2016 WAYNE COUNTY
COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
July 2016
EMPOWERING LOW-INCOME PEOPLE | STRENGTHENING COMMUNITIES
CONNECT
ENGAGE
BUILD
Prepared By:
THRIVE
WMCAA COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT | JUNE 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 3
About Wayne Metro ........................................................................................................................ 3
Community Needs Assessment Methodology ................................................................................ 7
SECTION 2: COMMUNITY INPUT .......................................................................................................... 9
Community Forums .......................................................................................................................... 9
Community Forum – Cortland Service Center ..............................................................................12
Focus Groups ..................................................................................................................................14
Students’ Open-Ended Responses ................................................................................................16
Stakeholder Interviews ..................................................................................................................17
SECTION 3: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS .................................................................................................19
Key Findings ....................................................................................................................................19
Critical Areas of Need .....................................................................................................................22
SECTION 4: RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................24
SECTION 5: QUANTITATIVE DATA ......................................................................................................26
Poverty ............................................................................................................................................26
Individuals and Families .................................................................................................................34
Economics .......................................................................................................................................45
Housing, Food, and Homelessness ................................................................................................54
Education ........................................................................................................................................67
Health ..............................................................................................................................................75
APPENDIX.............................................................................................................................................82
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WMCAA COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT | JUNE 2016
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
ABOUT WAYNE METRO
Founded in 1971, Wayne Metropolitan Community Action Agency (Wayne Metro) exists to
empower low-income people and strengthen communities. Wayne Metro connects people and
organizations to make new paths, inspire hope, and generate positive outcomes in the
community. Over 300 people operate many programs in focus areas of Community and
Economic Development, Financial Empowerment, Outreach and Community Services, Supportive
Housing and Homeless Services, and Youth and Family Services in an effort to alleviate the
causes and conditions of poverty.
After a proven track record of success in serving Out-Wayne County residents, Wayne Metro was
named the permanent Community Action Agency (CAA) for Detroit in 2015. As a designated
Community Action Agency for all 43 communities in Wayne County, Michigan, the Agency is
governed by a tripartite Board of Directors equally represented by the public, private, and
consumer sectors. Wayne Metro’s service area is segmented into six regions. Each region has a
Regional Advisory Council (RAC), comprised of volunteers who advise Wayne Metro on the
unique needs of their individual communities.
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WAYNE METRO’S PROGRAMS AND SERVICES
Wayne Metro facilitates an Empowerment Pathway, a client-centric model designed to address
unique needs of each community member. Wayne Metro is an adaptive and mobile service
provider with scattered site offices across Wayne County. Multi-lingual interactive website and
staff assists applicants with limited English-speaking skills to bridge the communication and
accessibilty gaps. Wayne Metro also collaborates with various community partners representing
coalitions, education, government, community groups, and sister agencies to streamline service
delivery and guide residents on the pathway to connect, engage, build, and thrive. Below is a
summarized list of services offered through the Empowerment Pathway.
CONNECT
IDENTIFY & ADDRESS NEEDS
ENGAGE
RESOURCES & SUPPORT LINKAGES
 Housing Assessment & Resource
Agency (HARA)
 Utility Assistance
 Water Residential Assistance
Program Coordinator (WRAP)
 Healthcare Access
 Wayne Metro Connect Call Center
 Wayne Metro Regional Advisory
Councils
 Food Assistance
 Healthy & Safe Families
 Home Energy Efficiency &
Weatherization
 Homeless Prevention
 Rehousing
BUILD
DEVELOP SKILLS & ASSETS
 After-School & Summer
Youth Programs
 Supporting Housing
THRIVE
ATTAINING GOALS
 Early Childhood Services
 Affordable Housing
 Employment Readiness & Linkages
 Family Self Sufficiency
 Intergenerational Literacy Education
 Financial Coaching
 Neighborhood Redevelopment
 Foreclosure Intervention
 Homebuyer Assistance
 Homebuyer Education & Counseling
 Home Repair Loan Program
 Matched Savings
 Tax Preparation
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WAYNE METRO CONNECT
WM Connect Calls by
City/Township
Wayne Metro Connect, an information and referral call center,
provides access to a comprehensive range of programs and
services under the Empowerment Pathway bundled services
delivery model for low-income residents. The majority of
incoming calls are from Detroit, Taylor, Westland, Inkster, and
Redford Township residents. Below is a map showing the
locations of calls received into the call center from October 1,
2014 to May 31, 2016, and the regional poverty rates in Wayne
County.
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
City of
Residence
Detroit
Taylor
Westland
Inkster
Redford Twp.
Lincoln Park
Pontiac
Dearborn
Romulus
Dearborn
Heights
Highland Park
Ecorse
Wyandotte
Wayne
Belleville
Hamtramck
River Rouge
Southgate
Harper Woods
Melvindale
Caller
Count
43,618
2,235
1,638
1,476
1,426
1,364
1,171
1,059
932
840
775
747
735
710
655
655
623
544
452
368
WM Connect Calls by Assistance
Sought
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Type of Assistance
Seeking
Utility Assistance
(Gas/Electric/Propane)
Water Assistance
Tax Preparation
Homeless Services
Weatherization
Homeless Prevention
Detroit Home Repair
Loan
Community Baby
Shower
Head Start and Great
Start Readiness
Foreclosure
Intervention
Caller
Count
24,017
16,912
7,179
4,091
3,852
2,031
1,520
708
624
600
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WAYNE METRO COMMUNITY CORPS
Wayne Metro relies on volunteers to help promote and support programs and services. The
Wayne Metro Community Corps is a people-powered volunteer program designed to improve
and impact areas of need throughout Wayne County. Along with short-term projects like
community cleanups, volunteer days, and event support, the Community Corps pairs eligible and
passionate volunteers with ongoing opportunities in their communities such as creating a
community garden, mentoring and tutoring students, and reading to Head Start children. The
Community Corps is open to individuals, groups, corporations, or already established volunteer
forces who are looking to make a difference. Volunteer opportunities can be found on Wayne
Metro’s website. For more information about joining the Community Corps, visit
waynemetro.org/vol.
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COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
Wayne Metro conducts a formal Community Needs Assessment (CNA) every three years by
collecting pertinent data to explore community needs, gain insight on the experiences of
community members, and identify gaps in current service offerings. This CNA will guide current
and new initiatives and the strategic direction of the organization. This report, prepared by
Thomas P. Miller and Associates (TPMA), serves as the 2016 Community Needs Assessment.
Information for Wayne Metro’s 2016 CNA was gathered using a variety of methods, and results
of the CNA are a compilation of findings from the following sources:
Publically Available Community-Level Data Sources: Data sources include the U.S. Census Bureau’s
American Community Survey, Michigan League for Public Policy, the Michigan Department of
Health and Human Services, the Michigan Department of Military and Veterans Affairs, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, CFED, the USDA Economic Research Service, and the Michigan
Department of Education.
Community Forums: On May 17th and 18th, 2016, eighty community stakeholders participated in
community forums that represented local community development organizations, government,
healthy communities initiatives, financial empowerment organizations, afterschool programs,
financial institutions, and housing and homeless initiatives. Two community forums were held at
Wayne County Community College campuses (Downriver and Detroit East) and were ninety
minutes in duration. Participants engaged in roundtable discussions and group sharing for issue
areas of schools and education, housing, personal finances, and poverty in diverse communities
of Wayne County. Community stakeholders also discussed ways they could collaborate more
effectively to address the various needs of the community.
Community Forum – Wayne Metro Cortland Service Center in Highland Park: On June 10th, 2016,
thirty-one stakeholders participated in a community forum at the Wayne Metro Cortland Service
Center in Highland Park, Michigan, and was ninety minutes in duration. Wayne Metro staff
facilitated a discussion on the Healthy Communities model. Participants engaged in roundtable
discussions and group sharing on the topics of social networks, physical assets, economic
opportunity, human development, and local institutions in Highland Park. Participants envisioned
positive changes for the Highland Park community and provided recommendations for potential
uses of the Cortland Service Center.
Focus Groups of Current Wayne Metro Clients: On May 17th and 19th, 2016, twenty-eight clients
shared their experiences of their communities related to education, housing, employment, and
health in three focus groups. Locations of the focus groups were at Downriver Community
Conference in Southgate, Jefferson Barns Community Vitality Center in Westland, and Wayne
Metro Lakeshore Office in Detroit.
Students Attending Wayne Metro Events: On May 5th, 2016, Wayne Metro staff collected survey
responses from students indicating the type of services they wanted to engage in at the 2016
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Youth Expo. Wayne Metro staff also received essay responses from students describing their
experiences of people in their communities supporting an individual or family in need.
Interviews with Community Stakeholders: In May and June of 2016, TPMA conducted thirtyminute interviews with sixteen Wayne Metro community stakeholders from a cross-section of
healthcare, human services, financial, faith-based, philanthropic, and government organizations.
Acknowledgement: THANK YOU. Wayne Metro appreciates the valuable input and support from
various community stakeholders and Wayne County residents to develop the 2016 Wayne
County Community Needs Assessment including:
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Beaumont Hospital
ChristNet Services
City Connect Detroit
City of Detroit Housing and
Revitalization Department
City of Highland Park
City of Westland
Coalition on Temporary Shelter (COTS)
Colina Foundation
Community Foundation for Southeast
Michigan
Community Social Services of Wayne
County
Department of Veterans Affairs
Downriver Community Conference
DTE Energy
Ecorse Seventh-day Adventist Church
EcoWorks
First Step
Gleaners Community Food Bank of
Southeastern Michigan
Highland Park Business Association
IFF
ISight Media
Jack Moore & Associates
JPMorgan Chase
McGregor Fund
Melvindale Housing Commission
National Faith HomeBuyers
Nexus Detroit
Operation Refuge
Parker Village
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Peoples Community Services of
Metropolitan Detroit
PNC Financial Services Group
Public Allies Metro Detroit
Reggie McKenzie Foundation
Regional Advisory Council Members
Robinson Realty & Management Group
Sacred Heart Parish
Samaritas
THAW
The Cooperation Group
U-SNAP-BAC Nonprofit Housing
Corporation
United Way for Southeastern Michigan
W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Wayne County
Wayne County Community College
District
Wayne County Senior Citizen Services
Wells Fargo
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SECTION 2: COMMUNITY INPUT
Wayne Metro seeks to generate feedback on community needs of Wayne County in critical
areas, such as education, housing, finances and employment from young students, clients, and
community stakeholders. Through a client and community stakeholder engagement process,
Wayne Metro provided opportunities for members of the community to discuss pressing needs
of the community and provide recommendations to alleviate the causes and conditions of
poverty. Qualitative data was collected through community forums, focus groups, interviews,
and open-ended survey responses.
COMMUNITY FORUMS
On May 17th and 18th, 2016, eighty community stakeholders participated in community forums
that represented local community development organizations, the healthy communities
initiative, financial empowerment organizations, afterschool programs, financial institutions, and
housing and homeless initiatives. Two community forums were held at Wayne County
Community College campuses (Downriver and Detroit East) and lasted ninety minutes.
Participants engaged in roundtable discussions and group sharing for issue areas of schools and
education, housing, personal finances, and poverty in the various neighborhoods and
communities of Wayne County. Community stakeholders also discussed ways they could
collaborate more effectively to address the pressing needs of the community.
EDUCATION
Community stakeholders discussed how students in Wayne County’s school system are often
falling behind in the classroom and do not have proper resources to foster educational
excellence. Community stakeholders described how schools face significant challenges in linking
parents to appropriate educational supports and resources for their children. Numerous
educational resources are available in the community, but families’ access is often dependent on
their physical location in the community, and if families have advocates in the educational
system on their behalf.
As students are not adequately prepared in the classroom from an early age, they face significant
challenges as they advance through the educational system. Many graduates are performing
with low proficiencies in reading and math and do not have the skills and knowledge to be
successful in a higher education setting or the workforce. Stakeholders noted that students in
the community are attracted to 4-year schools, and this may not be the most viable choice due
to limited financing options or students’ academic interests. Community stakeholders assessed
how there is a need for more non-traditional education and training options for students to learn
and improve their in-demand skills.
Community stakeholders recognized that Wayne County’s culture surrounding education would
need to shift over time to get to the root causes of larger systemic issues. Stakeholders
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described how it is the community’s responsibility to provide more of an inspiring context to why
education is essential for young people. Wayne County families facing poverty may lack skills and
a framework for why they need to support children in school because they are more concerned
about meeting their basic needs, and do not have resources to support their children’s
educational efforts. Stakeholders discussed how it is the community’s responsibility to support
families and provide additional support and community.
HOUSING
Stakeholders identified a lack of affordable and quality housing stock in Wayne County.
Community stakeholders discussed how there is an inherent mismatch of livable housing,
compared to the housing demand of residents. During the 1970s, large homes were built at the
height of the automobile industry boom in Wayne County, and the housing stock has not been
maintained in recent decades. Community Forum participants noted the cost burden of
maintaining homes does not afford families the opportunity to leave poverty. Families with low
incomes currently live in larger unmaintained homes, and the cost of utilities is extremely high
due to the larger size of the homes.
In recent years, there has been a lack of growth in income and employment, but housing costs
have still continued to rise. Income is currently an unprotected category under fair housing laws,
and landlords have discriminated against low-income people. Residents do not have many
options for shelter, sign unreasonable leases, and eventually, are evicted from their homes.
Stakeholders discussed how the homeless population has medical and mental health concerns
that are inadequately addressed by the community. They also discussed challenges in supporting
a transient population because many individuals do not identify themselves homeless as they are
couch surfing or cannot maintain housing for an extended period of time. Community
stakeholders suggested the best way for housing agencies to support individuals in a state of
homelessness is to work collaboratively and to partner with agencies that provide
comprehensive services.
ECONOMICS
There is a significant need for financial education in Wayne County, and it is challenging for
residents to plan for the future when they are in “survival-mode,” as a result of poverty.
Stakeholders discussed how there is a lack of education at a community-level on how to budget,
save money, and plan for the future. They also noted that many residents have a distrust of
traditional banking systems, and rely on more convenient options for their finances, such as
payday loans. Quick fix solutions like pay-day loans are poor alternatives for low-income
individuals and families due to the high-interest rates. Community stakeholders discussed how it
is important to raise awareness of supportive financial options and connect residents to existing
programs and services. In Wayne County, 11.7% of households are unbanked, and an additional
22.3% of households are underbanked. Therefore, nearly one-third of Wayne County households
are utilizing or reliant on alternative financial services.i
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BARRIERS TO SERVICES – TRANSPORTATION AND ELIGIBILITY
REQUIREMENTS
Community stakeholders discussed how transportation is a significant barrier for Wayne County
residents to access resources and engage in long-term employment. Parents that do not have
adequate transportation are unable to facilitate opportunities for their children to participate in
after-school activities and services. Community stakeholders discussed how children are more
likely to recreate in abandoned buildings or participate in harmful and dangerous activities when
they are unable to travel to community activities and services.
Stakeholders assessed that eligibility requirements for assistance could make it challenging for
residents to navigate and acquire resources. People will often lose their eligibility for resources
and services when they obtain a job and increase their income. Therefore, raising their income
can make it more challenging for individuals to meet their basic needs.
COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS’ RECOMMENDATIONS
Community stakeholders recommended the following to address community needs:
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Offer students the opportunity to engage in an Individualized Education Program (IEP)
before second grade due to the critical nature of early learning. Currently, Individualized
Education Programs (IEPs) are not developed until second grade because a child must be
a grade and a half behind to be eligible.
Reach out to families facing situational and generational poverty. Schools and community
agencies should deeply engage residents, and meet families where they are.
Build strong mentoring organizations that can support families in the community.
Proactively market Wayne Metro’s programs and services to community residents in
more inventive and direct ways.
Collaborate to holistically serve individuals and families in need. There is a need for
greater coordination and collaboration among service providers to combat duplication of
services throughout the community.
Leverage community-wide philanthropy to create holistic impact.
Develop community mapping to highlight available resources.
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COMMUNITY FORUM – CORTLAND SERVICE CENTER
On June 10th, 2016, thirty-one stakeholders participated in a community forum at the Wayne
Metro Cortland Service Center in Highland Park, Michigan. Wayne Metro staff facilitated a
discussion on the Healthy Communities model. Participants engaged in roundtable discussions
and group sharing on the topics of social networks, physical assets, economic opportunity,
human development, and local institutions in Highland Park. Participants envisioned positive
changes for the Highland Park community and provided recommendations for potential uses of
the Cortland Service Center.
ASSETS OF HIGHLAND PARK
Using the Healthy Communities framework, focus group participants discussed current assets of
Highland Park, including:
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The current safe spaces in Highland Park are Avalon Village, Storen Park, Cortland Service
Center, Michigan Works, Ernest T. Ford Recreation Center, local churches, and Nandi’s
Café.
Current active community groups are the Boys and Girls Club, My Brother’s Keeper,
Represent Your Class, My Sister’s Keeper, sports teams (e.g. Silverbacks youth wrestling
team), Highland Park alumni group, Recreation Department, and the Reggie McKenzie
Foundation.
Dedicated residents and community leaders genuinely care about Highland Park.
INCREASE COLLABORATION AND COMMUNICATION
Community forum participants discussed the importance of stakeholders uniting and working
towards a shared agenda. They noted a need for community leaders to better understand how
resources complement each other and how organizations can combine their programming to
support residents. Attendees of the forum also discussed how they aspire to partner with other
communities, beyond Highland Park, to attract young people and businesses from surrounding
cities, and create a campaign that exemplifies why people should relocate to Highland Park.
Forum participants discussed the importance of improving communication among diverse
stakeholder groups using the following methods: announcements at events, Highland Park social
media, Highland Park newsletters, electronic boards, visual communication with banners, and
updating the Highland Park website.
ENHANCE PHYSICAL SPACE AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Participants discussed how Highland Park has experienced blight and has substandard housing
stock and a high number of vacant buildings. They discussed how there is a current lack of
communal resources and meeting spaces (e.g. a local school district, libraries, meeting places for
community members, recreational spaces for activities such as martial arts training, support for
youth). However, participants emphasized that despite the challenges of the area, there are
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many opportunities for development, and provided ideas on how to enhance the Highland Park
community.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROGRAMS, SERVICES, & POTENTIAL USES OF
CORTLAND SERVICE CENTER
Community forum participants recommended the following ideas for programs, services, and
potential uses of the Wayne Metro Cortland Service Center in Highland Park:
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Develop art installations
Community Center (opportunities for youth and seniors) and a hub for community
meetings such as city council meetings.
Community spaces for people to meet – build a knowledge café
Farmer’s Market Pavilion in parking lot
Financial institutions (e.g. Community Development Financial Institutions)
Green space at Cortland campus with sitting areas and benches
Health clinic
Mini satellite locations that are abbreviated versions of services that are offered in
Detroit
Mobile services for seniors
Transportation services
Outdoor pavilion for outdoor gatherings
Co-working space
Resource or free library
Small business incubator
Wellness classes for seniors
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FOCUS GROUPS
During the three focus group sessions, clients of Wayne Metro’s services had positive
relationships and interactions with Wayne Metro staff members, and held a favorable opinion of
Wayne Metro’s programs and services. Focus group participants noted how staff members
consistently worked alongside them, and were accessible beyond participants’ initial services.
One client noted, “Even though I’m stable now, they are still just a phone call away. They never
leave.”
EDUCATION
Wayne Metro clients discussed how there is a lack of affordable high-quality child care available
in the community. Participants confirmed childcare is difficult to find in the evening when they
need to work.
Clients discussed how teachers and social service providers are overwhelmed and burned out
due to the vast needs of the community. Therefore, they are ill-prepared and unable to tend to
the various needs of children in the classroom and in community programs and services. Parents
in the focus groups discussed how they have observed a lack of parental involvement and
engagement in their schools and communities. This ultimately influences students’ challenges in
the classroom. Parents believed it is more of the parents’ responsibility, rather than the
teachers’ to engage children’s learning.
ECONOMICS
Participants believed it is very challenging to find a well-paying job that leads to a meaningful
career and advancement in Wayne County. They discussed how it is easier to find low-paying
jobs that do not have any benefits. Participants described adults in their community lacking skills
or the educational background in the labor force. Participants explained if an adult does not have
a degree, they are unable to attend college because they are responsible for supporting their
family.
HOUSING AND COMMUNITY
Participants described a lack of affordable housing in safe neighborhoods, and challenges in
receiving housing assistance from the government due to the difficult and complex eligibility
requirements. Clients discussed how many of their friends were taken advantage of when they
paid landlords that did not own the house or when the house was in foreclosure. Also, focus
group participants discussed how when they purchased a home, they did not have an
understanding of how costly property taxes were, which resulted in falling behind on taxes and
entering into foreclosure.
At each focus group there were participants who currently are, or have been homeless in the
past. Participants noted when they received services and were classified as homeless, they were
surprised because they did not identify couch surfing as a state of homelessness.
Focus group participants had mixed experiences with the sense of community in their
neighborhoods. Multiple participants felt like they are not a part of their community because of
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racial and economic biases. The majority of participants said they did not know their neighbors,
and there was a lack of community and belonging at the neighborhood level. Several described
their communities as “every man for himself”. Clients described meeting people and building
community through involvement in their schools or various social services.
Clients shared they did not receive adequate healthcare in their communities. Participants
relayed a number of stories of poor service, and a lack of affordable options. They stated quality
healthcare is mainly dependent on location, race, and income status in the community.
BARRIERS TO SERVICE DELIVERY IN THE COMMUNITY
Wayne Metro clients affirmed that transportation was a significant barrier, impacting
participants’ access to healthcare, employment, and community resources. Focus group
participants noted needs for transportation are even greater in the suburbs, but the current
transportation programs are only in Detroit.
Participants described numerous situations where they or family members have felt trapped,
and unable to move out of poverty, due to eligibility requirements of services. If they increase
their income, they immediately lose benefits, without a transition period to accumulate savings.
Participants described many examples of denial of services for various reasons, such as their
geographic location, familial status, or income level. During each focus group there were
numerous instances of someone describing a need they had, and another participant referring
them to a community resource. Peer referrals and direct service providers’ referrals to other
resources appeared to be the primary ways consumers connected with services. Multiple
participants said they found out about Wayne Metro services by doing research online.
Noticeably, no participants stated the use of 2-1-1 services, or Wayne Metro Connect to find out
about services in the community.
CLIENTS’ RECOMMENDATIONS
During three focus group sessions, participants identified ideal services community organizations
should offer. Participants prioritized the following services and also offered recommendations on
how to improve current program offerings in the community.
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Offer twenty-four hour licensed day care providers.
Offer more job training and employment services for residents.
Develop additional financial education programs.
Create more programs and services for youth from early age to high school to keep them
active and engaged, including childcare, recreation, resource, and employment centers.
Broaden eligibility requirements for services. Participants described a number of
situations where they or family members have felt trapped. If they start a job or try to
improve their situation, they would immediately lose benefits, without a transition period
and time to build savings.
Employ teachers and social workers that have experienced situations clients are facing.
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STUDENTS’ OPEN-ENDED RESPONSES
On May 5th, 2016, Wayne Metro staff collected survey responses from students indicating the
type of services they want to provide to the community at the 2016 Youth Expo. Wayne Metro
staff surveyed 13 to 18-year-olds residing in Wayne County that has participated in its homeless,
housing, and afterschool programs, and asked if students had $1 million to provide services to
youth, adults, and families, what services would they provide?
SURVEY RESPONSES:
Basic Needs
Health Needs
 Food (5x)
 Donate to a hospital to cure cancer
 Shelter (4x)
 Children’s Hospital
 Needs
 Healthcare for kids in shelters
 Clothes for families who need it
 Clean water
Individuals and Families
 More teen enrichment
programs
 Basic needs for foster homes,
and homeless adults and
children
 God
Financial
 Save money
 Go to college
and free money
Individuals and Families (Continued)
 Schools
 Family retreat centers with
relationship building activities
 Family recovery
 Rehabilitation services
 Free animal care
SHORT ESSAY RESPONSES
Wayne Metro staff collected essay responses from seventeen students indicating examples of
people in the community supporting an individual or family in need. Students referenced
different community and after-school events they participated in, clothing and food drives, and
support from friends. When students were asked about a time when an adult who has shown
interest in their success, they referenced their family members (mother [x8], father [x3], cousin),
and teachers (x2) that have supported them through their learning and development.
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STAKEHOLDER INTERVIEWS
In May and June of 2016, TPMA conducted thirty minute interviews with sixteen Wayne Metro
community stakeholders from a cross-section of healthcare, human services, financial, faithbased, philanthropic, and government organizations. During the interviews, partners discussed
the nature of their relationship with Wayne Metro, community needs and challenges, and
recommendations for Wayne Metro’s role in the community.
COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS’ RELATIONSHIPS WITH WAYNE METRO
Throughout the interview process, representatives from healthcare, human services, financial,
faith-based, government, and philanthropic organizations identified Wayne Metro as a
collaborative and supportive partner in the community. Community stakeholders discussed how
Wayne Metro has adapted and expanded its programs and services to meet the growing needs
of Wayne County residents. Overall, Wayne Metro has a strong reputation in the community and
is trusted and relied upon by partners.
CHALLENGES IN SERVICE DELIVERY IN THE COMMUNITY
Community stakeholders assessed various barriers and challenges in providing services to
community residents. Interviewees identified a greater demand for services in the community, in
comparison to organizations’ capacities to provide services. The cross-section of stakeholders
had mixed viewpoints on the availability of funding in the community. Some stakeholders
believed there is insufficient funding from government and philanthropic entities available, and
other stakeholders felt like there was ample funding, but an inefficient sharing of resources
among community partners. Community partners identified there are numerous pressing needs,
but insufficient wrap-around services available.
COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS’ RECOMMENDATIONS
Community stakeholders recommended the following action steps for Wayne Metro:

