Grade 12
Unit 1
LANGUAGE ARTS 1201
THE WORTH OF WORDS
CONTENTS
I.
WORD STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Word Forms and Meanings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Word Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
II. EXPOSITORY WRITING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Types of Expository Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Paragraph Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Form and Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
III. SENTENCE STRUCTURE, DICTION,
AND USAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Sentence Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Diction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Author:
Editor:
Illustrator:
Dorothy A. Galde, M.A.
Alan Christopherson, M.S.
Alpha Omega Graphics
804 N. 2nd Ave. E., Rock Rapids, IA 51246-1759
© MM by Alpha Omega Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.
LIFEPAC is a registered trademark of Alpha Omega Publications, Inc.
All trademarks and/or service marks referenced in this material are the property of their respective owners. Alpha Omega Publications, Inc.
makes no claim of ownership to any trademarks and/or service marks other than their own and their affiliates’, and makes no claim of affiliation to any companies whose trademarks may be listed in this material, other than their own.
ii
THE WORTH OF WORDS
Samuel T. Coleridge once said, “Language is the armory of the human mind, and at once contains
the trophies of its past, and the weapons of its future conquest.”
Every time we speak or write, two pieces of information are communicated: the message we intended and our level of education. All of us want to be respected and admired. A certain portion of this
respect is accomplished through our ability to express ourselves accurately. Such a goal requires an
extensive vocabulary.
We think with words. Therefore if our word banks are limited, our thought processes are inhibited. The word-power extension that this LIFEPAC® provides will improve individual communication
and make possible greater spiritual comprehension.
In the study of this LIFEPAC, you will find the opportunity to increase your word power; to expand
it, not arithmetically (4 + 4 = 8), but exponentially (42 = 16). You will learn Latin and Greek roots, prefixes and suffixes, and their meanings. Since half of the words in the English language come from
Latin and Greek, the application of this learning will improve your comprehension of approximately
one hundred thousand words; thus it will upgrade your ability to express yourself clearly.
OBJECTIVES
Read these objectives. The objectives tell you what you will be able to do when you have
successfully completed this LIFEPAC.
When you have completed this LIFEPAC, you should be able to:
1.
Recognize word roots, prefixes and suffixes, and their meanings.
2.
Translate into meaning, words you have not seen before.
3.
Spell certain words more easily because you know their roots.
4.
Count many new words in your vocabulary as a result of learning and applying your
knowledge of roots and affixes.
5.
Evaluate your own writing in relation to its unity and coherence.
6.
Develop paragraphs through the proper use of topic sentences and controlling ideas.
7.
Write unified coherent paragraphs.
8.
Find and correct mechanical errors.
9.
Find and correct errors in manuscript form.
10.
Recognize and use proper sentence structure.
11.
Identify and correct common grammatical errors in your own writing.
12.
Use proper diction and correct improper usage.
Survey the LIFEPAC. Ask yourself some questions about this study. Write your questions here.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1
I. WORD STUDY
To use words correctly and effectively, you must understand words. In this section you will be working with words. First, you will make words through the use of a word wheel. Next, you will study such
word elements as prefixes, suffixes, and roots. Finally, you will learn more about certain categories of
words that meet specific needs. You will discover some new terms used by people in various specialized fields. Not only will you become acquainted with a few terms used by construction people, chefs,
and firefighters, but you will also be exposed to some scientific, literary, musical, and mathematical
terms. One final group of words you will study deals with acronyms. Your comprehension of many
words will increase as a result of the daily application of the information learned in this section.
SECTION OBJECTIVES
Review these objectives. When you have completed this section, you should be able to:
1.
Recognize word roots, prefixes and suffixes, and their meanings.
2.
Translate into meaning words you have not seen before.
3.
Spell certain words more easily because you know their roots.
4.
Count many new words in your vocabulary as a result of learning and applying your
knowledge of roots and affixes.
SECTION VOCABULARY
Study these words to enhance your learning success in this section.
artiste
cymbal
metamorphic
barometer
dome mountain
sedimentary
basso profundo
euphemism
texturing
bells
igneous
vertebrate
cuisine
maitre d’
Note: All vocabulary words in this LIFEPAC appear in boldface print the first time they are used. If you are unsure
of the meaning when you are reading, study the definitions given.
