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Chicago Tribune | Section 1 | Sunday, March 3, 2013 B
B Chicago Tribune | Section 1 | Sunday, March 3, 2013
33
FOCUS PAPAL LEGACY
170,000
Estimated Roman Catholic population:
From “World Christian Trends AD 30 — AD 2200”
0
10
POPES
20
St. Zephyrinus (cont.)
30
210
220
ANTIPOPES
40
230
St. Peter
50
St. Linus
60
240
250
St. Hippolytus
St. Anacletus (Cletus)
St. Clement I
80
90
70
St. Evaristus
St. Alexander I
100
St. Marcellus I
St. Felix I
260
St. Eutychian
270
St. Caius
St. Marcellinus
280
290
St. Sixtus I
110
4.9 million
St. Lucius I St. Stephen I
St. Cornelius
St. Sixtus II
St. Dionysius
St. Anterus
St. Pontian
St. Fabian
St. Callistus I St. Urban I
A.D. 200
St. Hyginus
As many as 10,000
300
St. Telesphorus
120
130
320
330
Novatian
St. Zosimus
St. Boniface I
St. Celestine I
A.D. 400
410
St. Sixtus III
420
ANTIPOPES
430
St. Leo I (the Great)
440
St. Hilarus
450
St. Simplicius
460
480
490
St. Hormisdas
500
Theodore
510
Sabinian
Boniface III
St. Boniface IV
A.D. 600
St. Deusdedit
Boniface V
610
Severinus
John IV
Theodore I
Honorius I
620
630
St. Martin I
640
St. Eugene I
St. Vitalian
650
660
St. Leo III (cont.)
A.D. 800
Stephen V
St. Paschal I
820
830
810
Sergius II
St. Leo IV
840
850
ANTIPOPES
15.9 million
Sylvester II (cont.)
John XVII
John XVIII
Sergius IV
Benedict VIII
A.D. 1000
18.9 million
1010
ANTIPOPES
867: Adrian II
1020
1030
Clement II
Benedict IX
Damasus II
St. Leo IX
1040
870
690
1210
1220
1230
St. Adrian III
Stephen VI
1050
1070
900
1080
most influential popes, transforms
the papacy and changes the way the
church interacts with Europe’s kings
and queens. He forbade simony, the
buying and selling of church offices
and spiritual blessings, though the
practice would continue to plague
the church for centuries. He claimed
supremacy over all of Christendom,
from princes to peasants. He also
forbade the common practice of
royalty appointing bishops, and
ordered all clergy to pledge
allegiance to the pope. (The church’s
battle to name its own bishops would
Urban IV
Alexander IV
1240
1250
Clement IV
1260
1090
A.D. 1400
1410
Martin V
Eugene IV
1420
1430
1440
Pedro de Luna (cont.)
Callistus III
Pius II
Nicholas V
1450
1270
Honorius IV
Nicholas IV
920
1280
1290
1460
Paul II
Sixtus IV
1470
Innocent VIII
1480
1110
Honorius II
1120
Maginulf (”Sylvester IV”)
1300
1490
Clement VIII Leo XI
(cont.)
Paul V
A.D. 1600
1610
1620
Pius VII
A.D. 1800
1810
Innocent X
1630
Leo XII
1820
106.4 million
1870: As part of the unification of Italy, the
church loses dominion over Rome, ending the
pope’s role as a ruler of vast territory. The
demise of the Papal States, land in central Italy
that the pope ruled as secular head, leaves Pope
Pius IX as a self-described “prisoner of the
Vatican.” For the next 59 years, popes would not
leave their home because they did not accept
the Italian government’s claims to the
surrounding area. In 1929, the Lateran Treaty
established Vatican City as the Roman Catholic
Church’s sovereign domain.
SOURCES: “The Oxford Dictionary of Popes” by J.N. Kelly and
M.J. Walsh; “Lives of the Popes” by Richard P. McBrien; “The Bad
Popes” by Eric Russell Chamberlin; “A Treasury of Royal
Scandals” by Michael Farquhar; The Catholic Encyclopedia;
bbc.co.uk; catholic.org; newadvent.org; “World Christian Trends
AD 30 — AD 2200” by David B. Barrett and Todd M. Johnson;
World Christian Database; the Official Catholic Directory
In August, French cardinals declared
his election invalid and elected a French
nobleman, Robert of Geneva, in his
place. The Great Western Schism would
continue through multiple popes and
antipopes as each side excommunicated
the other — and yes, they hired armies
and went to war. At one point, Urban VI
had six cardinals who opposed him
tortured.
Finally, Gregory XII agreed to
abdicate if the Avignon pope did also. After
more turmoil that included a faction naming a
third pope (or is that a second antipope?),
Gregory XII did resign, and the schism ended in
1417.
