FORM B
BUILDING
MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
MASSACHUSETTS ARCHIVES BUILDING
220 MORRISSEY BOULEVARD
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02125
Assessor’s Number
USGS Quad
UMAS No. 75
and 76
Town:
Area(s)
Williamsburg
Form Number
n/a
Amherst
Place: (neighborhood or village) University of
Massachusetts
Photograph
Address:
40 Campus Center Service Rd.
Historic Name: Power Plant Boiler House & Addition
Uses: Present:
Storage/Support
Original: Storage/Support
Date of Construction: 1951
Source:
UMASS Facilities Archives
Style/Form:
Art Deco details
Architect/Builder:
James R. Brown, Engineers
Exterior Material:
Foundation: concrete
Topographic or Assessor's Map
Wall/Trim:
brick
Roof:
flat, built-up
Outbuildings/Secondary Structures:
Major Alterations (with dates):
1952 turbine house addition (3,000 SF)
1959 boiler house addition (16,000 SF)
1971 package boiler house(3,500 SF)
1985 baggage house (9,000 SF)
Condition:
fair
Moved: no | X | yes | |
Acreage:
Date
1,348 acres 2008 historic structure survey
area
Setting:
The structure occupies a ravine originally
formed as a seasonal watercourse for wetlands at an upper
elevation.
Recorded by: Jon Buono
Organization: EYP/ Architecture & Engineering
Date (month / year): August 2008
Follow Massachusetts Historical Commission Survey Manual instructions for completing this form.
INVENTORY FORM B CONTINUATION SHEET
[AMHERST ]
MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
[40 CAMPUS CENTER SERVICE RD. ]
Area(s)
Form No.
220 MORRISSEY BOULEVARD, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02125
n/a
___ Recommended for listing in the National Register of Historic Places.
If checked, you must attach a completed National Register Criteria Statement form.
ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION:
The Power Plant Boiler House is an approximately 8,500 square foot utility structure with a 16,000 square foot addition on the
Amherst campus of the University of Massachusetts. The building is located at a lower elevation from the central campus in a
former ravine.
Both the original structure and its addition are constructed of steel frame with brick exterior walls. The original structure is 5 bays
wide by 3 bays deep and the addition is 6 bays wide by 3 bays deep, having an extending bay at the east elevation. Both
buildings are coursed in a common-bond brick pattern and have exposed concrete foundations. Both structures have multi-story
high-bay interiors, with additional penthouses occurring at their parti walls.
The original Boiler House is distinguished by a terracotta smoke stack located within its central bay. This structure also has a
more expressive exterior façade than its addition, including vertical details typical of the Art Deco era. The building bays are
defined by shallow brick pilasters that terminate with a concrete coping to create a crenellate parapet. Both structures have flat
built-up roofs.
The interior high bays are illuminated by multi-story steel industrial windows at the east and west elevations. The structure has
experienced numerous additions to accommodate new technology and systems. An irregular pattern of masonry infill on the
west elevation indicates a prior wall opening required to install a new boiler.
The boiler house and associated structures generate thermal energy by burning pulverized coal (also known as powdered coal
or coal dust). This boiler then provides steam to drive large turbines. The mechanical process is described as follows and
illustrated in Figure 2.
Coal (1) is delivered to the coal hopper, where it is crushed to a particular size. The coal is processed and delivered by a
conveyor belt to the generating plant. The coal is then pulverized (2), or crushed, to a fine powder, mixed with air and blown into
the boiler, or furnace for combustion. The coal / air mixture ignites instantly in the boiler (3). Millions of gallons of purified water
are pumped through tubes inside the boiler. Intense heat from the burning coal turns the purified water in the boiler tubes into
steam, which spins the turbine to create electricity.
Burning coal produces carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These gases are vented from
the boiler at the precipitator and stack (4). Bottom ash, which is made of coarse fragments that fall to the bottom of the boiler, is
removed. Fly ash, which is very light, exits the boiler along with the hot gases. An electrostatic precipitator (a huge air filter)
removes 99.4 per cent of fly ash before the flue gases are dispersed into the atmosphere.