WORD FORMS AND MEANINGS
You probably know more about
word study than you think. You
Automatic
speak of an automatic transmission,
Transmission
and you know what that term means.
Did you realize that automat comes
automat (Greek-automatos = self acting)
from the Greek automatos, which
-ic (adj. suffix = having the nature of)
means self-acting, and that the suffix
transmiss (trans = across; mis = to send )
-ic means having the nature of and
-ion (noun suffix = act of process)
indicates an adjective? Trans means
across; mis is the root word meaning
to send; and -ion is a suffix meaning
an act or process and indicates a
automatic transmission - a self-acting system of
noun. The automatic transmission is
gears that sends power from the engine across to
the live axle.
a self-acting system of gears that
sends power from the engine across
to the live axle. Most people simply accept a term for a unit, such as a transmission,
without knowing what the unit does and, therefore, why it was designated by that term.
2
Word study makes you more aware of word elements you have used for years.
Separating these word elements and learning their original meanings will unlock the
interpretations of thousands of new words for you. Tying the unknown to things you
already know is one of the best ways of learning.
Making words. Use as many of your five senses and as much of your previous
knowledge as you can to grasp the import of new combination of roots, suffixes and prefixes. Multiply the root by adding prefixes and suffixes. Here are some prefixes and suffixes that will help you build words.
PREFIXES
Simple Meaning
SUFFIXES
ab-
away, away from
-able, -ible
capable of, able to
ad-
to, toward
-al, -ial
process, act of doing
contra-
against
-ate
to act or possess
e-
out, forth, away
in-
into, within
-ion
act or process
inter-
between
-ive
one who performs an action
mal-
bad, abnormal,
inadequate
-ian
one who is
relating to
pre-
before
trans-
across
-ary
-or, -er
Simple Meaning
of, related to, connected with
one who does a specific thing
▼
The following activity will help you make new words. Use the prefixes and suffixes
previously listed to add to the root word in the center of the wheel. As you form words,
try to think of the meaning of each.
1.1
Complete this activity.
Form new words by adding prefixes and suffixes to the following roots. Think up all of the words
you can think of before you turn to the dictionary. It’s more fun—and faster. You might even
take this activity home and see how many words your family can think of in addition to yours.
dic,
dict = to
say
3
1.2
voc,
vok = to
call
1.3
ven = to
come
4
1.4
▼
vers,
vert = to
turn
1.5
Write three sentences for each root word using three words from each of the wheels.
dic, dict
a. ________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.6
voc, vok
a. ________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.7
ven
a. ________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.8
vert
a ________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________________________________
Adult Check
___________________
Initial
Date
Learning new word elements. You have seen that many words can be formed
from one root by the addition of common prefixes and suffixes. The following word element chart contains more word parts and some examples of words formed from them.
Study this chart and the sample words so that you will be able to use these elements
with those you have previously learned to explain some word meanings.
5
WORD ELEMENT CHART
Elements
Meanings
Sample Words
PREFIXES
a-
not, outside of
atypical amoral, atheistic
per-
through, thoroughly
perfect, permission, pertain
anti-
against
antibody, antisocial, anti-Semitic
ante-
before
antediluvian, antecedent, antebellum
eu-
good
eulogy, euphonious, eugenic.
ex-
out of, formerly
ex-president, exhume, excise
in-
not
inhuman, indispensable, inadmissible
multi-
many
multicolored, multiform, multimillionaire
ROOTS
anthropo
man
anthropology, misanthropy, philanthropic
bio
life
biology, biographical, autobiography
cide, cis
to kill or cut
scissors, incisive, homicide
corps
body
incorporate, corpse, corpuscle
cosmos
world, world system
cosmic, cosmonaut, cosmological
log
to study, the
science of
anthropology, biological, dermatology
logos
word, reason, study
logic, dialogue, prologue
theo
God, gods
theology, monotheism, atheism
SUFFIXES
-itis
inflammation
tonsillitis, appendicitis, sinusitis
-ful
have in abundance
plentiful, graceful, resentful
-ism
doctrine or belief in
socialism, humanism, communism
-ist
one who believes
Marxist, isolationist, simplistic
-ness
quality or
condition of
weariness, loneliness, kindliness
-ous
possessing, full of
contemptuous, advantageous, dubious
6
▼
Form new words by adding prefixes and suffixes to the following roots.