Become more connected in coalition efforts across the city of Detroit, specifically in
healthcare. Community stakeholders from healthcare organizations noted a lack of
familiarity with Wayne Metro in differing collaboration and coalition efforts.
Furthermore, stakeholders closely tied to the organization identified healthcare as an
area that Wayne Metro is interested in expanding its services.

Communicate the message of identity and role more clearly across the community.
Community stakeholders located in Detroit discussed how Wayne Metro is serving as a
fairly new partner, and there is a lack of familiarity with the breadth and scope of services
that Wayne Metro offers to community residents. Stakeholders also noted that Wayne
Metro should strive to clearly communicate its varying roles (as service provider, funder,
advocate, and/or convener) in the community. When diverse community partners
identified Wayne Metro as a strong influence in the community, they discussed how it is
not always clear which role(s) Wayne Metros aspires to play.
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
Develop a physical space that communicates Wayne Metro believes in comprehensive
wrap-around services. Community stakeholders noted Wayne Metro has a strong
presence and service delivery model, but their services are not typically located in the
same place. Wayne Metro could have an opportunity to create a physical space that
exemplifies the Empowerment Pathway model.
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SECTION 3: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
KEY FINDINGS
Below are key findings for Wayne Metro’s 2016 CNA, using a variety of data sources, including
publicly available community-level data sources, community forums, focus groups of Wayne
Metro clients, student survey responses, and interviews with community stakeholders.
CAUSES AND CONDITIONS OF POVERTY
Nearly one-quarter of Wayne County residents live below the poverty line (24.8%, or 438,295
people). This rate is much higher than the state average of 16.9% and the national rate of 15.6%.
Within Wayne County, city of Hamtramck and Highland Park have the highest poverty rates at
48.5% and 47.6%, respectively. Individuals living below the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) do not
represent the full extent of those in need of socioeconomic support. In Wayne County, 11% of
the population live just above the FPL (100-150% FPL), while an additional 9% live between 150
and 200% of the FPL.
During focus group sessions, Wayne Metro clients described numerous situations where they
felt trapped and unable to move out of poverty. Participants also described several instances in
which they were denied services in the community for various reasons, such as their geographic
location, familial status, or income level.
Though the experiences of individuals may vary, quantitative and qualitative findings suggest
individuals in poverty face negative health, economic, and educational outcomes. With access to
poverty data, researchers and community members can better understand the economic
realities of a specific location and understand residents’ daily experiences.
INDIVIDUALS AND FAMILIES
Since 2000, Wayne County lost 13.2% of its total population. Highland Park had the greatest
decrease during this time, losing more than one-third of its population. During the CNA’s
community forum in Highland Park, community stakeholders discussed the need for increasing
collaboration among community partners, enhancing infrastructure and physical space, and
providing comprehensive services at the Cortland Service Center to attract more people to
Highland Park.
Today, Wayne County is home to nearly 1.8 million people with varying experiences and
backgrounds. Children and youth comprise a quarter of the population, and 13.2% of residents
are older than 65. In Wayne County, under half of the population is White (49.8%), a rate that is
much lower inside the city of Detroit (8.7%). Additionally, more than 140,000 Wayne County
residents (7.9%) were born outside of the United States.
The majority of Wayne County children live in households with a biological parent (86.9%), and
more than half live in a two-parent household (52.1%). Many families in Wayne County have
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multiple generations of individuals in households. In Wayne County, 45,052 grandparents live
with their grandchildren who are under the age of 18.
ECONOMICS
Though Michigan is the 9th most affordable state to live nationally, many Wayne County
residents are unable to find work or are working full-time and struggle to pay for necessities. The
median household income for Wayne County is $41,421, and of the largest ten occupations in
Wayne County, six provide median hourly wages ranging from $9.22 to $15.92 an hour, below
the state-wide median hourly income of $17.02.
Wayne County residents struggle to access financial tools. In 2009, Detroit ranked second among
the major cities nationwide in the percentage of households that were “unbanked,” meaning
they did not have accounts at insured banking institutions. Between 2011 and 2016, the fastest
growing job in the county was a Loan Broker position. In the community forums, stakeholders
discussed how there is a lack of education at a community-level on how to budget, save money,
and plan for the future. They also noted that many residents have a distrust of traditional
banking systems, and rely on more convenient options for their finances, such as payday loans.
Owning a vehicle is important for Wayne County workers due to a lack of accessible
transportation options for residents. More than 4 in 5 Wayne County workers drive to work
alone (81.1%), and another 9.7% carpool to work. However, approximately 14% of Wayne
County households and 25% of Detroit households do not own a vehicle. In the community
forums and focus groups, stakeholders affirmed how transportation is a significant barrier for
Wayne County residents to access resources and engage in long-term employment.
HOUSING, HOMELESSNESS, AND FOOD
Over the past 15 years, Wayne County had an extreme drop in “adequate, affordable, and
available units” from roughly 48,000 to 24,500 units. The number of foreclosed properties held
up for auction in Wayne County doubled between 2011 and 2015. In the focus group sessions,
clients discussed how many of their friends were taken advantage of when they paid landlords
that did not own the house or when the house was in foreclosure. Community stakeholders
discussed how there is an inherent mismatch of livable housing, compared to the housing
demand of residents.
The State of Michigan’s Homeless Management Information System (MSHMIS) estimated a total
of 25,926 people living in a state of homelessness in Detroit and Out-Wayne County together. At
each focus group, some participants were currently or formerly homeless. Participants noted
when they received services; they were surprised to be classified as homeless because they did
not identify couch surfing as a state of homelessness. At the community forums, stakeholders
discussed the community does not adequately address the homeless population's medical and
mental health concerns, and there are many challenges in supporting a transient population.
Approximately 1 in 5 households and 23.1% of children in Wayne County face food insecurity
annually. However, 17% of Wayne County’s food insecure adults and nearly one-third of its food
insecure children are likely ineligible for SNAP and other food programs because their family’s
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incomes do not fall below the eligibility threshold. In students’ open-ended survey responses,
food was the most common answer for ideal services for individuals and families in the
community.
EDUCATION
Michigan ranks as the 12th most expensive state in the U.S. for infant care with an average
annual cost of more than $10,000 for full-time care. Wayne Metro clients discussed how there is
a lack of affordable high quality child care available in the community. Participants confirmed
childcare is difficult to find in the evening when they need to work.
Wayne County has the highest percentage of schools identified as persistently low achieving, or
“priority” schools in the state. Of the 88 Michigan schools identified as priority schools in the
2012 cohort, forty-three were located in Wayne County, and thirty-two were Detroit Public
Schools. Community stakeholders recognized that Wayne County’s culture surrounding
education would need to shift over time to get to the root causes of larger systemic issues.
Stakeholders described how it is the community’s responsibility to provide more of an inspiring
context to why education is essential for young people.
In Wayne County, 1 in 5 individuals of working age has attained a bachelor’s degree or higher
(22.9%). Community stakeholders described how schools in the community face significant
challenges in linking parents to appropriate educational supports and resources for their
children. Numerous educational resources are available in the community, but families’ access is
often dependent on their physical location in the community, and if families have advocates in
the educational system on their behalf.
HEALTH
Some of the most preventable causes of birth defects, developmental disabilities, and infant
mortality are actions that mothers take before giving birth. In Wayne County, approximately 93%
of newborns received adequate prenatal care.
Lack of health insurance coverage is a significant barrier to accessing needed healthcare. Insured
children are likely to be healthier and have lower rates of avoidable hospitalizations and
childhood mortality than their uninsured peers. Approximately 17% of Wayne County adults lack
health insurance and of 4% of youth in Wayne County do not have health insurance.
Though county level statistics about illicit drug use and abuse are unavailable, state-level
estimates show that nearly 12% of teens and adults (older than 12) use drugs monthly, higher
than national rate of 9.8%. However, only 2.5% report abusing or being dependent on illicit
drugs. In Detroit, drug-related emergency department visits rose 129% between 2004 and 2011.
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CRITICAL AREAS OF NEED
The 2016 comprehensive Community Needs Assessment for Wayne Metro highlighted many
areas of need in Wane County. Drawing upon the key qualitative and quantitative information
collected in this assessment, WMCAA is positioned to impact five critical areas described below.
FINANCIAL EMPOWERMENT
In community forums, stakeholders discussed how Wayne County residents needed support in
learning how to budget, save money, and plan for the future. Additionally, they noted that many
residents distrust traditional banking systems.
Local data supported the statements made in community forums. For example, in 2009, Detroit
was nationally ranked second among large cities in the percentage of households that were
“unbanked,” meaning they did not have accounts at insured banking institutions.
Wayne Metro’s current services align well with this issue area by providing financial
empowerment services such as tax preparation, foreclosure intervention, and an Individual
Development Accounts (IDA) program. Wayne metro is uniquely positioned to make an impact
on the community in financial services education due to their current programming, and
financial education aligns with their vision of diminishing the causes and conditions of poverty.
HOUSING
In community forums, stakeholders noted there is a mismatch of livable housing, compared to
the housing demand of residents in Wayne County. In the focus groups, participants reflected on
the unexpected costs they encountered after buying a home.
Local data showed that nearly three quarters of the housing stock in Wayne County is comprised
of older homes, built prior to 1970, which are more likely to require expensive repairs.
Additionally, the number of foreclosures on homes in Wayne County doubled between 2011 and
2015.
Wayne Metro’s services also align well with this issue area. Wayne County currently supports
residents in weatherizing their homes and lowering utility costs. As a lead entity of the
Continuum of Care, Wayne Metro is already engaged in programs and services that are
necessary to prevent and intervene in situations where housing issues exist.
EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
Community Forum stakeholders discussed how many students are not adequately prepared to
enter the classroom from an early age. Students face significant challenges as they advance
through the system and prepare for higher education or the workforce upon graduation.
Additionally, focus group participants discussed their challenges in finding adequate childcare in
the evening when they need to work.
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Local data showed that less than half of Wayne County 3 and 4 year olds were enrolled in school,
and that only 30% of Michigan’s early childcare providers have reached level 3 or higher in the
state’s quality rating and improvement system. Additionally, a one-parent family earning a
median income would need to pay nearly half of its annual income on infant care.
Wayne Metro currently runs multiple Head Start programs that provide quality child care to
Wayne County’s youngest residents. These services position Wayne Metro to play an important
role in preparing students from income-eligible families to enter school.
CAREER READINESS TRAINING
Focus group participants discussed challenges in finding a well-paying job in Wayne County. They
explained many adults in Wayne County are unable to attend college because they are
responsible for supporting their family. Additionally, some adults were unable to find training
programs that would allow them to gain meaningful employment.
Local data exhibited training programs in a variety of disciplines exist in Wayne County. However,
transportation or family caregiving needs make it challenging to engage in programs.
Additionally, completing postsecondary training or education does not necessarily result in a
well-paying job. In fact, 6 in 10 of Wayne County’s top jobs provide a median income less than
the statewide hourly income, and Wayne County projections show an overall job loss over the
next decade.
Wayne Metro programs, such as employment readiness and linkages, intergenerational literacy
education, digital literacy and afterschool and summer youth programs, may help pave the way
for adults and youth to be successful in the workforce in the future. Wayne Metro also may
consider partnering with organizations that specialize in career readiness training to make an
increased impact in this issue area.
INCREASED CONNECTIVITY AMONG SOCIAL SERVICE AGENCIES
In the stakeholder interviews and community forums, community members mentioned a need
for more coordination and collaboration among organizations serving similar populations. During
the input sessions, there were many questions surrounding services provided within Detroit
compared to services provided in Out-Wayne County, with participants reporting that there
were not as many services available outside of Detroit. Additionally, in focus groups, participants
reflected on challenges in discovering programs and services they were eligible for.
As Wayne Metro embraces its role as a service provider, opportunities may exist to serve as a
convener for social service agencies in the cities, townships, and neighborhoods located in
Wayne County. Wayne Metro is well-positioned to be a leader at the community-level for
changes in asset allocation or the implementation of new local projects.
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SECTION 4: RECOMMENDATIONS
In light of the quantitative and qualitative findings from the 2016 comprehensive CNA, the
following are recommendations to improve Wayne Metro’s service delivery, and create
opportunities to leverage current assets for additional community collaboration.
Strategically Leverage Findings of the CNA to Strengthen Collaboration. The process of gathering
timely data and feedback from key members of the community, such as clients, current partners,
and potential partners can serve as an accelerator for continued collaboration and collective
problem-solving for Wayne County’s needs. Wayne Metro can leverage the CNA to deepen
stakeholder engagement in the community, and use the information to educate the public
further on the current state and needs of the community, as well as further communicate
Wayne Metro’s programs and services. Leveraging the CNA as an information resource will
ultimately position Wayne Metro as a lead convener and advocate in the community.
Develop a Consistent and Shared Vision of Wayne Metro’s Role(s) in Service Communities.
Throughout the CNA process, Wayne Metro was credited for being an influential organization in
Wayne County that provides effective and comprehensive services for residents. Wayne Metro is
currently positioned to be a lead service provider, convener, funder, and advocate for
community residents and partners in Wayne County. Through the feedback sessions, community
partners and clients from different communities did not have a clear understanding of Wayne
Metro’s major role in the community. Consistent communication of a shared vision and
message of Wayne Metro’s role in Wayne County’s social service landscape will be vital for
sustainable growth and advancement of comprehensive, wrap-around services.
Define Agency’s role in Placemaking at the Cortland Service Center. Certain neighborhoods in
Wayne County have depleted infrastructure and deteriorated assets. A quality sense of place
has been lost, and many residents have migrated away from communities, such as Highland
Park. Wayne Metro has a unique opportunity to develop a community hub and “beacon of hope”
for residents. The Wayne Metro Cortland Service Center could potentially serve as an innovative
space for wraparound services, engage Highland Park community residents more deeply, and
attract community members and resources from surrounding areas, such as Detroit.
Engage Philanthropic Market for Funding to Fill the Gap. A challenge of Wayne Metro is meeting
the demand for services of low-income residents in Wayne County, especially households
meeting a 150% to 200% range of the federal poverty level. The majority of federal and state
funding sources support households that are at or below 150% of the federal poverty level.
Wayne Metro should proactively engage the philanthropic market to increase capacity and
address various gaps in services for low-income residents, including households just above
government funding guidelines. By sharing a programmatic vision and impact for Wayne County
with the philanthropic community, Wayne Metro can leverage private funding to invest in their
mission of alleviating the causes and conditions of poverty. Also, as Wayne Metro proactively
engages the philanthropic community, the organization will have more opportunities to
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collaborate with other local organizations to achieve larger-scale community initiatives that are
funded by philanthropic entities.
Continually Market Transparent and Fiscally Responsible Reputation. In 2015, Wayne Metro was
named the permanent Community Action Agency (CAA) for Detroit due to its track record of
fiscal responsibility. Wayne Metro should continue to work from significant core strengths – the
reputation of being accountable, transparent, and fiscally responsible with resources. As Wayne
Metro continues to adapt programs and services to the needs of the community, community
members and funders will continue to acknowledge Wayne Metro as an organization to rely
upon for responsible and ethical service delivery.
Strategically Engage Community Partners. Throughout the community engagement process of
stakeholder forums, interviews, and focus groups, Wayne Metro was repeatedly identified as a
collaborative and supportive partner in the community. As Wayne Metro continues to provide
services for residents and works to alleviate the causes and conditions of poverty, strategic
collaboration and partnerships will be essential. In Wayne County, there are several community
partners (financial institutions, mental health organizations, health institutions, etc.) competing
to support residents in similar ways. Wayne Metro will want to align and supplement its services
with community partners to diminish duplication of efforts and streamline services for
community residents.
Offer More Opportunities for Peer-to-Peer Resource Sharing. During the community engagement
process of the CNA, focus group participants did not reference using 211 or the Wayne Metro
hotline but instead relied heavily upon word-of-mouth referrals to access services. Also during
the community engagement process, Wayne Metro’s clients engaged in sharing resources and
advocating on behalf of each other to navigate complex social structure and systems. Wayne
Metro should provide more opportunities and forums for community members to come
together and share resources with each other, and further build a community of support.
Develop an Internal Monitoring and Evaluation System Across Programs. Wayne Metro collects
and inputs data for several programs to comply with grant guidelines and regulations. It would
be beneficial for Wayne Metro to develop a unified, comprehensive data system to collect data
on participants they serve across programs. As Wayne Metro aspires to increase the crossfunctionality and integration of programs and services across the organization, internal
monitoring and evaluation system will improve collaboration and offer clarity on the impact of
Wayne Metro’s Empowerment Pathway model including integrated, wrap-around services.
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SECTION 5: QUANTITATIVE DATA
Poverty
Research has shown that families in poverty are more likely to have closer family relationships
and engage in more communal behaviors, such as eating meals together every day, compared to
their more affluent peers. However, adults in poverty report struggling with planning, preparing
and providing for their families’ needs.ii Individuals experiencing poverty in the United States
often have difficulty paying for medical bills and other necessary expenses. Additionally, due to
financial stress, these individuals often face poor health, employment, and educational
outcomes.iii
For children, living in poverty may result in delays in learning and socioemotional development
that begin as early as infancy and worsen over time. Childrens’ learning and socioemotional
delays may also be due to their limited access to educational resources in their homes.iv
Additionally, women in poverty are more likely to have children with low birth weight and
experience other prenatal complications.v
In addition to health and education impacts, people in poverty experience economic and social
stresses at a greater rate. Many individuals and families in poverty face significant challenges
accessing affordable food, well-paying jobs, and quality housing.
Due to the long-term implications of poverty over time, it is imperative to track poverty rates.
Researchers and community members can better understand the economic realities of a specific
location and understand residents’ daily experiences.
TYPES OF POVERTY
While American cultural identities are built upon the premise of equal opportunity and unlimited
potential, the reality is children who grow up in poverty face significant challenges that may
prevent them from achieving future economic success. When poverty persists from parents to
children, it is referred to as “generational,” or, “intergenerational” poverty. Research suggests
people growing up in poor families have less income mobility—freedom of movement up the
socioeconomic ladder—compared to those in other income classesvi and are “much more likely
to be poor in early adulthood.”vii
Children of generational poverty face changes or disruptions in familial structure, attend schools
with limited resources, and have more health challenges, compared to their more affluent
peers.viii When they do pursue higher education, first-generation students face challenges that
other students do not. They are more likely to leave a four-year institution at the end of the first
year and less likely to stay enrolled or attain a bachelor’s degree after five years.ix

Approximately 10% of U.S. children spend at least half of their childhood in poverty, and
40% of that total remain in poverty by the age of twenty-five.x
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While generational poverty has been characterized by a lack of financial and social assets
necessary to obtain a steady income, situational poverty is characterized as a temporary financial
shock. Classified as “situational,” or “transient” poverty, this type of short-term poverty often
occurs as a result of a job loss, a major health expense, or a natural disaster. Poverty resulting
from such shock is often followed by a somewhat prompt recovery.

