Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Саратовский социально-экономический институт (филиал)
ФГБОУ ВПО «РЭУ им. Г.В. Плеханова»
Кафедра иностранных языков
ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЙ
ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК
(английский / факультатив)
Методические материалы
к практическим занятиям и самостоятельной работе
по изучению дисциплины для студентов,
обучающихся по направлению подготовки
080500.62 «Бизнес-информатика»
(профиль «Информационные системы управления бизнесом»)
Саратов
2014
Автор-составитель
кандидат педагогических наук, доцент М.А. Исайкина
Профессиональный иностранный язык (английский / факультатив): методические материалы к практическим занятиям и самостоятельной работе по изучению дисциплины для студентов, обучающихся по направлению подготовки
080500.62 «Бизнес-информатика» (профиль «Информационные системы управления бизнесом») / авт.-сост. М.А. Исайкина / Саратовский социально-экономический институт (филиал) ФГБОУ ВПО «РЭУ им. Г.В. Плеханова». − Саратов,
2014. − 40 с.
Рекомендует к печати
кафедра иностранных языков
4.02.2014г.
© Авт.-сост. М.А. Исайкина, 2014
© Саратовский социальноэкономический институт (филиал)
ФГБОУ ВПО «РЭУ им. Г.В. Плеханова», 2014
Работа издана в авторской редакции
Компьютерная верстка выполнена А.А. Углановым
Подписано в печать 14.08.2014. Формат 60х84/16
Бумага типогр. №1. Печать Riso.
Уч.-изд.л. 2,5. Усл.печ.л. 2,5.
Тираж 12 экз. Заказ 282.
410003, Саратов, ул. Радищева, 89.
ССЭИ РЭУ им. Г.В. Плеханова
Введение
Дисциплина «Профессиональный иностранный язык (английский / факультатив)» относится к факультативной части гуманитарного, социального и экономического цикла (Ф.1) направления подготовки 080500.62 «Бизнес-информатика»
(профиль «Информационные системы управления бизнесом»). Профессионально
ориентированное обучение иностранному языку основывается на требованиях
квалификационной характеристики выпускника, а также интегрированной системе целей изучения дисциплин.
Цель настоящих методических материалов состоит в оказании содействия
обучающимся в успешном освоении дисциплины «Профессиональный иностранный язык (английский / факультатив)» в соответствии с общими целями данной
основной образовательной программы: формирование иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции студентов, понимаемой как способность и готовность осуществлять иноязычное повседневно-бытовое и профессиональное опосредованное
и непосредственное общение с носителями языка в заданных стандартом/программой пределах.
Выполнение предусмотренных методическими материалами заданий по
данной дисциплине позволит обучающимся получить и закрепить необходимые
знания и умения и на их базе сформировать соответствующие компетенции, а
также обеспечит владение необходимыми навыками профессионального общения на иностранном языке (ОК-14).
К началу освоения дисциплины «Профессиональный иностранный язык (английский / факультатив)» студенты должны свободно владеть основами грамматики иностранного языка, уметь логически верно и ясно строить свою речь,
владеть лексическим минимумом на иностранном языке, навыками устного и
письменного перевода и иметь представление о культуре страны изучаемого
иностранного языка. Обучающийся должен быть готов к самостоятельной деятельности при изучении иностранного языка, к извлечению про-фессиональноориентированной информации из иноязычных источников, к изучению иностранного языка за счет практического применения полученных знаний, навыков и
умений (участие в олимпиадах, конкурсах, конференциях и т.д.).
Успешное выполнение заданий, предусмотренных методическими материалами по данной дисциплине, будет способствовать успешному освоению таких
дисциплин, как «Архитектура предприятия», «Моделирование бизнес-процессов»,
«Информационный менеджмент», «Рынки ИКТ и организация продаж», «Электронный бизнес».
Методические материалы содержат по каждому разделу: лексический минимум по устным темам, тексты для различных видов деятельности, послетекстовые упражнения. В каждом разделе содержатся задания для самостоятельной работы, лексико-грамматические упражнения.
Изучение дисциплины предусматривается в 3-5 семестрах. Общая трудоемкость дисциплины составляет 324 часа (9 зачетных единиц), в том числе на
аудиторные занятия – 154 часа, на самостоятельную работу – 170 часов.
3
Unit 1. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
Практические занятия – 4 часа
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 3 часа
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text.
A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable
of being in one or two possible states that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized.
The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and symbols.
The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want
by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or magnetize or
do not magnetize the cores.
The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions,
called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and/or logical
operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide
the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place
called memory.
It is considered that computers have many remarkable powers. However most
computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.
First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.
Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we
couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn’t be of
much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use
terminals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes. The computer’s input device (a disk
drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display, which shows the results on a TV-like screen.
Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions
which computer circuits can make are not of the type: “Who would win the war between two countries?” or “Who is the richest person in the world?” unfortunately, the
computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are
two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another?
A computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the
time it takes a human being to do the job.
2. Learn the words:
Core
Disk drive
ядро, середина
дисковод, дисковое запоминающее устройство
4
Exponentiation
Input device
Intricate
Network
To operate switches
To process data
возведение в степень
устройство ввода
сложный, запутанный
сеть
приводить в действие переключатели
обрабатывать данные
3. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is a computer? 2. What are the switches capable of? 3. What is the basic
idea of a computer? 4. What should we do to make the computer work? 5. In the form
of what can a computer accept information and how is it called? 6. What are basic
capabilities of computer? 7. With the help of what can we input information?
4. Insert the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
as, in, into, of, out, to, with.
1. A computer is a machine … an intricate network of electronic circuits.
2. The machine is capable … storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and
symbols.
3. For this reason computers can be defined … devices which accept information
… the form of instructions.
4. The basic job of computers is processing … information.
5. All this information is kept inside the computer … a place called memory.
Самостоятельная работа
5. Choose the words that are missed in the following sentences:
Circuits, computer, diskettes, have, make, mechanical, outputting, people, problem, solve, three, would.
1. A … cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do. 2. The program
tells the computers what to do and gives the data needed to solve the …. 3. Computers have circuits which can … decisions. 4. It is considered that computers … many
remarkable powers. 5. Computers have … for performing arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. 6. However most computers have … basic capabilities. 7. Some of the most common methods of inputting
information are to use terminals, …, disks and magnetic tapes. 8. For … information
a printer and a cathode-ray-tube display are used. 9. A computer can … a series of
problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. 10. A
computer can replace … in dull, routine tasks. 11. There are times when a computer
seems to operate like a … “brain”. 12. A person can do the same, but he … be dead
long before the job was finished.
6. Write the ending to each question:
E.g. Computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form
of instructions, cannot they?
1. The program, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide
the information, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory, …
5
2. Programs and characters perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the
on the information, …
3. The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want
by inputting signals, …
4. Computers can perform arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, division,
multiplication and exponentiation, …
5. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use terminals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes, …
6. The computer’s input device (a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information
into the computer, …
7. Ask different questions to the sentences:
1. The cores are capable of being in one or two possible states on or off. 2. It is
considered that computers have many remarkable powers. 3. However most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities. 4. A computer is a machine
with an intricate network of electronic circuits. 5. The machine is capable of storing
and manipulating numbers, letters, and symbols. 6. Second, computers have a means
of communicating with the user.
Unit 2. SOME FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Практические занятия – 12 часов
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 12 часов
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text:
The history of automatic computers is believed to have started with Charles Babbage, an English scientist. It was he who suggested that a machine for mathematical
computations could be made. When Charles Babbage, a professor of Cambridge University, invented the first calculating machine in 1812, he could hardly have imagined
the situation we find ourselves in today.
Charles Babbage was born in Devonshire, England in 1792. He didn't receive a
good education, but he taught himself mathematics so well, that when he went to
Cambridge he found that he knew mathematics better than his tutor.
Babbage was outstanding among his contemporaries because he was the first to
insist on the practical application of science and mathematics.
In 1812 he was sitting in his room, working with the table of logarithms, which
he knew to be full of mistakes, when an idea of computing all tabular functions by
machinery occurred to him. Babbage constructed a small working model which was
demonstrated in 1822. The Royal Society supported the project and Babbage was
promised a subsidy.
In 1833 he began to think of building a machine which was, in fact, the first universal digital computer. Babbage devoted the rest of his life to an attempt to develop
6
it. He had to finance the whole of the work himself and he was only able to finish part
of the machine, though he prepared thousands of detailed drawings from which it
could be made. Charles Babbage wrote more than eighty books and papers, but he
was misunderstood by his contemporaries and died a disappointed man in 1871.
He tried to solve a series of problems required the united efforts of two generations of engineers by himself and with his own resources. After his death his son continued his work and built a part of an arithmetic unit, which printed out its results directly on paper.