1.9
1.10
duc,
duct = to
lead
spect = to
look
1.11
1.12
mit,
mis = to
send
ten, tain,
tend = to
hold
7
▼
Complete the following new word activity. Use your knowledge of word elements. You
may also use the word chart.
1.13
He was not averse to hard work. Averse means __________________________________________________ .
1.14
Philanthropic organizations are dedicated to ____________________________________________________ .
1.15
Antebellum houses in Natchez were built ________________________________________________________ .
1.16
If frater means brother, fratricide is what a. ____________________________ did to
b. ________________________ in Genesis chapter 4.
1.17
David refused to commit regicide against King Saul. What does the root reg or rex mean?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.18
If fect, from facere, means to make or do, perfection means ______________________________________ .
1.19
Since eu- means good and logos means word, what is a formal oration of praise called?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.20
An atheist is a person who _______________________________________________________________________ .
1.21
What is an excise tax? (note root and prefix) _____________________________________________________
1.22
If neuro refers to the nerves or nervous system, a study of nerves is called ______________________ ,
and an inflammation of the nerves would be called ____________________________ .
1.23
Corporal punishment inflicts the ________________________________________________________________ .
1.24
The study of God is called ________________________________________________________________________ .
1.25
If you were full of courage, you would be called __________________________________________________ .
1.26
If you had beauty in abundance, you would be called ____________________________________________ .
1.27
Since esprit de means spirit of, what does esprit de corps mean? _______________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.28
Write three words that begin with in- meaning not.
a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________
1.29
First Timothy 5:14 tells young women to “give no occasion to the adversary.” What does
adversary mean? _________________________________________________________________________________
Through the knowledge of the meanings of prefixes, suffixes and roots, you should
be able to understand, form and use hundreds of words not in your current vocabulary.
Study the Chart of Additional Word Elements, shown on the following page, to increase
your word comprehension skills and open new worlds of words.
8
ADDITIONAL WORD ELEMENTS
Elements
Meanings
Sample Words
ROOTS
arch
ruler, beginning
monarch
astro
star
astronomy
cap
to take, seize
captive
cogn
to know
recognize
derm
skin
hypodermic
fer
to bear, carry
infer
gam
marriage
monogamy
gen
race or kind
generation
gest
to bear
gestation
gnos
to know
agnostic
graph
to write
autograph
ject
to throw
projection
media
middle
median strip
metro
to measure
metric system
mon
to warn
admonish
mort
death
immortality
nasci
to be born
Renaissance
neuro
nerves
neurologist
nym
name
antonym
path
sickness, feeling
pathology
pel, puls
to drive
impel
pli, pilc
to fold
complicate
pon, pos
to put, place
dispose
port
to carry
import
press
to push
compress
psych
mind, behavior
psychology
rog
to ask
interrogate
scrib
to write
script
socio
society
sociology
soma
body
psychosomatic
sta, sti
to stand
stature
PREFIXES
auto-
self
automobile
bi-
two
bicycle
com-, con-
with
commit
de-
down, away
detain
9
ADDITIONAL WORD ELEMENTS
Elements
Meanings
Sample Words
PREFIXES (cont’d)
dis-
apart, not
distend
homo-
same
homogenize
hyper-
above, very
hyperactive
hypo-
under, below
hypodermic
intra-
between
intramural
iso-
equal, similar
isometrics
mono-
one
monogamy
o-, ob-
against, away from
object
non-
not
nonacid
per-
through, thoroughly
permit
poly-
many
polyglot
pro-
in favor of, before
project
re-, retro-
back, again
refer
sub-
under, below
submit
un-
not
unnatural
▼
SUFFIXES
-ance, -ence
condition
importance
-ant, -ent
one who acts, or believes
applicant
-ize
to make similar to
colonize
-ship
status, function
ownership
-ive
tends toward an
indicated action
conducive
-ity
quality
objectivity
Form new words. Using the charts as references, see how many new word combinations you
can think of. If you need to, use your dictionary.
