87­7614­234­5.PDF Zbicinski, I., Stavenuiter, J., Kozlowska, B., & Van de Coevering, H. (2006). ​Product Design and Life Cycle Assessment. Uppsala, Sweden: The Baltic University Press. Retrieved June 20, 2016 from http://www.balticuniv.uu.se/index.php/teaching­materials/828­em­3­product­design­and­li
fe­cycle­assessment­ 4