2. Learn the words:
Arithmetic unit
Computation
Detailed drawing
Digital
Disappointed
Practical application
Table of logarithms
Tabular functions
To be misunderstood
To imagine
Tutor
арифметическая единица
вычисление
подробный рисунок
цифровой
разочарованный
практическое применение
таблица логарифмов
функции, представленные в таблице
быть неправильно понятым
представлять
преподаватель, наставник
3. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is believed to have started with Charles Babbage? 2. What did he invent
in 1812? 3. Where was Charles Babbage born and what education did he receive?
4. Why was Babbage outstanding among his contemporaries? 5. How did the idea of
computing all tabular functions by machinery occur to him? 6. When was a small
working model constructed by Babbage demonstrated?
4. Insert the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
among, after, by, in, of, on, to, with.
1. The history … automatic computers is believed to have started … Charles
Babbage, an English scientist.
2. Charles Babbage was born … Devonshire, England … 1792.
3. When he went … Cambridge he found that he knew mathematics better than
his tutor.
4. In 1812 he was working … the table … logarithms, when an idea … computing all tabular functions … machinery occurred … him.
5. … 1833 he began to think … building a machine which was the first universal
digital computer.
6. He was misunderstood … his contemporaries and died a disappointed man …
1871.
7. … his death his son continued his work and built a part … an arithmetic unit,
which printed out its results directly … paper.
7
Самостоятельная работа
5. Choose the words that are missed in the following sentences:
Attempt, calculating, eighty, finance, machine, mathematics, situation, supported,
working.
1. It was he who suggested that a … for mathematical computations could be made.
2. Charles Babbage, a professor of Cambridge University, invented the first … machine
in 1812. 3. He could hardly have imagined the … we find ourselves in today. 4. He didn't receive a good education, but he taught himself … so well. 5. Babbage constructed a
small … model which was demonstrated in 1822. 6. The Royal Society … the project
and Babbage was promised a subsidy. 7. Babbage devoted the rest of his life to an … to
develop it. 8. He had to … the whole of the work himself and he was only able to finish
part of the machine. 9. Charles Babbage wrote more than … books and papers.
6. Write the ending to each question:
E.g. The history of automatic computers is believed to have started with Charles
Babbage, isn’t it?
1. Charles Babbage, a professor of Cambridge University, invented the first calculating machine in 1812, …
2. Charles Babbage was born in Devonshire, England in 1792, …
3. When he went to Cambridge he found that he knew mathematics better than his
tutor, …
4. Babbage was the first to insist on the practical application of science and mathematics, …
5. Babbage constructed a working model which was demonstrated in 1822, …
6. The Royal Society supported the project and Babbage was promised a subsidy.
7. Ask questions to the sentences:
1. Charles Babbage, an English scientist, suggested that a machine for mathematical computations could be made. 2. Charles Babbage, a professor of Cambridge University, could hardly have imagined the situation we find ourselves in today. 3. He
went to Cambridge he found that he knew mathematics better than his tutor. 4. He
didn't receive a good education, but he taught himself mathematics. 5. Babbage was
outstanding among his contemporaries because he was the first to insist on the practical application of science and mathematics.
Unit 3. DATA PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS
Практические занятия – 12 часов
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 12 часов
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text:
The necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information. In
fact this is the definition of data processing. Data are a collection of facts – unor8
ganized but able to be organized into useful information. Processing is a series of actions or operations that convert inputs into outputs. When it is spoken of data processing, the input is data, and the output is useful information. So, data processing
can be defined as a series of actions or operations that converts data into useful information.
The term data processing system includes the resources that are used to accomplish
the processing of data. There are four types of resources: people, materials, facilities,
and equipment. People provide input to computers, operate them, and use their output.
Materials, such as boxes of paper and printer ribbons, are consumed in great quantity.
Facilities are required to house the computer equipment, people and materials.
The need for converting facts into useful information is not a phenomenon of
modern life. Throughout history, and even prehistory, people have found it necessary
to sort data into forms that were easier to understand. For example, the ancient Egyptians recorded the ebb and flow of the Nile River and used this information to predict
yearly crop yields. Today computers convert data about land and water into recommendations to farmers on crop planting. Mechanical aids to computation were developed and improved upon in Europe, Asia, and America throughout the 17th, 18th, and
19th centuries. Modern computers are marvels of an electronics technology that continues to produce smaller, cheaper, and more powerful components.
Basic data processing operations. Five basic operations are characteristic of all
data processing systems: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling.
They are defined as follows.
Inputting is the process of entering data, which are collected facts, into a data
processing system. Storing is saving data or information so that they are available for
initial or for additional processing. Processing represents performing arithmetic or
logical operations on data in order to convert them into useful information. Outputting is the process of producing useful information, such as a printed report or visual
display.
Controlling is the directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above
operations are performed.
Data storage hierarchy. It is know that data, once entered, are organized and
stored in successfully more comprehensive hierarchy. The general grouping of any
data storage hierarchy are as follows.
Characters, which are all written language symbols: letters, numbers, and special
symbols. Data elements, which are meaningful collections of related characters. Data
elements are also called data items or fields. Records, which are collections of related
data elements. Files, which are collections of related records. A set of related files is
called a data base or a data bank.
2. Learn the words:
Comprehensive groupings
Data base
Data processing
Facilities
полные, обширные, универсальные образования
база данных
обработка информации
приспособления, возможности
9
Manner
Meaningful
Record
Set
Storage
Successively
To accomplish
способ, образ действий
имеющий смысл, значащий
запись, регистрация
совокупность, набор, множество
запоминающее устройство
последовательно
завершать, заканчивать
3. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is processed by a computer? 2. What are data? 3. What is processing? 4.
How can data processing defined? 5. What are the types of resources? 6. Define each
type of resources. 7. What have people found necessary throughout the history? 8.
What are modern computers?
4. Insert the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
about, as, by, for, in, into, of, on
1. The necessary data are processed … a computer to become useful information
2. Data processing can be defined … a series … actions or operations that converts data … useful information.
3. Materials, such … boxes … paper and printer ribbons, are consumed … great
quantity.
4. The need … converting facts … useful information is not a phenomenon …
modern life.
5. Today computers convert data … land and water … recommendations to farmers … crop planting.
6. Modern computers are marvels … an electronics technology that continues to
produce smaller, cheaper, and more powerful components.
7. Inputting is the process … entering data, which are collected facts, … a data
processing system.
Самостоятельная работа
5. Choose the words that are missed in the following sentences:
Actions, characters, collection, computation, computer, data, elements, information, language, materials, operate, system.
1. Data are a … of facts which can be organized into useful information.
2. Processing is a series of … or operations that convert inputs into outputs. 3. The
term data processing … includes the resources that are used to accomplish the processing of data. 4. There are four types of resources: people, …, facilities, and
equipment. 5. People provide input to computers, … them, and use their output.
6. Facilities are required to house the … equipment, people and materials.
7. Mechanical aids to … were developed and improved upon in Europe, Asia, and
America. 8. Storing is saving data or … so that they are available for initial or for additional processing. 9. Five basic operations are characteristic of all … processing
systems. 10. Characters are all written … symbols: letters, numbers, and special sym10
bols. 11. Data elements, which are meaningful collections of related …. 12. Records
are collections of related data ….
6. Write the ending to each question:
e.g. The necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information, aren’t they?
1. Processing is a series of actions or operations that convert inputs into outputs, …
2. So, data processing can be defined as a series of actions or operations that converts data into useful information, …
3. There are four types of resources: people, materials, facilities, and equipment,…
4. Materials, such as boxes of paper and printer ribbons, are consumed in great
quantity, …
5. The need for converting facts into useful information is not a phenomenon of
modern life, …
7. Ask general questions to the following sentences:
1. Data are a collection of facts – unorganized but able to be organized into useful
information. 2. When it is spoken of data processing, the input is data, and the output
is useful information. 3. The term data processing system includes the resources that
are used to accomplish the processing of data. 4. People provide input to computers,
operate them, and use their output. 5. Facilities are required to house the computer
equipment, people and materials.
Unit 4. A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Практические занятия – 12 часов
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 12 часов
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text:
A computer system is a collection of components that work together to process.
The purpose of a computer system is to make it as easy as possible for you to use
computer to solve problems. A functioning computer system combines hardware elements with software elements.
The hardware elements are the mechanical device, the system, the machinery and
the electronics. The software elements are the programs written for the system. Collectively these components provide a complete computer system.
Usually, a computer system requires three basic hardware items: the central processor unit, which performs all data processing; a terminal device, which helps users
to communicate with their computer system and a memory storing programs and data. These three devices are the required hardware components of any computer sys11
tem. Computer system includes many other devices: printer, scanner and a modem.
These computer devices called hardware.
A set of instructions telling a computer what to do is a program. Programs are
usually written in a Programming language like Pascal. Programs you are dealing
with are organized into files. Applications are programs for specific tasks.
Applications include: database software, spreadsheets calculations, wordprocessing on a word processor. To make hardware and software function, a computer needs an operation system program.