60.1 million
Gregory XV
Urban VIII
1640
Pius VIII
Gregory XVI
1830
Alexander VII
1650
1660
Clement IX
Clement X
1670
Blessed Pius IX
1840
power is illustrated by its role in
two ecumenical councils, the First
Council at Nicaea in 325 and the
Council of Chalcedon about 125
years later. The Roman Emperor
Constantine called the bishops
from the Catholic (western) and
Orthodox (eastern) churches to
gather at Nicaea. This in itself was
remarkable considering how
recently he had converted and
legalized the Christian church.
The council was the first to
define the divinity of Jesus, using
the term consubstantial, which
Catholics were reintroduced to in
the Mass last year in the revised
Nicene Creed. The council also set
the formula by which the date of
Easter is decided.
Where was Pope Sylvester as
these major decisions were made?
Back in Rome.
750
Stephen IV
760
Adrian I
Stephen IX
Marinus II Agapetus II
940
770
Leo VIII
Benedict V
John XIII
John XII
950
960
Celestine II
Lucius II
Blessed Eugene III
Innocent II
1130
Burdin
(”Gregory VIII”)
Celestine II
1140
Anacletus II
780
Benedict VI
Benedict VII
970
Pius III
Julius II
Leo X
1510
Anastasius IV
Adrian IV
John XIV
John XV
1150
Alexander III
1160
Gregory Conti
(”Victor IV”)
1170
Octavius
(“Victor IV”)
Benedict XII
Clement VI
Nicholas V
Adrian VI
Clement VII
1520
Innocent VI
1340
1350
Blessed Urban V
1360
1530
1540
1550
Gregory VIII
Innocent III
Clement III
Celestine III
1190
1198-1216: Innocent III ruled at the height of
papal power in the Medieval Ages. As a secular
ruler, he consolidated the power of the Papal
States in current-day Italy and extended his
authority over kings and princes (though he
didn’t have total success). On religious matters,
he held priests to a higher moral standard,
demanded a spiritual frugality from the clergy
and Curia (or papal court), and convened the
Fourth Lateran Council, which defined the idea
of transubstantiation of the Eucharist. His
papacy wasn’t without blemish. The Fourth
Crusade went horribly awry and ended up
sacking Constantinople in 1204. He ruled the
Magna Carta void. And he decreed that all Jews
and Muslims must wear distinctive dress.
Gregory XI
Urban VI
1370
Boniface IX
1380
1390
Robert of Geneva (“Clement VII”)
Marcellus II
Paul IV
Pius IV
Julius III
John XVI
Innocent III
47.2 million
Paul III
Boniface VII
1180
Pascal III Callistus III
Innocent III
1330
Sylvester II
Gregory V
990
Urban III
Lucius III
Crusade, a military invasion of the
Holy Land to retake it from the
Muslims. Urban
died two weeks
after the Crusaders conquered
Jerusalem in
1099, but the
news didn’t
Urban II
reach him in
time.
1320
790
980
1095: Urban II launched the First
John XXII
1310
1500
St. Leo III
St. Pius V
1560
Sixtus V
Gregory XIII
1570
Pedro de Luna
“Benedict XIII”
Urban VII
Gregory XIV
Innocent IX
Clement VIII
1580
1590
44.8 million
1378: There have been nearly 40
antipopes, a term intentionally
equating them with the Antichrist. But
the first antipope was canonized. St.
Hippolytus fought with three popes
from 217-235 over being too forgiving
of people he considered heretics. Most
antipopes simply craved the power.
But some of the most famous of the
antipopes, the later Avignon popes of
Urban VI
the Western Schism, rose up in
reaction to a pontiff’s egregious behavior. Urban
VI was elected amid controversy in April 1378.
He was known as a conscientious administrator
but very quickly proved a volatile, unstable
personality.
Gregory X
590
451: Leo the
Great
persuades
then-Emperor
Marcian to
convene
another
council, at
Chalcedon,
where his
Leo the Great
Leo’s Tome
successfully argues for the dual
human-divine nature of Jesus
Christ. Leo also was credited
with personally persuading
Attila the Hun in 452 to leave
Italy and spare Rome. Leo was
the first pope to explicitly claim
to be a successor of Peter,
increasingly claiming for the
papacy a supreme authority over
the church. That said, Leo was
still subservient to the Roman
emperor.