Water in the boiler tubes picks up heat from the boiler and turns into steam. The high-pressure steam from the boiler passes into
the turbine (5) - a massive drum with thousands of propeller blades. Once the steam hits the turbine blades, it causes the turbine
to spin rapidly. The spinning turbine causes a shaft to turn inside the generator, creating an electric current.
Cooling water is drawn into the plant and circulated through condensers (6), which cools steam discharged from the turbine.
Steam from the turbine also passes through the condensers in separate pipes from cooling water. The cold water is warmed by
the steam, which condenses back into pure water and circulates back to the boiler to begin the process of generating electricity
again. Cooling water, now warm from the heat exchange in the condensers, is released from the plant.
Once the electricity is generated, transformers (9) increase the voltage so it can be carried across the transmission lines.
Once electricity is delivered to substations in cities and towns, the voltage flowing into the distribution lines is reduced, and then
reduced again to distribute electricity to users.
Continuation sheet 1
INVENTORY FORM B CONTINUATION SHEET
MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
[AMHERST ]
[40 CAMPUS CENTER SERVICE RD. ]
Area(s)
Form No.
220 MORRISSEY BOULEVARD, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02125
n/a
HISTORICAL NARRATIVE
Overview
The University of Massachusetts, Amherst was chartered as the Massachusetts Agricultural College in 1863 but did not accept
its first class until 1867. As one of two land grant universities in Massachusetts, the university’s original mission was agricultural
education. Its mission, however, evolved within the first 20 years in response to the changing needs of the United States. While
agriculture remains, even today, a mainstay of the University’s mission, the University now also supports engineering, science,
education, and liberal arts colleges and departments.
A full historical narrative of the University of Massachusetts from its founding to 1958 is contained in the survey report. This
narrative was prepared in 2009 by Carol S. Weed, Senior Archaeologist with Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Shown below are
selected highlights from the text of the full historical narrative, along with additional information pertinent to the specific building
that is described in this Massachusetts Historical Commission Building Form.
1863-1867: Administration and Initial Campus Layout
As the educational mission evolved in the years after 1863, so did the university’s approach to its facilities and its landscape.
There was no accepted plan for the layout of the college, despite the preparation of various plan proposals in the 1860s,
including separate proposals from the country’s preeminent landscape planners, Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted, who
had formerly worked together on the winning design for New York City’s Central Park. Neither Vaux’s plan, nor Olmsted’s plan to
create a campus around a central green, were accepted by the University Trustees.
1867-1916: The Early Growth
In the absence of a coordinated plan, the Trustees put existing buildings that were acquired with the campus land into service as
agricultural laboratories. Campus development for several decades after 1863 was sporadic and focused on the construction of
individual buildings to meet specific functional needs of the fledgling university. It was not until after 1900, during a period of
rapid student population growth and resultant new building construction, that the University Trustees again sought proposals for
comprehensive campus planning.
In 1912, a professional landscaping publication reported that Warren H. Manning, formerly affiliated with the Olmsted firm, had
spent over four years preparing a comprehensive plan for the University Trustees. The Trustees had considered it imperative for
the college to plan harmonious development that would conserve the beauty of campus grounds while meeting the needs of a
growing student population whose expanding range of activities was unprecedented.
Manning’s plan designated three distinct sections of the campus, the Upland, Midland and Lowland Sections. Each section was
intended to be the locus of specific functions, with clusters of purpose-built structures to serve those functions. For example, one
section would be designated for faculty, women’s and horticultural facilities. A second section would contain administration,
research, science and student life (dormitory, dining hall, and sports) facilities. The third section would be dedicated to poultry,
farming and sewage disposal facilities.
Although Manning’s Upland, Midland, and Lowland sections are not fully realized, it is apparent that discipline specific groupings
were developed. Building clusters, especially those related to agriculture, administration, and the hard and earth sciences
(physics, chemistry, and geology) continued to expand through the present day.