Some operation systems require users to type in commands to tell the computer
what to do. Many computers use a graphical interface or point-and-click interface
such as Windows.
Some interfaces allow plug-and-play, the possibility of connecting new hardware
the computer without having to adjust or configure the system to take the new hardware into account: the interface program recognizes the hardware automatically.
2. Learn the words:
Hardware elements
Software elements
Central processor unit
Programming language
Terminal device
Database software
Spreadsheets calculations
Graphical interface
Point-and-click
аппаратное обеспечение
программное обеспечение
центральный процессор
язык программирования
оконечное устройство, терминал
программные средства базы данных
табличные вычисления
графический интерфейс
"указал и щёлкнул"
3. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is a computer system? 2. What is the purpose of a computer system?
3. What does a functioning computer system combine? 4. What are the hardware elements? 5. What are the software elements? 6. What are the basic hardware items?
7. What tasks do these three elements perform?
4. Insert the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
as, for, in, into, of, with
1. The purpose … a computer system is to make it … easy … possible … you to
use computer to solve problems.
2. A functioning computer system combines hardware elements … software elements.
3. A computer system is a collection … components that work together to process.
4. The software elements are the programs written … the system.
5. A terminal device helps users to communicate … their computer system.
6. Programs are usually written … a Programming language like Pascal.
12
Самостоятельная работа
5. Choose the words that are missed in the following sentences:
Basic, called, computer, devices, hardware, mechanical, program, set, software,
unit.
1. The central processor … performs all data processing. 2. Usually, a computer
system requires three … hardware items. 3. Collectively these components provide a
complete … system. 4. These three devices are the required … components of any
computer system. 5. Computer system includes many other …: printer, scanner and a
modem. 6. The hardware elements are the … device, the system, the machinery and
the electronics. 7. These computer devices … hardware. 8. A … of instructions telling a computer what to do is a program. 9. Applications include: database …, spreadsheets calculations, word-processing on a word processor. 10. To make hardware and
software function, a computer needs an operation system ….
6. Write the ending to each question:
e.g. A computer system is a collection of components that work together to process, isn’t it?
1. Collectively these components provide a complete computer system, …
2. The software elements are the programs written for the system, …
3. Computer system includes many other devices: printer, scanner and a modem,…
4. These computer devices called hardware, …
5. A set of instructions telling a computer what to do is a program, …
7. Ask special questions to the following sentences:
1. The purpose of a computer system is to make it as easy as possible for you to
use computer to solve problems. 2. A functioning computer system combines hardware elements with software elements. 3. The hardware elements are the mechanical
device, the system, the machinery and the electronics. 4. The three devices are the required hardware components of any computer system. 5. Applications include: database software, spreadsheets calculations, word-processing on a word processor.
Unit 5. HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, AND FIRMWARE
Практические занятия – 12 часов
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 12 часов
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text:
The units that are visible in any computer are the physical components of a data
processing system, or hardware. Thus, the input, storage, processing and control devices are hardware. Not visible is the software – the set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation that make possible the effective operation of
13
the computer system. Software programs are of two types: systems software and applications software.
Systems software are the programs designed to control the operation of a computer system. They do not solve specific problems. They are written to assist people in
the use of the computer system by performing tasks, such as controlling all of the operations required, to move data into and out of a computer and all of the steps in executing an application program. The person who prepares systems software is referred
to as a systems programmer. Systems programmers are highly trained specialists and
important members of the architectural team.
Applications software are the programs written to solve specific problems (applications), such as payroll, inventory control, and investment analysis. The word program usually refers to an application program, and the word programmer is usually a
person who prepares applications software.
Often programs, particularly systems software, are stored in an area of memory
not used for applications software. These protected programs are stored in an area of
memory called read-only memory (ROM), which can be read from but not written on.
Firmware is a term that is commonly used to describe certain programs that are
stored in ROM. Firmware often refers to a sequence of instructions (software) that is
substituted for hardware. For example, in an instance where cost is more important
than performance, the computer system architect might decide not to use special electronic circuits (hardware) to multiply two numbers, but instead write instructions
(software) to cause the machine to accomplish the same function by repeated use of
circuits already designed to perform addition.
2. Learn the words:
Hardware
Software
System software
Application software
Firmware
Visible units
Procedure
To associate
Associated documentation
To execute applications programs
Payroll
Read-only memory (ROM)
аппаратное обеспечение; аппаратура
программные средства
системное программное обеспечение
прикладное программное обеспечение
встроенное программное обеспечение
видимый блок, устройство
процедура, процесс; метод, алгоритм
соединять; объединять; связывать
соответствующая документация
выполнять прикладные программы
платежная ведомость
постоянное запоминающее устройство
3. Give a brief summary of the text.
Самостоятельная работа
4. Translate the text using the dictionary if necessary:
In order to use computers effectively to solve problems in our environment, computer systems are devised. A "system" implies a good mixture of integrated parts working together to form a useful whole. Computer system may be discussed in two parts.
14
The first part is hardware – the physical, electronic, and electromechanical devices that are thought of and recognized as "computers". The second part is software –
the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and
that direct the processing of data.
The basic components of computer hardware are joined together in a computer
system. The centerpiece is called the computer, the processor, or usually the central
processing unit (CPU). The term "computer" usually refers to those parts of the
hardware in which calculations and other data manipulations are performed, and to
the internal memory in which data and instructions are stored during the actual execution of programs. The various peripherals which include input and/or output devices,
various secondary memory devices, and so on, are attached to the CPU.
Computer software can be divided into two very broad categories – system software and applications software. The former is often simply referred to as "systems".
These, when brought into internal memory, direct the computer to perform tasks. The
latter may be provided along with the hardware by a systems supplier as part of a
computer product designed to answer a specific need in certain areas. These complete
hardware/software products are called turnkey systems.
The success or failure of any computer system depends on the skill with which
the hardware and software components are selected and blended. A poorly chosen
system can be a monstrosity incapable of performing the tasks for which it was originally acquired.
5. Ask as many questions as possible to the text.
6. Use the necessary preposition in the sentences:
1. A "system" implies a good mixture … integrated parts working together.
2. Computer system may be discussed … two parts.
3. Hardware is the physical, electronic, and electromechanical devices that are
thought … and recognized as "computers".
4. The basic components … computer hardware are joined together … a computer system.
5. Applications software may be provided along … the hardware … a systems
supplier as part … a computer product designed to answer a specific need … certain
areas.
7. Make up sentences using the word combinations:
To use effectively, to work together, to form a useful whole, electronic devices, to
coordinate the activities, to join together in a system, input and output devices,
memory devices, a computer product, to answer a specific need, perform the tasks.
15
Unit 6. COMPUTER OPERATIONS
Практические занятия – 6 часов
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 8 часов
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text:
Much of the processing computers can be divided into two general types of operation. Arithmetic operations are computations with numbers such as addition, subtraction, and other mathematical procedures. Early computers performed mostly
arithmetic operations, which gave the false impression that only engineers and scientists could benefit from computers. Of equal importance is the computers ability to
compare two values to determine if one is larger than, smaller than, or equal to the
other. This is called a logical operation. The comparison may take place between
numbers, letters, sounds, or even drawings. The processing of the computer is based
on the computer’s ability to perform logical and arithmetic operations.
Instructions must be given to the computer to tell it how to process the data it receives and the format needed for output and storage. The ability to follow the program sets computers apart from most tools. However, new tools ranging from typewriters to microwave ovens have embedded computers, or, built-in computers. As
embedded computer can accept data to use several options in its program, but the
program itself cannot be changed. This makes these devices flexible and convenient
but not the embedded computers itself.
Types of data. With the advent of new computer applications and hardware, the
definition of data has expanded to include many types.
Numeric data consists of numbers and decimal points, as well as the plus (+) and
minus (-) signs. Both arithmetic operations and logical operations are performed on
numeric data. This means that numbers can be used for calculations as well as sorted
and compared to each other.
Text, or textual data, can contain any combination of letters, numbers and special
characters. Sometimes textual data is known as alphanumeric data.
Various forms of data that we can hear and see make up audio-visual data. The
computer can produce sounds, music and even human voice. It can also accept audio
information as an input. Data can also take form of drawings and video sequences.
Physical data is captured from the environment. For example, light, temperature
and pressure are all types of physical data. In many large buildings, computer systems
process several kinds of physical data to regulate operations. Computers can set off
security alarms, control temperature and humidity, or turn lights on and off, all in response to physical data. These applications increase people’s safety and save the time
and money.
2. Learn the words:
Computation
Arithmetic operations
вычисление
арифметические операции
16
Addition
Subtraction
To benefit
Value
Microwave oven
Embedded
To accept
Flexible
Advent
Sequence
Decimal point
сложение
вычитание
извлекать выгоду
величина
микроволновая печь
встроенный
принимать
гибкий, изменчивый
приход
последовательность
десятичная точка
3. Answer the questions to the text:
1. In what two major parts could be computer operations divided? 2. What are
arithmetic operations? 3. What are logical operations? 4. What makes computer so
different from other tools? 5. What is embedded computer? 6. How many are types of
data? 7. What are numeric data and textual data? 8. What is audio-visual data?
