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0LANT 2EPRODUCTION
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4ENNESSEE 3CIENCE
3TANDARDS
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!FTER YOU READ THIS SECTION YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO ANSWER
THESE QUESTIONS
s (OW DO NONVASCULAR PLANTS REPRODUCE
s (OW DO SEED PLANTS REPRODUCE
',% ',% )NQ
',% )NQ
',% )NQ
(OW $O 0LANTS 2EPRODUCE
,OOK OUTSIDE AND YOU WILL PROBABLY SEE MANY DIFFER
ENT KINDS OF PLANTS (OW DO PLANTS REPRODUCE ,IKE ANI
MALS PLANTS CAN REPRODUCE EITHER ASEXUALLY OR SEXUALLY
3OME PLANTS CAN EVEN USE BOTH METHODS 4HE WAY A TYPE
OF PLANT REPRODUCES IS DEPENDENT ON THE PLANTS ENVIRON
MENT
0LANTS HAVE TWO STAGES IN THEIR LIFE CYCLEˆTHE
SPOROPHYTE STAGE AND THE GAMETOPHYTE STAGE $URING THE
SPOROPHYTE STAGE PLANTS MAKE SPORES ! SPORE IS A REPRO
DUCTIVE CELL THAT CAN GROW INTO A GAMETOPHYTE $URING THE
GAMETOPHYTE STAGE FEMALE GAMETOPHYTES PRODUCE EGGS
AND MALE GAMETOPHYTES PRODUCE SPERM &OR PLANTS TO
REPRODUCE SEXUALLY A SPERM MUST FERTILIZE AN EGG
345$9 4)0
,IST !S YOU READ THIS SECTION
LIST THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GYM
NOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS
(OW $O .ONVASCULAR 0LANTS 2EPRODUCE
.ONVASCULAR PLANTS INCLUDE MOSSES LIVERWORTS AND
HORNWORTS ,IKE ALL PLANTS NONVASCULAR PLANTS HAVE A
TWOSTAGE LIFE CYCLE 4HEY HAVE A SPOROPHYTE GENERATION
WHICH PRODUCES SPORES AND A GAMETOPHYTE GENERATION
WHICH PRODUCES EGGS AND SPERM .ONVASCULAR PLANTS CAN
ALSO REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY THAT IS WITHOUT EGGS AND SPERM
-OSS ,IFE #YCLE
M:D>:EHHD
)DENTIFY &OR MOSSES ARE
THE MALE AND FEMALE GAMETO
PHYTES SEPARATE PLANTS OR PART
OF THE SAME PLANT
'AMETOPHYTE
B 4HE SPOROPHYTE
RELEASES SPORES
INTO THE AIR
C 3PORES LAND IN A
3PORES
MOIST PLACE CRACK
OPEN AND GROW INTO
LEAFY GAMETOPHYTES
3POROPHYTE
'AMETOPHYTE
A 4HE FERTILIZED
EGG GROWS INTO
A SPOROPHYTE
&ERTILIZED
EGG
-ALE
&EMALE
D 3PERM SWIM THROUGH
WATER FROM THE MALE
GAMETOPHYTE TO
FERTILIZE THE EGG AT
THE TOP OF THE FEMALE
GAMETOPHYTE
%GG
3PERM
3POROPHYTE
#OPYRIGHT © BY (OLT 2INEHART AND 7INSTON A $IVISION OF (OUGHTON -IFFLIN (ARCOURT 0UBLISHING #OMPANY !LL RIGHTS RESERVED
)NTERACTIVE 2EADER AND 3TUDY 'UIDE
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!DAPTING TO THE %NVIRONMENT
30
.AME
3%#4)/. #LASS
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0LANT 2EPRODUCTION CONTINUED
(OW $O 3EEDLESS 6ASCULAR 0LANTS
2EPRODUCE
4HE MOST WELLKNOWN SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS ARE FERNS
3EEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS AND NONVASCULAR PLANTS HAVE VERY
SIMILAR LIFE CYCLES &IRST THE SPERM FROM A MALE GAMETO
PHYTE JOINS WITH THE EGG FROM A FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE 4HE
SPOROPHYTE THAT GROWS FROM THE EGG AND SPERM PRODUCES
SPORES 4HESE SPORES CAN GROW INTO NEW GAMETOPHYTES
3EEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS CAN ALSO REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY
4HIS CAN HAPPEN WHEN NEW PLANTS BRANCH OFF FROM OLDER
PLANTS )T CAN HAPPEN ALSO WHEN PIECES OF ONE PLANT FALL OFF
AND BEGIN TO GROW AS NEW PLANTS
2%!$).' #(%#+
$ESCRIBE 7HAT ARE TWO
WAYS IN WHICH SEEDLESS
NONVASCULAR PLANTS REPRODUCE
ASEXUALLY
C
&ERN ,IFE #YCLE
3PORES LAND ON MOIST
SOIL AND GROW INTO
GAMETOPHYTES
'AMETOPHYTE
3PERM
%GG
3PORES
&EMALE
-ALE
D
B
M:D>:EHHD
!PPLY #ONCEPTS $OES THIS
lGURE SHOW SEXUAL OR ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION %XPLAIN YOUR