1916-1931: World War I and the Transition Years
Long range building programs were developed beginning with Landscape Gardening Professor F.A. Waugh’s 1919 plan. Like
Manning’s 1911 plan, Waugh’s 1919 work emphasized building groups in order to maintain the proper balance between
buildings, cultivated fields, meadows and lawns, forests and trees. By World War I and continuing through the 1920s, University
records frequently refer to the inadequacy of the physical plant; the lack of class room space; the lack of properly ventilated and
lighted spaces; and the danger of having to cancel classes because of a lack of appropriate facilities. Expansion of the campus
through acquisition of additional land was considered essential if the University were to construct new and better facilities to
address these deficiencies and excel as an institution of higher education.
The 1920s, however, had the fewest buildings constructed of any decade in the campus history to that point. The slow pace of
building is largely attributed to the annual funding levels that were appropriated by the Massachusetts Legislature during the
decade.
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1931-1941: Great Depression, New Deal
The change in campus orientation wrought by the expansion of the school’s mission began in the 1930s with its name change to
Massachusetts State College. With that program expansion there was a concerted effort to modernize and expand the campus
facilities. The campus population had grown steadily during the 1920s.
In 1933, the campus was hosting about 1,200 students in its graduate and undergraduate sections. By 1935, there were 1,300
students enrolled representing a 53 percent increase in five years and of 80 percent in ten years, prompting the University to
limit the freshman class to 300 students due to the inadequacy of facilities and staff to care for a greater number. This student
population was putting extreme pressure on basic resources such as the library.
Despite the growing student population and an identified need for additional and improved campus facilities in the 1920s and
1930s, the onset of the Great Depression with its wide-ranging consequences effectively restricted funding to the bare minimum
needed to operate. By late 1933, the funding outlook had improved through the economic stimulus initiatives of the Federal
Government, and National Recovery Act funds were available for the construction of a library, a new administration building, and
other unspecified buildings for the University.
As part of the University’s planning effort to select a site for the new library, the Campus Planning Committee charged with this
work issued a final report in late 1933, which contained five recommendations for campus development: 1) That the general
organization and building program on the campus be planned so as not to interfere with the sightliness [sic] and beauty of the
present central open space, 2) That buildings of such a general service nature (library, dining hall, etc.) that they affect the entire
student body be located in the first zone immediately adjacent to the central open space, 3) That buildings dealing with services
more specialized (agriculture, home economics, etc.), and therefore affecting only certain groups of students, occupy the second
zone, 4) That buildings used by students, but not directly contributing to organized instruction (dormitories), occupy the third
zone and 5) That buildings dealing with problems of general maintenance and physical service (heating plant, carpenter shop,
horse barn, etc.) occupy the outer, or fourth zone.
The committee went on to note that with these five recommendations in mind, they would site newly proposed buildings
according to the defined zones. These zones were basically the ones that Professor Waugh had recommended in his 1907 and
1919 planning reports and Manning had proposed in his 1911 plan. The zones or sections were designed to focus significant
elements of the college’s mission to its physical core which was defined as the broad, central bench with its hallmark pond.
Everything that supported these core elements were dispatched to outer zones.
By 1933, the University of Massachusetts, then known as the Massachusetts State College, was facing a severe shortage in
student housing. Between 1929 and 1933 at the onset of the Great Depression, student enrollment had grown by more than 40
percent, from 862 to 1,220 students, quite unlike periods during earlier depressions when student enrollment had declined. No
new dormitories for men had been added to the campus since 1868 and the one campus dormitory for women, Abigail Adams
House, was completely filled, which prompted the College to stop enrolling additional women in 1932.
In response to this housing shortage, the College began construction of a dormitory complex at the southeast corner of North
Pleasant Street and Eastman Lane, which ultimately consisted of ten neo-Georgian buildings now known as the Northeast
Residential Area. The first building of this complex was Thatcher House, which was constructed in 1935 to the design of
architect Louis Warren Ross, who was a member of the College’s class of 1917. Ross’s later works for the school include the
Student Union, which was constructed in 1956. Ross also designed Johnson House in 1959, which was the last structure of the
quadrangle to be completed.
Despite documents entitled “Final Report of the Campus Planning Committee,” the group operated in one form or another as the
primary planning unit on campus for the next 15 years, until 1948. The committee continued to focus on where buildings and
facilities would be best sited relative to the campus missions.