325: The increase in the papacy’s
Boniface VII
Blessed Benedict XI
Clement V
Alexander VI
Amadeus of Savoy (“Felix V”)
after a tortuous process
ss that
takes nearly three years
rs and
ends only when the cardinals
ardinals
are locked in a room
together and forced to
decide. To prevent such
h
prolonged leadership
struggles in the future,
Gregory in 1274 establishes
ishes
the procedure for the papal
selectors to gather in one
ne
room for a “conclave” —
a word based on the
Latin cum (with)
and clavis (key).
Leo VII
930
Gelasius II
Callistus II
1100
St. Celestine V
Boniface VIII
St. Gregory I (the Great)
580
Philip
Constantine II
Leo VI
Stephen VIII
John XI
Anastasius III
Lando
John X
910
Theodoric Aleric
Baldassare Cossa (“John XXIII”)
Pietro Philarghi (“Alexander V”)
1271: Gregory X is elected
ted pope
740
be fought into the 20th century.)
King Henry IV, the Holy Roman
Emperor, answered by convening his
own bishops and having Gregory
deposed. Gregory, in turn, excommunicated Henry, and then went one
step further by deposing the king
and releasing his subjects. Whether
Gregory had this right nobody knew,
but it scared Henry enough that he
begged on his knees for forgiveness,
which he received.
In the end, Gregory’s refusal to
bend on most any issue left him with
very few supporters, and he died in
exile.
King Henry IV (on horseback) confronts Gregory VII
Blessed Adrian V
Innocent V
John XXI
Nicholas III
Blessed
Gregory X
Martin IV
390
Benedict I Pelagius II
570
Stephen II
Stephen III St. Paul I
St. Zachary
730
ANTIPOPES
Boniface IX (cont.)
Innocent VII
Gregory XII
380
John III
560
Very little is known about the early popes.
Some early papal succession lists actually
show Linus as the first bishop of Rome.
That’s not surprising considering the
infant church was outlawed and early
Christians subjected to periodic persecution. Roman persecution didn’t end until
the early fourth century, when Emperor
Constantine I made Christianity legal.
(Christianity was declared the state
religion of the Roman Empire in 380.)
St. Gregory III
720
Paschal II
Guibert (”Clement III”)
1073-1085: Gregory VII, one of the
Schism between the
Eastern Orthodox
churches and the
Roman Catholic
Church comes to a
climax as Pope Leo IX
and the patriarch of
Constantinople
excommunicate each
other.
St. Gregory II
710
Romanus
Stephen VII Theodore II
John IX
Leo V
Boniface VI
Formosus
Benedict IV Sergius III
Blessed Victor III
Blessed Urban II
St. Gregory VII
1060
1054: The East-West
John VII
Sisinnius
Constantine
700
890
370
Christopher
Stephen X
Nicholas II
Victor II
Alexander II
Celestine IV
Innocent IV
Gregory IX
Honorius III
Theodore/Paschal
880
Benedict X Honorious II
strangest event in papal
history, Stephen VII
orders the corpse of
predecessor Formosus dug up from its
grave, dressed in
papal vestments and
put on trial for
violations of church
law. After Formosus’
Stephen VII
body is convicted in the
so-called Cadaver Synod, the
three fingers that he used to give blessings are
hacked off. The corpse is tossed into the Tiber
River but is later recovered and reburied.
Innocent III (cont.)
John VIII
John VI
Anastasius
Gregory
897: In perhaps the
becomes head
of the church.
He will be
remembered as
the last married
pope.
A.D. 1200
Benedict IX
John XIX
860
John
Gregory VI
Benedict IX
Sylvester III
Marinus I
Adrian II
550
St. Siricius
Ursicinus
considered to be the first pope, it is
unlikely he was the first bishop in Rome.
When he arrived in Rome about A.D. 60,
he found a Christian community already
in existence. One of the original Apostles,
Peter played a major role in the Gospels
and the early years of the church, as
described in the New Testament. Jesus
refers to him when he says, “On this rock,
I will build my church.”
PHOTO: Statue of St. Peter at the Vatican
680
190
Dioscorus
Spanning three millenniums, the
papacy is one of history’s most
enduring institutions. Catholics
believe the men who served as
pope — from St. Peter in the first
century through Benedict XVI in
the 21st — constitute an unbroken
lineage back to Jesus Christ. How
the more than 260 popes slowly
built up the power, stature and
influence of the papacy is a
remarkable story.
670
Benedict III
St. Nicholas I
360
Pelagius I
540
Tribune reporters
ANTIPOPES
Eugene II
Valentine
Gregory IV
350
St. Agapetus I
St. Silverius
Vigilius
By Stephan Benzkofer,
Ron Grossman, Mark Jacob
and Chad Yoder
St. Benedict II
St. Sergius I
John V
Conon
180
St. Anastasius I
A.D. 60: While St. Peter is historically
Adeodatus
Donus
St. Leo II
St. Agatho
St. Victor I
St. Damasus I
Felix II
530
Laurentius
The power
of the papacy
St. Gregory I
(the Great)
(cont.)
