6
ACTIVITY
Facts as Evidence
8. Cite two laws which to you seem just, and explain why you think they are just.
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9. Now cite two laws which you think are unjust, and explain why you think they are unjust.
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Explanation
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b. Unjust law
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ACTIVITY
With great skill, King uses an abundance of rhetorical devices that have the potential to
overwhelm the audience emotionally.
Contrast (antithesis)
1. King employs antithesis in the second sentence. Outline the pairs of contrasts.
a. Places:
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and __
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b. Moves like.
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(second place)
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(second place)
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and
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2. In a sentence, explain King's rhetorical purpose in employing these antithetical places
and ideas. \L-\Y\~ W\\I{\-\S <'\l) £1M~"'a'5~'Zt:.
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3. Find another example of antithesis in this paragraph. In a sentence, analyze the rhetorical
effect. \\I>O<>~mo~t:\\(\~
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4, The antithesis In the second sentence contams two metaphors. Identify them and explam
their effect in the sentence.
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5. The passage con ins other metaphors in ad ition to the tw@already mentioned.
a. Identify as many metaphors as possible. \
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b. Find a pattern in the types ofmet~hors King uses II I i~L m~n-tal \~r\odk"-I
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c. In a well-developed paragraph, connect the pattern you see to King's rhetorical purpose.
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Close Reading
.entify similar wording repeated at the beginning of the clauses. Analyze the rhetorical
ect of repeating this phrase nine times.
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7. Find at least four more examples of alliteration in the passage. Write the words or phrases
in which alliteration is used; then write a sentence or two that explains the effect of
the alliteration.
a. Alliteration
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Effect
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Effect
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Interpreting Ethical Appeals "Letter' from Birmingham Jail"
Foundation Lesson - High School
I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming." I have the honor of serving
as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating
in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five
affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian
+Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational, and financial
resources with our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked
us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed
necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise.
So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here. I am
here because I have organizational ties here.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the
prophets of the eighth century B.c. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the
Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left
his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far comers of the
Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my home
town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
1. Discuss with your classmates the way King uses the following techniques for developing an
ethical appeal:
• restates opposing views(s) accurately and fairly
• associates self with relevant authorities
• makes relevant allusions
• uses first-person plural pronouns to establish a relationship between writer and audience
• uses reasonable language, avoiding an inflammatory tone
(1~~\!Y\I·yzmg t h e ways in
. w hiIC h K'mg uses et hirea 1 appea Is t a
2 . W'nte a one-to-two page ~na
influence his audience.
167
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