Power Plant Boiler House & Addition
Most early electrical technologies, such as telephones, railway signaling, and doorbells, were modifications of the telegraph
(invented 1838). These devices relied on batteries to supply a modest direct current. However, much more powerful currents
th
were required for practical lighting, heating, and electric motors. Such applications developed only in the late 19 century, when
improved generators and dynamos became available.
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INVENTORY FORM B CONTINUATION SHEET
MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
[AMHERST ]
[40 CAMPUS CENTER SERVICE RD. ]
Area(s)
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220 MORRISSEY BOULEVARD, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02125
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The spread of electrification in the United States between the 1880s and the 1940s, first in cities and towns and then in rural
areas, provided a major economic stimulus and transformed everyday life in the 1920s and beyond. For example, in first decade
of 1900s, an electric streetcar provided service on North Patterson Street which evolved with the campus as a major regional
thoroughfare.
Before the establishment of municipal power grids, institutions and business owners developed private individual electrical
plants, primarily if they maintained a physical complex. The exact history of electrification on the UMASS Amherst campus is
currently not documented, however the earliest large-scale generating facilities survive today.
The1923 Campus Guide provides the first record of a Power Plant, constructed in 1902. This facility may have consisted of a
masonry structure with arched openings and roof clerestory and terra-cotta smoke stack seen in historic photographs. The
surviving Photography Lab (UMASS Building No. 125) has a recorded construction date of 1907 and was also associated with
energy production on the campus.
The suspected 1902 structures are no longer extant and the depressed site has been continually re-developed for the needs of
the campus physical plant. In 1918, a new turbine house (UMASS No. 133) was constructed and reflected the need to
accommodate additional and likely more improved and efficient turbine units. The structure was designed by James H. Ritchie
who was responsible for other campus structures.
As the early years of the 20th century passed, and electric appliances became more critical to both the instructional and domestic
needs of the academic institution, the demand for electrical capacity increased greatly. A new Boiler House (UMASS No. 75)
was designed by Edward R. Brown, Engineers and constructed in 1951. This was followed eight years later with an addition
(UMASS Building No. 76) designed by Merrill Associates.
The campus current utility infrastructure includes steam, chilled water, storm and sanitary sewers, water, electric, gas and
telecommunications. In 2008, the new Central Heating Plant facility was completed adjacent to the Amherst Wastewater
Treatment Plant, at the north end of Mullins Way on the west side of Mullins Center. The new facility now accommodates nearly
all of the campus electric and steam demand, representing over 200 buildings and nearly 10 million gross square feet of building
space. After commissioning and acceptance testing of the new Central Heating Plant, the current heating plant, stacks, and fuel
handling facilities on Campus Center Way, are proposed for demolition.
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INVENTORY FORM B CONTINUATION SHEET
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[40 CAMPUS CENTER SERVICE RD. ]
MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
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220 MORRISSEY BOULEVARD, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02125
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BIBLIOGRAPHY and/or REFERENCES
Anonymous. 1954. Oblique aerial photograph of the College looking southeast. Special Collections and Archives, W.E.B. Du
Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Anonymous. 1955. “Campus Guide for Visitors, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts,” including a plan,
“University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts”. Special Collections and Archives, W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of
Massachusetts Amherst.
Anonymous. c.1970. Oblique aerial photograph of the campus looking north, 1970s. Special Collections and Archives, W.E.B.
Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Anonymous. c.1975. Oblique aerial photograph of the campus looking northwest, Special Collections and Archives, W.E.B. Du
Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Anonymous, 2004. “How a Coal-fired Power Plant Works”. Canadian Power Coalition. 4 July 2009
<http://www.canadiancleanpowercoalition.com>.
Adams, David L. and Lynne E. Adams. 2008. Massachusetts Memories: UMass Amherst History Amherst, Collective Copies.
Armstrong, William H. M.L.A. C.P., Supt. of Grounds. 1943. “Guide Map of the Campus” in “Campus Guide, Massachusetts
State College, Amherst, Mass.,” 1943.