ANSWER
2%!$).' #(%#+
#OMPARE 7HAT IS ONE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANGIO
SPERMS AND GYMNOSPERMS
4HE SPOROPHYTE
RELEASES SPORES
INTO THE AIR
3POROPHYTE
A
&ERTILIZED EGG
! SPERM SWIMS
THROUGH WATER
TO FERTILIZE AN
EGG
4HE FERTILIZED EGG GROWS
INTO A SPOROPHYTE
(OW $O 3EED 0LANTS 2EPRODUCE
4HE TWO TYPES OF SEED PLANTS ARE GYMNOSPERMS AND
ANGIOSPERMS 'YMNOSPERMS ARE TREES AND SHRUBS THAT DO
NOT HAVE FLOWERS OR FRUITS !NGIOSPERMS HAVE FLOWERS AND
SEEDS THAT ARE PROTECTED BY FRUIT -OST SEED PLANTS CAN
REPRODUCE SEXUALLY WITHOUT WATER WHICH ALLOWS THEM TO
LIVE IN MANY ENVIRONMENTS
2%02/$5#4)/. ). '9-./30%2-3
4HE MOST WELLKNOWN GYMNOSPERMS ARE THE CONIFERS
#ONIFERS SUCH AS EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS MAKE CONES
TO REPRODUCE 0INES SPRUCES AND FIRS ARE ALL CONIFERS
4HEY HAVE MALE CONES AND FEMALE CONES 3PORES IN MALE
CONES DEVELOP INTO MALE GAMETOPHYTES AND SPORES IN
FEMALE CONES DEVELOP INTO FEMALE GAMETOPHYTES 4HE
GAMETOPHYTES PRODUCE SPERM AND EGGS
#OPYRIGHT © BY (OLT 2INEHART AND 7INSTON A $IVISION OF (OUGHTON -IFFLIN (ARCOURT 0UBLISHING #OMPANY !LL RIGHTS RESERVED
)NTERACTIVE 2EADER AND 3TUDY 'UIDE
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!DAPTING TO THE %NVIRONMENT
30
.AME
#LASS
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0LANT 2EPRODUCTION CONTINUED
0/,,).!4)/.
! POLLEN GRAIN CONTAINS THE TINY MALE GAMETOPHYTE
7HEN THE WIND BLOWS IT CARRIES POLLEN FROM THE MALE
CONES TO THE FEMALE CONES 4HIS MOVEMENT OF POLLEN TO
THE FEMALE CONES IS CALLED POLLINATION 0OLLINATION IS PART
OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN SEED PLANTS
!FTER POLLINATION SPERM FERTILIZE THE EGGS IN THE FEMALE
CONES ! FERTILIZED EGG DEVELOPS INTO A NEW SPOROPHYTE
INSIDE A SEED %VENTUALLY THE SEEDS FALL FROM THE CONE )F
THE CONDITIONS ARE RIGHT THE SEEDS WILL GROW
0INE ,IFE #YCLE
M:D>:EHHD
'AMETOPHYTE
C 3EX CELLS ARE
%GG
PRODUCED IN
THE CONES
&EMALE CONE
CROSS SECTION
B 3PORES ARE
PRODUCED
4HEY GROW INTO
GAMETOPHYTES
)DENTIFY 7HERE DOES
FERTILIZATION OCCUR IN A
GYMNOSPERM
&ERTILIZED EGG
D 7IND CARRIES
POLLEN TO THE EGG
! SPERM FROM
A POLLEN GRAIN
FERTILIZES THE EGG
0OLLEN
-ALE CONE
CROSS SECTION
E 4HE FERTILIZED EGG
-ALE CONES
DEVELOPS INTO A
YOUNG SPOROPHYTE
WITHIN A SEED
3EED
A 4HE SEED CONTAINS A YOUNG
&EMALE CONES
3POROPHYTE
SPOROPHYTE WHICH GROWS
INTO AN ADULT SPOROPHYTE
2%02/$5#4)/. ). !.')/30%2-3
)N ANGIOSPERMS POLLINATION TAKES PLACE IN FLOWERS
3OME ANGIOSPERMS DEPEND ON THE WIND FOR POLLINATION
/THERS RELY ON ANIMALS SUCH AS BEES AND BIRDS TO CARRY
POLLEN FROM FLOWER TO FLOWER
!NGIOSPERM SEEDS DEVELOP INSIDE FRUITS 3OME FRUITS
AND SEEDS LIKE THOSE OF A DANDELION HAVE STRUCTURES THAT
HELP THE WIND CARRY THEM /THER FRUITS SUCH AS BLACK
BERRIES ATTRACT ANIMALS THAT EAT THEM 4HE ANIMALS DROP
THE SEEDS IN NEW PLACES WHERE THE SEEDS CAN GROW INTO
PLANTS
/4(%2 -%4(/$3 /& 2%02/$5#4)/.
2%!$).' #(%#+
)DENTIFY 7HERE DO ANGIO
SPERM SEEDS DEVELOP
!NGIOSPERMS MAY ALSO REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY 4HE
ADVANTAGE OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS THAT THESE PLANTS DO
NOT DEPEND ON OTHER PLANTS TO REPRODUCE )NSTEAD PART OF
A PLANT PRODUCES A NEW PLANT EITHER UNDERGROUND ON THE
GROUND OR ON THE PLANT ITSELF
#OPYRIGHT © BY (OLT 2INEHART AND 7INSTON A $IVISION OF (OUGHTON -IFFLIN (ARCOURT 0UBLISHING #OMPANY !LL RIGHTS RESERVED
)NTERACTIVE 2EADER AND 3TUDY 'UIDE
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!DAPTING TO THE %NVIRONMENT
30