4. Insert the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
as, for, in, of, off, on, to, with.
1. Arithmetic operations are computations … numbers such … addition, subtraction, and other mathematical procedures.
2. … equal importance is the computers ability to compare two values to determine if one is larger than, smaller than, or equal … the other.
3. The processing … the computer is based … the computer’s ability to perform
logical and arithmetic operations.
4. Instructions must be given …. the computer to tell it how to process the data it
receives and the format needed … output and storage.
5. … embedded computer can accept data to use several options … its program,
but the program itself cannot be changed.
Самостоятельная работа
5. Choose the words that are missed in the following sentences:
Alphanumeric, arithmetic, between, computer, data, information, logical, physical, processing, program, safety, video.
1. This is called a … operation. 2. The comparison may take place … numbers, letters, sounds, or even drawings. 3. Much of the … computers can be divided into two
general types of operation. 4. The ability to follow the … sets computers apart from
most tools. 5. Both … operations and logical operations are performed on numeric data. 6. Sometimes textual data is known as … data. 7. The … can produce sounds, music
and even human voice. 8. It can also accept audio … as an input. 9. These applications
increase people’s … and save the time and money. 10. For example, light, temperature
and pressure are all types of … data. 11. Data can also take form of drawings and …
sequences. 12. Physical … is captured from the environment.
17
6. Write the ending to each question:
e.g. Computers can set off security alarms, control temperature and humidity, or
turn lights on and off, all in response to physical data, cannot they?
1. The processing of the computer is based on the computer’s ability to perform
logical and arithmetic operations, …
2. Arithmetic operations are computations with numbers such as addition, subtraction, and other mathematical procedures, …
3. These applications increase people’s safety and save the time and money, …
4. The computer can produce sounds, music and even human voice, ...
5. The ability to follow the program sets computers apart from most tools, …
7. Ask general questions to the following sentences:
1. Early computers performed mostly arithmetic operations, which gave the false
impression that only engineers and scientists could benefit from computers.
2. However, new tools ranging from typewriters to microwave ovens have embedded
computers, or, built-in computers. 3. This makes these devices flexible and convenient but not the embedded computers itself. 4. Text, or textual data, can contain any
combination of letters, numbers and special characters. 5. The comparison may take
place between numbers, letters, sounds, or even drawings.
Unit 7. OUTPUT DEVICES. PRINTERS
Практические занятия – 6 часов
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 6 часов
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text:
Printers provide information in a permanent, human-readable form. They are the
most commonly used output devices and are components of almost all computer systems. Printers vary greatly in performance and design. We will classify printers as
character printers, line printers and page printers in order to identify three different
approaches to printing, each with a different speed range. In addition, printers can be
described as either impact or non-impact. Printers that use electromechanical mechanisms that cause hammers to strike against a ribbon and the paper are called impact
printers. Non-impact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print.
Character printers print only one character at a time. A typewriter is an example
of a character printer. Character printers are the type used with literally all microcomputers as well as on computers of all sizes whenever the printing requirements
are not large. Character printers may be of several types. A letter-quality printer is a
character printer which produces output of typewriter quality. Letter-quality printers
typically have speeds ranging from 10 to 50 characters per second. Dot-matrix printers form each character as a pattern of dots. These printers have a lower quality of
18
type but are generally faster printers than the letter-quality printers – in the range of
50 to 200 characters per second. One of the newest types of character printer is the
ink-jet printer. It sprays small drops of ink onto paper to form printed characters. The
ink has a high iron content, which is affected by magnetic fields of the printer. These
magnetic fields cause the ink to take the shape of a character as the ink approaches
the paper.
Line printers are electromechanical machines used for high-volume paper output
on most computer systems. Their printing speeds are such that to an observer they
appear to be printing a line at a time. They are impact printers. The speeds of line
printers vary from 100 to 2500 lines per minute. Line printers have been designed to
use many different types of printing mechanisms. Two of the most common print
mechanisms are the drum and the chain. Drum printers use a solid, cylindrical drum,
rotating at a rapid speed. Speeds of drum printers vary from 200 to over 2000 lines
per minute. Chain printers have their character set on a rapidly rotating chain called a
print chain. Speeds of chain printers range from 400 to 2400 lines per minute.
Page printers are high-speed non-impact printers. Their printing rates are so high
that output appears to emerge from the printer a page at a time. A variety of techniques are used in the design of page printers. These techniques, called electrophotographic techniques, have developed from the paper copier technology. Laser-beam
printers use a combination of laser beam and electrophotographic techniques to create
printer output at a rate equal to 18000 lines per minute.
2. Learn the following words:
Human-readable form
Performance
Character printer
Line printer
Page printer
(поп) impact printer
Dot-matrix printer
Ink-jet printer
Laser-beam printer
To identify
Approach
To strike against a ribbon
Typewriter
To spray drops of ink
To affect
Printer output
удобная для чтения форма
характеристика; производительность;
принтер с посимвольной печатью
принтер с построчной печатью
принтер с постраничной печатью
(бес)контактный принтер
точечно-матричный принтер
струйный принтер
лазерный принтер
идентифицировать; распознать
подход; метод; принцип; приближение
ударять по ленте
печатное устройство
распылять капли чернил
влиять; воздействовать
вывод на печать
3. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What do printers provide in a permanent, human-readable form? 2. How can
they be used in computer systems? 3. How can printers be classified? 4. How can
printers be described? 5. What are impact printers and non-impact printers?
19
4. Insert the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
as, at, for, from, in, of, on, per, to, with
1. They are the most commonly used output devices and are components … almost all computer systems.
2. We will classify printers … character printers, line printers and page printers
… order to identify three different approaches … printing, each … a different speed
range.
3. Character printers are the type used … literally all microcomputers as well as
on computers … all sizes whenever the printing requirements are not large.
4. Letter-quality printers typically have speeds ranging … 10 … 50 characters per
second.
5. These printers have a lower quality … type but are generally faster printers
than the letter-quality printers – … the range … 50 … 200 characters … second.
Самостоятельная работа
5. Choose the words that are missed in the following sentences:
Character, design, human-readable, lines, mechanisms, performance, printers,
solid, typewriter, 2500.
1. Printers provide information in a permanent, … form. 2. Printers vary greatly
in … and design. 3. Non-impact … do not hit or impact a ribbon to print. 4. Character printers print only one … at a time. 5. A … is an example of a character printer.
6. The speeds of line printers vary from 100 to …lines per minute. 7. Two of the most
common print … are the drum and the chain. 8. Drum printers use a …, cylindrical
drum, rotating at a rapid speed. 9. Speeds of drum printers vary from 200 to over
2000 … per minute. 10. A variety of techniques are used in the … of page printers.
6. Write the ending to each question:
e.g. In addition, printers can be described as either impact or non-impact, can’t
they?
1. Dot-matrix printers form each character as a pattern of dots, …
2. It sprays small drops of ink onto paper to form printed characters, …
3. One of the newest types of character printer is the ink-jet printer, …
4. Speeds of chain printers range from 400 to 2400 lines per minute, …
5. Page printers are high-speed non-impact printers, …
7. Ask general questions to the sentences:
1. Line printers are electromechanical machines used as high-volume paper output on most computer systems. 2. Line printers have been designed to use many different types of printing mechanisms. 3. Chain printers have their character set on a
rapidly rotating chain called a print chain. 4. Printers that use electromechanical
mechanisms that cause hammers to strike against a ribbon and the paper are called
impact printers. 5. A letter-quality printer is a character printer which produces output
of typewriter quality.
20
Unit 8. WHAT IS INTERNET?
Практические занятия – 12 часов
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 12 часов
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text:
Wherever you were, whatever you read, see or hear you can meet information
about Internet.
Whether you worked in the sphere of education or business, whether you were an
employee of some official body, whether you worked with a computer you were
probably once or twice asked: “What is your address in the Internet?” So what is Internet? Why has this global network suddenly appeared? How many people use Internet? In what directions does Internet develop? Answers to these questions allow
experts to develop this extremely important communication system.
There are three stages of computer development.
1. The era of the “Black box” (1939 – 1970).
That time computers represented the huge weight of electronic lamps, transistors
or integrated circuits. They also filled huge black metal boxes. If you smoked or
raised voice, they wheezed and stopped. IBM firm manufactured the majority of
them.
2. The era of personal computers (1970 – 1990).
The invention of microcircuits and new operational systems meant that computers
of cheaper and smaller sizes could perform the larger amount of work faster. Miniaturization and improvement of program maintenance have given computers at disposal of small business and families. By the end of this period the majority of people
used programs of Microsoft firm.