Armstrong, William M.L.A. C.P., Supt of Grounds. c.1948-49 “Guide Map of the Campus” in “Campus Guide, University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.”
Boyer, Paul S. 2001. "Electricity and Electrification." The Oxford Companion to United States History. Oxford University Press.
Encyclopedia.com. 4 July 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Cary, Harold Whiting. 1962. The University of Massachusetts: A History of One Hundred Years, Amherst: University of
Massachusetts.
Lane, Tom. 1959. “University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts” [campus plan].
Manganard, Anthony J. 1947. “University of Massachusetts, Guide Map of the Campus”.
Shurcliff, Shurcliff and Merrill, Landscape Architects and Neils H. Larsen, Architectural Consultant. June 1957. “University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, Master Plan, Prepared for the division of Building Construction”.
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Figure 1 Campus map detail with surveyed buildings shaded in black.
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INVENTORY FORM B CONTINUATION SHEET
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Figure 2 Diagram of typical power plant functionality.
Canadian Power Coalition, 2001.
Figure 3 South elevation of original power plant prior to its conversion as the Photo Laboratory (UMASS Building No.125),
undated. The original Boiler House and smoke stack are at right.
Records group 150, No. 0005228.
Special Collections and Archives,
W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
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INVENTORY FORM B CONTINUATION SHEET
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Figure 4 Original boiler house coal handling derrick and smoke stack, undated.
North elevation of first Turbine House is shown at far right.
Records group 150, No. 0005229.
Special Collections and Archives,
W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
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Figure 5 North and east elevations of first Turbine House, with original Boiler House
and smoke stack at south, undated.
Records group 150, No. 0003381.
Special Collections and Archives,
W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
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Figure 6 Interior view of Boiler house, undated.
Records group 150, No. 0005234.
Special Collections and Archives,
W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
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Figure 7 Construction of Boiler House addition, undated.
Records group 150, No. 0005238.
Special Collections and Archives,
W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
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Figure 8 Completed Boiler House addition, with addition of ammonia refrigeration plant
at northeast, undated. Coal transfer system shown at right.
Records group 150, No. 0005237.
Special Collections and Archives,
W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
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Figure 9 View looking west through ravine toward the power plant just prior to construction of the
Campus Center Garage, undated.
Records group 150
Special Collections and Archives,
W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
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Figure 10
Aerial view of Power Plant complex from southeast, 2008.
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Figure 11 West elevation of Boiler House and Addition. Construction seam is
distinguished by termination of concrete banding at upper levels. 2008.
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Figure 12
Boiler House and Addition viewed from east, 2008.
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Figure 13 West elevation of Boiler House, with Turbine House Addition
at right and Boiler House Addition at left, 2008.
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Figure 14
Boiler House and Addition viewed from east. Original Boiler House at center, 2008.
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Figure 15 Long view of Boiler House and Addition west elevation, with
Turbine House Addition in immediate foreground, 2008.
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MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
MASSACHUSETTS ARCHIVES BUILDING
220 MORRISSEY BOULEVARD
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02125
Community
UMASS – AMHERST
Area(s)
Property Address
40 Campus Center Service Rd.
Form No.
National Register of Historic Places Criteria Statement Form
Check all that apply:
Individually eligible
Eligible only in a historic district
Contributing to a potential historic district
Criteria:
A
Criteria Considerations:
B
C
A
Potential historic district
D
B
C
D
E
F
G
Statement of Significance by___ Jon Buono, Einhorn Yaffee Prescott, Architecture & Engineering_______
The criteria that are checked in the above sections must be justified here.
The Power Plant Boiler House & Addition (UMASS No.s 75 and 76, respectively) are recommended not eligible for the National
Register of Historic Places. The buildings are not recommended individually eligible as they do not possess individual
significance nor do they display any significance in construction or architectural design. The physical integrity of both buildings
has been significantly diminished through modifications to their exterior appearance to accommodate changes in industrial
equipment. Although a large number of buildings on the campus are recommended eligible as part of a potential historic district,
this peripherally-located industrial facility is not considered central to defining or maintaining the character of the Institution.