1.30 astro
1.31 cap
1.32 fer
a. _______________________________
a. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
1.33 gn(os)
a. _______________________________
a. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
c.
c. _______________________________
_______________________________
1.34 graph
d. _______________________________
a. _______________________________
e. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
f. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
e. _______________________________
10
1.35 ject
a. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
1.46 gest
c. _______________________________
1.36 mon
d. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
a. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
b.
d. _______________________________
_______________________________
1.47 media
c. _______________________________
1.37 mort
b. _______________________________
a. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
1.48 metro
a. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
a. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
1.49 nasci
c. _______________________________
1.50 rog
_______________________________
a. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
1.39 nym
a. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
1.38 neuro
a. _______________________________
1.51 pel
a. _______________________________
a. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
c.
d. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
a. _______________________________
e. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
f. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
1.52 pli, plic a. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
1.41 pos, pon a. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
1.40 path
1.53 port
b. _______________________________
1.42 arch
b. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
1.54 press
a. _______________________________
1.45 gene
a. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
1.55 psych
a. _______________________________
a. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
1.56 sta, sti
c. _______________________________
1.44 gam
a. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
1.43 derm
_______________________________
a. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
statu
b. _______________________________
a. _______________________________
sis, sto
c. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
sty
d. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
(All of these words are from the same root.)
d. _______________________________
1.57 scrib
a. _______________________________
a. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
11
WORD CATEGORIES
The word technical comes from the Greek word technikos, which means art, craft, or
skill. It is similar to the Greek word tekton, which means builder or carpenter. The Latin
word texere means to weave. With this background information, you can see why the
word technical covers so many fields of work.
Every business has its own vocabulary, and most businesses have a lingo, or jargon,
all their own. A lingo is a special vocabulary of a particular field of interest.
Construction workers. Tekton means builder or carpenter. Builders and carpenters have a lingo, a set of technical terms. Construction terminology has a flavor all its
own. Starting at the bottom, the concrete base for a foundation (that extends below the
frost line) is called the footing. The cement block wall that spans the distance between
the footing and the floor is called the stem wall. When cement is poured for the footing
and the floor at one time, it is called a monolithic pour. Mortar is mud, and reinforcing
steel bars are called rebar. When the builder checks the straightness of a wall, he will
eyeball it or he might string it (stretch a string from corner to corner to see if the wall
curves one way or the other). He lays the plate which is usually a two-by-eight piece of
redwood that is bolted to the top of the stem wall. He then builds the skeleton frame of
two-by-fours; the uprights of the frame are called studs. The uprights and a surrounding frame of two-by-fours is put together flat on the ground and raised into place and
nailed to the plate. The rafters may be nailed to a ridgepole, or a truss (a triangular
assemblage of beams and rafters called trussings) may be used to support the roof. To
rock a wall is to nail the sheet rock to the studs, after which a tape-and-bedding
machine, called a bazooka, prepares the wall for texturing or for wallpaper or paneling.
Other words to add to this incomplete list are equally obscure. Birdstop is the piece
of wood that stops the birds from flying between each of the rafters where they rest on
the top plate. The rafter that extends beyond the edge of the house to make an overhang
is called a barge. The underside of a covering or a lowered ceiling is called a soffit. On
the roof, metal (usually copper) stripping about twelve inches in width, called flashing,
is installed under the shingles, at the corners or valleys, and around the chimneys and
vents to prevent leaking.
Studs
Flashing
Plate
Footing
Ridge Pole
Barge
12
Cooks. Cooks also have a language that differs from that of other trades. A hotel
menu speaks eloquently of the French influence in professional kitchens. The serving of
food in a cosmopolitan cuisine literally bristles with French terms. As a diner, you may
have begun with hors d’oeuvres (or dervz), any of various savory foods served as appetizers. For a second course did you have bouillon (boo yohn)—a clear, seasoned soup
made from beef? Did chef’s salad—a combination of lettuce and other uncooked vegetables—come next? Was your main course meat en brochette (akin braw-shet), meat on a
skewer, a long metal pin? Or was it fish en papillote (akin pa pee yaws), fish cooked in a
greased paper bag? Were the potatoes au gratin (oh gra ten)—potatoes crusted with
cheese? Did the maitre d’ (metr dee) suggest chocolate mousse (straw kaw la moos) for
dessert? If he did, you enjoyed a light dessert made with flavored whipped cream and
gelatin that was frozen without stirring. Sometimes it pays to take a French-English
dictionary with you when you go out to eat.
