Nutrition
Chapter 49-1 and
Chapter 3
Unit 2
Lecture 4
—  Topic:
—  Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Nutrition
—  Covers:
—  Chapter 3, pages 52 – 54
—  Chapter 49, page 977
—  All compounds can be classified in two broad
categories: ORGANIC and INORGANIC compounds.
—  Organic Compounds
—  Molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
—  The chemistry of carbon is considered to be “The chemistry
of life”.
—  In organic compounds, carbon atom is usually bonded to
another carbon, hydrogen or oxygen
—  Carbon is the “backbone” of organic compounds
—  Carbon atoms can form 4 covalent bonds in all directions
—  Can form many different shaped molecules – straight
chain, branched chain, rings, etc
—  NOTE: Bond represented by a line connecting Carbon to
another element
—  LARGE CARBON MOLECULES
—  MONOMER - a single organic molecule
—  Example: Glucose (blood sugar)
—  POLYMER - two or more monomers together
—  Example: Sucrose
—  MACROMOLECULE - large organic molecule, made up
of many polymers
—  Examples: Glycogen, Starch
Six Basic
Food Ingredients
—  All of the foods in the would contain at least one of six
basic ingredients, also known as nutrients:
—  Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water
—  Four of these nutrients are organic compounds
—  Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins
—  Two of these nutrients are inorganic compounds
—  Minerals, water
—  These do not contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
End of Lecture 4
Unit 4
Lecture 5
—  Topics:
—  Carbohydrates and Lipids (Fats)
—  Covers:
—  Chapter 3, page 55 – 56 and 58 – 59
—  Chapter 49, page 977 – 979
Carbohydrates
—  Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
—  Function: Gives the body a quick energy source
—  Easy for the body to break down carbs and convert into ATP
—  MONOSACCHARIDE
—  MONOMER of carbohydrate, aka Simple Sugar
—  EXAMPLES:
—  Glucose (blood sugar)
—  Fructose (found in fruits, sweetest)
—  Galactose (found in milk)
Isomers – Molecules with same
chemical formula but different
structure
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
OH
O
HO
H
CH2OH
H
OH
OH
GLUCOSE
O
HO
OH
OH
H
OH
H
HO
OH
OH
OH
GALACTOSE
FRUCTOSE
—  DISACCHARIDE
—  2 Monosaccharides combine to form a
DISACCHARIDE, aka Double Sugar
—  EXAMPLE:
—  Sucrose (table sugar) = Fructose + Glucose
—  Maltose (malt sugar) = Glucose + Glucose
—  Lactose (milk sugar) = Glucose + Galactose
—  POLYSACCHARIDE
—  Many Monosaccharides combine to form a
POLYSACCHARIDE
—  EXAMPLES:
—  Glycogen - many molecules of glucose
—  How animals store glucose, good source of energy
—  Stored in our liver and muscles
—  Starch - many molecules of glucose
—  How plants store glucose
—  Cellulose - a form of starch, makes up the rigid cell wall
—  We cannot digest cellulose, but it does stimulate
smooth muscle contractions within the digestive
system
Lipids
—  Lipids
—  Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
—  Large molecules, long carbon “tail”
—  Function:
—  Used to build cell membranes, protect organs and
provide insulation
—  Gives the body an energy storage
—  Lipids don't dissolve in water (NONPOLAR)
—  Carbs that aren't converted into ATP will be stored as
lipids
—  Lipids are necessary to all living organisms
—  Types of Lipids
—  1. Saturated Fats
—  Can increase levels of bad cholesterol and blood
cholesterol (bad) and decreases levels of good
cholesterol
—  Saturated fatty acids are usually solid at room temp
—  EXAMPLES: Butter, Animal fat, Lard, Shortening
—  Types of Lipids
—  2. Unsaturated Fats
—  Can decrease levels of bad cholesterol and blood
cholesterol
—  Can increase levels of good cholesterol
—  Unsaturated fatty acids are usually liquid at room
temp.
—  EXAMPLES: Olive oil, Plant seeds and fruits
—  Some Types of Lipids:
—  3. Phospholipid
—  Make up the cell membrane
—  4. Wax
—  Forms a waterproof, protective coating
—  Examples: ear wax, bees' wax, surface of plants
End of Lecture 5
Unit 4
Lecture 6
—  Topics:
—  Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Water
—  Covers:
—  Chapter 3, pages 56 – 57
—  Chapter 49, pages 977 – 982
Proteins
—  Proteins
—  Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
—  Functions/Types of Proteins:
—  Major source of structural material in the body
—  Make up skin and muscles of animals
—  Help body to grow and repair damaged tissue
—  Some types of proteins: hormones, insulin, antibodies,
enzymes, hair, skin pigment
Proteins
—  Proteins
—  Proteins are macromolecules
—  Made up of monomers known as AMINO ACIDS
—  20 different kinds of amino acids
—  Every amino acid has the same basic structure
EXCEPT for one part, known as the "R group”
—  Each amino acid has a different R group
—  Our body can't produce all 20 amino acids, although we
need all 20 to function
—  We get these 8 (or 10 for children) essential amino
acids from our diet
—  ENZYMES
—  ENZYMES are proteins with a special job
—  Name of enzyme usually ends in –ase (Ex: Sucrase)
—  CATALYST - speed up the reactions in the body by
lowering the activation energy
—  Enzyme reactions depend on the physical fit between
the enzyme and the substrate
—  ENZYMES
—  Enzyme and substrate have a specific form to allow
them to fit together (like a lock and key)
—  After the reaction is complete, the enzyme’s
original shape returns
—  This allows enzymes to be used numerous times
—  Proteins
—  Proteins are very large molecules made up of a long chain
of amino acids
—  Order and type of amino acids is different for each type
of protein
—  This gives each type of protein a different shape
—  If the protein changes its form, it changes the function
—  EXAMPLES:
—  Egg whites,  Enzymes
—  The form of proteins can change because of
temperature,  amino acid sequence, incorrect folding
—  VITAMINS
—  Organic compound, nutrient, necessary for all living organisms
—  Function: work as coenzymes
—  Def: molecule that helps enzymes to be more efficient
—  Can be used many times, just like enzymes
—  This is why we only need a small amount of daily vitamins
—  Our body can't make most vitamins
—  Need to get vitamins from another source (food, supplements)
—  Vitamins can be water or fat soluble
—   If intake too many vitamins:
—  Water soluble - released in urine
—  Fat soluble - build up in body, can be fatal
—  MINERALS
—  Inorganic compound, nutrient, necessary for all living
organisms
—  Function: Provide necessary material needed for cells to
function properly
—  Our body can't make minerals
—  Need to get minerals from another source (food,
supplements)
—  WATER
—  Inorganic molecule, nutrient, necessary to maintain life
—  Over half of your body weight is from water!
—  Function:
—  Regulate body temperature
—  Dissolves substances (salts, sugars, wastes)
—  Transportation of substances through cells and whole
body
—  Need to intake as much water (or more) than we lose
during the day
—  If losing too much water, cells won’t be able to function
—  Known as Dehydration
End of Lecture 6