520
St. Eleutherius
170
Liberius
340
St. John I
St. Felix IV
St. Soter
160
Boniface II
John II
St. Gelasius I
Anastasius II
St. Symmachus
St. Felix III
470
150
St. Mark
St. Julius I
12.7 million
St. Anastasius I (cont.)
St. Innocent I
St. Anicetus
140
St. Eusebius
St. Miltiades
St. Sylvester I
310
St. Zephyrinus
St. Pius I
Blessed Innocent XI
1680
1860
1870
1880
163.2 million
163
Note: The Roman Catholic population estimates are from the
book “World Christian Trends” where the authors base the
numbers on a range of church and historical sources. The
population for A.D. 33 is from the “Book of Acts,” from the New
Testament. Population estimates between then and 1900 are
derived from historical markers. And from 1900 on numbers are
from the World Christian Database.
Alexander VII
Innocent XII
1939: Pius XII
becomes pope seven
months before the
outbreak of World
War II, and his
efforts to remain
neutral in that
conflict engender
great controversy.
Some accuse him of
indifference to the
persecution of the
Jews; supporters
claim behind-thescenes efforts to
help victims of the
Nazis.
Innocent XIII
Benedict XIII
Clement XI
1690
1700
1710
St. Pius X
1890
1900
1582: Gregory
XIII orders the
use of the more
accurate Gregorian calendar,
which introduced
leap year and
meant that the
day following
Oct. 4 that year
was Oct. 15. It was
decades before
Protestant
countries
adopted the
calendar.
1521: As the papacy grew in power,
the corruption and abuse also
increased. One of the most egregious
abuses, according to a German monk
named Martin Luther, was the sale
of indulgences, which were the
remission of punishment or penance
for sins already forgiven. They were
being sold to pay for the new St.
Peter’s Basilica. The import of the 95
Leo X
Theses would be lost on a number of
popes as the Protestant Reformation set church and
secular history on a radical new path. In 1521 Pope Leo X
excommunicated Luther, but that didn’t stop the
Reformation or keep multitudes of the faithful from
leaving the church.
the most notorious popes,
dies. A member of the Borgia
family, Alexander was a
shameless womanizer who
bribed his way to the papacy.
According to one story,
Alexander’s death was his
own doing when he tried to
poison a rival but the drinks
Alexander VI
were switched. His corpse
was described as the “most monstrous and
horrible dead body that was ever seen,” with a
face “mulberry-colored and thickly covered with
blue-black spots” — seen by some as a punishment from God.
Leo XIII
1850
Pius IX
1503: Alexander VI, one of
1720
Benedict XV
1910
Benedict XIV
1730
1740
Clement XIII
1750
Blessed
John XXIII
Pius XII
1930
1940
1950
Clement XIV
1760
1770
664.9 million
Paul VI
1960
1970
266.6 million
1962: John
XXIII opens
the Second
Vatican
Council,
which will be
completed
under his
successor,
Paul VI. The
John XXIII
spiritual
renewal effort known as Vatican
II approved major changes in
church doctrine, allowing
languages other than Latin to be
used in Mass and supporting
friendship with other faiths.
1799: Pius VI
who had once been a
friend of Italian
physicist Galileo
Galilei, orders him
put on trial for
theorizing that the
Earth revolves
around the sun.
Galileo is found
guilty of heresy. The Urban VIII
persecution of Galileo is part of the
Inquisition, a centuries-long crackdown
on heretics and nonbelievers in which
many are imprisoned, tortured and
killed.
dies in prison.
He had
denounced
Napoleon during
the French
Revolution and
paid the price.
Napoleon
invaded in 1798
and took the
pontiff prisoner.
At the time,
some feared he
was to be the
last pope.
82.4 million
Clement XII
Pius XI
1920
1633: Urban VIII,
Pius VI
1780
1790
John Paul I
Blessed John Paul II
1980
1990
John Paul II (cont.)
Benedict XVI
1978: John Paul I
A.D. 2000
dies just a month into
his reign. His
successor is John
Paul II, a vigorous,
charismatic Polishborn pope. He is the
first non-Italian
pontiff in more than
450 years. In his
John Paul I
26-year papacy, John
Paul II makes more than 100 international trips, survives an assassination
attempt and changes the worldwide
image of the church. A 1979 Mass in
Chicago’s Grant Park attracted
200,000 worshippers.
1.04 billion
2010
1.17 billion
2013:
Benedict XVI
is the first
pope in
nearly 600
years to
abdicate St.
Peter’s
Throne.
John Paul II
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