…hors d’oeuvres…
en papillote…
au gratin…
en brochette…
▼
Firefighters. Indeed, all areas of work have vocabularies that are mysterious to
those outside the field. For example, when a firefighter connects a supply line to a
hydrant, he is catching a plug, and he is in his turnouts (helmet, boots, pants, coat,
gloves) when he does it. He uses a stinger (a deck-mounted deluge gun) or even a fog hog
(a fog nozzle that expels one thousand gallons per minute) to surround and drown a
fully-involved structure (a building that is totally burning and generally has vented
itself, or created an opening for the escape of gas under pressure). At that point, the firefighters are 10-97 (at the scene of an emergency).
Fill in the blanks.
1.58
Technical comes from a Greek word suggesting a. _______________________ , b. ______________________ ,
or c. _________________________ .
1.59
The special vocabulary of a particular field of interest is called _________________________________ .
1.60
The words monolithic pour, rebar, and ridgepole would be used by a ________________________ .
1.61
One who catches a plug in his turnouts would be a ___________________________________________ .
13
1.62
Write the logical items that would be described as follows:
a. au gratin _______________________________________________
b. en brochette ____________________________________________
c. en papillote _____________________________________________
1.63
The terms in 1.62 might be used by a a. ______________________ or a b. ______________________.
Physicians. An unknown writer for the St. Louis Post Dispatch asked in the 1940’s,
“Why Don’t Doctors Speak English?” He wrote:
“A layman’s heart misses a beat or two when he is told that he has ‘heterotropia’ or ‘strabismus divergens’
and that he ought to hurry to an ophthalmo-orhinolaryngologist. Of course, it he were told he had cross-eyes
and needed a pair of glasses, he would say that he knew it all the time.”
“Naturally a mother is alarmed when she hears that her baby has ‘morbilli rubeola,’ but if it happens that
this is not her first child, she probably will know that this just means a case of measles. ‘Coryza aedematosa’
may sound more alarming, but it signifies nothing more than a cold in the head.”
“ ‘Urticaria’ (hives), ‘acute pruritus diemalis’ (winter itch), and ‘borborygmus’ (belching) may perhaps be
excused as euphemisms for polite parlor use; but certainly ‘halitosis’ is bad enough without making it ‘stomatodysodia’ To be able to boast that he is afflicted with ‘pseudoalopecia areata’ may be some consolation to one
who is early losing his hair.”
“There really is precious little method in all this medical nomenclature, borrowed as it is with a kind of
even-handed abandon from Greek, Latin, French, or such other language as may have been at the command of
the textbook writer. To the layman, it sounds like a touch of ‘tephromalacia’ (softening of the brain), but to doctors it must be a great satisfaction.”
Medical men have not changed their habits much; laymen are still baffled by medical terms that are meaningless to the uninitiated.
Other scientists. Another science that has special terminology is geology. Rocks are
classified by the geologists as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Some disturbed rocks contain faults; one of the most famous of these is the San Andreas Fault in
California. A well-known dome mountain is the carefully carved Mt. Rushmore.
Meteorology, the science of weather, utilizes a special vocabulary. A barometer
assists in charting cyclones, tornadoes, waterspouts, and typhoons. The atmosphere in
which we live and move becomes thinner farther from the earth. The Greeks called this
thinner air ether.
Today, scientists divide the atmosphere into troposphere, a layer of air that extends
to ten miles above the equator; stratosphere, a stratum that continues above the clouds
to fifty miles from the earth; ionosphere which is believed to extend from fifty to three
hundred fifty miles up; and exosphere, which may well continue to one thousand miles
beyond the surface of the earth.
14
Creatures studied in the biological sciences have been classified into many groups.
The arthropods include insects which have three pairs of legs; arachnids, or spiders;
crustaceans, commonly known as shellfish; and centipedes and millipedes, those creatures with more than eight legs. Although nearly four-fifths of all animals are arthropods, there are many other invertebrates. Of the vertebrates, man stands alone as different from all other mammals and surely separated from the rest of the vertebrates:
birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. The Genesis account of Creation cannot be disproved, nor will it ever be. God has promised (Matthew 5:18) that neither one jot (an
apostrophe) nor one tittle (accent mark) will pass from the Law (the entire Word of God)
until it all be fulfilled.