Of all significant poverty spells between 2009 and 2011, 44% lasted less than four
months and 15.2% extended for more than two years.
Nationally, generational poverty has harsher implications for indiviuals in states of poverty, but
short-term poverty is more common across various demographics.xi Between 2009 and 2011,
31% of Americans experienced situational poverty.xii
Furthermore, the absence of assets like bank accounts and insurance among many low- and
middle-income families makes them “economically vulnerable in the events of unemployment,
illness, death of a parent, or natural disaster.”xiii This kind of poverty, often termed “asset
poverty,” is based on how much financial cushion a household may have.xiv Thus, asset poverty
can affect middle-income and generational-poverty families alike. For example, 43.5% of U.S.
households—if lacking income—do not have enough liquid savings to cover three months of
basic expenses.xv
Like those in near-poverty situations, many people experiencing situational poverty cannot take
advantage of government and social support systems, despite their barriers and challenges.
Research shows that current government benefits have a much larger impact on chronic (longterm) poverty than transient poverty.xvi
POVERTY IN WAYNE COUNTY
In Wayne County, nearly one-quarter of individuals live below the poverty line (24.8%, or
438,295 people). This rate is much higher than the state rate of 16.9% and the national rate of
15.6%.xvii
Poverty Rates in U.S., Michigan,
and Wayne County
24.8%
15.6%
United States
16.9%
Michigan
Wayne County, Michigan
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates)
Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months by Sex by Age. Table B17001.
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Poverty guidelines, issued by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, are
simplifications of the poverty thresholds that determine the official poverty rate. A one-parent
household with one child is considered “in poverty” if their income is less than $15,930 each
year. A two-parent household with two children is considered “in poverty” if their income is less
than $24,250 each year.
Within Wayne County, there are significant variances in poverty rates across cities and
townships. For example, Hamtramck city has the highest poverty rate at 48.5%, and Highland
Park has the second highest at 47.6%, but many other communities have poverty rates below
10% and even 5%.xviii The chart below shows the 15 communities with the highest poverty rates.
Wayne County Communities with Highest Poverty Rates
Population
Place
(poverty status
Poverty Rate
known)
Hamtramck
Highland Park
Detroit
River Rouge
Inkster
Melvindale
Dearborn
Ecorse
Wayne County
Wayne
Taylor
Romulus
Lincoln Park
Dearborn Heights
Sumptercity
township
Belleville
21,462
10,676
685,058
7,753
24,875
10,581
96,362
9,283
1,770,604
17,114
61,510
23,563
37,524
56,483
9,327
3,809
48.50%
47.60%
39.80%
39.40%
37.00%
28.60%
28.60%
28.50%
24.80%
20.80%
20.70%
19.70%
19.50%
19.40%
19.40%
15.90%
Source: American Community Survey (2010 - 2014 5 year estimates) Poverty
Status in the Past 12 Months. Table S1701.
Individuals living below the poverty level do not, however, represent the full extent of those in
need of socioeconomic support in the United States. In fact, most federal social support
programs recognize the need to serve individuals up to 125 or 185% of the Federal Poverty Level
(FPL).

In Wayne County, 11% of the population live just above the poverty level (100-150% FPL),
while an additional 9% of the population live between 150 and 200% of the FPL.
While these “near poverty” individuals do not participate in social services at the same rates as
those below the poverty line,xix they often are still susceptible to economic stress or food
insecurity (defined as unable to afford adequate amounts of healthy food)xx. They are vulnerable
to falling into poverty in the event of unemployment, illness, or another financial shock.xxi For
example, 27.4% of households in Wayne County do not have a personal net worth to live at the
poverty level for three months without income, and 48.2% of households cannot do so on liquid
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assets alone.xxii Estimates of household wealth and financial access by community within Wayne
County can be found in the appendix.
Below is a map of poverty rates by Wayne Metro regions. Please note that Region 1 has been
split into two parts so that the areas within Detroit are calculated separately from the rest of the
region. This was done to show the contrast in poverty rates between the two areas within region
one.
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Poverty by Age and Race
Children and non-white
individuals are
disproportionately likely to
experience poverty;xxiii this
applies in particular to
Wayne County. For
example, 2 in 5 children
under age six live below
the poverty level (40.2%),
and an additional 22.1%
live in families with
incomes of less than twice
the poverty level.
Additionally, Detroit has a
higher percentage of
children living in poverty
(over 50%) than any other
large U.S. city.xxiv
Poverty Status by Age Group
37.7%
43.8%
58.4%
64.1%
200% and over
9.1%
9.4%
13.0%
150% to 199%
12.4%
9.6%
40.2%
11.5%
Below Poverty Level
11.9%
34.4%
22.8%
Under 6 years
100% to 149%
9.2%
6 to 17 years
12.5%
18 to 64 years 65 years and over
American Community Survey (2010 - 2014 5 Year Estimates)
Age By Ratio of Income to Poverty Level in the Past 12 Months. Table
Across Michigan, and the U.S. as a whole, individuals identifying as White and Non-Hispanic have
the lowest rates of poverty; the same is true in Wayne County. For each racial or ethnic category,
the poverty rate is higher in Wayne County than in the U.S. or Michigan. Michigan and Wayne
County also have higher rates of Black or African American individuals living in poverty than the
U.S.
Poverty Rate, By Race and Place
United States
Michigan
Wayne County, Michigan
37.3%
34.7%
27.3%
28.1% 29.2%
24.8%
31.5%
28.0%
24.9%
Hispanic of Any Race
Other
18.7%
10.8%
12.8%
14.4%
12.7%
White, Non-Hispanic
Black
14.3%
Asian
American Community Survey (2010 - 2014 5 Year Estimates)
Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months by Age. Tables B1702A - B17020I.
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Poverty by Gender
Women consistently have higher rates of poverty compared to men across the United States due
to women earning lower wages than men.xxv Additionally, higher rates of women living in poverty
may be due to the proportion of their time dedicated to providing unpaid caregiving to their
children.xxvi

While the poverty rate for males in Wayne County is above Michigan and U.S. averages,
females in Wayne County experience poverty at a 2.6% higher rate than males.

Altogether, there are 198,895 males and 239,400 females living in poverty in Wayne
County.
Poverty Rate, By Gender
Overall Rate
15.6%
16.8%
14.3%
United States
Male Rate
16.9%
Female Rate
24.8%
26.0%
23.4%
18.0%
15.8%
Michigan
Wayne County, Michigan
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates)
Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months By Sex By Age. Table B17001.
Working Poor
Employment alone may not alleviate the impact of poverty in Wayne County. More than 10
million working Americans live below the poverty level.xxvii It takes between 1.5 and 3.5 times the
FPL to meet “A family’s minimum day-to-day needs.”xxviii In fact, 56% of children in low-income
households (less than 200% FPL)—16.0 million children in the U.S.—have at least one parent
who works full-time and year-round.”xxix
In Wayne County, an adult with one child who works full-time year-round would need to earn
$21.75 an hour to support his/her family with food, child care, medical, and other basic expenses
- more than twice the poverty level wage. Even for housing alone, the minimum wage in Wayne
County is insufficient. An individual currently living in Wayne County would need two full-time
minimum wage jobs to afford a modest two-bedroom apartment, without facing rent burden.”xxx

In Wayne County, the full-time hourly rate needed for one adult with a non-working
spouse to support a family with food, child care, medical, and other basic expenses is
$21.75 (with one child) and $22.81 (with two children). These rates are more than two
times the poverty level wage.xxxi
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
Even if housing alone is considered, the current minimum wage is insufficient. In Wayne
County, an hourly wage of $16.60 is needed to afford a modest two-bedroom apartment
in accordance with federal regulations.xxxii
Areas of Concentrated Poverty
In addition to the prevalence of poverty among children and minorities, poverty is also
concentrated spatially in particular neighborhoods of Wayne County. This is symptomatic of the
broader trend of concentrated poverty, when populations with low incomes become increasingly
more isolated and “concentrated” into specific clusters of neighborhoods.
Neighborhoods of concentrated poverty often lack basic social supports and opportunities that
lead to intertwined deficiencies of income, education, and health insurance.xxxiii Because of
neighborhood challenges, residents in areas of concentrated poverty—regardless of income—
face higher crime rates, have poorer health outcomes, and send their children to poorerperforming schools.xxxiv Additionally, these neighborhoods lack outside investment, access to
quality consumer goods, developed employment networks, housing value stability, and adequate
government services.xxxv
Wayne County and the Detroit Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) are among one of the highest
rates of concentrated poverty in the nation.

Detroit MSA
o Detroit has the fifth highest rate of concentrated poverty (neighborhoods with 40%
or higher poverty rates) among U.S. cities.
o The number of neighborhoods in Detroit with concentrated poverty has tripled,
between 2000 and 2009-2013 from 51 to 184.xxxvi

Wayne County
o 43.6% of children in Wayne County live in high poverty neighborhoods (those with
30% or higher poverty rates).xxxvii
o Though they comprise only 38.7% of Wayne County’s population, WMCAA’s Regions
2 and 3 contain a large proportion of the county’s high poverty households
(62.2%).xxxviii
Percentage of Population Living in Poverty by
Region in Wayne County
Region 1
21.0%
Region 2
42.0%
Region 3
38.4%
Region 4
15.9%
Region 5
12.7%
Region 6
14.9%
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates)
Table S1701.
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CONCLUSION
The significance of poverty as a social and economic issue in Wayne County cannot be ignored.
The county’s poverty rates—regardless of age, race, or ethnicity—are much higher than state
and national averages, with a total of 438,295 people living below the poverty line at the most
recent estimate. xxxix Though the experiences of these individuals may vary, evidence suggests
individuals in poverty face adverse health, economic, and educational outcomes. Many
individuals also face barriers to increasing their incomes, especially those experiencing
generational or concentrated poverty.
However, many social programs and federal supports have been effective for increasing incomes
and improving health or educational outcomes—making a difference in the lives of Wayne
County’s most vulnerable individuals. Wayne Metro’s programs and services in focus areas of
Community and Economic Development, Financial Empowerment, Outreach and Community
Services, Supportive Housing and Homelessness Services, and Youth and Family Services are part
of the solution to alleviate poverty.
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Individuals and Families
POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
The population of Wayne County looks significantly different than Michigan as a whole. Wayne
County’s 1,790,078 residentsxl are more likely to be members of minority racial and ethnic
groups,xli speak languages other than English at home,xlii and have lower family and individual
incomes.xliii
Wayne County has experienced a substantial population decrease over the past 15 years (more
than 271,000 individuals), and nearly all of the population loss is concentrated in the city of
Detroit. During this timeframe:

Michigan lost 0.5% of its population,

Wayne County lost 13.2% of its population,

Detroit lost 26.9% of its population, and

Out-Wayne1 lost 1.4% of its population.xliv
Population changes from
2000-2014
Michigan
Wayne County
Detroit
Out-Wayne
2000 Population
9,938,444
2,061,162
951,270
1,109,892
2014 Population
9,889,024
1,790,078
695,437
1,094,641
Change in Population
Percent
-49,420
-271,084
-255,833
-15,251
-0.5%
-13.2%
-26.9%
-1.4%
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Total Population. Table B01003.
1
Out-Wayne in this report includes all Wayne County areas that are not included in the U.S. Census Bureau’s
definition of the city of Detroit.
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In Wayne County, the number of children younger than age 5 dropped by 36,038 children
between 2000 and 2014, a 24% decrease.xlv
Young Child Population Changes by Community, 2000-2014
Population Increases
Population Decreases
Pop.
Increase
%
Change
Rank
Pop.
Increase
%
Change
296
28.9%
1
406
22.6%
375
4
Northville
township
Hamtramck
Van Buren
township
Flat Rock
-558
-61.5%
2
Sumpter
township
Highland Park
-734
-57.3%
22.3%
3
Rockwood
-107
-47.1%
95
13.6%
4
-233
-44.2%
Plymouth
73
13.4%
5
-42
-43.8%
Belleville
Riverview
Dearborn
Heights
25
61
10.5 %
8.6%
6
7
Grosse Ile
township
Village of Grosse
Pointe Shores
Gibraltar
Detroit
5
6
7
-107
-27,214
-41.8%
-35.7%
281
7.5%
8
Northville
-73
-35.3%
Rank
1
2
3
8
Community
Community
2000 Census, Table DP01, 2014 ACS 5-YR, Table B06001
Highland Park lost more than one-third of its population between 2000 and 2014, and Detroit
lost more than one-quarter of its population.
Wayne County Cities & Townships by Population
Largest Population Declines
Largest Population Increases
2000
2014
%
change
16,746
10,951
-34.60%
951,270
695,437
-26.90%
9,917
7,761
-21.70%
11,856
9,435
-20.40%
30,115
25,056
-16.80%
11,229
9,401
-16.30%
3,107
2,722
-12.40%
Wayne
19,051
17,314
-9.10%
Wyandotte
28,006
25,470
-9.10%
City
Highland
Park
Detroit
River
Rouge
Sumpter
Township
Inkster
Ecorse
Northville
City
Northville
township
Brownstown
township
Van Buren
township
Canton
township
Flat Rock
Huron
charter
township
Gibraltar
Grosse
Pointe
township
Romulus
%
change
2000
2014
21,036
28,682
36.30%
22,989
30,615
33.20%
23,559
28,553
21.20%
76,366
89,672
17.40%
8,488
9,859
16.20%
13,737
15,782
14.90%
4,264
4,602
7.90%
2,743
2,915
6.30%
22,979
23,721
3.20%
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Table B01003; 2000 Census Summary File 1, Table P001
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Migration out of Wayne County
Of Wayne County residents who moved out of the state between 2009 and 2013, the top two
destinations were Ohio and Florida. However, most individuals moving out of Wayne County
stayed within Michigan. The top three Michigan counties to which they moved include, one in
five individuals moving to Macomb County (21.0%), 8.6% to Washtenaw County, and another
3.8% moving to Ingham County.
Migration out of Wayne County, 2009-2013
By State
Rank
Destination
State
By County
Total
Migrants
in Wayne
County
Percent of
Outbound
Migration
Rank
57,493
67.37%
1
1
Michigan
2
Ohio
3,210
3.76%
2
3
Florida
3,129
3.67%
3
4
Georgia
2,338
2.74%
4
5
Illinois
1,646
1.93%
5
6
Texas
1,587
1.86%
6
7
California
1,539
1.80%
7
8
North Carolina
1,394
1.63%
8
9
Kentucky
1,282
1.50%
9
10
Tennessee
1,191
1.40%
10
Destination
County
Macomb
County
Washtenaw
County
Ingham
County
Monroe
County
Livingston
County
Cook County
Jackson
County
Maricopa
County
St. Clair
County
Kent County
Total
Migrants
in Wayne
County
Percent of
Outbound
Migration
Michigan
13,330
21.00%
Michigan
5,483
8.64%
Michigan
2,393
3.77%
Michigan
1,735
2.73%
Michigan
1.083
1.71%
Illinois
844
1.33%
Michigan
844
1.33%
Arizona
831
1.31%
Michigan
745
1.17%
Michigan
714
1.13%
State
American Community Survey (2009-2013 5-Year Estimates) Table S0701.
Population by Age and Gender
Wayne County is home to 1,790,078 people. The county’s population is similar to the state and
the nation as a whole in gender and age. Just less than half of Wayne County’s population is male
(48.1%), and just more than half is female (51.9%).
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Additionally, one in four Wayne County residents is younger than age 18 (24.6%) and 13.2% of
Wayne County residents are older than 65.xlvi
Population by Age
Group in Wayne
County: 2014
Population
0-4
5-17
18-24
25-64
65+
Percent of
Population
116,562
323,673
177,468
936,157
236,218
6.5%
18.1%
9.9%
52.3%
13.2%
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates)
Table B01001.
Population by Race and Ethnicity
The racial makeup of Wayne County is quite different than the state as a whole, especially in
Detroit, where racial and ethnic minorities comprise over 90% of the city’s population.xlvii

Less than half of the population in Wayne County are White (49.8%), and nearly twofifths of the population is Black (39.5%).xlviii
Population by Race / Ethnicity
White
Black
5.3%
5.5%
5.4%
4.6%
Hispanic or Latino
3.3%
7.3%
13.8%
Other
6.5%
4.3%
13.3%
39.5%
80.7%
76.1%
75.9%
49.8%
8.7%
Michigan
Wayne County
Detroit
Out-Wayne
American Community Survey (2010 - 2014 5-Year Estimates) Tables B02001.
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More than 83,000 Wayne County residents report having Arab ancestry.xlix This ranks sixth
among ancestral groups, surpassed by German, Polish, Irish, English, and American ancestry. Of
those reporting Arab ancestry, 50.3% are male, 37.8% are under 18, and 84.8% are U.S. citizens
(whether native or naturalized).




The unemployment rate for the Arab population is 7.5%,
The labor force participation rate for the Arab population is 49.6%,
The poverty rate for the Arab population is 46.9%, and
21.4% of the Arab population individuals have attained a Bachelor’s degree or higher
level of education.l
Wayne County also is home to an estimated 141,638 individuals born outside of the United
States. Among these individuals, Mexico, Lebanon, Yemen, and India are the most common
places of birth.li Michigan is also one of the most common places of settlement for refugees
coming to the United States.
Ten Most Common Places of Birth for the ForeignBorn Population of Wayne County: 2014
Mexico
21,944
Lebanon
15,272
Yemen
11,345
India
11,122
Canada
7,338
Bangladesh
7,257
Iraq
6,406
China
4,246
Philippines
3,865
Pakistan
3,114
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Table B05006.

In 2014, 4,006 refugees (5.7% of all refugees settling in the U.S. that year) settled in
Michigan. In 2013, an even greater portion of all refugees, 6.7%, settled in Michigan.
Among residents in Wayne County speaking a language other than English at home, Arabic is the
most commonly spoken, closely followed by Spanish. Over 67,000 residents of Wayne County
speak Arabic at home, and nearly 66,000 speak Spanish at homes. Several other languages,
including Chinese, Polish, French, Urdu, and Italian, are spoken in the homes of 4,000 – 5,000
Wayne County residents.lii
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More than 1 in 8 (12.8%) residents of Wayne County speak a language other than English at
home. More than half of them also speak English very well (63%) and only 4.8% speak English
less than very well.liii
Residents Who Speak a Language Other Than English
at Home, Wayne County: 2014
27,032
23,377
40,705
42,296
Arabic
Spanish
Speak English
very well
Speak English
less than very
well
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Language Spoken at Home by
Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over. Table B16001.
Aging Trends
Nationally, the population of older adults is expected to grow significantly as Baby Boomers age.
Between 2012 and 2050, the population over the age of 65 is expected to almost double, from
43.1 million in 2012, to 83.7 million in 2050. liv Wayne County is similarly projected to see growth
in the number and percentage of older adults residing in the county. In the next ten years (2016
– 2026), the population of Wayne County is projected to decrease by 4%. However, during this
same period, the population age 60 and over is expected to grow by 16%.lv
From 2000 to 2014, Wayne County’s total population decreased by 13.2%. During the same
timeframe, the population younger than age of 50 decreased over 20% while the population
ages 50 and over increased by 12%.lvi
HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION
The U.S. Census Bureau’s definition of household includes all people who occupy a housing unit
as their regular place of residence. Households are categorized as family or nonfamily. Family
households are made up of two or more individuals who are related by birth, marriage, or
adoption. All other households, in which unrelated people live together, or an individual living
alone, are considered nonfamily households.lvii

More than half of households in Wayne County are family households (62.8%).lviii
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
Among families in Wayne County, 50.8% have children under the age of 18 in the home.lix
Family Situation for Children Under 18 in Households
Nonfamily
Household
1.5%
Single Male
Relative
Household
8.1%
Married
Household
51.9%
Single Female
Relative
Household
38.4%
American Community Survey (2010 - 2014 5-Year Estimates) Tables B17006,
B09018.
The majority of Wayne County children live in households with a biological parent (86.8%)lx.

While 50.8% of families in Wayne County have children under the age of 18 in the home,
some families have multiple children. Of all children in Wayne County, 51.9% live in a
two-parent household.lxi

More than one-third of Wayne County children live in a one-parent female headed
households (38.4%), and 8.1% live in a one-parent male headed households.lxii
Age of Children by Family Type in Wayne County
32.4%
35.2%
37.5%
30.8%
34.6%
32.5%
5.4%
11.2%
5.4%
10.5%
5.5%
10.9%
14.3%
20.3%
In married-couple families
Male householder, no wife present
Under 3 years
3 and 4 years
5 years
13.7%
Female householder, no husband present
6 to 11 years
12 to 17 years
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Table B09002.
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Many households in Wayne County and Detroit have multiple generations of individuals living
together. In Wayne County, 45,052 grandparents live with their grandchildren who are younger
than age 18. However, the grandparent is directly responsible for the grandchild in just more
than one-third of those households (38.2%).lxiii Although grandparents often are willing to care
for the children in their families, they may need additional financial assistance or other
support,lxiv especially in cases where the child has been a victim of maltreatment.lxv
POPULATIONS WITH UNIQUE SERVICE NEEDS
The following information provides an overview of specific populations that have unique social
service needs.
Veterans
Wayne County is home to 101,668 veterans, and nearly half are 65 years or older (46.7%).lxvi
Additionally, only 4.9% of Wayne County veterans are younger than age 35. Veterans in Wayne
County experience lower levels of poverty and similar levels of employment compared to the
county’s general population. However, veterans often face mental health and other challenges,
while transitioning back to civilian life.lxvii While there are several supporting organizations for
veterans throughout the county, veterans may be unaware of or may be unable to access these
services.lxviii

Among Wayne County veterans, 18.1% have attained a Bachelor’s degree or higher level
of education,lxix 11.3% are in poverty,lxx and 14.4% of those in the labor force are
unemployed.lxxi
The largest percentage of veterans in Wayne County (35.5%) served in the Vietnam Era, followed
by 28.5% who served during periods of peace.
Period Served
All Civilian Veterans
Gulf War (after 9/11)
Gulf War (before 9/11)
Vietnam Era
Korean War
World War II
Between Wars Only
Total Veterans
101,668
7,631
12,154
36,122
11,767
8,708
28,947
Percent of
Veterans
*
7.5%
12.0%
35.5%
11.6%
8.6%
28.5%
Numbers do not add to 100% because of veterans serving in multiple periods
Source: 2014 American Community Survey (2010 – 2014 5-Year Estimates). Table B21002.
Children in Foster Care
Abused or neglected children often suffer from both temporary and long-term physical and
emotional damage. Childhood maltreatment has been linked to depression, suicide, alcoholism,
criminal behavior, and future abuse as an adult.lxxii National, state, and local child maltreatment
agencies receive nearly six referrals each minute.lxxiii
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The preservation of family and community ties are essential to a child’s feeling of safety, wellbeing, and permanency. However, when a child is considered to be unsafe in his or her home,
the child may be removed.