3. The era of the WorldNet (1992).
The beginning of Internet was necessary for the defensive industry, and for investigators of the academic laboratories and computer communication network. There
were dozens of experts in the USA, in the UK, and Norway who were true explorers
of Internet. The new communication facility became popular when operators started
to send messages to each other to exchange new ideas and to discuss general scientific problems. It was e-mail.
Internet is the largest communication network in the world. Recently some
sources have been approved and now Internet connects more than 40000 various
networks in more than one hundred countries. Imagine, that over 5 million main
computers participate in Internet and service 40 million users all over the world.
However, it is very difficult to define real number of users to say how widely Internet
is distributed. Nobody operates this network. It has no management establishing, the
instructions for use, and allocated authority to introduce them. Internet extends faster
and faster. It is easier to speak about how Internet has grown for years from the moment of its appearance than to name the exact amount of its users. Internet is frequently considered by beginners as a big information “dump”*. But to help them with
21
huge amount of facts there are various search systems, thematic sites etc. There are
also such collectors of the information as encyclopedias. Due to** them, you do not
need to search for the necessary information on the sites. It is only 91 necessary to
find the thematic encyclopedia interesting to you and the address taken from Internet,
and to read everything on the given theme. In the network there are both universal
and specialized encyclopedias. As an example it is possible to take Cyril and Mephody’s site. Here you can find the encyclopedia and, besides 25 thematic sections.
Search is conducted according to the thematic word or a word collocation. As a result
you receive references to the thematic sections and then the articles in the encyclopedia. For example, at input of a word “mouse” articles from sections “Animals” and
“Computers” will be offered to you. Besides on a site you have an opportunity to take
part in the conference. At your disposal there is a board of announcements***, the
information on news, weather, currency. It is possible to say that it is the best in Russia Internet encyclopedia. All its articles are absolutely exclusive. Other example is
Britannica. It is huge universal English-speaking encyclopedia. It is submitted without reductions. The encyclopedia consists of two parts: “Macromedia” and “Micromedia”. First, you receive the brief information from “Micromedia”, and then if it is
necessary, from “Macromedia”. Numerous references to the articles from books and
magazines allow you to receive the exhaustive information on your question.
Notes:
*information “dump” – информационная свалка
**due to – благодаря
***a board of announcements – доска объявлений
2. Translate the text, use the dictionary if necessary.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What is Internet and in what spheres of life can you use Internet?
2. What are the main stages of computer development?
3. What kind of communication facility became popular among scientists when
they exchanged ideas or discussed problems?
4. What kinds of encyclopedias can be met in Internet?
5. What are the user’s opportunities while working with Internet?
Самостоятельная работа
4. Agree or disagree with the statements:
1. Internet is the global network used in the sphere of education, business, science
that gives opportunities to exchange information, find exclusive articles on the questions etc.
2. First computers represented the huge weight of the electronic lamps, transistors
and integrated circuits.
3. The majority of programs were produced by IBM firm in 1970-1990.
4. Arpanet is the largest network in the world now.
5. Internet has management establishing and instructions for use, and allocated
authorities to introduce them.
22
6. Internet is frequently considered by beginners as big information “dump”.
7. Internet presents absolutely exclusive information.
5. Fill in the gaps with prepositions (of, in, by):
When Charles Babbage, a professor… Mathematics…Cambridge University, invented the first calculating machine…1812 he couldn’t imagine the situation we find
ourselves today. Nearly everything we do…the world done, or even controlled…computers, the complicated descendants…his simple machine. Computers
are used more and more often…the world today…the simple reason that they are far
more efficient than human beings. They have much better memories and they can
store much information. No man alive can do 50000 sums…one second, but a computer can … fact, computers can do many…the things we do, but faster and better.
They can predict weather, and even play chess, write poetry or compose music.
Unit 9. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
Практические занятия – 12 часов
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 12 часов
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text:
First Generation Computers (1954-59) were rather bulky in size, required large
amounts of air conditioning and repair time also. The important advantages over earlier machines were speed of calculation, use of the stored program, the ability to apply logical decisions to calculated results, various types of input and output equipment, magnetic tape, paper tape, ability to modify its own program, etc.
Second Generation Computers (1959-64) replaced the vacuum tubes with the tiny
transistor, thus requiring less power and offering greater reliability. Highspeed card
readers and printers were introduced. Symbolic programming was replacing machine
language programming during this period. Random access devices were introduced.
Repair and maintenance time was greatly reduced.
Third Generation Computers (1964-70) were characterized by advanced miniaturization and refinement of computer components. Greater compilers, newer and
faster methods of input and output, optical scanners, magnetic ink character readers,
data transmission over long distances, displays on video tubes, multiprogramming,
tremendous storage capacities, remote terminals with access to central computers –
innovations introduced during this period.
Fourth Generation Computers (1970-1980) featured many changes in all sectors
of the computer field. The concept of “Virtual Storage” increased the main storage
capabilities of computers by allowing a computer to directly access outside storage
devices as though they were part of main storage. The minicomputer made spectacular advances during this period.
23
Fifth Generation. In the 1980s very large scale integration (VISI), in which hundreds of thousands of transistors were placed on a single chip, became more and more
common.
The “shrinking” trend continued with the introduction of personal computers
(PCs) used by individuals. By the late 1980s some personal computers were run by
microprocessors that could process about 4000000 instructions per second. The new
generation, the so-called “fifth” generation is using new technologies with new programming languages capable of amazing feats in the area of artificial intelligence.
2. Translate the text, use the dictionary if necessary.
3. Answer the questions.
1. Who originated the ABACUS and what important contributions did it make to
the data processing field?
2. What were the significant developments in the data processing field during the
17th century?
3. What important contributions did Babbage make to the field of data processing?
4. Who developed the punched card principle?
Самостоятельная работа
4. Match the following words (a, b, c…) with the statements (1, 2, 3…).
a) Abacus
1. Inventor of the first calculating
machine.
2. Earliest known calculating device.
b) Babbage
3. Bulky in size, requiring large
c) First Generation Computer
amounts of air conditioning and having a high maintenance rate.
4. Developed punched card principle
d) Fourth Generation Computer
used in automatic looms.
5. Allows computer to direct access
e) Jacquard, Hollerith
outside storage devices.
6. Replaced vacuum tubes with tranf) Pascal
sistors.
7. Advanced miniaturization and reg) Second Generation Computer
fined computer components.
h) Third Generation Computer
8. Invented large scale calculators.
5. Insert articles where necessary.
1. Computer program of … future will probably be quite different from those in
… use today.
2. It will be … interesting future – waiting for each new development and marveling at each new advance in data processing.
24
3. Every home could have … built-in communications system, similar to … cable
television.
4. A built-in communications system will allow … user to have … world’s information at his immediate disposal without leaving his home.
5. … programming as we know it may cease to exist.
Unit 10. MICROPROCESSOR AS A CPU
Практические занятия – 12 часов
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 12 часов
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text:
We can also view the microprocessor as a primary component of a computer.
Traditionally, the computer is represented in block of components: Memory, Input,
Output, and the Сentral Processor Unit (CPU), which consists of Arithmetic/Logic
Unit (ALU) and Control Unit. The CPU contains various registers to store data, the
ALU to perform arithmetic and logical operations, instruction decoders, counters, and
control lines. The CPU reads instructions from the memory and performs the task
specified. It communicates with input/output devices either to accept or to send data.
These devices are also known as peripherals. The CPU is the primary and central
player in communicating with devices such as memory, input, and output. However,
the timing of the communication process is controlled by the group of circuits called
the control unit. In the 1960s, the CPU was designed with discrete component on various boards.
With the advent of the integrated circuit technology, it became possible to build
the CPU on a single chip; this came to be known as microprocessor.
2. Choose the right answer to the questions given below:
1. What component of a computer can be viewed as primary?
a) the ALU
b) the memory
c) the CPU
2. Where does the CPU store data?
a) in registers
b) in counters
c) in instruction decoders
3. What devices are called peripherals?
a) the memory
b) integrated circuits
c) input/output devices
25
3. Look through the text; find the necessary information to prove the title.
EVOLUTION IN SIZE
Computers come in all sizes. Large ones are called mainframes. The mainframes
have been around the longest, and there are a lot of them, especially in larger organizations.
The most powerful computers, however, are called supercomputers. The supercomputers are so powerful that they are found in only a few of the larger business organizations. Supercomputers most often are used for scientific calculations. The recent trend has not been to larger computers, but to smaller ones. In the 1970 s, this
trend got its start with minicomputers, or minis. These computers were smaller than
the mainframes but, in many cases, outperformed the larger units.
The minis were received so well that computer manufacturers produced even
smaller units – called microcomputers or micros. Most of the microcomputer’s main
circuitry is in the form of a small silicon chip, smaller than your fingernail. The chip
is called a microprocessor. You also hear terms like “small business computer” and
“personal computer”. A small business computer is a mini or micro that is usually
found in smaller firms and provides the computational support.