▼
Arthropods
Write the letter of the correct answer on the line.
1.64
A
a.
b.
c.
term for softening of the brain is _______________ .
stomatodysodia
nomenclature
tephromalacia
1.65
A more polite term used to replace an objectionable one is called a _______________ .
a. euphemism
b. urticaria
c. heterotropia
1.66
An ophthalmo-orhinolaryngololist is _______________ .
a. a person who is losing his hair early
b. an incurable disease
c. an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist
1.67
Coryza aedematosa is _______________ .
a. Crossed eyes
b. a head cold
c. hives
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Fill in the blanks.
1.68
Three classes of rock are a. _____________________________ , b. ____________________________ , and
c. _______________________________ .
1.69
The study of weather is called _________________________________________ .
1.70
Four atmospheric layers are a. ____________________________ , b. ______________________________ ,
c. ____________________________ , and d. ____________________________ .
1.71
Several biological classifications include crustaceans, or a. ______________________________ , and
arachnids, or b. ____________________________ .
Authors. The figurative language of poetry includes many fascinating words.
Allusion means a reference to a well known Biblical, historical, or mythological character or situation. Personification refers to instances where inanimate objects are spoken
of as having human characteristics. Onomatopoeia reflects the sounds of actions in the
very words that are used, as in buzz, grind, knock, bump, creak, or sniffle. Synecdoche
(su nek’ du kee) is a figure of speech by which a part is used for the whole. Nehemiah
said of King Artaxerxes in Nehemiah 2:8: “And the king granted me, according to the
good hand of my God upon me.” When a human part is used in describing God it is also
called an anthropomorphism. You know that anthropo means man; morph means form,
and -ism means a doctrine or belief. Synecdoche also is the use of a figure that names
the material for the thing made. Poets call a sword a steel or a baseball bat a willow.
Another genre (distinctive type of writing in literature) is the short story. Every
short story must contain suspense and foreshadowing, plot, dramatic conflict, theme,
character delineation, immediacy and atmosphere, a point of view, limited focus, and
unity. A short story may be labeled fiction, but it is based on truth. Many times the
material that the author chooses to leave out is more important than the information he
puts in. By leaving out unimportant details, he can delineate a character cleanly so that
the reader knows what to expect from the protagonist (main character) or the antagonist (the person or thing with which the protagonist is in conflict). Without conflict,
there is no story; the tale, however interesting, is simply an incident.
Drama includes all of the preceding terms with various additional terms. Drama differs from other forms of writing because it includes more participating members than a
writer and a reader. This brings in a producer and his interpretation of the author’s
intention. The actor also imparts his interpretation as he acts out the character he represents. In drama, tragedy basically refers to plays that end in death or disaster.
Comedy does not necessarily mean that the play is funny; it does mean that it has a
happy ending. Dramatic irony is a technical term used for situations where the audience
has been given knowledge, possibly through a soliloquy (a solo speech that the audience
hears but no one else in the play does). Even when other actors are on stage, a character in Shakespeare’s plays may provide the audience with information that sets up dramatic irony. Often a clown comes to the proscenium (the leading edge of the stage) and
whispers sotto voce (sot oa voa’ chee), or under his breath, the information the audience
needs to know in advance, things that the characters in the play supposedly do not
know. This “stage whisper” is even heard in the last row in the last balcony because the
actor is a master of voice projection.
Musicians. Words in the music field fall into many categories. Vocalists’ voices come
in several pitches: soprano, mezzo (middle) soprano, contralto, and alto for female voices; and tenor, second tenor, baritone, and bass for male voices. If the bass singer is going
to sing “Asleep in the Deep,” he may be called a basso profundo. These artistes may
sing a solo, duet, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, or an octet, which is also called a
double quartet. People who play instruments often perform in ensembles; these ensembles play chamber music which is often used as background music to create a rich
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atmosphere at social gatherings. Many a serious musician has initiated his career in a
small ensemble or band.
