Procedures in Chemistry
Chemistry A
Chemistry B
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Algebra II
Mrs. Hurd
Office: 1024
v­mail: 407­2173
[email protected]
* http://www.rschooltoday.com/se3bin/clientgenie.cgi
Topics Scientific Method and Chemistry
Matter
Elements, Atoms, and Ions
Nomenclature
Measurements and Calculations
Chemical Composition
Chemical Reactions
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
• Chemical Quantities
• Energy
• Atomic Theory
• Chemical Bonding
• Gases
• Liquids & Solids
• Solutions
• Acids & Bases
Grading & Grading Scale
Homework: 10%
Labs & Projects: 30%
Tests & Quizzes: 60%
Title: Sep 1­9:02 AM (1 of 17)
100­94%
90­93% 87­89%
83­86%
80­82%
77­79% A
A­
B+
B
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C+
73­76% C
70­72% C­
67­69% D+
63­66% D
60­62% D­
0­59% F
Laboratory Safety
What's WRONG with this picture?
Safety Symbols
A­ Corrosive Substance
B­ Safety Goggles
C­ Hygiene (Always wash hands after)
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B
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D­ Radiation
E­ Safety clothing
F­ Fire (presence of an open flame)
G­ Poison
D
Title: Safety Symbol Quiz (2 of 17)
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Chapter 1
An Introduction to Chemistry
Chapter 2
An Introduction to Matter
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Title: Chapter 1 (3 of 17)
What is Chemistry?
"Central Science"
Steps in the Scientific Method
1. Recognize the Problem
2. Formulate a Hypothesis
3. Perform an Experiment
Define the following Terms:
Scientific Method a process of studying natural phenomena that involes making
observations, forming laws and theories, and testing theories by
experimentation
Hypothesis One or more assumptions put forth to explain observed phenomena
Theory a set of assumptions put forth to explain some aspect of the observed
behavior of matter
Law a statement that expresses generally observed behavior
Title: Chapter 1 (4 of 17)
Title: Chapter 1 (5 of 17)
Figure 1.1 Parts of the Scientific Method
Title: Chapter 1 (6 of 17)
Laboratory Equipment
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Quiz
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Title: Lab Equip Quiz (7 of 17)
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1. Iron Ring
2. Crucible and Cover
3. Erlenmeyer Flask
4. Test Tube
5. Bunsen Burner
6. Beaker
7. Funnel
8. Wire Brush
9. Wire Guaze
10. Graduated Cylinder
11. Evaporating Dish
12. Tongs
13. Test Tube Holder
14. Pipestem Triangle
15. Ring Stand
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Chapter 2
2.1 The Particulate Nature of Matter
*What is Matter? Anything that has mass and takes up space
*Mass the quantity of matter in an object
*Weight the force exerted on an object by gravity
*Mass vs. Weight
2.2 Elements and Compounds
*Compound two or more different atoms bonded together
*Element substances that contain only one type of atom
*Molecule two or more atoms bonded together
Title: sec 2.1­2.2 (8 of 17)
2.3 States of Matter
*Solid a solid has a fixed volume and shape
*Liquid a liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container
*Gas a gas has no fixed volume or shape
*Plasma Ionized gas
What is a Plasma?
A plasma is a huge collection of charged particles. When we say 'plasma', we mean an ionized gas. Plasmas are classified as the fourth state of matter, after solids, liquids and gases. Since plasma is the most common state of matter in the universe and everything was plasma just after the big bang, perhaps it should be classified as the 'first' state. What are some examples?
Plasmas in nature are exotic and fascinating: lightning, electrical sparks and the aurora are plasmas. The sun is a plasma, as are all the stars. There are good reasons for saying that the whole physical universe is an enormous plasma. What about artificial Plasmas?
Plasmas are easy to make and they are very useful. • Many types of modern lights are plasma lights: fluorescent tubes, arc lamps, neon signs and plasma displays (each pixel in a plasma tv lights up with a tiny plasma). • Plasmas are used to weld, cut and process many materials. They can also be used to destroy toxic wastes, sterilise and clean water, remove soot from exhaust gases and for other environmental applications. • Gas discharge lasers (such as HeNe, CO2 and argon ion lasers) use plasma as the lasing medium. • Plasmas are used to process surfaces. They are essential in the manufacture of modern integrated circuits. Solar cells, buckyballs, artificial diamond and high temperature superconductors can all be made in a plasma. Title: sec 2.3 (9 of 17)
Fig. 2.7 Three States of Water
Title: Solid­Liquid­Gas States (10 of 17)
2.4 Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
*Physical Property a characteristic of a substance that can change
without the substance becoming a different substance
*Chemical Property the ability of a substance to change to a different substance
*Physical Change A change in the form of a substance, but not in
its chemical nature; chemical bonds are not broken
*Most common physical changes involve changes in states (s­­>l­­>g)
*Chemical Change the change of substances into other substances through
a reorganization of the atoms: a chemical reaction
* Power Point Presentation
Fig 2.8 Electrolysis of H 2O
Title: sec 2.4 (11 of 17)
Put these in order of Gas, Liquid, Solid
Is it an Element or a Compound?
Element
Compound
Identify the following as a Chemical or Physical Property
Chemical
Physical
*Flammability
*Melting point
*Density
*Tarnishes in air
Identify the followig as Chemical or Physical Changes
Chemical
Physical
*Silverware tarnishes
*Ice Evaporates
*Sugar chars when overheated
while making candy
What are 3 signs that may indicate a chemical change?
1. Evolution of heat and light
2. Production of a gas
3. Formation of a precipitate
4. Color change
Title: 2.1­2.4 Review (12 of 17)
2.5 Mixtures and Pure Substances
Matter
Mixture
Pure Substance
a material of variable compositon that contain 2 or more substance
a substance with constant composition
Homogeneous Mixture
a mixture that is the same throughout; a solution
Compound
Heterogeneous Mixture
Element
a mixture that has different properties in diffeent regions of the mixture
A substance that can't be broken down into simpler substance by chemical or physical processes
*Mixtures can be separated into Pure Substances that consist of Elements or Compounds
Alloy A homogeneous mixture of metals
Title: sec 2.5 (13 of 17)
A substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by a chemical process
2.6 Separation of Mixtures
Physical Methods
*Filtration a method for separating the components
of a mixture containing a solid and a liquid
Title: sec 2.6 (14 of 17)
*Distillation a method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on
differences in the ease of vaporization of the components.
Title: sec 2.6 (15 of 17)
Fig. 2.14 Distillation of a solution consisting of Salt dissolved in Water
Title: Distillation (16 of 17)
Fig 2. 18 Organization of matter
Title: Organization of Matter (17 of 17)
Attachments
scientific method.ppt
chemical and physical changes.ppt