As of September 30, 2015, there were approximately 13,097 children in foster care in
Michigan. Approximately 1,088 (8.3%) of Michigan’s foster children reside in Wayne
County.lxxiv
Within the current foster care system’s living arrangements in Michigan, 30% of children are
currently placed with relatives. Michigan's public and private partnerships are collaborating with
licensed relative caregivers to provide more opportunities for children to remain with their
biological family. In 2015, 692 relative-only licenses were issued.
Families First of Michigan (FFM) serves families that have at least one child at imminent risk of
placement in out-of-home care. Families with children in out-of-home care are eligible for
referral to the program when it is determined that reunification is not appropriate without
intensive services, and the Family Reunification Program (FRP) is not available.

In 2014, 88% of families in FFM were still together, one year after being served.
Family Reunification Program (FRP) services are available to families that have a child residing in
out-of-home placement due to abuse or neglect who can return home with intensive services
(within 30 days of the FRP referral).

During FY 2015, 952 families received FRP services. Approximately 83% of families who
completed FRP services for the period of twelve (12) months following case closure,
remained safely reunified.
The Guardianship Assistance Program (GAP) provides financial support to ensure permanency for
children who may otherwise remain in foster care until reaching the age 18. As of November
2015, the caseload was at an all-time high of 969 cases.lxxv
LGBT Population
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 2,000 households in Wayne County (0.3%)
identify as same-sex unmarried partners. This rate is slightly lower than the rates in Michigan as
a whole (0.4%) and in the U.S. as a whole (0.5%). These figures do not, however, represent the
full extent of LGBT population in Wayne County or Michigan. Across the state, there are an
estimated 14,600 same-sex coupleslxxvi and 184,000 LGBT workers.lxxvii
While most LGBT Americans may believe society has become more accepting in the past decade
(92%), many still report they have been stigmatized, ostracized or threatened in their lives. In
one study, Michigan LGBT individuals report experiencing harassment at school, housing
discrimination, workplace discrimination and discrimination from health or hospitality service
providers.lxxviii

Men in same-sex couples in Michigan have a median income that is 32% lower than those
in different-sex marriages. lxxix

84% of transgender workers in Michigan report workplace discrimination.lxxx
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In K-12 schools, LGBT students across the country face frequent harassment from classmates
and often lack school support.lxxxi In Michigan, most LGBT students hear anti-LGBT remarks
regularly, and 79% report verbal harassment in the last year.lxxxii Furthermore, 20% report
physical assault because of their sexual orientation in the last year, and only 9% attend schools
with policy protections for sexual orientation and gender identity.lxxxiii

LGBT youth experience homelessness at a rate 20 to 40 percent higher than the general
population, and may face discrimination from faith-based shelters that provide services
to individuals in a state of homelessness.lxxxiv
Prison and Reentry Population
Incarceration and Reentry are barriers to self-sufficiency for many families. In Michigan, 0.6% of
the adult population (41,627 men and 2,123 women) were in prison in 2014.lxxxv Additionally, in
2013, 1,683 Michigan youth resided in juvenile detention or residential facilities.lxxxvi
Two of Michigan’s four prison reentry programs are operated within Wayne County, the Detroit
Reentry Center and the Wayne County Intensive Detention Reentry Program.”lxxxvii In 2013,
97.5% of Michigan’s parolees completed their reentry programs.lxxxviii

31% of prisoners released in Michigan in 2004 returned to prison within 3 years.lxxxix

Though many factors influence a state’s recidivism rate, Michigan’s figure was below the
national average of 43.3%.xc
Persons with Disabilities
Data on disabilities is gathered through the Michigan Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.
This survey, a component of the national Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System, presents two
questions related to disability. A “Yes” response to either of “Are you limited in any way in any
activities because of physical, mental, or emotional problems?”, or “Do you now have any health
problem that requires you to use special equipment, such as a cane, a wheelchair, a special bed,
or a special telephone?” would classify an individual as having a disability.xci
Based on this survey, the proportion of the population in Michigan with disabilities increases
with age, is higher for females, and higher for individuals with low income and low levels of
education.xcii When asked these questions, 23.2% of Michigan respondents indicated having a
disability compared to 21.4% of respondents nation-wide. xciii
As older residents begin to make up a larger portion of the population in Michigan, the number
of adults with disabilities is expected to rise. By the year 2030, Michigan is projected to have
200,000 additional adults with disabilities.xciv
The Census defines disability in terms of the difficulty a condition causes in one’s life, such as
hearing, vision, or cognitive difficulty.xcv In 2014, 1.2% of the population under five years old had
a disability in Wayne County. This is higher than the state-wide prevalence for this age group, at
0.9%.xcvi
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Among the Wayne County population ages five to seventeen, 16.9% had a disability, with
“cognitive difficulty” being the most common. Among adults, “ambulatory difficulty” was the
most common type of disability, effecting 8.5% of the population age 18 to 64, and 28.2% of the
population over 65.xcvii
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Economics
WAYNE COUNTY’S ECONOMY
In 2015, Michigan’s cost of living was ranked the 9th most affordable nationally.xcviii Even so,
many Michigan residents are unable to find work or are working full-time struggle to pay for
necessities. Approximately 38% of working individuals in Wayne County make less than
$35,000.xcix Additionally, 25,500 adults in Wayne County worked full-time in 2014, but still had
incomes below the poverty level.c
Nearly half (46%) of the adult working age population (16 to 64) in Wayne County worked 50 to
52 weeks in the past year. Possible reasons individuals may not have engaged in the workforce
include lack of affordable childcare, being unable to find employment, receiving benefits that
may be taken away if individuals begin to work, or having a disability.ci




In 2014, the median household income for Wayne County was $41,421. This is lower
than the statewide median of $49,087.cii
Detroit’s median household income is almost 50% lower than Michigan’s, at $26,095.ciii
Income varies significantly in Wayne County by gender and educational attainment. Male
workers work an average of 39.9 hours per week civ and earn an average income of
$61,826cv a year. Females, however, work an average of 35.2 hours per week cvi and earn
an average of $45,664 a year.cvii
Individuals with a Bachelor’s degree earn an average of $22,976 more each year than
those who did not attend any postsecondary schooling.cviii
Median Income by Level of Education
Less than high school graduate
High school graduate (includes equivalency)
Some college or associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Graduate or professional degree
Male:
Female:
Total:
$21,730
$30,689
$40,470
$60,610
$81,925
$13,785
$21,414
$26,117
$41,035
$58,808
$18,238
$25,951
$31,211
$48,927
$67,597
American Community Survey (2010 - 2014 Five Year Estimates) Table B20004.
BANKING AND LENDING
Wayne County residents, especially in Detroit, struggle to access financial tools. In 2009, Detroit
was ranked second among large cities nationwide in the percentage of households that were
“unbanked,” meaning they did not have accounts at insured banking institutions.cix Individuals
who are unbanked or underbanked fall prey to predatory lending or other alternative financial
services, such as payday loans, non-bank check cashing, or rent-to-own services.


In Wayne County, 11.7% of residents are unbanked, and another 22.3% are
underbanked.cx
5% of individuals surveyed in Michigan reported using payday loan borrowing.cxi
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

The average payday loan borrower is in debt for five months of the year and spends $520
in fees on average, to repeatedly borrow $375.cxii
The average payday loan user earns around $30,000 per year.cxiii
Estimates of Household Access to Financial Institutions
Unbanked
Wayne County
City of Detroit
Michigan
Underbanked
11.7%
19.9%
5.7%
22.3%
28.5%
18.1%
Assets and Opportunity Place Report. localdata.assetsandopportunity.org
LABOR FORCE
The labor force participation rate measures the percentage of the working-age population that is
either employed or unemployed (not employed but looking for work), compared to the total
working age population. In Wayne County, 58.9% of the population is in the labor force,
compared to 61.5% in Michigan as a whole. Detroit’s labor force participation rate was even
lower at 53.3%.cxiv
Labor force participation also varies by gender. In Wayne County, 62.9% of men were in the
labor force, compared to only 55.2% of women.cxv
2014 Labor Force
Participation by Gender
Men In labor force:
Women In labor force:
Total:
Michigan
65.7%
57.5%
61.5%
Wayne
County
62.9%
55.2%
58.9%
Detroit
54.1%
52.6%
53.3%
OutWayne
68.2%
56.9%
62.3%
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Table B23001.
Unemployment in Wayne County is highest in the cities of Highland Park and Detroit. In these
cities, as well as River Rouge, and Ecorse, more than 1 in 4 individuals are unemployed.2
2
The bureau of labor statistics provides more up-to-date unemployment numbers than those seen below (5-year
estimates from 2010-2014), however, those estimates are not available at the sub-county level.
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Wayne County’s unemployment rate peaked in 2009 at 16.2% due to the recession. At that time,
Detroit’s unemployment rate was even higher; one-quarter of the population was unemployed
(25.1%). Since then, the level of unemployment has been decreasing. In 2015, Wayne County’s
unemployment rate was 7.3%, and Detroit’s was 12.4%.cxvi In Michigan, the unemployment rate
was 5.4% in 2015, similar to the national rate of 5.3%.cxvii
Unemployment Rate 2006 - 2015
Wayne County
25.1%
Detroit
Out-Wayne
24.7%
21.1%
19.2%
16.22%
15.0%
13.4%
8.23%
16.3%
15.48%
13.5%
8.24%
12.93%
9.78%
10.59%
7.30%
8.80%
5.20%
4.61%
2006
2007
12.4%
11.69% 11.55%
9.26%
9.42%
4.59%
19.0%
7.91%
7.85%
6.62%
4.90%
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Bureau of Labor Statistics (2016) Local Area Unemployment Statistics, 2006 – 2015.
Wayne County Unemployment Rates
Rank
City/Township
Unemployment
Rate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Highland Park
Detroit
River Rouge
Ecorse
Inkster
Hamtramck
Romulus
Taylor
Melvindale
Wayne
35.0%
27.1%
26.4%
25.4%
20.8%
19.6%
16.5%
16.4%
15.0%
14.5%
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates)
Table B23025.
Wayne County’s unemployment rate (7.3%) does not capture the impact of residents struggling
in the job market. A category of workers not captured in unemployment rates are discouraged
workers. Discouraged workers are individuals who want to work, are able to, and have searched
for a job in the past year, but have not searched for a job in the past month, because they
believe no jobs are available.
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
Adding unemployed and discouraged workers together raises the unemployment rate
from 5.2 to 5.7% for the state of Michigan over the last two quarters of 2015 and the first
quarter of 2016.

Some individuals work part-time and would like to work full-time, but because employers
aren’t able to pay for full time workers, their hours remain less than 35 hours per week.
This group makes up nearly 5% of the Michigan labor force.3
Teen Labor Force
In Wayne County, 38% of teens (ages 16-19) are in the labor force. Teens are a part of the labor
force, if they are employed or actively looking for a job. Students that work only in the summer
are not considered to be a part of the labor force, except during times of the year where they
are employed or looking for employment. Among these teens that make up the labor force, the
unemployment rate is 42.9% for males and 41.1% for females.cxviii
3
Labor force estimates are unavailable at the sub-county-level.
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Idle teens are classified as teenagers (ages 16-19) that are not in the labor force and not enrolled
in school. In Wayne County, 7.3% of teenagers are considered idle teens.cxix
Idle Teen Rate by Race:
Wayne County, 2014
White
Black
Hispanic
Total
Percent
4.6%
9.9%
8.8%
7.3%
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates)
Table S0902.
WAYNE COUNTY JOBS
Wayne County residents hold jobs in a variety of different fields. The largest occupation in the
county is Office and Administrative support followed by Sales and Production occupations. Of
the top 10 occupations by some employees in Wayne County, six occupations provide median
hourly wages below the state-wide median hourly income of $17.02.cxx
Top 10 Occupations in Wayne County: 2014
Number of
Employees
Median
Wage
Median
Hourly Wage
Office and administrative support occupations
97,197
$30,167
$15.50
Sales and related occupations
70,379
$20,745
$12.15
Production occupations
62,096
$32,647
$15.94
Management occupations
51,456
$63,855
$45.16
Food preparation and serving related occupations
45,293
$11,438
$9.22
Education, training, and library occupations
34,800
$39,952
$21.53
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
29,900
$17,366
$11.46
Personal care and service occupations
28,470
$13,844
$10.19
Business and financial operations occupations
28,129
$54,080
$29.80
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners and other
technical occupations
26,743
$61,372
$33.32
Bureau of Labor Statistics (2015) May 2015 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Michigan.
While occupational data provides the types of jobs individuals in Wayne County hold, industry
data provides an overview of sectors that are leading changes in workforce needs and countylevel economics.
In Wayne County, the Mortgage and Nonmortgage Loan Brokers industry had the greatest
growth over the past five years, adding 6,316 positions in Wayne County since 2011. This
exceeds the growth expected for the industry by over 5,000 positions based on economic trends.
This difference between expected changes in a number of positions based on economic trends
compared to actual increases of positions is the Competitive Effect of Wayne County.cxxi
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Approximately 8 out of 10 of the fasting growing industries in Wayne County attribute their
growth to the county’s Competitive Effect.cxxii
Wayne County Fastest Growing Industries
2011-2016
Mortgage and Nonmortgage Loan Brokers
Automobile Manufacturing
Research and Development in the Physical,
Engineering, and Life Sciences (except Biotechnology)
Warehouse Clubs and Supercenters
General Medical and Surgical Hospitals
Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping
Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
Home Healthcare Services
Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts
Manufacturing
Corporate, Subsidiary, and Regional Managing Offices
Change in
Jobs (20112016)
% Change
Expected
Change
Competitive
Effect
6,316
4,150
250%
39%
925
1,976
5,390
2,173
4,100
41%
338
3,762
3,115
2,883
2,827
2,691
1,552
61%
6%
58%
64%
35%
1,325
2,728
1,797
860
874
1,791
155
1,030
1,832
678
1,522
65%
462
1,060
1,503
8%
3,475
(1,972)
Emsi 2016.2 (2016) Highest Ranked Industries.
The ten biggest job providers in Wayne County are companies who manufacture motor vehicles
and motor vehicle parts. Additionally, one regional healthcare organization is represented in the
top ten job providers.
Company Name
Primary
City
General Motors Company
Detroit
Ford Motor Company
Dearborn
Zf North America, Inc. / Division P
Northville
Zf Trw Automotive Holdings Corp.
Livonia
Trw Automotive Inc.
Livonia
Catholic Health East
Livonia
Johnson Electric North America, Inc.
Plymouth
Penske Automotive
Bloomfield
Hills
Ford Holdings LLC
Dearborn
Masco Building Products Corp
Taylor
Line Of Business
Motor vehicles and
car bodies
Motor vehicles and
car bodies
Motor vehicle parts
and accessories
Motor vehicle parts
and accessories
Motor vehicle parts
and accessories
Healthcare
management
services apparatus
Electrical
and equipment
New and used car
dealers
Subdividers and
developers
Hardware
Total
Employees
215,000
199,000
68,037
68,037
57,499
51,110
40,000
36,000
31,400
30,000
Source: www.hoovers.com
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Projected Jobs
Over the next 10 years, projections show an overall decrease in jobs in Wayne County. However,
certain industries and occupations are showing upward trends. The following projection
numbers are for occupations, in which the average hourly wage is at least $15.cxxiii
Occupations related to the medical field are expected to lead job growth in the county, with 5 of
the top 10 growing occupations being related to the medical profession. Mechanical and
Engineering Technician positions also are projected to grow over the next decade.
Description
Loan Officers
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians
Registered Nurses
Physical Therapists
Healthcare Social Workers
Clergy
Medical and Health Services Managers
Civil Engineers
Medical Secretaries
2016
Jobs
2026
Jobs
1,460
2,395
983
18,432
1,255
1,247
908
1,833
1,154
2,180
1,867
2,861
1,133
21,206
1,441
1,424
1,028
2,062
1,280
2,407
2016 2026
Change
407
466
150
2,774
186
177
120
229
126
227
2016 Avg.
2026 % Hourly
Change Earnings
28%
19%
15%
15%
15%
14%
13%
12%
11%
10%
$27.11
$23.40
$27.02
$33.37
$40.77
$24.62
$21.43
$53.87
$33.99
$16.48
EMSI 2016
The occupations with the largest number of projected jobs in 2026 are in fields that are expected
to decrease in the number of overall jobs during the decade. Top jobs in 2026 are projected to
be Nurses, Office Clerks, and Team Assemblers.
Description
2016 Jobs
Registered Nurses
Office Clerks, General
Team Assemblers
Customer Service Representatives
Mechanical Engineers
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers
General and Operations Managers
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, No Legal, Medical, Executive
Postsecondary Teachers
Sales Representatives, Wholesale & Manufacturing, No Technical or
Scientific Products
18,432
18,878
20,790
14,113
10,666
10,289
10,145
8,255
7,201
7,612
2026
Jobs
21,206
17,836
15,142
14,319
10,487
10,208
10,054
8,085
7,084
6,932
Avg.
Hourly
Earnings
$33.37
$15.84
$20.87
$16.22
$45.10
$20.87
$55.29
$16.61
$34.84
$34.83
EMSI 2016
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TRANSPORTATION
Owning a vehicle is important for Wayne County workers. More than 80% of Wayne County
workers drive to work alone, and another 9.7% carpool to work. Very few people in the county
rely on public transportation to get to work (3.3%). Please see chart below for the full picture of
transportation means in Wayne County.
Means of Transportation to Work for
Workers 16 and Over by Race: Wayne
County, 2014
Car, truck, or van - drove alone
Car, truck, or van - carpooled
Public transportation (excluding taxicab)
Walked
Taxicab, motorcycle, bicycle, or other means
Worked at home
White
85.6%
8.4%
0.7%
1.5%
1.0%
2.8%
Black
All
Workers
74.3%
10.3%
8.5%
2.1%
1.9%
2.9%
81.1%
9.7%
3.3%
1.8%
1.4%
2.7%
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Tables B08105A and B08105B.

Approximately 14% of Wayne County households and 25% of Detroit households do not
own a vehicle.cxxiv

Black workers are more likely to use public transportation to travel to work (8.5%) than
their White peers (0.7%).This higher rate may be due to a higher concentration of Black
workers in the city of Detroit that have more access to public transportation.cxxv
Drivers in Michigan face some of the highest automobile insurance rates in the country. From
2012 to 2015, Michigan has led all states in average annual insurance premiums, in part due to
the state’s medical coverage requirements.cxxvi

While the statewide average is $2,738,cxxvii the median car insurance cost for zip codes in
Wayne County is even higher at $3,191.cxxviii
The vast majority of Wayne County residents travel an hour or less to get to work (94.5%);
however, 1 in 20 travel more than an hour (5.5%).cxxix
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Travel Time to Work
3.0%
1.4%
3.1%
5.1%
36.9%
38.9%
47.8%
45.2%
7.2%
11.5%
Detroit city, Michigan
Less than 10 minutes
25 to 59 minutes
More than 90 minutes
Out-Wayne County, Michigan
10 to 24 minutes
60 to 89 minutes
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Table 08383.
Additionally, many Wayne County residents commute to workplaces outside of the county’s
borders (173,000 workers).cxxx Of workers commuting outside the county, an estimated 7.7% use
alternatives to automobiles for their daily commutes. For those using public transportation, a
recent report showed that the Detroit Department of Transportation had experienced issues
with bus reliabilitycxxxi and availability for workers with irregular shifts.cxxxii
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Housing, Food, and Homelessness
HOUSING IN WAYNE COUNTY
Because of the economic climate in Wayne County, many residents have trouble paying for
basics like food and housing. During the recession in 2008, the housing bubble across the nation
“popped,” causing thousands of homeowners to lose their homes to foreclosure. During this
time, housing prices dropped drastically, and housing loans became extremely difficult to obtain.
Wayne County, and especially the city of Detroit within Wayne County, was particularly impacted
by this phenomenon.
Additionally, certain vulnerable populations, such as seniors with disabilities, may face challenges
finding housing that meets their accessibility or long-term care needs—especially at an
affordable price.cxxxiii
Foreclosures
A symptom of this crisis has been foreclosure judgments, which occur after three years of
delinquent property taxes. Home foreclosures often result in negative personal impacts for
homeowners such as poorer health,cxxxiv personal financial stress, and housing instability as well
as community level impacts such as neighborhood decline, and increased crime.cxxxv
The number of foreclosed properties held up for auction in Wayne County doubled between
2011 and 2015, from 13,631 to 27,982 homes. These foreclosures are especially common in
Detroit, which accounted for 89.2% of the county’s foreclosures during that time.
The Wayne County Treasurer’s Office has increased efforts to provide homeowners with
payment extensions and payment plans, and in 2016 the number of foreclosed properties is
projected to drop to 16,078 in Wayne County of which 14,622 are in the city of Detroit.cxxxvi
City
Detroit
Highland Park
Inkster
Ecorse
River Rouge
2016 Foreclosures
(Estimated)
14,622
1,646
298
180
154
Lawrence, E. D. (2016) Wayne County Foreclosure
Numbers See Huge Dip. Detroit Free Press
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Wayne County Foreclosures, 2011-2016
Properties for Auction
26,515
27,982
20,925
16,078
17,815
13,631
2011 (2008
Taxes)
2012 (2009
Taxes)
2013 (2010
Taxes)
2014 (2011
Taxes)
2015 (2012
Taxes)
2016 Estimate
(2013 Taxes)
Wayne County Treasurer’s Officecxxxvii
Legal Needs
Issues of foreclosure have increased the need for legal services. As the number of individuals in
poverty has increased in Michigan, more individuals have become eligible for free legal aid.
However, funding for these programs has also decreased, leaving an increasing number of
Michigan residents without access to legal services. As of 2015, the Michigan Legal Services
Corporation reported there was 1 lawyer in the state for every 281 individuals in the general
population, and 1 legal aid lawyer for every 12,530 individuals with incomes at or below 125% of
the federal poverty guidelines.cxxxviii
Nationally on average, low-income households experience approximately one civil legal need per
year, but less than 20% of these needs are addressed with the help of an attorney.cxxxix
Housing Stock
Over the past fifteen years, Wayne County has had an extreme drop in “adequate, affordable,
and available units” from roughly 48,000 to 24,500 units.cxl Nearly three-quarters of the housing
stock in Wayne County was built prior to 1970, and 18% of the housing stock was built before
1940.cxli Older housing, especially if not well kept, is more likely to have lead paint, poor
weatherization, and need expensive repairs.
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Age of Housing Stock - Homeowners
3.1%
6.3%
11.2%
8.3%
9.9%
22.1%
29.7%
39.0%
87.1%
71.5%
62.0%
49.8%
Michigan
Wayne County
Built pre 1969
Detroit
Built 1970-1999
Out-Wayne
Built 2000 or later
American Community Survey (2010 - 2014 5 Year Estimates) Table B25036.
In Wayne County, newer houses tend to have higher values than older houses. The median value
for homes built in Wayne County since 2010 is $268,200, compared to the median value for all
homes in the county of $83,200. While there have been relatively few homes in Detroit built
since 2010, those homes tend to have lower values than older homes in the city. The median
value of homes built in Detroit since 2010 is $35,000, compared to the median home value of
$45,100 for all homes in the city.
Median Value by Age of House
$268,200
$67,400
$48,100
$44,000
$59,200
$45,800
$41,200
$58,700
$48,900
$159,200
$90,000
$172,000
$87,400
$178,800
$132,600
$99,300
$74,600
$35,000
Built 1939 or Built 1940 - Built 1950 - Built 1960 - Built 1970 - Built 1980 - Built 1990 - Built 2000 - Built 2010 or
earlier
1949
1959
1969
1979
1989
1999
2010
later
Wayne County Detroit
American Community Survey (2010 - 2014 5 Year Estimates) Table B25107.
The Department of Housing and Urban Development conducts an annual American Housing
Survey that includes a measure of housing conditions. According to this metric, 2.1% of all
occupied housing units in the Detroit MSA have severe physical problems, and 4.7% of those
occupied by people in poverty have severe physical problems. Overall, the Detroit MSA has a
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higher percentage of housing units with severe problems than the U.S. as a whole, but a much
lower frequency of units with moderate physical problems than the national average.
Housing Condition, by Region and Category
Severe Physical Problems
Moderate Physical Problems
6.5%
6.3%
3.4%
2.4%
1.7%
2.1%
U.S., Total
6.7%
3.7%
3.6%
2.9%
4.7%
3.2%
Detroit MSA, U.S., Renters Detroit MSA,
Total
Renters
U.S., in
Poverty
Detroit MSA,
in Poverty
AHS 2013, Table C-05-AO
A growing concern across Michigan, but especially in Wayne County is vacant housing or blight.
Areas of widespread blight tend to have higher rates of crime, lower rates of community
engagement, and fewer social and economic opportunities than other communities.cxlii