Musicians play together either in bands or in orchestras. A band usually has three
groupings of instrumentalists: woodwinds (reed instruments), brass (cornet, baritone,
French horn, trombone, and other such instruments), and percussion (drums, cymbals,
bells, gongs, etc.). An orchestra adds to these the stringed instruments, which include
violin, viola, cello, bass viol, and any other stringed instrument. A master in the musical arts, especially a composer, a conductor, or a teacher of music is often called maestro,
which means master. A contemporary musical phenomenon is the advent of rock music
of various kinds, acid rock, hard rock, soft rock, and country rock, rap and hip-hop. A
basic distinction of these performers and performances is the addition of electronic
amplification devices. A multitude of other musical facets including contemporary musical phenomena have not been discussed here. Can you make a list of musical terms that
are of particular interest to you in addition to those mentioned?
Fill in the blanks.
1.72
When inanimate objects are spoken of as if they were human we are using _____________________ .
1.73
A type or classification of writing in literature is called __________________________________________ .
1.74
The main character is the _________________________________________________________________________ .
1.75
The terms mezzo soprano and contralto refer to _________________________________________________ .
1.76
A maestro is a ____________________________________________________________________________________ .
Mathematicians. Mathematics, the use of numbers and their operations, touches
every area of life. Measurements are more exact now than they were in Biblical times,
but recent surveys indicate that many of our “measures” today are anything but
“…pressed down, and shaken together, and running over…” as suggested in Luke 6:38.
Most of the words first used in measurement related to man’s body. A cubit was the distance from the elbow to the tip of a man’s longest finger, or approximately eighteen inches. A span was the distance between the end of the thumb and the end of the little finger with fingers spread, about nine inches, or half a cubit. The foot was measured as the
length of a man’s foot, and the Romans decided that an inch was the breadth of a man’s
thumb. Longer distances were arrived at by combining Persian, Chaldean, and Egyptian
measures. The mile was a thousand paces or double steps, which measured approximately five thousand feet, not far from our statute mile of 5,280 feet. King Henry I of
England decreed that a yard was the distance from the tip of his nose to the end of his
outstretched thumb, a measurement that seamstresses today still use for quickly measuring cloth.
In this country, mathematics has undergone a severe shock. Modern mathematics
has become a controversial subject. Some educators have turned their backs on teaching that 12 times 12 is still 144, or a gross. A generation of school children is now having difficulty balancing a checkbook. A second blow shook many Americans as a result
of the passage of the Metric Conversion Act on August 18, 1972. Because the metric system is structured on multiples of ten, mathematics and the metric system have something in common. The United States is the last major country in the world to adopt the
metric system of measures and has not yet made a total conversion.
An International System of Units, called SI for Systeme International, is metric in
nature; that is, it is based on the decimal. It uses multiples and submultiples of six basic
units of measure to define all other measures. They are (1) meter for length, (2) kilogram
for mass, (3) second for time, (4) degree Celsius for temperature change, (5) ampere for
electric current, and (6) candela for luminous intensity.
17
The metric system is easy to comprehend. Since one hundred centimeters make a
meter, a meter is said to be a multiple of a centimeter. One meter, then, is equal to 102
centimeters. A centimeter is also a submultiple or division of a meter; one centimeter is
one hundredth (.01) of a meter or 10–2 . The negative exponent indicates a fraction. Ten
to a power is used to indicate the “multiplication factor’’ in multiples and submultiples.
The metric system uses prefixes to identify multiplication factors. The last four prefixes are derived from the Latin.
Prefix
kilo
hecto
deka
---deci
centi
milli
micro
Power
103
102
101
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
Number
1,000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000001
Symbols for Metric Measure
103 meters is a kilometer
102 meters is a hectometer
101 meters is a dekameter
100 meter is a meter
10-1 meter is a decimeter
10-2 meter is a centimeter
10-3 meter is a millimeter
(km)
(hm)
(dam)
(m)
(dm)
(cm)
(m)
ACRONYMS
The use of acronyms has become common in modern America. The suffix -nym means
name; acro means height or summit. An acronym, then, is a height name, an abbreviated name made by using only the capital letters of a long name (capital letters are “higher”). Notice these examples:
CAP
LASER
NAFTA
NATO
RADAR
RAM
RSVP
SNAFU
SCUBA
TEAM
TVA
ZIP
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Central Arizona Project
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
North American Free Trade Agreement
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
RAdio Detecting And Ranging
Random Access Memory (a computer term)
Respondez S’il Vous Plait—French for “Please respond”
Situation Normal: All Fouled Up
Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
The Evangelical Alliance Mission
Tennessee Valley Authority
Zone Improvement Program—for speeding the mail
Can you think of other acronyms not listed here?