Самостоятельная работа
4. Read the text:
BILL GATES
Everyone has heard of Bill Gates, one of the richest and most successful people in
the world. Microsoft, the business he started with a friend in 1975, has become the
world’s largest computer software company, and Gates was the world’s youngest billionaire at the age of 31. His full name is William Henry Gates III, and he was born
on 28th October, 1955, in Seatle, USA. At school, Bill soon showed that he was very
intelligent, and especially good at Maths and Science. His parents decided to send
him to Lakeside, the private school where he first began to use computers. 13-yearold Bill Gates and his schoolfriend Paul Allen were soon spending all their time writing programs and learning about computers instead of doing their schoolwork! After
finishing school in 1973, Bill went to Harvard, America’s most famous university.
The next year, he and Paul Allen wrote an operating program for the Altair, one of
the world’s first microcomputers. The two friends started Microsoft in 1975, and
Gates left Harvard. Before long, Microsoft was a major business success.
Since then, the company has continued to grow, producing most of the world’s
leading PC software. One reason for his success is that Gates has always been very
ambitious and hardworking. This has not left him much time for a normal personal
life, but in 1994 he married Melinda French, a Microsoft employee, and in 1995 he
wrote a best-selling book, “the Road Ahead”. Bill has mixed feelings about spending
so much time running Microsoft. “There are a lot of experiences I haven’t had, but I
do like my job,” he says. When he does find time to relax, he likes puzzles, golf and
reading about science. For such a rich person, his life is simple, and he spends little
on himself and his family. When it comes to helping others, though, Gates is very
26
generous*. He has already given huge amounts of money to charity and says that he
plans to give away almost all of his wealth** when he retires***.
Notes:
*generous – великодушный
**wealth – богатство
***retire – уйти на пенсию, отойти от дел
5. Answer the questions:
1. What is Bill Gates’s full name?
2. What have he and Paul Allen done together?
3. Why has Gates been so successful?
4. What does he do in his free time?
5. What does he plan to do with all his money?
6. Use the information of the text to talk about Bill Gates.
Unit 11. USES OF THE WEB
Практические занятия – 6 часов
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 8 часов
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text:
The fact that the Web is being widely used for multiple purposes is without question. But before overviewing its benefits it is worth considering one fact that became
crucial event for it. The question is about a new mode of presenting information. Before, over the Internet and other wide area networks, the text has been the main mode
of presentation. The Web changed that. Now the information could be presented in
graphical format, complete with font choices and incorporated drawings, photographs, tables and other multimedia elements. These graphical elements offered different kinds of information and information providers were able to search precisely
the element. The result of these innovations is that the Web’s capabilities are increasing, its information becomes more comprehensible too. Of course the work has to be
done right and those who care about their information perfectly know how to do it.
One of the first to use Web was science. Dissemination of research and scientific
discoveries have always been one of the purposes of the Internet and of the Web project at CERN in Switzerland. Today the Web is used as a tool of exchanging scientific information as it has been considered to do. But perhaps more important is that
the Web is used to make research discoveries available to the general public, most of
this information being presented so that it becomes as easy understandable as possible. Publicly funded research agencies are interested in making their work known to
the public, in finding new ways to place information. Booklets and pamphlets distrib27
uted through mailing are expensive and usually ignored. The Web is the best way out
of the problem. Now on a well-designed HTML* page a user can demonstrate its activities graphically and these pages can be updated inexpensively and frequently.
Providing services for clients as to technical documents, software patches and answers to frequently asked questions is another benefit of the Web using. Customers
with a Web access are able to take care of their own information needs without resorting to the help of supplier’s support staff.
Many other services of this kind are likely to be developed for making the Web
more friendly to users. For example, the possibility of Web based tutorials are offering step-by-step procedures for installation a new piece of equipment or for programming your VCR**. Well designed, this service is certain to be better than a usual, tech support phone call because it shows, rather than tells, the customer what to
do and how to do.
It should be noted that these Web applications are not a one-way link. Customers
need to know that they are not forgotten and that there is a place where they can learn
from the experiences of other customers. It becomes possible due to HTML forms to
provide a feedback and to answer questions on products. The latter is especially valuable in products ordering. Now there are many who are interested in this service rendered by the Web, and it is despite of the discussion as to the Web’s security for credit cards use.
Why is the Web shopping so attractive? Imagine you can find a variety of products ranging from the flowers to books for your music CDs, and all this by browsing
through the Web and without leaving your home. Moreover, unlike home shopping
on TV, you needn’t sit through the other products that are of no use for you in order
to find the item you have been looking for.
Shopping on the Web is like walking into a shopping mall (by the way, “mall” is
the name given to many Web offerings). There is only one thing for the customer to
do: click on the shop you want, turn on the online graphic to see a picture of the chosen product and address to the other forms page to do the ordering. Such services are
expected to be more often used.
At last, such spiritual part of human activity as creative arts is not aside from the
Web pages. People in creative arts are often regarded as adherent to traditional forms
of arts and resistant to new technologies. However, it would be an erroneous opinion,
because throughout the history people of arts have always been among the first to
adopt new technologies to their work. Such examples as printing press or MIDI***
witness it.
Therefore, it is quite natural that the artists consider WWW to be a new medium suitable for presenting their works and for linking up with their colleagues.
Now we see galleries of new visual art to appear online or the presentation of artworks that are asked to be evaluated by the Web users. As to creative writings, it
becomes frequent on the Web and includes interactive stories, illustrated texts, and
even Web-based drama. The Web attracts artists by an inexpensive way of presenting their work and a build-in global audience. This is something about which
artists could only dream before.
28
Of course, there are some arts that couldn’t be placed on Web sites. But it may be
a matter of future.
Notes:
*HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) – язык НТМ (стандартный язык, используемый для создания страниц WWW).
**VCR (Video Cassette Recorder) – видеомагнитофон
***MIDI (Musical Instruments Digital Interface) – цифровой интерфейс музыкальных инструментов (стандарт сопряжения электронных музыкальных инструментов с компьютером и программным обеспечением)
2. Translate the italicized sentences from the text into Russian in written
form.
3. Answer the questions.
1. What was the crucial event that enabled the Web to be widely used?
2. Why do the scientists use the Web so widely?
3. What services make the Web so user-friendly?
4. What other services, not mentioned in the text, could you describe?
5. Is Web-shopping really attractive or not?
Самостоятельная работа
4. Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line
to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the
beginning (0).
NOT A COMPUTER WHIZZ-KID
I was lazily (0) browsing through the small ads in
the local newspaper when I saw an …. (1) for a secondhand word … (2), so I decided to give them a ring to get
more … (3). I have a computer but it doesn’t really have
a … (4) enough memory for the project I’m involved in
at the moment.
In most … (5) nowadays, it is becoming useful to be
“computer-literate” but in my … (6) it has become an
absolute … (7). I must admit I do not get much …
(8) out of sitting in front of a computer screen for hours,
but I don’t stand much of … (9) without computer skills.
So I made an … (10) to see my bargain computer the
next day.
lazy
advertise
process
inform
power
occupy
profess
necessary
please
promote
appoint
(advertisement, processor, information, powerful, occupations, profession, necessity, pleasure, promotion, appointment).
29
5. Arrange the sentences in their logical sequence using phrases: that is why,
so, as a result, after, before, afterwards…
1. Cruise lines have Web pages showing various types of cruises.
2. These pages offer information concerning tours and hotel accommodation as
well as forms of transportation.
3. Planning a vacation becomes now much easier.
4. Many cities sponsor Web pages as well.
5. Many Web sites can help you in planning your travel or give your ideas of
places you should visit.
6. You can learn about restaurants, sightseeing and shopping opportunities.
Unit 12. COMPUTER-INTAGRATED MANUFACTURING
Практические занятия – 10 часов
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 8 часов
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text:
Since about 1970 there has been a growing trend in manufacturing firms toward
the use of computers to perform many of the functions related to design and production. The technology associated with this trend is called CAD/CAM, for computeraided design and computer-aided manufacturing. Today it is widely recognized that
the scope of computer applications must extend beyond design and production to include the business functions of the firm. The name given to this more comprehensive
use of computers is computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM).
CAD/CAM is based on the capability of a computer system to process, store, and
display large amounts of data representing part and product specifications. For mechanical products, the data represent graphic models of the components; for electrical
products, they represent circuit information; and so forth. CAD/CAM technology has
been applied in many industries, including machined components, electronic products, and equipment design and fabrication for chemical processing. CAD/CAM involves not only the automation of the manufacturing operations but also the automation of elements in the entire design-and-manufacturing procedure.
Computer-aided design (CAD) makes use of computer systems to assist in the
creation modification, analysis, and optimization of a design. The designer, working
with CAD system rather than the traditional drafting board, creates the lines and surfaces that form the object (product, part, structure, etc.) and stores this model in the
computer database. By invoking the appropriate CAD software, the designer can perform various analyses on the object, such as heat transfer calculations. The final object design is developed as adjustments are made on the basis of these analyses. Once
the design procedure has been completed, the computer-aided design system can generate the detailed drawings required to make the object.
