Полиенко А. К. , Севостьянова О. А. Химические элементы в структуре уролитов (мочевых камней) //
Международный журнал прикладных и фундаментальных исследований. - 2015 - №. 5-1. - C. 83-87
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE UROLITHS (URIC
STONES)
Polienko A.K., Sevostyanova O.A.
National research Tomsk polytechnic university, Tomsk, E-mail: [email protected]
Data on distribution of the chemical elements and their ratio in the points on a profile and in the
plane of a cut (section) of the urolith are obtained. It is established that heterogeneity in the distribution of
the elements in the structure is connected with features of the urolith′s zones growth. It is recorded on the
borders dividing mineral and organic components of the urolith. It is shown that separate chemical elements
meet in many points of supervision, at the same time other elements are observed quite seldom.
Keywords: structure of uroliths, element composition, distribution of the elements.
Introduction
In the last two decades interest of researchers in studying of pathogenic biomineral
educations in a human body increased. One of such objects are urolith (uric stones) which are
formed in an urinary system of the human body. Nature of distribution of chemical elements in
structure of urolith draws attention. Studying of chemical and biochemical composition of
urolith, and also structural features of their rhythmic zonality is noted in a number of known
works [3-5]. The received information has great scientific value for understanding of an
ontogenie of urolith.
Research objective
Main objective of research is studying of nature of distribution of chemical elements in
structure of urolith.
Material and methods of research
As initial material for researches urolith (uric stones) received in urological offices of
hospitals and policlinics of Tomsk are used. Studying of urolith is carried out by a complex
technique which assumes some investigation phases. At the first stage with application of a
binocular microscope the morphology of urolith was studied, the mineral structure, textural and
structural features was defined, then cuts was prepared. In the cuts the mineral structure and
nature of relationship between grains of minerals is investigated. The following stage of
researches consisted in studying of distribution of chemical elements in structure of urolith. This
work was performed with use of the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) of Hitachi S-3400N
with a power-dispersive prefix (EMF) of Bruker XFlash 4010 for carrying out the X-ray spectral
analysis. The microscope functions in educational and scientific laboratory of electron-optical
diagnostics of MINOTs of department of geoecology and geochemistry of Institute of natural
resources of TPU (operator S.S. Ilyenok). Shooting was made in the mode of back scattered
electrons at low vacuum.
At research of cuts of urolith the following opportunities of the scanning electronic
microscope of HITACHI S-3400N are used:
• definition of existence and the content of chemical elements in points on a profile (line);
• studying of distribution of chemical elements on the area (in the plane of a cut of the
studied object);
• submission of information in the form of graphic material (ranges of elements) and
photos (the card of distribution of elements).
Researches with use of the called equipment are executed for the first time with obtaining
the scientific data allowing to draw important conclusions on distribution of separate chemical
elements.
Results of research and their discussion
Results of studying of a cuts of an urolith Ch-1-2 with known mineral structure are given
in article.
In a cut 20 points (fig.1) are investigated, in each of which the content of chemical
elements is defined (in mass percent). Ranges of elements in supervision points, and also cards
of distribution of elements on the area of a cut are studied; on each element the minimum and
maximum sizes of their contents are revealed (with the indication of concrete points of
supervision).
In figure 1 the arrangement of points in the plane of a cut is shown. Points are chosen so
that it was possible to gain the most complete idea of nature of distribution of elements in
structure of an urolith. Points are chosen: in a kernel of an urolith (a point 4,5,6), on the
periphery of a kernel (a point 7,8,12,13), on border between the first and second zones (points
16,18,19), within a zone, the first from a kernel (a point 1,2,3,10,11,14) and outside the first zone
(a point 15,20).
1.
Fig. 1. The scheme the reference of points in urolith Ch-1-2
Mineral structure of an urolith ocsalat-phosphatic, approximately in identical ratios. The
kernel of an urolith is presented by a clot of organic chemistry in which crystals of one-water
oxalate of CaC2O4
– whewellit), and also crystals a
hydroxyl apatite. Information on distribution of separate elements and their ratio as in points on a
profile, so in the plane of a cut is received, the minimum and maximum sizes of their
maintenance (table 1) are revealed.
Table 1. Content of chemical elements (Mas. %) in a cut of an urolith Ch-1-2
Element/frequency
Element/frequency
Min/Max
Min/Max
O/15
16,3/59,2
Na/15
*/10,8
Ca/15
*/32,8
C/14
2,5/18,4
Si/14
*/28,6
S/13
*/40,2
K/13
*/2,2
P/12
*/12,3
N/10
8,7/30,9
* Below a detection limit
Mg/8
Fe/3
Ba/2
Zn/2
As/2
Sb/1
Pb/1
Ni/1
*/9,9
*/59,8
*/23,0
*/40,4
*/69,1
*/70,8
*/75,2
*/49,3
Follows from the analysis of tab. 1 that 9 chemical elements are revealed in rather large
number of points (from 10 to 15 of 20 points). Treat such elements: O, Na, Ca, C, Si, S, K, P, N.
Other elements are met in smaller quantity of points. So, Mg and Al are noted in 8 points; Cl – in
7 points; Fe – in 3 points; Ba, Zn, As – in 2 points; Pb and Ni – on one point. In separate points
of a cut connections are defined: BaSO4, FeS2, ZnS.
In a cut (fig. 2) reference points in urolith Ch-1-2 where the line of border of a kernel (in
the point 1 on a profile) is visible are noted, and two borders between zones (vol. 2 and 3). In
these points, and also in t. 4 the raised content of organic material is noted.