Wayne County also has a large percentage of vacant homes compared to the state and
the nation (18.3% compared to 15.6% and 12.6%, respectively), and the vacancy rate in
Detroit is even higher at 30.0%. The vacant housing in Out-Wayne is largely concentrated
in the communities of Highland Park, Inkster, Ecorse and River Rouge.
Vacant Housing
30.0%
15.6%
12.5%
18.3%
8.9%
United States
Michigan
Wayne County
Detroit
Out-Wayne
American Community Survey (2010 - 2014 5 Year Estimates) Table: B25004.
Renters
Wayne County has one of the highest percentages of renters in the nation, ranking in the 86th
percentile of all counties across the U.S. More than one-third of households in Wayne County
are renters (36.1%), and in Detroit, the percentage is even higher at 49.3%.cxliii
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Renter Vs. Owner-Occupied
72.0%
71.5%
63.9%
50.7%49.3%
36.1%
28.5%
Michigan
28.0%
Wayne County
Owner-Occupied
Detroit
Out-Wayne
Renter-Occupied
American Community Survey (2010 - 2014 5-Year Estimates) Table S2503.
Within any given year, most Wayne County residents stay within their same house (85.6%).
However, Wayne County residents are more likely than their peers to move within the same
county (11.1% compared to 9.1% in Michigan). When residents move within a county, it typically
indicates they are having difficulty with housing affordability, are unable to find a job close to
their home, or there is a disparity in school quality from one area of the county to another.
Geographical Mobility Comparisons
11.1%
9.1%
9.0%
3.2%
3.8%
1.9%
Moved within the same county
United States
Moved from different county within the same
state
Michigan
Wayne County
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Table B07001.
Over the past 15 years, Wayne County experienced an increase of Extremely Low Income (ELI)
renters – from 88,945 to 99,699. cxliv In Wayne County renters are most likely to pay between
$500 and $699 per month in rent (36.5%)cxlv
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Rent Payments
43.2%
36.5%
42.1%
34.0%
29.4%
28.9%
22.7%
20.6%
12.5%
6.3%
5.3%
3.7%
7.7%
3.5%
1.0%
Less than $250
$250-$499
$500-$699
$700-$1,249
Wayne County Detroit Out-Wayne
$1,250-$2,000+
American Community Survey (2010 - 2014 5 Year Estimates) Table: B25061.
However, more than one-third of households paying rent in Wayne County are experiencing rent
burden - spending more than 30% of their monthly income on rent (36.5%). This figure includes
the cost of utilities, which represent about 24.6% of housing costs among renters nationwide.cxlvi
Not surprisingly, the percentage of households experiencing rent burden is higher for
households earning less income. Even so, 1 in 7 households earning $20,000 - $34,999, spend
more than 30% of their income on rent.cxlvii
Rent Burden by Income Level
90.0% 90.1% 89.9%
70.7% 68.9% 72.3%
30.7% 30.4% 30.8%
Less than $20k
$20k-$34.9k
Wayne County
Detroit
$35k-$49.9k
Out-Wayne
American Community Survey (2010 - 2014 5 Year Estimates) Table B25106
Homeowners
Just less than two-thirds of individuals in Wayne County own their homes (63.9%).cxlviii Of those
who own their homes, 2 in 5 do not owe a mortgage (40.5%). While Wayne County’s percentage
of homeowners owing a mortgage is close to the state and national rate, Detroit has significantly
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fewer homeowners who owe a mortgage. The low mortgage rate in Detroit is closely tied to the
low property values and unwillingness of banks to lend in the City.
Homeowners Who Do Not Owe a Mortgage
52.9%
34.4%
36.4%
United States
Michigan
40.5%
35.2%
Wayne County
Detroit
Out-Wayne
American Community Survey (2010 - 2014 5 Year Estimates) Tables: S2507 and S2506
Approximately one-third of homeowners who owe a mortgage pay between $1,000 and $1,500
a month in owner costs, but more than one-third pay more than $1,500 per month. Households
that do not pay a mortgage (49.6%) pay much less a month than those who do. In fact, half of
these homeowners pay only $200 to $499 per month in owner costs.cxlix
Percentage of Homeowners
by Monthly Owner Costs
Less than $200
$200 to $499
$500 to $699
$700 to $999
$1000 to $1499
$1500 to $2000
$2000 or more
With a
mortgage:
0.0%
1.9%
5.9%
19.2%
36.6%
19.9%
16.5%
Without a
mortgage:
4.4%
49.6%
27.3%
18.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Table B25087.
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Subsidized/Affordable Housing Availability
Wayne County’s low income residents have little access to housing assistance through either the
Housing Choice voucher program (portable –formerly known as “Section 8”), Project-based
assistance (subsidy attached to a specific unit), or other affordable housing developments that
are funded through a variety of mechanisms including, but not limited to Low Income Housing
Tax Credits, HOME funds and Community Development Block Grant funds. Furthermore, units
in government-subsidized public housing developments are not readily available and/or are
often located in areas that do not promote the de-concentration of poverty. Eligibility for all of
the programs, if and when the opportunity is available, is dependent on a family’s size, income
level (as a percentage of area median income), credit history and criminal background.
The table below illustrates what is available from each housing commission that serves Wayne
County using July 2016 as a sample:
Housing Commission
Allen Park
Ecorse
Dearborn
Detroit
Hamtramck
Highland Park
Inkster
Lincoln Park
Livonia
Melvindale
Northville
Plymouth
River Rouge
Rockwood
Romulus
Taylor
Wayne
Westland
Michigan State Housing
Development Authority
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Public Housing
Target Population
Elderly
Families
Elderly
Families
Families
Families
Families
Families
Elderly
Elderly
Elderly
Elderly
Families
Families
Families
Elderly
Families
N/A
N/A
Housing Choice Voucher Program Status
N/A = Does not administer the program
N/A
Waiting list closed
Waiting list closed
N/A
N/A
Waiting list closed
Waiting list closed
Waiting list closed
Waiting list closed
N/A
Waiting list closed
Waiting list closed
N/A
N/A
Waiting list closed
N/A
Waiting list closed
General waiting list closed. Only homeless
working with a service provider can apply.
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HOMELESSNESS
The homeless population is a difficult population to gather accurate data. Several organizations
gather information about the homeless population using different methods that naturally
duplicate counts of individuals and leave some homeless individuals uncounted. A one night
point-in time count of homelessness estimated that approximately 12,227 homeless individuals
resided in Michigan,cl but another report using a methodology intended to count all individuals
who had been homeless in the past year estimated the number to be much larger at 93,619.cli
Michigan’s Homeless Management Information System (MSHMIS) is a single database platform
that provides an unduplicated count of homeless persons living in each region of Michigan. In
2011, MSHMIS projected a total of 25,926 homeless individuals in Detroit and Out-Wayne
County together. In 2013, Wayne County was estimated to account for 26% of the homeless
population statewide.clii
Michigan's Campaign to End
Homelessness, 2011
Total Homeless in HMIS
Projected Homeless
Adults in Families
Adult Singles
Chronically Homeless (sub population
of Singles)
Unaccompanied Youth (Youth who are
not in Families)
Children in Families
Total Family Households
Region 10 – OutWayne CoC
Region 108 - Detroit
HMIS Collaborative
Michigan
Statewide
2,179
3,113
23.0%
40.5%
13.4%
19,847
22,813
17.5%
63.8%
26.6%
71,713
93,982
25.1%
48.8%
15.7%
3.5%
0.3%
1.3%
33.3%
15.6%
19.5%
13.4%
26.4%
18.0%
The Campaign to End Homelessness: The State of Homelessness in Michigan – Our Work in 2013 Statewide Report.
Children - Homelessness
Estimating the population of homeless children is difficult because it is not always obvious when
a child is homeless. These youth usually change residences and schools often, and many youth–
especially unaccompanied teens–try to hide that they are homeless.
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
In Michigan, an estimated 10% of homeless individuals were younger than age 5, and
another 18% were between the ages of 5 and 17.cliii
Persons Experiencing
Homelessness 2013 by
Age - Michigan
Age 0 to 4
Age 5 to 10
Age 11 to 17
Age 18 to 34
Age 35 to 54
Age 55+
Overall
Homeless
10%
9%
9%
30%
31%
10%
Chronically
Homeless
<1%
<1%
<1%
23%
53%
22%
The Campaign to End Homelessness: The State of Homelessness in Michigan –
Our Work in 2013 Statewide Report.
The McKinney-Vento Act defines homeless children as “individuals who lack fixed, regular, and
adequate nighttime residence.”cliv Under the McKinney-Vento Act, schools are required to count
the number of children in their school that are defined as homeless. In school year 2014, the
Michigan Department of Education counted 38,079 homeless children and youth in grades PreKindergarten through 12th grade. These students comprise approximately 2.4% of the population
enrolled in the local education agencies.clv

Most of Michigan’s homeless students identified by the Department of Education are
living in unstable housing, such as doubled up (71.8%), in shelters (21.7%), or motels
(5.1%). Only 1.4% are living unsheltered in cars, parks, or abandoned buildings. clvi
Veterans – Homelessness
Veterans experience homelessness more frequently than other populations.clvii Nationally, 11%
of homeless adults were veterans in 2014, but that proportion varies by state. An estimated
1,122 homeless veterans reside in Michigan. Of the 525 homeless veterans residing in Detroit,
only 2.1% were unsheltered, one of the lowest rates in the nation. clviii Additionally, veterans who
receive housing support are more likely to receive increased medical care.clix
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HUNGER AND FOOD INSECURITY
Households with availability of food that is uncertain, insufficient or limited due to economic,
physical or other constraints are considered “food insecure.”clx Rates of food insecurity are
particularly high in households with incomes near or below the federal poverty level and oneparent households with children.clxi



Michigan ranked 36th in food hardship in 2014, and Wayne County has the highest food
insecurity rate in the state.clxii
In Wayne County, more than 1 in 5 households (22.0% or nearly 395,000 people) faced
food insecurity in 2014. clxiii
23.1% of children in Wayne County face food insecurity annually. clxiv
Federal nutrition programs can help individuals who face food insecurity; however, 17% of
Wayne County’s food insecure adults and nearly one-third of its food insecure children are likely
ineligible for SNAP and other food programs because their family’s incomes do not fall below the
eligibility threshold.clxv Limited access to supermarkets, supercenters, grocery stores, or other
sources of healthy and affordable food make it difficult to eat a healthy diet. The map below
shows Wayne County’s food deserts, or low-income areas where a significant share of individuals
live more than 1 mile from a supermarket in urban areas.clxvi Though many census tracts in
Detroit are low-income, the density of grocery stores within the city means that it does not
contain any food deserts, by the USDA definition.
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School Lunch and Summer Food Programs
The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) is a federal program that provides free and reducedprice meals to low-income children throughout the school year. The state of Michigan served
128.0 million meals through the NSLP in FFY 2014, down from 141.4 million meals in FFY
2011.clxvii

59.4% of Wayne County’s students are eligible to receive free or reduced-price lunches,
compared to 46.1% of Michigan students.clxviii
The Summer Food Service Program is a USDA service that provides federal funding for local
sponsors that wish to offer meals to low-income children (under the age of 18) throughout the
summer when school is not in session.clxix There are roughly 450 meal-serving sites—run by 32
different sponsors—distributed throughout Wayne County,clxx with most sites serving breakfasts
and lunches.

Most sponsors in Wayne County are public school districts, but some are non-profits and
private school organizations.

Across the state of Michigan, 3.7 Million meals were served in 2014; 60.8% of these
meals were lunches and 28.1% were breakfasts.clxxi
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is a federal food assistance program
designed to raise the nutritional level of low-income households. It was called the Food Stamp
Program prior to 2008.clxxii In 2013, the average monthly benefit for individuals using SNAP in
Michigan was $136.65 per person.clxxiii

More than one-quarter of all Wayne County households received food benefits at some
point between 2013 and 2014 (25.7%), and the rate was even higher at nearly 2 in 5
households with children.clxxiv

A study of families using SNAP benefits showed that 86.3% of American households
exhaust their monthly SNAP benefits within 3 weeks.clxxv
Percentage of Households
Receiving SNAP Benefits
All Households
Households with Children
Michigan
Wayne County
(including Detroit)
Detroit
17.1%
27.2%
25.7%
39.6%
41.7%
61.6%
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Table B22002.
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Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
WIC is a program that provides health, nutrition, and food services to children under age 5 and
pregnant women. The average monthly benefit per household receiving WIC in Michigan is
$38.62.clxxvi In 2014, 74,122 young Wayne County children received support from the WIC
program. This represented 64% of children between ages 0 and 5 in the county.clxxvii
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Education
EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
From the moment they are born, children begin to learn and develop. In their early years, this
learning is affected by children’s environment, including their homes as well as any programs or
services in which they or their families participate. Children who attend high-quality early child
care and education programs have higher test scores, fewer behavior problems and lower rates
of grade repetition than their peers.clxxviii As adults, they are more likely to pursue higher
education, earn higher wages and rely less on government assistance programs.clxxix

Parents with access to affordable and dependable child care are less likely to have child
care-related disruptions that affect their work attendance or schedule.clxxx

One in ten Michigan families (9.6%) have had problems with childcare severe enough
that they have caused a parent to turn down, change or quit a job in the past year. The
rate is higher for low-income families (13.4% of families earning less than 200% of the
federal poverty level, or 200% FPL).clxxxi
Many young children are enrolled in early childhood programs in Wayne County. Nearly half of
all Wayne County 3 and 4-year olds are enrolled in school (47.2%), and the number of students
enrolled in private schools is higher in Out-Wayne County than in the city of Detroit.clxxxii
Percentage of 3 and 4 Year Olds Enrolled in
School by Location
52.7%
52.8%
55.8%
50.6%
15.9%
12.2%
5.1%
17.5%
31.4%
35.0%
39.2%
31.9%
Michigan
Wayne County,
Michigan
Detroit city,
Michigan
Out-Wayne
Enrolled in public school:
Enrolled in private school:
Not enrolled in school:
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates. Table B14003.
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In Michigan, high quality early child care and education is defined by the Great Start to Quality
rating and improvement system (QRIS). This system supports early childhood programs improve
their programs as well as helping families choose quality programs that meet their children’s
needs. Ratings in the QRIS range from an empty star for programs that have not yet been rated
to a high of 5 starts for programs that are aligned with Michigan's Early Childhood Standards of
Quality for Infant and Toddler Programs and Early Childhood Standards of Quality for
Prekindergarten.clxxxiii
Total
Number of
Programs
Statewide*
Program Type
Child Care and Preschool
Centers
Group Child Care Homes
Family Child Care Homes
Total Programs
Empty
Star
1 Star
2 Star
3 Star
4 Star
5 Star
3948
1966
3
39
625
1178
137
1700
3415
9063
1196
2771
5933
24
63
90
103
185
327
325
368
1318
34
16
1228
18
12
167
* Includes programs/providers that are eligible to participate in Great Start to Quality, does not include programs/providers that
provide school-age services only or those programs not in good standing with licensing.
Great Start to Quality June 1016 Dashboard Report. http://greatstarttoquality.org
Early care and education in Wayne County can be very costly, and acts as a barrier for families
with low incomes. Michigan ranks as the 12th most expensive state in the U.S. for infant care with
an average annual cost of more than $10,000 for full-time care. That means that a one parent
household earning a median income in the state would be paying nearly half of income for infant
care.clxxxiv

Costs are lower for 4-year olds and school age children at nearly $8,000 per year and
about $4,500 per year.
Average Child Care Center Costs in Michigan Compared to Housing
Costs
Average Annual
Child Care Center Costs
Infant
$10,114
4-Year-Old
$7,930
School-Age
$4,576
Average Annual
Housing Costs
Two Children
$18,044
Rent
$8,952
Mortgage
$16,008
Michigan League for Public Policy (2013) Child Care Aware.
There are programs and services across Michigan designed to ensure that children are on a path
to future success. Unfortunately, these programs and services are often difficult to find,
uncoordinated, and, all too frequently, not serving children and families well.”clxxxv Throughout
Wayne County, the supply of Head Start programming is far below the number of eligible
children who are in need of childcare, and supply for Early Head Start is virtually nonexistent. In
Out-Wayne, the current supply of Head Start is enough to meet only 21.5% of potential
demand;clxxxvi current services in the city of Detroit are only enough to meet 18.7% of potential
demand. clxxxvii
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Additionally, in Wayne County, there remains a gap between the number of families receiving
subsidies for child care costs and those who need subsidies. Between 2007 and 2014:


The average monthly number of children in state-subsidized care fell from nearly 39,000
to only 9,400.
State funding dropped from $16.4 million to $2.5 million in Wayne County.clxxxviii
Additionally, of children enrolled in Wayne Regional Educational Service Agency (RESA)4
programs, more than half are economically disadvantaged students.clxxxix
Students Enrolled in Early
Childhood Programs,
Wayne RESA 2014-2015
All Students
Economically
Disadvantaged
Students
Percentage
Early Childhood Special
Education
4,333
2,359
54.4%
Early On
2,759
1,481
53.7%
Great Start Readiness Program
(GSRP)
7,379
5,741
77.8%
606
432
71.3%
GSRP / Head Start Blend
Michigan education data site https://www.mischooldata.org/
Head Start (HS) serves children ages 3-5 in low-income households as well as children living in
homeless families or foster care. HS focuses on comprehensive child development services,
parental involvement, and partnerships with community service providers.

In 2015, Head Start grantees located in Wayne County received $88.7 million. Of that,
51.9 percent was allocated for grantees located within the city of Detroit.cxc
ACADEMIC SUCCESS
Wayne County has the highest percentage of schools identified as persistently low achieving, or
“priority” schools in the state. Of the 88 Michigan schools identified as priority schools in the
2012 cohort, 43 were located in Wayne County; of hem 74.4% were in Detroit and 25.6% were in
out-Wayne County. cxci
Academic outcomes for students in Wayne County also are low. For example, less than half of 3rd
graders meet reading standards on the Michigan Education Assessment Program (MEAP) reading
test (49.3%), the second lowest percentage in the state.cxcii Students who are not able to read
before entering 4th grade are more likely to drop out of high school, be unemployed, be
unqualified for military service and live in poverty.cxciii
4
The Wayne Regional Educational Service Agency (Wayne RESA) provides teacher resources,
educational programs, and other administrative services to the 33 school districts in Wayne
County. It operates with its own board of education and superintendent, and serves as an
intermediary between the state government and local school districts. See the Appendix for a list
of the schools in Wayne County with the 10 highest and 10 lowest graduation rates.
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
Nearly 3 in 4 Wayne County 8th grade students are not proficient in math (72.9%
compared to the state rate of 65.5%).

By their junior year of high school, many Wayne County students continue to score as
“not meeting standards” in both reading (48.6%) and math (77.9%). cxciv
While standardized test scores are low, the majority of Wayne County high school students do
graduate on time. Individuals who have earned a high school diploma are less likely to be
unemployed and are likely to earn more each year than those who do not complete high school.