30
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAD) involves the use of computer systems to
assist in the planning, control, and management of production operations. This is accomplished by either direct or indirect connections between the computer and production operations. In the case of the direct connection, the computer is used to monitor or control the processes in the factory. Computer process monitoring involves the
collection of data from the factory, the analysis of the data, and the communication of
process-performing results to plant management. These measures increase the efficiency of plant operations. Computer process control entails the use of the computer
system to execute control actions to operate the plant automatically, as described
above. Indirect connections between the computer system and the process involve
applications in which the computer supports the production operations without actually monitoring or controlling them. These applications include planning and management functions that can be performed by the computer (or by humans working
with the computer) more efficiently than by humans alone. Examples of these functions are planning the step-by-step processes for product, part programming in numerical control, and scheduling the production operations in the factory.
Computer-integrated manufacturing includes all the engineering functions of
CAD/CAM and the business functions of the firm as well. These business functions
include order entry, cost accounting, employee time records and payroll, and customer billing. In an ideal CIM system, computer technology is applied to all the operational and information-processing functions of the company, from customer orders
through design and production (CAD/CAM) to product shipment and customer service. The scope of the computer system includes all activities that are concerned with
manufacturing. In many ways, CIM represents the highest level of automation in
manufacturing.
2. Scan the text and say what computer-integrated manufacturing includes.
3. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying special attention to
the word “the latter”:
1. New forms of the text provided feedback to customers, the latter being especially valuable in products ordering.
2. The software may be used to send the contents of the screen to a speech synthesizer, and the latter converts the screen contents into spoken words.
3. With e-mail it becomes possible to send information and receive the answer
almost immediately; the latter becomes especially beneficial for business decisionmaking.
4. The Internet has brought both financial and commercial benefits, the latter being especially important.
4. Choose the correct form of the verb according to the Sequence of Tenses.
1. I knew that my friends (were waiting, are waiting) for me.
2. Professor said that the law (had been, has been) discovered by the end of the
19th century.
31
3. We were sure the new principles of higher education (will be, would be) proclaimed in our country.
4. The Dean said that the group (had passed, passed) all exams successfully.
5. The mechanical theory of heat states that heat (is, was) a form of energy.
6. The scientist informed the conference that they (have been studying, had been
studying) the phenomenon for several years.
Самостоятельная работа
5. Read the text and translate it paying attention to the definition of the term
“computer graphics”.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
A) Computer graphics means the use of computers to produce pictorial images.
The images produced can be printed documents or animated motion pictures, but the
term computer graphics refers particularly to images displayed on a monitor. Monitor
can display graphic as well as alphanumeric data. A computer-graphics system basically 104 consists of a computer to store and manipulate images, a monitor, various
input and output devices, and a graphics software package – i.e., a program that enables a computer to process graphic images by means of mathematical language.
A computer displays images on the phosphor-coated surface of a graphics display
screen by means of an electron beam that sweeps the screen many times each second.
Those portions of the screen energized by the beam emit light, and changes in the intensity of the beam determine their brightness and hue. The brightness of the resulting image fades quickly, however, and must be continuously “refreshed” by the
beam, typically 85 times per second.
B) Graphics programs enable a user to draw, color, shade, and manipulate an image on a display screen with the use of a mouse, a pressure-sensitive tablet, or a light
pen. Preexisting images on paper can be scanned into the computer through the use of
scanners, digitizers, pattern-recognition devices, or digital cameras. Frames of images
on videotape also can be entered into a computer. Various output devices have been
developed as well; special programs send digital data from the computer’s memory to
an image setter or film recorder, which records the image sequence on video film. The
computer can also generate hard copy by means of plotters and laser or dotmatrix
printers.
Pictures are stored and processed in a computer’s memory by either of two methods: raster graphics and vector graphics. Raster-type graphics maintain an image as a
matrix of independently controlled dots, while vector graphics maintain it as a collection of points, lines, and arcs. Raster graphics are now the dominant computer
graphics technology.
Raster graphics create uniform colored areas and distinct patterns and allow precise manipulation. Raster graphics emerged in the early 1970s and had largely displaced vector systems by the ‘90s.
Vector-graphics technology which was developed in the mid-1960s and had been
widely used until it was supplanted by raster graphics. Its application is now largely
32
restricted to highly linear work in computer-aided design and architectural drafting,
and even this is performed on raster-type screen with the vector-type screens with the
vectors converted into dots.
Computer graphics has found widespread use in printing, product design and
manufacturing, scientific research, and entertainment since 1960s.
6. Name the components of a computer-graphics system.
Unit 13. WHAT IS A TROJAN HORSE AND
WHAT THREAT DOES IT POSE?
Практические занятия – 12 часов
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 12 часов
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text:
Since "Trojan Horses" (or Backdoors) have been in the news just recently, the
term probably sounds familiar to you. But perhaps you're not quite sure what a Trojan
Horse is and what damage it is capable of doing to your system. Trojan Horses, of
which there are now more than one thousand in circulation (including modifications
and variants), are a relatively new and probably the most dangerous strain of viruses
that have appeared in recent times. They also threaten to overwhelm systems that only run anti-virus applications and firewalls as a means of combating the threat.
Today's Trojans as they are commonly referred to as have now attained such a
degree of sophistication that they pose a real threat to any user who hasn't taken adequate precautions to protect their data.
The name "Trojan Horse" derives itself from a page in Greek history when the
Greeks had laid siege to the fortified city of Troy for over ten years. Their spy, a
Greek called Sinon offered the Trojans a gift in the form of a wooden horse and convinced them that by accepting it, they would become invincible. The horse though
was hollow and was occupied by a contingent of Greek soldiers. When they emerged
in the dead of night and opened the city gates, the Greeks swarmed in, slaughtered its
citizens and subsequently pillaged, burned and laid waste to the city. In the IT environment, the Trojan Horse acts as a means of entering the victim's computer undetected and then allowing a remote user unrestricted access to any data stored on the
user's hard disk drive whenever he or she goes online. In this way, the user gets
burned and like the unfortunate citizens of Troy, may only discover that fact when it
is too late.
These types of viruses were originally designed as a means of self-expression by
gifted programmers and did little more than to cause the system to lock up, behave
abnormally in a specific way or perhaps cause loss of data on the user's machine.
33
2. Increase your knowledge of computer viruses;
What is a virus?
In 1983, researcher Fred Cohen defined a computer virus as “a program that can
“infect” other programs by modifying them to include a version of itself.” This means
that viruses copy themselves, usually by encryption* or by mutating** slightly each
time they copy. There are several types of viruses, but the ones that are the most dangerous are designed to corrupt your computer or software programs. Viruses can
range from an irritating*** message flashing on your computer screen to eliminating
data on your hard drive. Viruses often use your computer's internal clock as a trigger.
Some of the most popular dates used are Friday the 13th and famous birthdays. It is
important to remember that viruses are dangerous only if you execute (start) an infected program. There are three main kinds of viruses. Each kind is based on the way
the virus spreads.
1. Boot Sector Viruses - These viruses attach themselves to floppy disks and then
copy themselves into the boot sector of your hard drive. (The boot sector is the set of
instructions your computer uses when it starts up.) When you start your computer (or
reboot it; your hard drive gets infected. You can get boot sector viruses only from an
infected floppy disk. You cannot get one from sharing files or executing programs.
This type of virus is becoming less common because today's computers do not require a boot disk to start, but they can still be found on disks that contain other types
of files.
One of the most common boot sector viruses is called "Monkey”, also known as
"Stoned".
2. Program Viruses - These viruses (also known as traditional file viruses) attach
themselves to programs' executable files. They can infect any file that your computer
113 runs when it launches a program. When you start a program that contains a virus,
the virus usually loads into your computer's memory. When the virus is in your computer's memory, it can infect any other program that is started. Program viruses that
have circulated recently are "SKA" and "Loveletter." 3. Macro Viruses - These viruses attach themselves to templates that are used to create documents or spreadsheets.
Once a template is infected, every document or spreadsheet you open using that program also will become infected. Macro viruses are widespread because they infect
commonly used office applications and spread between PCs and Macintoshes. Macro
viruses include “Concept”, “Melissa”, and “Have a Nice Day”.
Notes:
*encryption – кодирование
**mutating – мутация
***irritating – раздражающий
3. Say what you have learned about:
a) boot sector viruses
b) program viruses
c) macro viruses
34
4. Compare this subdivision with the subdivision of viruses in the main text.
Самостоятельная работа
5. Read the text below and say what form the text is written in:
a) a story
b) recommendations
PREVENTING A VIRUS
• Purchase and install antivirus software, and update it frequently. Virus software
can be obtained from a variety of sources.