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Answer the following questions.
What is a cubit? __________________________________________________________________________________
1.78
What is a span? __________________________________________________________________________________
1.79
What is a gross? __________________________________________________________________________________
1.80
What are the six basic units of measure of SI and what do they measure?
a. ___________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________
▼
1.77
b. ___________________________________________
e. ________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________
f. ________________________________________________
Match the following items.
_____________
micro
a. 1,000
1.82
_____________
deci
b. 100
1.83
_____________
kilo
c. 10
1.84
_____________
deka
d. 0.1
1.85
_____________
centi
e. 0.01
1.86
_____________
milli
f. 0.001
1.87
_____________
hecto
g. 0.000001
▼
1.81
Fill in the blanks with the correct acronym.
1.88
___________________________________ is the association providing hydro-electric power to some
areas along the Tennessee River Valley.
1.89
Many divers use __________________________________________________________ equipment.
1.90
A party invitation may include ___________________________________________ so that enough refreshments may be provided.
1.91
_______________________________ codes should be used in the return address for all packages.
Review the material in this section in preparation for the Self Test. The Self Test will check
your mastery of this particular section. The items missed on this Self Test will indicate specific
areas where restudy is needed for mastery.
19
SELF TEST 1
Answer these questions (each answer, 5 points).
1.01
How are words built or formed? __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.02
What are five special areas of language usage that have a specialized jargon?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.03
What are acronyms? You may use examples in your explanation.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Write the meaning of each word. Remember to use the meanings of the root words and any affixes used (each answer, 3 points).
Word
Meaning
1.04
dictatorial ________________________________________________________________________________________
1.05
irrevocable ________________________________________________________________________________________
1.06
edict ______________________________________________________________________________________________
1.07
prediction _________________________________________________________________________________________
1.08
emission __________________________________________________________________________________________
1.09
abductor __________________________________________________________________________________________
1.010 invocation _________________________________________________________________________________________
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Fill in the blanks with prefixes or roots you have studied. Meanings are given below the blanks
(each blank, 3 points).
1.011 One’s mental attitude will often produce re _________________ for another person.
(to look)
1.012 The tongue is difficult to con ______________ according to James.
(to hold)
1.013 ____________ -Atlantic telephone cables carry messages across the Atlantic Ocean.
(across)
1.014 The root ven meaning to come is used in a. ____________ vention, b. _____________ vene, and
(with)
(between)
c. ________________ vent.
(toward)
1.015 The a. Con ____________ tution of the United States b. e ____________ s different
(to stand)
(to call)
interpretations by different judges.
Write the root from each term and give its meaning (each root, 1 point; each meaning, 2 points).
Term
Root
Meaning
1.016 incorporate
a. ________________________________
b. ______________________________________
1.017 reference
a. ________________________________
b. ______________________________________
1.018 suicide
a. ________________________________
b. ______________________________________
1.019 anarchy
a. ________________________________
b. ______________________________________
1.020 polygamy
a. ________________________________
b. ______________________________________
1.021 digest
a. ________________________________
b. ______________________________________
1.022 mortician
a. ________________________________
b. ______________________________________
1.023 synonym
a. ________________________________
b. ______________________________________
Match the following items (each answer, 2 points).
1.024
________________ genocide
a. bearing cones
1.025
________________ patriarchy
b. originally meant one who protested
1.026
________________ acronym
c. inflammation
1.027
________________ psychosomatic
d. the killing of a racial group
1.028
________________ protestant
e. TEAM stands for The Evangelical Alliance Mission
1.029
________________ coniferous
f. a society ruled by the father
g. an illness where the mind affects the body
h. to send across
Score
77
Teacher Check
96
_______________
___________________
Initial
21
Date