In Wayne County, 76.6% of high school students graduate on time, and more than 1 in 20
students drop out (5.4%).cxcv
School Year 2015 Educational Outcomes for
Seniors; Wayne RESA
Total Graduated
5.4%
8.7%
Other Completer (GED, etc.)
9.0%
Off-Track Continuing
0.4%
Dropouts
Unknown
76.6%
Michigan education data site https://www.mischooldata.org/
COLLEGE AND CAREER READINESS
The ACT assesses high school students’ general educational development and their ability to
complete college-level work. The four skill areas covered are: English, mathematics, reading and
science, with an optional writing test. The maximum possible score on the ACT is 36.cxcvi

In Wayne County, only 14.8% (16,768) of Regional Educational Service Agency’s (RESA’s)
students taking the ACT met the composite benchmark college readiness score.
2014-2015 ACT College
Readiness Snapshot
Wayne RESA
Wayne RESA
Wayne RESA
Wayne RESA
Wayne RESA
Subject
Mean ACT
Score
Composite
English
Mathematics
Reading
Science
18.9
18.4
18.6
18.9
19.1
% Met or
Exceeded
14.8%
51.4%
26.5%
27.7%
24.9%
ACT. (n.d.). Test Prep: Description of the ACT.
Within six months of high school graduation, 59.6% of Wayne RESA students enrolled in college.
Rates of college enrollment are higher for White and Asian students compared to other races,
and individuals from economically disadvantaged homes are less likely to enroll than their
peers.cxcvii
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Percentage of High School Students Enrolled in
College within 6 months of graduating from a
Wayne RESA school
80.3%
61.0%
59.3%
total
67.1%
49.6%
40.0%
by race/ethnicity
Homeless
Economically Disadvantaged
White
34.9%
Two or More Races
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific
Islander
48.4%
Asian
African American
American Indian or Alaska Native
All Students
48.5%
Hispanic/Latino
59.6%
income
Michigan education data site https://www.mischooldata.org/
Digital Literacy
Digital literacy skills are important to both educational successes as well as for finding and
keeping a job. About 77% of K-12 teachers assign Internet- required homeworkcxcviii and research
has found that students with home access to a computer with internet have higher graduation
rates than similar students who don’t have home access to the internet.cxcix Additionally, access
to the internet can open doors for social connections, educational experiences, and employment
opportunities.cc
Half of jobs available today require technology skills and this percentage is expected to grow to
77% in the next decade.cci Many companies, including Best Buy, Walmart, and Target, require
digital literacy even to apply for a job through online job applications.ccii
Recent installations of Internet access at public libraries have been widely used by people across
race, income, age, and education lines.cciii In households, access to both computers and the
internet has been steadily rising for the past 20 years, but the increase is not evenly distributed
across race, educational attainment, age, or income.cciv

Nationwide, the percentage of adults who do not use the internet has dropped to 15%.ccv

More than one in five households in Michigan do not have internet access, and the figure
is even higher in Wayne County and the city of Detroit.ccvi

In Wayne County, only 65% of households have an internet subscription, and 26% have
no internet access at all. Overall, there are 171,149 households in Wayne County—
95,825 in Detroit—with no internet access. ccvii
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
Households with low incomes are much more likely not to have Internet access. While
nearly all high income households have access to the internet at home (95% of
households in the top 20% of income), only half of low-income households have access at
home (49% of households in the bottom 20% of income).ccviii
Michigan
Estimate
Total:
With an Internet
subscription:
Internet access without a
subscription
No Internet access
3,834,574
2,827,209
197,014
810,351
Wayne County
%
73.7%
5.1%
21.1%
Estimate
661,414
431,485
58,780
171,149
%
65.2%
8.9%
25.9%
Detroit
Estimate
253,490
125,280
32,385
95,825
Out-Wayne
%
49.4%
12.8%
37.8%
Estimate
407,924
306,205
26,395
75,324
%
75.1%
6.5%
18.5%
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Table B28002.
Technical Education Opportunities in Wayne County
Opportunities for career, vocational, trade or technical training are less concentrated within
Wayne County than within the remainder of the country.ccix However, there are several
institutions in nearby Oakland County which can be accessed by Wayne County students.
Within Wayne County, there are at least 36 programs and institutions that are classified as
vocational, trade or technical training and education, and are run by local governments, school
boards and partnerships, and proprietary institutions. Fifteen (15) of the programs are
secondary education centers run by school districts, partnerships or non-profits, and are often
also open to adult learners. The remaining is trade schools run by proprietary institutions, a
portion that has seen a significant decrease over the past decade due to industry regulation.ccx

The highest concentration of career programs is in the city of Detroit itself, followed by
the suburbs of Canton, Taylor, Dearborn and Livonia.

Trade and technical educational opportunities within Wayne County represent a variety
of careers and sectors, including construction and electrical training and apprenticeships,
computer training, business programs, home health and other medical training, trucking
schools and cosmetology schools.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Educational Attainment is an important factor related to an individual or family’s living situation
and economic stability. For example, individuals with greater educational attainment tend to
have higher earnings and are less likely to live in poverty. In Wayne County individuals who have
earned a bachelor’s degree earn nearly $23,000 more each year than those who have graduated
high school but not attended any college.
While Wayne County females earn less than males at every education level, they are more likely
than their male counterparts to earn a postsecondary degree. While more than a third of Wayne
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County’s working-age females (ages 25-64) have earned an associate’s degree or higher, only
28.7% of males have done the same.
Wayne County Median Earnings by Educational Attainment and
Sex
Total Median Earnings
Less than high school graduate
High school graduate (includes equivalency)
Some college or associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Graduate or professional degree
Male
$39,915
$21,730
$30,689
$40,470
$60,610
$81,925
Female
$28,116
13,785
$21,414
$26,117
41,035
$58,808
Median
Earnings
$32,659
$18,238
$25,951
$31,211
48,927
$67,597
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Table B20004.
Overall in Wayne County, just more than 1 in 5 individuals of working age (ages 25-64) have
attained a bachelor’s degree or higher (22.9%). The majority of Wayne County’s working-age
residents have a high school degree, but no postsecondary degree (55%).ccxi

Educational attainment rates are lower in the city of Detroit than in Wayne County
overall. ccxii

See the Appendix for information about educational attainment by region and city.
Educational Attainment Ages 25-64
10.4%
17.7%
8.7%
14.3%
5.1%
8.1%
6.6%
10.8%
18.0%
8.4%
9.8%
9.4%
60.0%
55.3%
52.4%
53.3%
8.8%
13.4%
Michigan
Wayne County,
Michigan
20.1%
Detroit city,
Michigan
Graduate or professional degree
Bachelor's degree
Associate's degree
High school graduate (includes
equivalency)
Less than High School
9.4%
Out-Wayne
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Table B23006.
Educational attainment in Wayne County also varies by race. Asian individuals are significantly
more likely to have earned a bachelor’s degree than any other race or ethnicity. Conversely,
Hispanic individuals are the most likely to have not completed high school.
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Wayne County Educational Attainment by
Race/Ethnicity
11.88%
13.28%
26.66%
35.76%
54.49%
31.57%
15.17%
23.13%
29.87%
27.09%
32.38%
30.14%
13.52%
18.58%
11.63%
White, NonBlack
Hispanic
Less than High School
25.67%
14.69%
37.90%
29.29%
17.30%
Asian
Some College or Associate's Degree
Hispanic, all races
All Others
High School or Equivalent
Bachelor's or Higher
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Tables C15002 A-I.
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Health
INFANT AND CHILD HEALTH
Good pre-pregnancy health, timely prenatal care, and access to social supports and education all
factor into a strong start for a child.ccxiii There are just over 23,000 births in Wayne County each
year. In 2014, the birth rate in Wayne County was 13.2 births per 1,000 resident population.
While the birth rate in Detroit (14.5 per 1,000) is higher compared to Out-Wayne County (12.5
per 1,000). Because of the size of the population, more than half of all births in Wane County are
in Out-Wayne County (58.0%).ccxiv


Approximately 1 in 10 babies in Wayne County is born to a mother younger than age 20
(10.4%)ccxv, and of those births 18.8% are second or third births to that mother.ccxvi
Data is not collected directly on how many children are born to families living in poverty,
but in 2014 nearly half of all births in Wayne County were to mothers insured by
Medicaid (46.9%).ccxvii
On average, births to unwed mothers5 are more common in Wayne County compared to the
state as a whole. In 2014, 56.4% of Wayne County births were to unwed mothers, compared to
42.6% in Michigan. Furthermore, within the city limits of Detroit, more than 4 in 5 births were to
unwed mothers (81.4%).ccxviii
Risk and Protective Factors
Mothers who receive late (defined as beginning in the third trimester of pregnancy) or no
prenatal care are more likely to have babies with health problems.ccxixApproximately 92.8% of
newborns in Wayne County received prenatal care.ccxx
Women who smoke during pregnancy have a higher risk of miscarriage or delivering a low birth
weight baby than nonsmokers; also, smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of the baby
dying from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).ccxxi
5
The term unwed mothers is used because it is a classification used on birth certificates, and is an indicator for a
single earner in a household.
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WMCAA COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT | JUNE 2016
Approximately 18.9% of Wayne County births in 2014 were to mothers who smoked during
pregnancy, compared to 21.4% of state-wide births.ccxxii
Birth Risk Factors in Wayne County
56.4%
46.9%
18.9%
10.4%
Births to mothers Births to mothers
younger than age on Medicaid
20
7.2%
Births to
unmarried
mothers
Births to mothers Births to mothers
receiving late or
who smoked
no prenatal care while pregnant
Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Division for Vital Records and Health Statistics.
Birth Outcomes
While most Wayne County babies are born safe and healthy, some are born too small, too soon,
have a birth defect, or even die within their first year. Births occurring at least three weeks
before an infant’s due date (earlier than the 37th week of pregnancy) are considered premature
or preterm births. The earlier a preterm baby is born, the less likely the child is to survive the first
year.ccxxiii Similarly, infants born at low or very low birth weights are at increased risk for mortality
or disability.ccxxiv


14.8% of babies in Wayne County are born prematurely.
10.4% of babies in Wayne County are born at a low birth weight.
A child’s first year of life is the most fragile. State averages for infant mortality typically range
between 4 and 10 per thousand. In Wayne County, the infant mortality rate has been improving,
but remains high at 9.7 per thousand.

1 in every 100 Wayne County babies dies before his or her first birthday.ccxxv
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WMCAA COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT | JUNE 2016
Infant Mortality Rate Wayne County v. Michigan
11.3%
8.0%
10.6%
7.6%
10.5%
10.3%
10.4%
10.2%
9.8%
9.9%
9.7%
9.7%
7.8%
7.6%
7.6%
7.3%
7.1%
6.9%
6.8%
6.9%
Michigan
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Wayne
2013
2014
Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Division for Vital Records and Health Statistics.
Immunization, Screening and Well Child Visits
Regular checkups are important for children because they give families the opportunity to ask
questions about their child’s health and doctors to assess any unmet health needs.ccxxvi Families
having access to and utilizing healthcare services for their children is an important step in
ensuring children reach developmental milestones and can thrive in personal, social and
academic arenas.

86.2% of Michigan children received a preventative medical visit in 2012.ccxxvii
Vaccines can help build immunity against preventable diseases and prevent the spread of
disease among groups of children and the larger community. In Wayne County 67.7% of toddlers
ages 19 to 35 months are fully immunized, compared 73.8% in Michigan overall.ccxxviii
Screening by physicians or via parent questionnaires helps identify children who are not meeting
developmental milestones and may benefit from early intervention services. These screenings
most often rely on parent-reported information about specific developmental or behavioral
concerns.


A quarter of Michigan’s young children (ages 10 months to 5 years) were screened by a
doctor for developmental, behavioral and social delays in the last year (25.3%), which is
lower than the national rate of 30.8%.ccxxix
Early On Services are early intervention services for Michigan infants and toddlers with
developmental delays and disabilities and their families. In Wayne County, 1.9% of
children ages 0-3 receive Early on Services, compared to 2.6% in Michigan as a whole. ccxxx
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WMCAA COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT | JUNE 2016
HEALTH INSURANCE
Lack of health insurance coverage is a significant barrier to accessing needed healthcare.
Nationally, over one-quarter of adults without coverage say that they went without care in the
past year because of cost (27%) compared to only 5% of adults with private coverage and 10% of
adults with public coverage.ccxxxi Additionally, insured children are likely to be healthier and have
lower rates of avoidable hospitalizations and childhood mortality than their uninsured peers.ccxxxii



4% of youth (under 18) in Wayne County do not have health insurance.
17.1% of Wayne County adults (18 and older) lack health insurance.ccxxxiii
Uninsured children and adults are more likely to visit emergency rooms due to a lack of
access to other providers.ccxxxiv
Even for individuals that have health insurance, cost can often be a barrier to seeking needed
treatment. Medicaid has been expanded to cover individuals up to 138% of the poverty level, but
individuals still have high deductibles and other cost-sharing measures such as co-pays or coinsurance.

With changes in healthcare, many free clinics have viewed an increase in underinsured
individuals seeking services.ccxxxv

One-quarter of privately insured adults had high healthcare cost burdens relative to their
incomes in 2015. When adults with low incomes were examined, more than half had high
healthcare cost burdens.ccxxxvi

In 2015, 40% of adults with high deductibles relative to their income (deductible of 5% or
greater of their income), delayed or skipped needed care because of the cost. ccxxxvii
Dental Care
Although states are required to provide dental benefits to children covered by Medicaid and the
Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), access to dental care is a significant issue in
Michigan. The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) designates areas that have a
shortage of primary medical care, dental or mental health providers as Health Professional
Shortage Areas (HPSAs).

In 2014, about 60% of Medicaid-eligible children in Michigan did not receive any dental
services.ccxxxviii

Wayne County is among the 76 of 83 counties in Michigan designated as a HPSA related
to dental care.ccxxxix
In June of 2016, Senate Bill 1013 was introduced and then referred to the Committee on Health
Policy to try and address the shortage of dental care providers by creating a new class of midlevel dental providers, similar to a Physician’s Assistant (PA) that could provide the most
commonly needed dental services.ccxl
The Healthy Michigan Plan, a Medicaid expansion program starting in 2014, has increased access
to dental insurance for adults. However, many individuals still do not have access to dental
insurance or dental care.
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WMCAA COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT | JUNE 2016

Seniors age 65 and older are the most likely to lack dental insurance as Medicare does
not reimburse for routine dental care. Only 59.5% of seniors in Michigan have dental
insurance compared to 65.7% of all adults in the state.ccxli
The rates of dental insurance coverage are similar across racial/ethnic groups in Michigan, but
there are disparities in access to care. Only 55% of Black Michigan residents reported having a
dental visit in the past year, compared to 71% of White residents. Black individuals were also
more likely to have six or more missing teeth (23.4% comparted to 14.5% of White residents).ccxlii
WELLBEING
Wayne County ranks as Michigan’s least healthy county based on health behaviors, clinical care,
social and economic, and physical environment factors.ccxliii Factors that impact individual’s
wellbeing include both the environment in which they live as well as their health status. As noted
in the Henry Ford Health System’s 2013 Community Health Needs Assessment, individuals who
are low-income or have a low level of educational attainment are specifically at risk for
unhealthy behaviors and developing disease.ccxliv
Preventative Care
Preventative care is important for improving overall health and avoiding preventable diseases.
The CDC recognizes that preventable diseases represent a significant portion of American deaths
every year, and preventative care can help individuals make healthier choices or eliminate
unhealthy habits.ccxlv Preventative care also can help detect disease earlier and increase
compliance with recommended immunization or health screening guidelines.ccxlvi

71 out of every 1,000 hospital stays in Wayne County are for conditions that are treatable
in outpatient settings (such as bacterial pneumonia, asthma, congestive heart failure,
hypertension, angina, diabetes, gastroenteritis, kidney/urinary infection, and
dehydration), compared to 59 out of every 1,000 stays in Michigan as a whole.ccxlvii
Environmental Health
Air pollution is associated with decreased lung function, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Wayne
County’s average daily air pollution density is 12.8 micrograms per cubic meter. For comparison,
the least polluted counties in the United States have air pollution density rates below 9.5.
Counties in Michigan range in air pollution rates from 9.8 – 12.9 micrograms per cubic meter,
with a median rate of 11.6 micrograms per cubic meter.ccxlviii
Exposure to lead, often found in the paint of older homes, can have serious effects on a child’s
health, potentially causing learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and in extreme cases,
seizures, coma, and even death.ccxlix In Wayne County, children ages one and two who were
tested for lead were nearly three times more likely to have lead poisoning than the state average
(4.7% of children tested in Wayne County, compared to 1.7% for the state). ccl
Physical Health
The census captures information on six types of disability: hearing difficulty, vision difficulty,
cognitive difficulty, ambulatory difficulty, self-care difficulty, and independent living difficulty.ccli
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WMCAA COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT | JUNE 2016
In Wayne County, 16% of individuals have a disability in one or more of these categories. In
Michigan overall, 14% of individuals have a disability.
Obesity is often the result of an overall energy imbalance due to poor diet and limited physical
activity. Obesity increases the risk for health conditions such as coronary heart disease, type 2
diabetes, cancer, hypertension, dyslipidemia, stroke, liver and gallbladder disease, sleep apnea
and respiratory problems, osteoarthritis, and poor health status.



34% of Wayne County adults report a BMI of 30 or more compared to 31% in Michigan
overall.cclii
Though 94% of Wayne County residents have access to locations for physical activity,
26% report doing no leisure time physical activity.ccliii
12% of Wayne County adults have been diagnosed with diabetes. ccliv
Research indicates a connection between oral and general health. A lack of oral healthcare can
lead to other health issues, like infections or problems with vital organs.cclv In Wayne County,
there is one dentist for every 1,618 residents. Overall in Michigan there is one dentist per 1,450
residents.cclvi
The leading causes of death for Wayne County residents vary by age. For example, individuals
who are 45 or older are most likely to die from heart disease, followed by cancer. However,
Individuals younger than 45 are most likely to die from unintentional injuries such as car
accidents, fires, drowning, falling, or poisoning.cclvii
Mental Health
When asked to think about their mental health over the previous month, including stress,
depression, and problems with emotions, 12.9% of Michigan adults reported having “not good”
mental health for at least 14 days. Reporting poor mental health was most common among
those with less than a high school diploma and individuals with a household income of less than
$20,000.

Among individuals with less than a high school level education, 27.2% reported poor
mental health for at least 14 days of the previous month.cclviii
Michigan adults are slightly more likely than the national average to have been depressed; 20.5%
of Michigan adults have been told that they have a form of depression, compared with 19% of
adults nationwide.cclix Michigan’s suicide rate per 100,000 residents is 13.1, which also is slightly
higher than the nationwide rate of 13.0.cclx

In 2014, there were 214 deaths by suicide in Wayne County.cclxi
Substance abuse is another important facet of the mental healthcare system within a state or
county. In Michigan, an estimated 975,000 people above the age of twelve—11.7% of that
populationcclxii—report using illicit drugs each month. Though more Michigan residents use illicit
drugs than national rates, the percentage reporting illicit drug dependence or abuse (2.5%) is
lower than national rates.cclxiii
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WMCAA COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT | JUNE 2016

6.1% of Michigan’s over 12 population reported alcohol dependence or abuse in the
previous year. This figure has decreased significantly since 2003 and is now below the
national average.cclxiv