• Most antivirus packages have a component that loads at computer startup and
monitors files as you use them.
• Scan every file you receive: files from friends, programs from the Internet, email attachments, and even shrink-wrapped software.
Do not configure your e-mail program to launch your word processing program
automatically when it receives an attachment.
• Scan every file you download from the Web before you install or read it.
• Be very careful about putting floppy disks from unknown sources into your
computer. Be especially careful if the disk has been shared by several people. The
more computers that have used the disk the more likely that it could contain a virus.
• Back up all your data files on a regular basis.
• Make sure that you have the original disks or CD-ROMs for all your software.
6. What recommendation would you follow?
7. Topics for discussion.
1. Different terms used for “virus”.
2. The problem of computer viruses.
3. Means of avoiding catching a virus.
Unit 14. COMPUTERS IN SCIENCE
Практические занятия – 18 часов
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 18 часов
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text:
Computers are perhaps the most useful tools ever invented by mankind. In this,
the era of computers, they are used to count our votes, figure our bank accounts, help
plan new buildings and bridges, guide our astronauts through space and assist management in its everyday decisions.
The dynamic introduction of the computer has changed man's information needs
entirely. Man has developed methods of compiling and analyzing large quantities of
35
data with a minimum amount of human intervention. Technological advances in all
fields have been dynamic and extensive. The methods of applying data processing
systems to information needs are boundless. With each new application, data processing systems can be used to help man increase his productivity and advance civilization further. It's a giant step forward in man's utilization of science and knowledge
as a means of progress.
What can computers do for the scientist? Now weather scientists are able to work
out astronomical number of calculations for predicting weather changes. They are
even working on a mathematic model of the world's weather that may someday enable us to make accurate weather forecasts a year or more ahead of time.
In medicine computers are helping researchers test drugs by extrapolating the information gained in limited trials, so that large scale tests will not only be safer, but
will yield far more useful information. Computers are helping doctors make diagnoses by winnowing down the information a doctor has to go through to arrive at a valid
conclusion.
Biochemists are using computers as a sort of mathematical microscope, in delving
into the secret of the living cell; they have found a physical limit to the information
they can obtain with their instruments. By using computers they have already obtained and are beginning to construct an accurate picture of the giant molecules that
are the building blocks of all living things.
In astronomy, computers, of course, serve as computational workhorses, figuring
out the exact positions and orbits of planets, stars and other heavenly bodies. With the
growing importance of radio telescope, computers have been especially valuable in
analyzing the patterns of signal received from outer space, separating the meaningful
signals from the electronic roar of background "noise" that accompanies them.
Space technology would be almost unthinkable without the power of the computer. This is an area of science that requires the combined knowledge of all other sciences – physics, chemistry, thermodynamics, electronics, mathematics, even psychology. Only computers can bring this large amount of information under control to
make it serve our efforts.
The achievements of computers in the fields of space exploration, weather reporting, medical, research and other areas of scientific study have been fantastic. The
tremendous storage capacities and rapid processing of data have produced the valuable information necessary for research in the unknown areas of science. Scientific research has moved into the foreground of human activity. In both the pure and applied
sciences, computers are being used to multiply man's thinking power – and to multiply the time he can spend thinking.
2. Answer the following questions.
1. How is our era characterized in the text?
2. What are computers used for in everyday life?
3. How do computers help researchers in medicine?
4. What are biochemists using computers for?
5. What do computers serve in astronomy for?
36
3. Name the sciences where computers are very useful tools.
4. Agree or disagree to the following statements.
1. The computer has changed men’s information needs entirely.
2. Computers help scientists in all fields of knowledge.
3. Computers will be able to work without a man.
4. The methods of applying data processing systems are limited.
5. All scientists use computers in their work.
Самостоятельная работа
5. Analyze the forms and functions of the Infinitive and translate the following sentences.
1. To figure out bank accounts people use computers.
2. To bring the large amount of information under control scientists use the possibilities of computers.
3. To predict weather changes weather scientists work out astronomical number
of calculations.
4. To obtain an accurate picture of living molecules is important for biochemists.
5. To apply computers in both the pure and applied sciences means to multiply
man’s thinking power.
6. Explain how scientists use computers in different fields.
Unit 15. NO WORMS IN THESE APPLES
Практические занятия – 6 часов
Внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа – 6 часов
Аудиторная работа
1. Read the text:
Apple Computers may not have ever been considered as the state of art in Artificial Intelligence, but a second look should be given. Not only are today's PCs becoming more powerful but AI influence is showing up in them. From Macros to Voice
Recognition technology, PCs are becoming our talking buddies. Who else would go
surfing with you on short notice- even if it is the net. Who else would care to tell you
that you have a business appointment scheduled at 8:35 and 28 seconds and would
notify you about it every minute till you told it to shut up. Even with all the abuse we
give today's PCs they still plug away to make us happy. We use PCs more not because they do more or are faster but because they are getting so much easier to use.
And their ease of use comes from their use of AI.
Speech Recognition. You tell the computer to do what you want without it having
to learn your voice. This implication of AI in Personal computers is still very crude
but it does work.
37
Script recognition. Cursive or Print can be recognized by notepad sized devices.
With the pen that accompanies your silicon note pad you can write a little note to
yourself which magically changes into computer text if desired. Your computer can
read your handwriting. If it can't read it though – perhaps in the future, you can correct it by dictating your letters instead.
Your computer does faster what you could do more tediously. You have taught the
computer to do something only by doing it once. In businesses, many times applications
are upgraded. But the files must be converted. All of the businesses records but be
changed into the new software's type. Macros save the work of conversion of hundreds
of files by a human by teaching the computer to mimic the actions of the programmer
thus teaching the computer a task that it can repeat whenever ordered to do so.
AI is all around us. Don't think the change will be harder on us because AI has
been developed to make our lives easier.
2. Translate the text and say what Apples are meant by the author.
3. Answer the questions.
1. What are Apple computers able to recognize?
2. What programs are used for it?
4. Topics for discussion.
1. AI technologies of today.
2. AI technology will never replace man.
3. AI is all around us.
Самостоятельная работа
5. Insert articles where necessary.
1. ... computers are perhaps ... most useful tools ever invented by mankind.
2. Computers are working on ... mathematical model of world's weather.
3. Data processing is ... giant step forward in man's utilization of science and
knowledge.
4. ... dynamic introduction of ... computer in ... last quarter of the last century has
changed man's information needs entirely.
5. ...methods of ... applying data processing systems to information needs are
boundless.
6. Insert prepositions where necessary (without, of, in, for, by).
1. Technological advances ... all fields ... data processing have been dynamic and
extensive.
2. ... medicine computers are helping researchers test drugs ... extrapolating the
information gained ... trials.
3. What can computers do ... the scientist?
4. Space technology would be almost unthinkable ... the power ... the computer.
5. Space technology requires the combined knowledge ... almost all the other sciences.
38
Библиографический список
1. Горбунова Н.В., Исайкина М.А., Хрусталева А.В. Методические материалы по изучению дисциплины для студентов, обучающихся по направлению подготовки «Бизнесинформатика», «Прикладная математика и информатика», «Математическое обеспечение и
администрирование информационных систем». Саратов, 2010.
2. Радовель В.А. Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности: учебное пособие. Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2006.
3. Луговая А.Л. Современные средства связи: учебное пособие по английскому языку.
М.: Высшая школа, 2004.
4. Бжинская Ю.В., Краснова Е.В. Английский язык: информационные системы и технологии. Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2008.
5. Oxford English for Information technology. Eric H. Glendinning, John McEwan. Second
Edition. Oxford University Press, 2004
6. Company History. Longman, 2010.
7. English Grammar and Vocabulary. Macmillan, 2004
www.longman.com
www.oup.com
www.macmillanenglish.com
Оглавление
Введение ............................................................................................................................................. 3
Unit 1. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?..................................................................................................... 4
Unit 2. SOME FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS .................................................. 6
Unit 3. DATE PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS ........................................... 8
Unit 4. A COMPUTER SYSTEM ..................................................................................................... 11
Unit 5. HARDWARE, SOFTWARE AND FIRMWARE................................................................. 13
Unit 6. COMPUTER OPERATIONS ................................................................................................ 16
Unit 7. OUTPUT DEVICES. PRINTERS ......................................................................................... 18
Unit 8. WHAT IS INTERNET? ......................................................................................................... 21
Unit 9. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS .................................................................................... 23
Unit 10. MICROPROCESSOR AS A CPU ....................................................................................... 25
Unit 11. USES OF THE WEB ........................................................................................................... 27
Unit 12. COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING ......................................................... 30
Unit 13. WHAT IS A TROJAN HORSE AND WHAT TREAT DOES IT POSE? ......................... 33
Unit 14. COMPUTERS IN SCIENCE ............................................................................................... 35
Unit 15. NO WORMS IN THESE APPLES...................................................................................... 37
Библиографический список ............................................................................................................ 39