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CHAPTER
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Review
09
Summary
HOW DO WE EXPLAIN THE
EMOTIONS OF FEAR, ANGER,
AND HAPPINESS? p.127
WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF
EMOTION AND MOTIVATION? p.122
• Emotions are made up of three distinct but relat-
• Fear protects us by initiating a flight-and-fight
ed parts: physiological arousal, expressive behavior,
and cognitive experience.
response. Controlled mostly by the amygdala, it is
partially learned and partially innate.
• We are motivated by both dispositional forces
(internal states and drives) and situational forces (external
stimuli).
WHAT ARE THE DOMINANT
THEORIES OF EMOTION AND
MOTIVATION? pp.122 & 128
• Anger is a universal emotion, but its expression is culturally specific.
• Happiness tends to be temporary, makes people helpful,
depends on our sense of success relative to others, and does not
depend on money.
HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND
HUNGER, SLEEP, SEXUALITY,
BELONGING, AND WORK? p.130
• Theories of emotion are the James-Lange
Chapter 09
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theory (physiological response precedes cognition),
Cannon-Bard theory (physiology and cognition are
simultaneous), Schachter-Singer two-factor theory (perception
along with physiological response produces emotion), cognitiveappraisal theory (cognitive evaluation follows physiological
response to produce emotion), and Plutchik’s emotion wheel
(eight primary emotions combine to form more complex emotions).
• Theories of motivation are drive-reduction theory (actions are
motivated by a drive to reduce physiological need), social-learning
theory (actions are motivated by the expectation of achieving
goals), and central state theory (drives are created by neural
systems).
• Hunger depends on stomach contractions, glucose levels, hypothalamic secretions of orexin, and
the gustatory sense.
• Sleep protects us from predators and restores our minds and
bodies.
• The levels of testosterone, estrogen, and other hormones in our
bodies influence our sex drives.
• A feeling of belonging maximizes survival, and its absence
resembles physical pain.
• People find intrinsically rewarding work to be most satisfying.
Test Your Understanding
1. People with IEED can feel one emotion but express another
4. Which of the following concepts is present in both the Schachter-
because emotions have:
Singer two factor theory and the cognitive-appraisal theory?
a. learned and innate dimensions
b. control over cognition and behavior
c. their origin in neurological structures
d. cognitive and expressive components
a. Cognitive experience primes us to react in particular ways.
b. Cognitive experience precedes physiological arousal.
c. Physiological arousal and evaluation of emotion occur
2. According to Darwin’s universality hypothesis, which of the
following would signify happiness or approval across all
cultures?
a. a “thumbs up” gesture
b. a smile
c. a wink
d. an outstretched arm
3. In laughter therapy, people lift their mood by standing in a
circle and saying “ha ha” as a way to make themselves
laugh. Which theory of emotion does this technique
demonstrate?
a. James-Lange
b. Cannon-Bard
c. cognitive appraisal
d. Schachter-Singer two factor
simultaneously.
d. Different emotions have similar physiological expressions.
5. How might the principle of mere exposure be used to ensure that
moviegoers feel scared during a horror film?
a. Cold air could be pumped into the theater.
b. A fearful face could be flashed onto the screen prior to the film.
c. Moviegoers could be required to watch the film by themselves.
d. Moviegoers could be asked to record their physiological
reactions.
6. Which sequence of events describes emotions according to the
cognitive-appraisal theory?
a. Your heart pounds as you feel fear and then decide to run.
b. Your heart pounds, you run, and you realize that you feel fear.
c. Your heart pounds; then you decide you feel fear, and you run.
d. You feel fear; then you notice that your heart is pounding, and
you run.
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7. Teresa is feeling angry, and Li is feeling sad. Which of the
16. Which best summarizes the rationale behind Maslow’s hierarchy
following is most likely to be true?
of needs?
a. Teresa is experiencing psychic blindness and Li is not.
b. Teresa’s finger temperature has changed more than Li’s has.
c. Teresa’s heart rate has decreased and Li’s heart rate has risen.
d. Both Teresa and Li are exercising the same facial muscles.
a. Everyone has different basic needs.
b. All needs are equally important.
c. Basic survival needs motivate us before other needs.
d. Humans are only able to fulfill one need at a time.
8. Damien is in love, and he finds himself paying particular attention
to the sunny, beautiful weather outside. Damien’s experience is
an example of:
a. affective forecasting
b. facial-feedback hypothesis
c. mood-congruent processing
d. adaptation-level phenomenon
9. Which of the following best describes the valence and arousal of
extreme embarrassment?
a. positive valence and low arousal
b. negative valence and low arousal
c. positive valence and high arousal
d. negative valence and high arousal
10. Which of the following do polygraph tests measure?
a. arousal
b. truthfulness
c. eye movement
d. amygdala activity
11. When people in New Orleans evacuated because of Hurricane
Gustav, they reacted to:
a. The lateral hypothalamus controls hunger.
b. Stomach contractions are the only cause of hunger.
c. When glucose levels in the blood rise, we feel hungry.
d. Mental, physical, and environmental factors contribute to
hunger.
18. A woman with a low sex drive is most likely to have:
a. high estrogen levels
b. high adrenaline levels
c. low testosterone levels
d. low progesterone levels
19. Why does sleep deprivation affect learning?
a. It increases neural activity.
b. It decreases neural activity.
c. It reduces synaptic communication.
d. It enhances synaptic communication.
20. Which of the following scenarios illustrates expectancy theory?
a. A teachers’ union successfully negotiates new salaries.
b. An attorney receives a large bonus for winning her case.
c. A doctor is dissatisfied with working long hours.
d. A waiter works extra shifts to improve his reputation.
12. Which of the following best exemplifies William James’ conception of an instinct?
a. dogs pulling sleds
b. people going to work
c. beavers building dams
d. horses running in races
13. A teacher ignores students who don’t raise their hands before
asking a question. Which theory is the teacher employing?
a. drive-reduction theory
b. social learning theory
c. central-state theory
d. dispositional force theory
14. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which of the following
states is an optimal level of arousal?
a. extreme relaxation and calmness
b. moderate relaxation and calmness
c. moderate nervousness and excitement
d. extreme nervousness and excitement
15. Kristen, a 13-year-old girl, is teased by her classmates and
excluded from parties and other social activities. As a result,
Kristen most likely experiences:
Answers: 1) d; 2) b; 3) a; 4) d; 5) b; 6) c; 7) b; 8) c; 9) d; 10) a; 11) b;
12) c; 13) b; 14) c; 15) b; 16) c; 17) d; 18) c; 19) c; 20) b
a. increased levels of dopamine in the brain
b. increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex
c. decreased levels of adrenaline in the brain
d. decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex
Emotion and Motivation
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a. regulatory drives
b. situational forces
c. dispositional forces
d. approach motivation
17. What do we know about the mechanisms of hunger?