In Detroit, substance abuse may not be falling; drug-related emergency department visits
rose 129% in the Detroit MSA between 2004 and 2011.cclxv
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APPENDIX
WMCAA SERVICES AND REGIONAL POVERTY
http://www.waynemetro.org
P a g e | 82
ESTIMATES OF HOUSEHOLD WEALTH AND FINANCIAL ACCESS
A Project of CFED in partnership with Citi Community Development
NA = Not Available
Asset
Poverty
Liquid
Asset
Poverty
Unbanked
Underbanked
US
Michigan
25.4%
25.1%
43.5%
38.8%
7.7%
5.7%
20.0%
18.1%
WAYNE COUNTY, MI
Grosse Pointe
Grosse Pointe Farms
Grosse Pointe Park
Grosse Pointe Shores
Grosse Pointe Woods
Hamtramck
Harper Woods
Highland Park
Detroit
Dearborn
Dearborn Heights
Garden City
Livonia
Northville
Northville Township
Plymouth
Plymouth Township
Redford Township
Belleville
Canton Township
27.4%
48.2%
11.7%
-1.0%
-1.0%
NA
NA
-1.0%
Wayne Metro
Service Areas
REGION
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2&3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
http://www.waynemetro.org
Population
(1,000+)
Hsehlds
Hsehld
Income
Poverty
Home
owner
Renter
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
9,886,095
3,823,280
15.3%
72.1%
27.9%
22.3%
1,804,507
670,987
21.9%
64.8%
35.2%
1.9%
9.5%
5,385
2,171
5.3%
83.8%
16.2%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
-1.0%
3.7%
13.1%
11,475
4,272
6.1%
73.2%
26.8%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
-1.0%
38.2%
28.1%
54.8%
-1.0%
59.1%
40.3%
75.6%
1.4%
16.1%
9.9%
25.9%
10.4%
21.5%
20.6%
28.0%
16,006
22,258
14,125
11,293
6,221
6,482
5,384
4,534
6.0%
37.7%
16.4%
48.5%
91.1%
50.7%
69.6%
35.8%
8.9%
49.3%
30.4%
64.2%
48.3%
67.9%
19.9%
28.5%
706,663
256,599
35.5%
51.9%
48.1%
20.3%
22.1%
19.5%
9.6%
5.4%
32.3%
36.4%
33.4%
17.4%
9.2%
7.2%
6.8%
4.6%
2.3%
2.0%
15.9%
16.3%
15.9%
12.7%
12.0%
97,140
57,291
27,499
96,233
5,994
32,151
21,364
10,426
37,230
2,543
20.5%
16.0%
9.2%
5.7%
4.7%
69.8%
75.5%
80.8%
85.2%
70.8%
30.2%
24.5%
19.2%
14.8%
29.2%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
14.1%
19.3%
3.8%
13.7%
9,061
4,170
6.1%
59.7%
40.3%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
25.00%
39.10%
8.10%
17.50%
3,941
1,700
13.80%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
P a g e | 83
58.60% 41.40%
NA
NA
Wayne Metro
Service Areas
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Huron Township
Inkster
Romulus
Sumpter Township
Van Buren Township
Wayne
Westland
Allen Park
Brownstown Township
Ecorse
Flat Rock
Gibraltar
Grosse Ile
Lincoln Park
Melvindale
River Rouge
Riverview
Rockwood
Southgate
Taylor
Trenton
Woodhaven
Wyandotte
Asset
Poverty
Liquid
Asset
Poverty
Unbanked
Underbanked
Population
(1,000+)
Hsehlds
Hsehld
Income
Poverty
Home
owner
Renter
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
47.80%
31.80%
68.20%
47.80%
19.60%
10.80%
27.70%
22.90%
25,215
23,770
9,460
8,995
35.10%
18.10%
51.00%
66.80%
49.00%
33.20%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
31.20%
28.30%
16.90%
48.80%
43.70%
27.50%
9.60%
8.60%
3.50%
18.50%
18.40%
14.30%
17,423
83,476
27,982
6,821
34,232
10,865
18.30%
15.00%
7.50%
61.80%
60.50%
85.70%
38.20%
39.50%
14.30%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
42.30%
22.20%
13.30%
63.00%
36.50%
23.20%
17.00%
7.40%
3.20%
23.50%
17.00%
14.80%
9,457
9,840
4,596
3,554
3,610
1,819
31.50%
16.20%
10.70%
57.50%
71.30%
84.60%
42.50%
28.70%
15.40%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
29.40%
34.80%
44.20%
20.00%
21.80%
24.20%
30.00%
16.20%
16.60%
22.20%
47.00%
53.00%
64.50%
33.90%
37.60%
39.70%
47.70%
28.10%
27.40%
36.90%
8.70%
11.90%
19.30%
6.40%
5.10%
6.00%
10.30%
4.70%
4.90%
6.40%
18.50%
19.90%
25.00%
15.00%
16.10%
16.70%
19.20%
13.80%
15.90%
15.80%
37,819
10,612
7,857
12,400
3,266
29,800
62,592
18,693
12,770
25,621
14,303
4,297
2,822
4,871
1,196
12,506
23,265
7,696
5,020
10,531
16.80%
24.10%
37.60%
11.90%
6.40%
11.60%
19.10%
10.90%
8.90%
12.60%
72.10%
61.90%
56.50%
64.80%
73.70%
67.00%
65.90%
80.00%
71.10%
72.80%
27.90%
38.10%
43.50%
35.20%
26.30%
33.00%
34.10%
20.00%
28.90%
27.20%
SOURCE: Asset Poverty & Liquid Asset Poverty: 2015 Assets & Opportunity Scorecard, Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), for US and States (excluding AK, DC, SD, WY).
Unbanked and Underbanked: 2013 FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households, for US, States, DC and 69 largest MSAs. Local Estimates: Estimates at smaller geographies are
derived from CFED’s statistical modeling process using the FDIC or SIPP and 2008-2012 or 2009-2013 American Community Survey data. The figures are geographic estimates and are not meant to
directly reflect the FDIC or SIPP data. Caution should be used in interpreting the local estimates as the statistical model is based on national surveys of fewer than 50,000 households. See
localdata.assetsandopportunity.org/methodology for more information.
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P a g e | 84
GRADUATION RATES BY SCHOOL
Location Name
Graduation Dropout
Rate
Rate
District
Schools with 10 Highest Graduation Rates 2015
Benjamin Carson School for Science and
Medicine (00865)
Grosse Ile High School (01511)
Cass Technical High School (00554)
Communication and Media Arts HS (07654)
Renaissance High School (06971)
Northville High School (02772)
Melvindale High School (02507)
Trenton High School (04203)
Grosse Pointe South High School (01512)
Canton High School (06276)
Schools with 10 Lowest Graduation Rates 2015
Westwood Cyber High School (09935)
Asher School (02956)
Detroit City West Side Academy for Leadership
Development (08929)
Cambridge High School (07376)
Detroit Collegiate Preparatory High School @
Northwestern (02778)
East English Village Preparatory Academy (01189)
Romulus Senior High School (03260)
Redford Union High School (03167)
Wayne Memorial High School (04407)
Truman High School (06428)
Detroit City
Grosse Ile
Detroit City
Detroit City
Detroit City
Northville
Melvindale-North Allen Park
Trenton
Grosse Pointe
Plymouth-Canton
99.01%
98.54%
98.33%
97.67%
97.50%
97.25%
96.81%
96.80%
96.21%
95.88%
1.0%
0.0%
1.0%
1.6%
1.3%
1.7%
1.1%
1.4%
0.7%
2.1%
Inkster
Southgate Community
10.69%
16.27%
44.0%
50.6%
Detroit City
Garden City
33.33%
48.44%
32.5%
14.1%
Detroit City
Detroit City
Romulus
Redford Union
Wayne-Westland
Taylor
75.91%
75.99%
77.00%
77.19%
77.95%
77.96%
8.8%
10.0%
6.1%
9.4%
10.0%
9.4%
Michigan School Data Website
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P a g e | 85
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT BY REGION AND CITY
Source: ACS 5-YR (2014). Table B23006
Rank
City or Township
% Bachelor's
or Higher
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
River Rouge
Lincoln Par
Rockwood
Ecorse
Melvindale
Taylor
Highland Park
Inkster
Wayne
Romulus
Garden City
Detroit
Hamtramck
Sumpter township
Southgate
7.2%
8.6%
9.5%
9.8%
10.0%
10.5%
10.9%
11.1%
11.6%
12.3%
13.0%
13.2%
13.3%
13.9%
18.0%
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Table
B23006.
http://www.waynemetro.org
P a g e | 86
https://www.economicinclusion.gov/surveys/place-data.html?where=Michigan&when=2013
ii Child Trends (2014) Five Ways Poverty Harms Children. Accessed at: http://www.childtrends.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/01/2014-01CT5PovertyHarmsChildren1.pdf
iii Wood, D. (2003) Effect of Child and Family Poverty on child Health in the United States. Pediatrics, Volume 112, Issue
Supplement 3. Accessed at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/Supplement_3/707
iv Child Trends (2014) Five Ways Poverty Harms Children. Accessed at: http://www.childtrends.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/01/2014-01CT5PovertyHarmsChildren1.pdf
v Wood, D. (2003) Effect of Child and Family Poverty on child Health in the United States. Pediatrics, Volume 112, Issue
Supplement 3. Accessed at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/Supplement_3/707
vi Dahl, M. & DeLeire, T. (2008) The Association between Children’s Earnings and Fathers’ Lifetime Earnings: Estimates Using
Administrative Data. Institute for Research on Poverty, Discussion Paper No. 1342-08. Accessed at:
http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp134208.pdf
vii Wagmiller Jr., R. L., & Adelman, R. M. (2009) Childhood and Intergenerational Poverty: The Long-Term Consequences of
Growing Up Poor. National Center for Children in Poverty. Accessed at: http://www.nccp.org/publications/pub_909.html
viii Wagmiller & Adelman (2009) Childhood and Intergenerational Poverty.
ix Gofen, A. (2007) Family Capital: How First-Generation Higher-Education Students Break the Intergenerational Cycle. Institute
for Research on Poverty, Discussion Paper No. 1322-07. Accessed at:
http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp132207.pdf Note: found on page 3.
x Ibid, Figure 3 (Table 1).
xi Kimberlin (2013) Government Benefits. Note: found on page 4.
xii Ibid.
xiii Aratani, Y. & Chau, M. (2010) Assset Poverty and Debt Among Families with Children. National Center for Children in Poverty,
Brief. Accessed at: http://www.nccp.org/publications/pub_918.html Note: found on page 10.
xiv Ibid.
xv CFED (2016). Assets & Opportunity Scorecard: Liquid Asset Poverty Rate. Accessed at:
http://scorecard.assetsandopportunity.org/latest/measure/liquid-asset-poverty-rate
xvi Kimberlin (2013) Government Benefits.
xvii American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months by Sex by Age, Table B17001.
Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B17001&prodType=table
xviii American Community Survey (2014) Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months, 5 Year Estimates, Table S1701. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml
xix Hokayem, C. & Heggeness, M. L. (2014) Living in Near Poverty in the United States: 1966-2012. U.S. Census Bureau, Current
Population Reports. P60-248. Accessed at: https://www.census.gov/prod/2014pubs/p60-248.pdf
xx Danziger et al. (2014) Food Insecurity.
xxi Aratani, Y., & Chau, M. (2010) Asset Poverty and Debt Among Families with Children. National Center for Children in Poverty,
Brief. Accessed at: http://www.nccp.org/publications/pub_918.html
xxii CFED & CITI Community Development (2016). Assets & Opportunity Scorecard: Estimates of Household Wealth and Financial
Access in Wayne County, MI. Accessed at: http://localdata.assetsandopportunity.org/place/26163
xxiii Hokayem & Heggeness (2014) Living in Near Poverty.
xxiv National Center for Children in Poverty (2013) Child Poverty Pervasive in Large American Cities, New Census Data Show.
Accessed at: http://www.nccp.org/media/releases/release_162.html
xxv Institute for Women’s Policy Research (2016) Poverty, Gender, and Public Policies, IWPR #D505. Accessed at:
http://www.iwpr.org/initiatives/poverty
xxvi Cawthorne, A. (2008) The Straight Facts on Women in Poverty, Center for American Progress. Accessed at:
https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2008/10/pdf/women_poverty.pdf
xxvii UC Davis Center for Poverty Research (2015) Who Are the Working Poor? Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Accessed
at: http://poverty.ucdavis.edu/faq/who-are-working-poor
xxviii Dinan, K. A. (2009) Budgeting for Basic Needs: A Struggle for Working Families. National Center for Children in Poverty.
Accessed at: http://www.nccp.org/publications/pdf/text_858.pdf Note: found on page 2.
xxix Douglas-Hall, A., & Chau, M. (2007). Most Low-Income Parents are Employed. National Center for Children in Poverty. Accessed
at: http://nccp.org/publications/pdf/text_784.pdf
xxx Douglas-Hall, A., & Chau, M. (2007). Most Low-Income Parents are Employed. National Center for Children in Poverty. Accessed
at: http://nccp.org/publications/pdf/text_784.pdf
xxxi Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2016) Living Wage Calculation for Wayne County, Michigan. MIT Living Wage
Calculator. Accessed at: http://livingwage.mit.edu/counties/26163
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xxxii
National Low Income Housing Coalition (2016) Out of Reach 2016: No Refuge for Low Income Renters. Accessed at:
http://www.nlihc.org/sites/default/files/oor/OOR_2016.pdf
xxxiii Reeves, R., Rodrigue, E., and Kneebone, E. (2016) Five Evils: Multidimensional Poverty and Race in America. The Brookings
Institution. Accessed at: http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/2016/five-evils-multidimensional-poverty-race
xxxiv Kneebone, E. & Holmes, N. (2016). U.S. Concentrated Poverty in the wake of the Great Recession. Brookings Institute.
Accessed at: http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2016/03/31-concentrated-poverty-recession-kneebone-holmes
xxxv Federal Reserve and Brookings (2008) The Enduring Challenge.
xxxvi Jargowsky (2015) Architecture of Segregation. Note: found on page 2.
xxxvii Michigan League for Public Policy (2016) Kids Count in Michigan Data Book 2016: Child & Family Well-Being in Michigan, its
counties and Detroit. Accessed at: http://www.mlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/KC-11916-2016-Kids-Count-inMichigan_final_web.pdf Note: Found on page 21.
xxxviii American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months. Table S1701. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml
xxxix American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months. Table S1701. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml
xl American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Total Population. Table B01003. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B01003&prodType=table
xli American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race. Tables B02001 and
B03002. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B02001&prodType=table and
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B03002&prodType=table
xlii American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the
Population 5 Years and Over. Table B16001. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B16001&prodType=table
xliii American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Earnings in the Past 12 Months (In 2014 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars).
Table S2001. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_S2001&prodType=table
xliv American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Total Population. Table B01003. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B01003&prodType=table and
2000 US Census, Total Population. Table P001.Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_SF1_P001&prodType=table
xlv 2000 Census, Table DP01. 2014 ACS 5-YR, Table B06001. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_SF1_DP1&prodType=table and
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B06001&prodType=table
xlvi American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Sex by Age. Table B01001. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B01001&prodType=table
xlvii American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Race. Table B02001. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B02001&prodType=table
xlviii Ibid.
xlix American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) People Reporting Ancestry. Table B04006. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B04006&prodType=table
l American Community Survey (2011-2013 3-Year Estimates) Selected Population Profile in the United States, Table
S0201.Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_3YR_S0201&prodType=table
li American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Place of Birth for the Foreign-Born Population in the United States.
Table B05006. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B05006&prodType=table
lii American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the
Population 5 Years and Over. Table B16001. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B16001&prodType=table
liii American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the
Population 5 Years and Over. Table B16001. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B16001&prodType=table
liv https://www.census.gov/prod/2014pubs/p25-1140.pdf
lv Emsi 2016.2 (2016)
lvi American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Table S0101. Available at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_S0101&prodType=table and
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2000 US Census. Table P012. Available at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_SF1_P012&prodType=table
lviiUnited States Census Bureau. About Families and Living Arrangements. Accessed at:
http://www.census.gov/hhes/families/about/
lviii American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Household Type (Including Living Alone). Table B11001. Accessed
at: http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B11001&prodType=table
lix American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months of Families By Family Type By
Presence of Related Children Under 18 Years Age of Related Children. Table B17010. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B17010&prodType=table
lx American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Relationship to Householder for Children Under 18 Years in
Households. Table B09018. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B09018&prodType=table
lxi American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months of Related Children Under 18
Years by Family Type by age of Related Children Under 18 Years. Table B17006. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B17006&prodType=table ;
Relationship to Householder for Children Under 18 Years in Households. Table B09018. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B09018&prodType=table
lxii Ibid.
lxiii American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Grandparents Living With Own Grandchildren Under 18 Years by
Responsibility for Own Grandchildren by Presence of Parent of Grandchildren and Age of Grandparent. Table B10051. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B10051&prodType=table
lxiv Conway, T. & Hutson, R. (2007) Is Kinship Care Good for Kids? Center for Law and Social Policy. Accessed at:
http://www.clasp.org/resources-andpublications/files/0347.pdf
lxv Mader, S. (2009) Grandparents Raising Their Grandchildren. Accessed at:
https://extension.tennessee.edu/centerforparenting/TipSheets/Grandparents%20Raising%20Their%20Grandchildren.pdf
lxvi American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Sex by Age by Veteran Status for the Civilian Population 18 Years
and Over. Table B21001. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B21001&prodType=table
lxvii Tanielian, T., Hansen, M. L., Martin, L. T., Grimm, G., & Ogletree, C. (2014) Supporting the Mental Health Needs of Veterans in
the Metro Detroit Area, Rand Corporation Publication. Accessed at:
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1300/RR1346/RAND_RR1346.pdf Note: found on page xii.
lxviii Ibid.
lxix American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Veteran Status by Educational Attainment for the Civilian
Population 25 Years and Over. Table B21003. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B21003&prodType=table
lxx American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Age by Veteran Status for the Civilian Population 18 Years and
Over. Table B21001. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B21001&prodType=table
lxxi American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Sex by Age by Veteran Status by Employment Status for the Civilian
Population 18 Years to 64 Years, 5 Year Estimates, Table B21005. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B21005&prodType=table
lxxii Child Trends (2013) Child Maltreatment: Indicators on Children and Youth. Accessed at:
www.childtrends.org/?indicators=child-maltreatment
lxxiii Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013) Child Maltreatment Prevention. Accessed at:
http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childmaltreatment/index.html
lxxiv American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Household Type (Including Living Alone) By Relationship. Table
B09019. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B09019&prodType=table
lxxv Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. Human Services Program Descriptions FY 2017. Accessed at:
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdhhs/FY-2017_Program_Descriptions_523151_7.pdf
lxxvi Gates, J. G. (2014) Same-Sex Couples in Michigan: A Demographic Summary. Accessed at:
http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/MI-same-sex-couples-demo-june-2014.pdf
lxxvii Mallory, C. & Sears, B. (2015) Employment Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Michigan.
Accessed at: http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/MI-Nondiscrimination-Feb-2015.pdf
lxxviii The National Center for Transgender Equality & The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (2013) National Transgender
Discrimination Survey: Michigan Results. Accessed at:
http://www.thetaskforce.org/static_html/downloads/reports/reports/ntds_state/ntds_state_mi.pdf
lxxix Ibid. Note: found on page 1.
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lxxx
Ibid. Note: found on page 1.
GLSEN (2013) The 2013 National School Climate Survey: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth in
Our Nation’s Schools. Accessed at:
http://www.glsen.org/sites/default/files/2013%20National%20School%20Climate%20Survey%20Full%20Report_0.pdf
lxxxii GLSEN (2013) 2013 State Snapshot: School Climate in Michigan. Accessed at:
http://www.glsen.org/sites/default/files/GLSEN%202013%20Michigan%20State%20Snapshot_0.pdf
lxxxiii GLSEN (2013) 2013 State Snapshot: School Climate in Michigan. Accessed at:
http://www.glsen.org/sites/default/files/GLSEN%202013%20Michigan%20State%20Snapshot_0.pdf
lxxxiv Ray, N. (2006) Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth: An Epidemic of Homelessness. Accessed at:
http://www.thetaskforce.org/static_html/downloads/HomelessYouth.pdf
lxxxv Bureau of Justice Statistics (2014) Prisoners in 2014. Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities,
by Sex, December 31, 2013 and 2014. Table 2. Accessed at: http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5387
lxxxviKids Count Data Center (2013) Youth Residing in Juvenile Detention, Correctional, And/Or Residential Facilities. Accessed at:
http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/42-youth-residing-in-juvenile-detention-correctional-and-or-residentialfacilities?loc=24&loct=2#detailed/2/24/false/36,867,133,18,17/any/319,17599
lxxxvii Michigan Department of Corrections (2014) 2013 Statistical Report. Accessed at:
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/corrections/2014-04-04_-_MDOC_2013_Statistical_Report_-_Vers_1_0_452815_7.pdf
Note: found on page H-1.
lxxxviii Ibid. at page H-2.
lxxxix Pew Center on the States (2011) State of Recidivism: The Revolving Door of America’s Prisons, Exhibit 1. Accessed at:
https://www.michigan.gov/documents/corrections/Pew_Report_State_of_Recidivism_350337_7.pdf
xc Pew Center on the States (2011) State of Recidivism: The Revolving Door of America’s Prisons, Exhibit 1. Accessed at:
https://www.michigan.gov/documents/corrections/Pew_Report_State_of_Recidivism_350337_7.pdf
xci Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (n.d.) Disability Health Data. Accessed at:
http://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/0,5885,7-339-71550_2955_54051_54052-255399--,00.html
xcii Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (2015) Health of Persons with Disabilities in Michigan. Accessed at:
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdhhs/2015-Disability-Annual-Report_517967_7.pdf
xciii Ibid.
xciv Ibid.
xcv Ibid.
xcvi American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Disability Characteristics. Table S18108. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_S1810&prodType=table
xcvii Ibid.
xcviii Missouri Economic Research and Information Center (2016) Cost of Living Data Series 2015. Accessed at:
https://www.missourieconomy.org/indicators/cost_of_living/
xcix American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Earnings in the Past 12 Months (In 2014 Inflation-Adjusted
Dollars). Table S2001. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_S2001&prodType=table
c American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months of Individuals by Sex by Work
Experience. Table B17004. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B17004&prodType=table
ci American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Sex By Work Status in the Past 12 Months by Usual Hours Worked
Per Week in the Past 12 Months by Weeks Worked in the Past 12 Months For the Population 16 to 64 Years. Table B23022.
Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B23022&prodType=table
cii American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Earnings in the Past 12 Months (In 2014 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars).
Table S2001. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_S2001&prodType=table
ciiiAmerican Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Median Household Income in the Past 12 Months (In 2014 Inflation
Adjusted Dollars). Table B19013. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B19013&prodType=table
civ American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Work Status in the past 12 months. Table S2303. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_S2303&prodType=table
cv American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Earnings in the Past 12 Months (In 2014 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars).
Table S2001. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_S2001&prodType=table
cvi American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Work Status in the past 12 months. Table S2303. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_S2303&prodType=table
lxxxi
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cvii
American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Earnings in the Past 12 Months (In 2014 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars).
Table S2001. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_S2001&prodType=table
cviii Ibid.
cix CFED (2009) The Most Unbanked Places in America. Accessed at:
https://cfed.org/assets/pdfs/Most_Unbanked_Places_in_America.pdf
cx Assets and Opportunity Local Data Center (2013) Percentage of Households with Neither a Checking Nor Savings Account.
Accessed at: http://localdata.assetsandopportunity.org/map
cxi The Pew Charitable Trusts (2012) Payday Loan Borrowing by State. Accessed at: http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-andanalysis/analysis/2012/07/payday-loan-borrowing-by-state
cxii The Pew Charitable Trusts (2012) Payday Lending in America: Who Borrows, Where They Borrow and Why. Accessed at:
http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/pcs_assets/2012/pewpaydaylendingreportpdf.pdf
cxiii The Pew Charitable Trusts (2012) Payday Lending in America: Who Borrows, Where They Borrow and Why. Accessed at:
http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/pcs_assets/2012/pewpaydaylendingreportpdf.pdf
cxiv American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Sex by Age by Employment Status for the Population 16 Years and
Over. Table B23001. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B23001&prodType=table
cxv Ibid.
cxvi Bureau of Labor Statistics (2016) Local Area Unemployment Statistics, 2006 – 2015. Accessed at: http://www.bls.gov/lau/
cxvii Ibid.
cxviii American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Characteristics of Teenagers 15 to 19 Years Old. Table S0902.
Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_S0902&prodType=table
cxix Ibid.
cxx Bureau of Labor Statistics (2015) May 2015 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Michigan. Accessed at:
http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mi.htm
cxxi Emsi 2016.2 (2016) Highest Ranked Industries.
cxxii Ibid.
cxxiii Emsi 2016.2 (2016)
cxxiv American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Number of Workers in Household by Vehicles Available. Table
B08203. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B08203&prodType=table
cxxv American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Means of Transportation to Work. Tables B08105A and B08105B.
Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B08105A&prodType=table and
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B08105B&prodType=table
cxxvi Vallet, M: QuinStreet Insurance Agency (2016) Car Insurance Rates by State, 2016 Edition. Accessed at:
http://www.insure.com//car-insurance/car-insurance-rates.html Note: Calculated by Quadrant Information Services based on
the average from 10 zip codes in each state.
cxxvii Ibid.
cxxviii QuinStreet Insurance Agency (2016) Average Car Insurance Rates in Your Neighborhood. Accessed at:
http://www.carinsurance.com/calculators/average-car-insurance-rates.aspx Note: Based on a 2014 Honda Accord; calculated by
taking the median of all zip codes in the c9oooooooogfv21111gggggggggggggggggghjmn` q1ounty.
cxxix American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Travel Time to Work. Table B08303. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_1YR_B08303&prodType=table
cxxx American Community Survey (2014) Means of Transportation to Work by Place of Work—State and County Level, Table
B08130. Accessed at: http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml
cxxxi Transportation Riders United (2011) Failing DDOT’s Riders: Report Card and Recommendations on DDOT Bus On-Time
Performance. Accessed at: http://www.infrastructureusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/tru-ddot-bus-timeliness-report-nov2011.pdf
cxxxii Laitner, B. (2015) Heart and Sole: Detroiter Walks 21 Miles in Work Commute. Accessed at:
http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/oakland/2015/01/31/detroit-commuting-troy-rochester-hills-smart-ddot-ubsbanker-woodward-buses-transit/22660785/
cxxxiii Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University (2014) Housing America’s Older Adults: Addressing the Needs of an
Aging Population. Accessed at: http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/jchs.harvard.edu/files/jchshousing_americas_older_adults_2014.pdf
cxxxiv Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2011) Foreclosure Process Takes Toll on Physical, Mental Health. Accessed at:
http://www.rwjf.org/en/library/articles-and-news/2011/10/foreclosure-process-takes-toll-on-physical-mental-health.html
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cxxxv
Kngsley, G. T., Smith, R., & Price, D. (2009) The Impacts of Foreclosures on Families and Communities. Accessed at:
http://www.urban.org/research/publication/impacts-foreclosures-families-and-communities/view/full_report
cxxxvi Ibid. Wayne County Treasurers office, Land Management Division. (2016).
cxxxvii Lawrence, E. D. (2016) Wayne County Foreclosure Numbers See Big Dip, Detroit Free Press. Accessed at:
http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2016/06/26/wayne-county-foreclosure-numbers-drop/86348712/
cxxxviiiState Bar of Michigan in Collaboration with Michigan’s Legal Services Corporation Funded Providers (2015) Documenting the
Justice Gap in Michigan. Accessed at: https://www.michbar.org/file/programs/ATJ/pdfs/JusticeGap.pdf
cxxxix American Bar Association (1994) Comprehensive legal needs study.
cxl Abazajian, Blumnethal, Getzinger, Jordan, and Leopold (2015). The Housing Affordability Gap for Extremely Low-Income
Renters in 2013. Accessed at: http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/2000260-The-HousingAffordability-Gap-for-Extremely-Low-Income-Renters-2013.pdf
cxli Ibid.
cxlii Governing Magazine: Report Gives Detroit an Estimate to Fix its Blight Problem May 28, 2014. Accessed At:
http://www.governing.com/news/headlines/mct-detroit-blight-report.html
cxliii American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Tenure. Table B25003. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B25003&prodType=table
cxliv American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Rent Asked. Table B25061. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B25061&prodType=table
cxlv Ibid.
cxlvi Schwartz, M., & Wilson, E. (2006) Who Can Afford to Live in a Home? A Look at Data from the 2006 American Community
Survey. Accessed at: https://www.census.gov/housing/census/publications/who-can-afford.pdf
cxlvii U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Affordable Housing. Accessed at:
http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/comm_planning/affordablehousing/
cxlviii American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Tenure. Table B25003. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B25003&prodType=table
cxlix American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Mortgage Status and Selected Monthly Owner Costs. Table
B25087. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B25087&prodType=table
cl U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development: The 2014 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress:
October 2014. Accessed: https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/2014-AHAR-Part1.pdf
cli Pardo, Steve. The Detroit News: State, HUD Dispute Michigan Homeless Numbers. Accessed June 8, 2016:
http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2014/10/30/michigan-homelessness-spikes-reversingtrend/18189819/
clii The Campaign to End Homelessness: The State of Homelessness in Michigan – Our Work in 2013 Statewide Report. Accessed
at: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mshda/MCTEH_Synopsis_2013_475407_7.pdf
cliii Ibid.
cliv The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act. (2009). Accessed at:
https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/HomelessAssistanceActAmendedbyHEARTH.pdf
clv National Center for Homeless Education (2014) Number of Homeless Children/Youth Enrolled in Public School by Year. Accessed
at: http://profiles.nche.seiservices.com/StateProfile.aspx?StateID=27
clvi Ibid.
clvii U.S. Office of Policy Development and Research (2012) Tackling Veteran Homelessness with HUDStat. Accessed at:
https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/em/summer12/highlight1.html
clviii U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development: The 2014 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress:
October 2014. Accessed at: https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/2014-AHAR-Part1.pdf
clix U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (2016) Journal Scan: Study traces impact of housing on health care for formerly homeless
Veterans. Accessed at: http://www.research.va.gov/currents/0716-2.cfm
clx Gundersen, C., Satoh, A., Dewey, A., Kato, M. & Engelhard, E. (2015). Map the Meal Gap 2015: Food Insecurity and Child Food
Insecurity Estimates at the County Level. Feeding America, 2015. Accessed at: http://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-inamerica/our-research/map-the-meal-gap/
clxi U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service (2014) Household Food Security in the United States in 2013.
Accessed at: http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1565410/err173_summary.pdf
clxii Food Research and Action Center. (2015). How Hungry is America? Accessed at” http://frac.org/pdf/food_hardship_2014.pdf
clxiii Gundersen, C., Satoh, A., Dewey, A., Kato, M. & Engelhard, E. (2015). Map the Meal Gap 2015: Food Insecurity and Child Food
Insecurity Estimates at the County Level. Feeding America, 2015. Accessed at: http://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-inamerica/our-research/map-the-meal-gap/
http://www.waynemetro.org
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clxiv
Gundersen, C., Satoh, A., Dewey, A., Kato, M. & Engelhard, E. (2015). Map the Meal Gap 2015: Food Insecurity and Child Food
Insecurity Estimates at the County Level. Feeding America, 2015. Accessed at: http://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-inamerica/our-research/map-the-meal-gap/
clxv Gundersen, C., Satoh, A., Dewey, A., Kato, M. & Engelhard, E. (2015). Map the Meal Gap 2015: Food Insecurity and Child Food
Insecurity Estimates at the County Level. Feeding America, 2015. Accessed at: http://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-inamerica/our-research/map-the-meal-gap/
clxvi USDA (2016) Food Research Atlas. Accessed at: http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-access-research-atlas/go-tothe-atlas.aspx
clxvii United States Department of Agriculture. (2015). National School Lunch Program: Total Lunches Served as of October 9, 2015.
Accessed at: http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/05slmeals.pdf
clxviii KIDS COUNT Data Center. (n.d.). Students Eligible for Free or Reduced-Price Lunches. Accessed at:
http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data#MI
clxix USDA (2016) Summer Food Service Program. Accessed at: http://www.fns.usda.gov/sfsp/summer-food-service-program
clxx Michigan Department of Education Office of School Support Services (2016) Summer Food Service Program: Sponsor Director
2016. Accessed at: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mde/Sponsor_Directory_2016_527421_7.pdf
clxxi Michigan Department of Education (2015) Summer Food Service Program in Michigan: Meals Served Fact Sheet. Accessed at:
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mde/2014_SFSP_Totals_Fact_Sheet_1-5-15_478927_7.pdf
clxxii Rosenbaum, D. (2008) Food Stamp Provisions of the Final 2008 Farm Bill. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Accessed at:
www.cbpp.org/5-23-08fa.htm
clxxiii Food Research and Action Center. (2013) Profile of Hunger, Poverty, and Federal Nutrition Programs, Indiana. Accessed at:
http://frac.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/mi.pdf
clxxiv American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Receipt of Food Stamps/SNAP in the past 12 months by presence
of children under 18 years by household type for households. Table B22002. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B22002&prodType=table
clxxv Feeding America. (2014) Hunger In America 2014. Accessed at: http://help.feedingamerica.org/HungerInAmerica/hunger-inamerica-2014-full-report.pdf
clxxvi U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2015). WIC Program: Average Monthly Benefit per Person. Accessed at:
http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/25wifyavgfd$.pdf
clxxvii Michigan League for Public Policy (2016) Background Information: Wayne County. Accessed at:
http://www.mlpp.org/countyprofiles2016db5/Wayne%20DB%202016.pdf
clxxviii The Annie E. Casey Foundation, KIDS COUNT (2013) The First Eight Years: Giving Kids a Foundation for Lifetime Success.
Accessed at: http://www.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/AECF-TheFirstEightYearsKCpolicyreport-2013.pdf
clxxix National Institute for Early Education Research. (n.d.). Economic Benefits of Quality Preschool Education for America’s 3- and
4-year olds. Accessed at: www.pewtrusts.org/news_room_detail.aspx?id=19566
clxxx CLASP. (2015). Child Care Assistance: A Vital Support for Working Families. Accessed at: http://www.clasp.org/resources-andpublications/publication-1/CCDBG-Advocacy-Fact-Sheet.pdf
clxxxi National Survey of Children’s Health. (2011/12). Child Care Issues Affected Parental Employment. Accessed at:
http://www.childhealthdata.org/
clxxxii American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Sex by School Enrollment by Type of School by Age for the
Population 3 Years and Over. Table B1400. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B14003&prodType=table
clxxxiii Great Start to Quality (n.d.) About Great Start to Quality. Accessed at: http://greatstarttoquality.org/about-great-startquality
clxxxiv Michigan League for Public Policy (2014) Failure to Invest in High Quality Child Care Hurts Children and State’s Economy.
Accessed at: http://www.mlpp.org/failure-to-invest-in-high-quality-child-care-hurts-children-and-stateseconomy#sthash.AvcYAZOB.dpuf
clxxxv Michigan Department of Education (2013) Great Start, Great Investment, Great Future. Accessed at:
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mde/1_Great_Start_-_Great_Investment_-_Great_Future_-_FINAL_422080_7.PDF
clxxxvi IFF (2015) Building a Better System: The Need for Early Childhood Education in Macomb, Oakland, and Out Wayne Counties,
Table 9.
clxxxvii IFF (2015) The System We Need: A Neighborhood Snapshot of Early Childhood Education in Detroit, Table 7.
clxxxviii Michigan League for Public Policy (2014) Failure to Invest in High Quality Child Care Hurts Children and State’s Economy.
Accessed at: http://www.mlpp.org/failure-to-invest-in-high-quality-child-care-hurts-children-and-stateseconomy#sthash.AvcYAZOB.dpuf
clxxxix Michigan Education Data Site. Accessed at: https://www.mischooldata.org/
cxc Citizens Research Council of Michigan. (2016) Catalog of Early Childhood Funding in Michigan. Accessed at:
http://www.crcmich.org/PUBLICAT/2010s/2016/early_childhood_funding_catalog-2016.pdf
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cxci
State of Michigan (2012) Data Packet for 2012 Release, Retain Info v. 16-02-02
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/sro/Data_Packet_2012_Release_Retain_Info_v160202_512670_7.pdf
cxcii KIDS COUNT Data Center. (n.d.). Students Not Proficient in Grade 3 English. Accessed at:
http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/7436-meap--students-proficient-in-grade-3reading?loc=24&loct=5#detailed/5/3744-3750/false/36,868,867,133,38/any/14518
cxciii The Annie E. Casey Foundation, KIDS COUNT. (2010). Why Reading by the End of Third Grade Matters: A KIDS COUNT Special
Report. Accessed at: www.aecf.org/KnowledgeCenter/Publications.aspx?pubguid={EBC84A89-722A-4985-9E5D-7AB0803CB178
cxciv KIDS COUNT Data Center. (n.d.). Students Not Proficient in Grade 8 Math. Accessed at:
http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/7823-meap--students-not-proficient-in-grade-8math?loc=24&loct=5#detailed/5/3744-3826/false/36,868,867,133,38/any/15095,15096
cxcv Michigan Education Data Site. Graduation Dropout Rate. Accessed at:
https://www.mischooldata.org/DistrictSchoolProfiles/StudentInformation/GraduationDropoutRate2.aspx
cxcvi ACT. (n.d.). Test Prep: Description of the ACT. Accessed at:www.actstudent.org/testprep/descriptions/
cxcvii Michigan Education Data Site. Postsecondary Outcomes College Enrollment By High School. Accessed at:
https://www.mischooldata.org/DistrictSchoolProfiles/PostsecondaryOutcomes/IheEnrollmentByHighSchool2.aspx
cxcviii Grunwald Associates LLC, 2008
cxcix Federal Reserve Bank, 2008
cc Becker, S., Crandall, M. D., Fisher, K. E., Kinney, B., Landry, C., & Rocha, A. (2010) Opportunity for All: How the American Public
Benefits from Internet Access at U.S. Libraries. Institute of Museum and Library Services. Accessed at:
http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED510740.pdf
cci IDC Research, 2010
ccii Don’t Miss The Next Strategic Turn, Taleo, 2008
cciii Ibid. Note: found on page 2.
cciv File, T. (2013) Computer and Internet Use in the United States. Accessed at: http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p20569.pdf
ccv Anderson, M. & Perrin, A. (2015) 15% of Americans Don’t Use the Internet. Who Are They? Accessed at:
http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/28/15-of-americans-dont-use-the-internet-who-are-they/
ccvi American Community Survey (2014) Presence and Types of Internet Subscriptions in Household, Table B28002. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml
ccvii Ibid.
ccviii Council of Economic Advisors (2016) The Digital Divide and Economic Benefits of Broadband Access. Accessed at:
https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/page/files/20160308_broadband_cea_issue_brief.pdf
ccix Emsi 2016.2 (2016)
ccx Sources include Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools, Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and
Colleges, Michigan Association of Career Colleges & Schools, and trade-schools.net.
ccxi American Community Survey (2010-2014 5-Year Estimates) Educational Attainment by Employment for the Population 25 to
64 Years. Table B23006. Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B23006&prodType=table
ccxii Ibid.
ccxiii Child Trends (2007) Conceptualizing a “Strong Start”: Antecedents of Positive Child Outcomes Birth and Into Early Childhood.
Accessed at: http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Child_Trends-2007_02_12_RB_StrongStart.pdf
ccxiv Division for Vital Records & Health Statistics, Michigan Department of Health & Human Services (2004 – 2014) Michigan
Resident Birth Files. Accessed at: http://www.mdch.state.mi.us/pha/osr/Natality/BirthsTrends.asp
ccxv KIDS COUNT Data Center (n.d.) Births to Teens Under Age 20. Accessed at: http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/1645births-to-teens-under-age-20?loc=24&loct=5#detailed/5/3825/false/869,36,868,867,133/any/3497,13076
ccxvi KIDS COUNT Data Center (n.d.) Repeat Teen Births Age 15-19.. Accessed at
http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/1647-repeat-teen-births-ages-1519?loc=24&loct=5#detailed/5/3825/true/869,36,868,867,133/any/3501,13077
ccxvii KIDS COUNT Data Center (n.d.) Medicaid Paid Births. Accessed at http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/6359medicaid-paid-births--3-year-average?loc=24&loct=2#detailed/5/3825/true/869,36,868,867,133/any/13207,13208
ccxviii KIDS COUNT Data Center (n.d.) Births to Unwed Mothers. Accessed at: http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/1649births-to-unwed-mothers?loc=24&loct=2#detailed/2/any/false/869,36,868,867,133/any/3505,13075
ccxix Child Trends (2014) Late or No Prenatal Care. Accessed at: http://www.childtrends.org/?indicators=late-or-no-prenatal-care
ccxx KIDS COUNT Data Center (n.d.) Births with Late or No Prenatal Care. Accessed at:
http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5389-births-with-late-or-no-prenatal-care--new-birthcertificate?loc=24&loct=2#detailed/5/3825/true/869,36,868,867,133/any/11914,13067
ccxxi Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Pregnant? Don’t Smoke! Accessed at:
www.cdc.gov/Features/PregnantDontSmoke/
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ccxxii
KIDS COUNT Data Center (n.d.) Births to Mothers Who Smoked During Pregnancy. Accessed at:
http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5383-births-to-mothers-who-smoked-during-pregnancy--new-birthcertificate?loc=24&loct=2#detailed/5/3825/false/869,36,868,867,133/any/11908,13074
ccxxiii United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (2011) Low Birth
Weight. Accessed at: http://mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa11/hstat/hsi/pages/201lbw.html
ccxxiv Child Trends. (2014). Low and Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Accessed at: www.childtrends.org/?indicators=low-and-verylow-birthweight-infants
ccxxv KIDS COUNT Data Center (n.d.) Infant Mortality. Accessed at: http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/line/1637-infantmortality?loc=24&loct=5#5/3825/true/869,36,868,867,133,38,35,18,17,16/asc/any/13079
ccxxvi American Academy of Pediatrics (2014) Healthy Children. Well- Child Care: A Check-Up for Success. Accessed at:
http://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/health-management/Pages/Well-Child-Care-A-Check-UpforSuccess.aspx
ccxxvii Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health (n.d.) Preventative Healthcare, Percent of Children with Preventative
Healthcare in the Past Year. Accessed at: http://childhealthdata.org/browse/rankings/maps?s=89
ccxxviii Michigan Department of Community Health (2016) County Quarterly Immunization Report Card. Accessed at:
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch/Wayne_447509_7.pdf
ccxxix National Survey of Children’s Health (2011/12) 2011/12 NSCH National Chartbook Profile for Michigan vs. Nationwide.
Accessed at:
http://www.childhealthdata.org/browse/data-snapshots/nsch-profiles?rpt=16&geo=24
ccxxx Early On Michigan (n.d.) Accessed at: https://1800earlyon.org/
ccxxxi Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured (November 2015) The Uninsured: A Primer - Key Facts about Health
Insurance and the Uninsured in the Era of Health Reform. Accessed from: http://kff.org/uninsured/report/the-uninsured-aprimer-key-facts-about-health-insurance-and-the-uninsured-in-the-era-of-health-reform/
ccxxxii Baker Institute Policy Report (2009) The Economic Impact of Uninsured Children on America. Accessed at:
http://bakerinstitute.org/files/583/
ccxxxiii American Community Survey (2009-2014 5-Year Estimates) Health Insurance Coverage by Sex by Age. Table B27001.
Accessed at:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B27001&prodType=table
ccxxxiv CDC (2012) Emergency Room Use Among Adults Aged 18–64: Early Release of Estimates From the National Health Interview
Survey, January–June 2011. Accessed at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/emergency_room_use_januaryjune_2011.pdf
ccxxxv http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/04/19/474731301/for-the-cash-strapped-insured-free-health-clinics-stillhave-a-place
ccxxxvi Andrews, M., NPR (April 19, 2016) For The Insured But Cash-Strapped, Free Health Clinics Still Have A Place. Accessed at:
http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/files/publications/issue-brief/2015/nov/1844_collins_how_high_isamericas_hlt_care_cost_burden_tb_v1.pdf
ccxxxvii The Commonwealth Fund (2015) How High Is America’s Health Care Cost Burden? Accessed at:
http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/files/publications/issue-brief/2015/nov/1844_collins_how_high_isamericas_hlt_care_cost_burden_tb_v1.pdf
ccxxxviii U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Annual EPSDT Participation
Report, Form CMS-416, (state) fiscal year 2014. Accessed at: http://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/ByTopics/Benefits/Early-and-Periodic-Screening-Diagnostic-and-Treatment.html.
ccxxxix U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Designated Health
Professional Shortage Areas (HPSA) Statistics, Table 4, data as of Jan. 1, 2016. Accessed at: http://datawarehouse.hrsa.gov/
ccxl Grant, John (June 10, 2016) Michigan Moves to Improve Access to Dental Care. Accessed at:
http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/analysis/2016/06/10/michigan-moves-to-improve-access-to-dental-care
ccxli Michigan Department of Community Health (August 2015) Dental Insurance Coverage Among the Michigan Adult Population.
Accessed at:
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch/MIBRFSS_Surveillance_Brief_Aug_2015_Vol9No3_FINAL_500166_7.pdf
ccxlii Ibid.
ccxliii County Health Rankings (2016) Overview. Accessed at: http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/michigan/2016/overview
ccxliv https://www.henryford.com/documents/CommunityHealth/2013%20HFHS%20CHNA_Final.pdf
ccxlv Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014) National Prevention Strategy: America’s Plan for Better Health and
Wellness. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/features/preventionstrategy/
ccxlvi United Healthcare (2010) Why Preventative Care is Important. Accessed at: http://cscc.edu/about/humanresources/benefits/files/medplandocs/Preventive_Care_Information.pdf
ccxlvii County Health Rankings (2016) Measures. Accessed at:
http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/michigan/2016/measure/factors/5/data
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ccxlviii
County Health Rankings (2016) Air Pollution – Particulate Matter. Accessed at:
http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/michigan/2016/measure/factors/125/description
ccxlix Child Trends Data Bank (2010) Lead Poisoning. Accessed at: www.childtrends.org/?indicators=lead-poisoning
ccl Michigan League for Public Policy (2016) Wayne County Data Profile. Accessed at:
http://www.mlpp.org/countyprofiles2016db5/Wayne%20DB%202016.pdf
ccli US Census (n.d.) American Community Survey. Accessed at: http://www.census.gov/people/disability/methodology/acs.html
cclii County Health Rankings (2016) Adult Obesity. Accessed at:
http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/michigan/2016/measure/factors/11/map
ccliii County Health Rankings (2016) Access to Exercise Opportunities. Accessed at:
http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/michigan/2016/measure/factors/132/map
ccliv County Health Rankings (2016) Adult Obesity. Accessed at:
http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/michigan/2016/measure/factors/11/map
cclv U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2000) Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General, Executive
Summary. Accessed at: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/
cclvi County Health Rankings (2016) Dentists. Accessed at:
http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/michigan/2016/measure/factors/88/map
cclvii Michigan Department of Community Health (n.d.) Wayne County Health Statistics Tables.. Accessed at:
http://www.mdch.state.mi.us/pha/osr/chi/FullTableList.asp?RegionType=1&RegionCode=82&Submit=Tables
cclviii Michigan Department of Community Health (2014) Prevalence Estimates for Risk Factors and Health Indicators. Accessed at:
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch/2014_MiBRFS_Standard_Tables_FINAL_500159_7.pdf
cclix Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division
of Population Health (2015) BRFSS Prevalence & Trends Data. Accessed at: http://wwwdev.cdc.gov/brfss/brfssprevalence/.
cclx CDC (2016) National Vital Statistics Report. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_02.pdf
cclxi Division of Vital Records and Health Statistics, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (2014) Michigan Resident
Death Files. Accessed at: http://www.mdch.state.mi.us/pha/osr/chi/fatal/years/Inj_self/Counties/INJ82.html
cclxii SAMHSA (2014) National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Comparison of 2002-2003 and 2013-2014 Population Percentages.
Accessed at: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHsaeLongTermCHG2014/NSDUHsaeLongTermCHG2014.pdf
Note: Found in Table 1
cclxiii SAMHSA (2014) National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Comparison of 2002-2003 and 2013-2014 Population Percentages.
Accessed at: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHsaeLongTermCHG2014/NSDUHsaeLongTermCHG2014.pdf
Note: Found in Table 18
cclxiv SAMHSA (2014) National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Comparison of 2002-2003 and 2013-2014 Population Percentages.
Accessed at: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHsaeLongTermCHG2014/NSDUHsaeLongTermCHG2014.pdf
Note: Found in Table 16
cclxv Drug Abuse Warning Network (2011) Metropolitan Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits: Detroit-WarrenLivonia, MI MSA (19820), 2004-2011, Table: ED Visits by Drug. Accessed at: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/reports-bygeography?tid=574&map=3
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