In the studied urolith alternation complex on a chemical composition and growth (with
power from 20 to 40 microns) zones, considerable on power, with low-power (from 5 to 10
microns) zones, mainly calcic composition is noted. The maintenance of this of the basic
forming element increases in low-power zones to 20–30%. Thus the content of carbon
(considerably decreases to 2,5–5,3%) and nitrogen (to 9–11%) [233].
Fig. 2. The scheme the reference of points in urolith Ch-1-2 (points 1,2,3,4)
In structure of an urolith zones are distinctly allocated. Within one zone growth of an
urolith is caused, mainly, by formation of connections of mainly ocsalate composition. On the
created unit further there can be an adjournment of a carbonate of calcium. Formation of the
following zone begins with active adjournment of oxalates of calcium again.
In the studied urolith alternation complex on a chemical composition and growth (with
power from 20 to 40 microns) zones, considerable on power, with low-power (from 5 to 10
microns) zones, mainly calcic composition is noted. The maintenance of this of the basic
forming element increases in low-power zones to 20 … 30%. Thus the content of carbon (to 2,5
… 5,3%) and nitrogen considerably decreases (to 9 … 11%).
Fig. 3. Distribution of chemical elements (C, O, Ca, P, N) on a profile of a cut of an
urolih Ch-1-2
On the chosen profile (fig. 3) 5 elements making a basis of chemical and mineral
composition of an urolith are shown: carbon, oxygen, calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen.
When studying distribution of chemical elements on a profile of a cut existence of four
accurately expressed peaks corresponding to points of the greatest concentration of ions of
calcium is established. These points (1–4 on a profile) are located on the borders dividing
structural zones of an urolith. Borders between zones are presented by organic substance.
Organic weight contains calcium which together with phosphorus forms difficult phosphates (a
carbonate apatite, etc.). Existence of borders between layers and zones in structure of an urolith
testifies to various parameters of the environment of mineralogenesis.
Key parameters of the mineral formation environment in an urinary system of the human
body are concentration of the substances forming crystal phases, and also рН environments [1,2].
The main ions entering interaction and forming crystal phases of urolith are: Sa2 +, Mg2 +, NH4
+, S2O42-, RO43-, SO32-, S5N3N4O3-. On the basis of thermodynamic and experimental
modeling of O.A. Golovanova [2] it is established that at increase of concentration of ions the
first there are in a firm phase phosphates of magnesium and phosphates of calcium, and then
oxalates of magnesium and calcium are formed. In sour environments formation of urath is
possible. The greatest contents (Mas. in %) in the studied points it is noted for the following
elements: oxygen (59,22 in a point 7), nitrogen (30,88 in a point 9), calcium (32,83 in a point 8),
carbon (18,79 in a point 10), phosphorus (11,91 in a point 5).
Fig. 4. A range of elements in a point of 1 cut of an urolith Ch-1-2
In a point 1 elements are established (in decreasing order of their percentage): carbon,
oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine).
Fig. 5. A range of elements in a point 2 cut of an urolith Ch-1-2
In a point 2 elements are established (in decreasing order of their percentage): calcium,
phosphorus, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, sodium, magnesium, potassium, chlorine).
Conclusion
1. The data testifying to very non-uniform distribution of chemical elements in structure
of an urolith are obtained. Most often oxygen, sodium, calcium, carbon, silicon, sulfur,
potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen meet. Heterogeneity in distribution of elements in structure of
an urolith is caused by change of parameters of the environment of mineralogenesis.
2. The relationship between the next zones naturally and specifies that in a structure of
urolith rhythms are distinctly allocated.
3. Very essential distinctions in the maintenance of elements both on borders between
rhythms, and in the plane of a cut are observed. The greatest contents is characteristic for carbon,
oxygen, nitrogen, calcium.
4. Alternation complex on a chemical composition and growth zones, considerable on
power, with low-power zones, mainly calcic structure is noted. The content of calcium increases
in low-power zones at considerable decrease in the content of carbon.
5. Within one rhythm growth of an urolith is caused, mainly, by formation the ocsalate of
connections.
List of references
1. Golovanova O.A., Borbat V.F. Nephroliths. – M.: Medical book, 2005. – 171 pages.
2. Golovanova O.A. Biomineralogiya of uric, bilious, tooth and salivary stones from a
human body: yew. … Dr.s геол. - the miner. sciences. – SPb, 2007. – 333 pages.
3. Poliyenko A.K., Gribanova A.A. About a chemical composition of uric stones. Tomsk
Politecnic Institut. – Tomsk, 1997. – 5 pages – Depp. in VINITI 24.12.97, 3742.
4. Poliyenko A.K., Gribanova A.A. Features of biochemical structure of uric stones. –
Tomsk. Politecnic Institut. – Tomsk, 1997. – 6 pages – Depp. in VINITI 31.12.97, 3859.
5. Sevostyanova O.A., Poliyenko A.K. Structural features of rhythmic zonality of urolith
(uric stones). Notes of the Russian mineralogical society. – 2010. t. 4. CXXXIX. – No. 5. – Page
93-100.
Data on authors:
Poliyenko Alexander Konstantinovich, 1940, doctor geol.- miner. sciences, associate
professor of the general geology and land management of Institute of natural resources of TPU.
River of t. 60-61-79. E-mail: [email protected]. Area of scientific interests: biomineralogy
of the human body and animals.
Sevostyanova Olga Aleksandrovna, 1970, candidate geol.- miner. sciences, senior
lecturer of department of the general geology and land management of Institute of natural
resources of TPU. River of t. 60-62-44. E-mail: [email protected]. Area of scientific
interests: biomineralogy of the human body and animals.