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Int. Res. J. of Science & Engineering, 2014; Vol. 2 (5): 171-176
ISSN: 2322-0015
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and its Interpretation
Gupta Swaroopa Rani N
Department of Chemistry, Brijlal Biyani Science College Amravati, Maharashtra, India
[email protected]
Manuscript Details
ABSTRACT
Received : 15 May, 2014
Revised : 07 June, 2014
Re-Revised : 08 July, 2014
Revised received: 17 September, 2014
Accepted: 27 September, 2014
Published: 02 October, 2014
For ideal weight management and for a more accurate and precise body
composition analysis full Body Sensing Technology Karada Scan Body
Composition Monitor – HBF-375 is used which measures
body
composition- weight, body fat percentage, visceral fat level, subcutaneous
fat and skeletal muscle percentage, RM, BMI and Body age. This analysis
technique is based on Bioelectrical impedance method. The general
principle behind BIA is that two or more conductors are attached to a
person's body and a small electric current is sent through the body. The
resistance between the conductors will provide a measure of body fat
between a pair of electrodes, since the resistance to electricity varies
between adipose, muscular and skeletal tissue. Fat-free mass (muscle) is a
good conductor as it contains a large amount of water (approximately
73%) and electrolytes, while fat is anhydrous and a poor conductor of
electric current. Each (bare) foot may be placed on an electrode, with the
current sent up one leg, across the abdomen and down the other leg.
ISSN: 2322-0015
Cite this article as: Gupta Swaroopa
Rani N. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
and its Interpretation, Int. Res. J. of Sci. &
Engg., 2014; 2 (5):171-176.
Key Words : Body age, Body fat, BMI, RM, Skeletal muscle, Subcutaneous
fat, Visceral fat.
INTRODUCTION
Copyright: © Author(s), This is an open
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Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial No Derivs License, which
permits use and distribution in any
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properly cited, the use is noncommercial and no modifications or
adaptations are made.
© 2014| All right reserved
Bioelectrical Impedance analysis was used to establish their Nutritional
Status. One hundred participants as in (Patterson and Shanholtzer, 2002)
where measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis to assess the
accuracy of total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECW), and
intracellular water (ICW). France et al. (2005) reported Thirty-two
volunteer’s hydration status was measured using bioelectrical impedance
analysis to monitor fluid shifts and cardiovascular function. Forty subjects
were measured as in (Patterson and Spinks, 2005) using bioelectrical
impedance analysis to assess their Total body water (TBW), intracellular
body water (ICW), extracellular body water (ECW), this was then taken
with blood pressure readings to assess if there is a correlation. As in
(Farman et al., 2002) Two hundred and thirty seven adults were
measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis to establish their body
composition including their lean and fat mass in comparison to
Echocardiographic Image Quality. Bahadori et al. (2003) studied one
hundred and twenty subjects were recruited for this project, forty four of
whom were obese. Bioelectrical impedance was used to measure the
cohorts progress on the diet and effects on the lean body mass.
171
Gupta Swaroopa Rani N, 2014
Baker et al. (2005) studied twenty seven patients to
see if Lean body mass, calculated by bioelectrical
impedance analysis, could be used to more accurately
drug dose in obese cardiac patients. As in (Maughan et
al., 2005) measured the body fat of twenty eight
subjects and compared different methods of body
composition analysis for accuracy. Study (Fuller et al.,
1993) is a comparison of various different bioelectrical
impedance devices and formulas. Clewlow et al. (1998)
twelve males subjects were used in their research
project were bioelectrical impedance analysis was used
to assess the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure
on transthoracic impedance-implications for defibrillation. Durnin et al. (1994) thirty five elderly subjects
were tested using bioelectrical impedance analysis to
evaluate the use of equations on this population group.
As in (El Habbal et al., 2005) ten jaundice babies body
water was tested using bioelectrical impedance
analysis to assess if this is reduced in this patient
population. Paper (Bolton et al., 1998) looked at the
feasibility on ten critically ill patients, of using
bioelectrical impedance to monitor fluid shifts.
Francaux and Poortmans (1999) twenty five male
volunteers were measured using bioelectrical
impedance to assess their intra cellular, extra cellular
and total body water to show the effect of creatine on
body composition. As in (Demeure et al., 2000)
Bioelectrical Impedance was used to measure fourteen
male subjects body composition pre and post exercise.
In one of the pilot study (2001) Twelve volunteers
were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis
to monitor the effectiveness of Slenernight
supplements on their body composition. The aim of
study (Barton et al., 2002) was to establish the
effectiveness of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis when
measuring body composition in eighty five COPD
patients. Guisado et al. (2003) by looking at the past
history of patients aims to understand if this has any
long term consequences on their body composition
using Bioelectrical Impedance. This study used one
hundred and four patients. Goran et al. (1997) studied
Bioelectrical Impedance Measurements at Various
Frequencies to Estimate Human Body Compositions.
Patterson and Shanholtzer, 2003) the research,
monitoring one hundred subjects, looked at how
effective bioelectrical impedance is as a tool for
psychophysiology research. As in (Harris et al., 2003)
forty subjects were tested using bioelectrical
impedance analysis to assess the lean mass in COPD
patients. Research based of a mixed cohort of one
hundred and sixty subjects (Ghosh et al., 1997). Of
these roughly half were teenagers and half adults. This
sample also included a proportion of patients with
various medical disorders. The paper examines and
compares Body stat’s handheld Bioelectrical Impedance
devices against the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
Device (DEXA). The purpose of this paper is to establish
whether or not hand-held Bioelectrical Impedance
Analysis can be used accurately to establish body
composition accurately and in a timely fashion. Elia et
al, (1994) applied a three-component model of body
composition to a group of obese women. Using 29
172
surgical patients the research project (Hannan et al.,
1995) aimed to establish the best method for
calculating extracellular water and total body water.
The study (Cowen et al., 1998) eighty nine subjects a
mixed of healthy, and patients with GI malignancies,
chronic liver disease and IBD.
In present analysis of body composition such as Body
Weight, BMI, Body Fat Percentage, Segmental
Subcutaneous Fat & Skeletal Muscle Percentage (Whole
Body, Trunk, Legs and Arms), Resting Metabolism,
Visceral Fat Level and
Body Age is done by
Bioelectrical impedance technique and results are
interpreted and corresponding instructions for better
health improvement is given.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For ideal weight management and for a more accurate
and precise body composition analysis full Body
Sensing Technology Karada Scan Body Composition
Monitor – HBF-375 is used which measures body
composition- weight, body fat percentage, visceral fat
level, subcutaneous fat and skeletal muscle percentage,
RM, BMI and Body age. The general principle behind
Bioelectrical impedance analysis is that two or more
conductors are attached to a person's body and a small
electric current is sent through the body. The resistance
between the conductors will provide a measure of body
fat between a pair of electrodes, since the resistance to
electricity varies between adipose, muscular and
skeletal tissue. Fat-free mass (muscle) is a good
conductor as it contains a large amount of water
(approximately 73%) and electrolytes, while fat is
anhydrous and a poor conductor of electric current.
Each (bare) foot may be placed on an electrode, with
the current sent up one leg, across the abdomen and
down the other leg. There is little scope for technician
error as such, but factors such as eating, drinking and
exercising must be controlled since hydration level is an
important source of error in determining the flow of
the electric current to estimate body fat. The
instructions for use of instruments typically
recommended not making measurements soon after
drinking or eating or exercising, or when dehydrated.
Instruments require details such as sex and age to be
entered, and use formulae taking these into account; for
example, men and women store fat differently around
the abdomen and thigh region.
BMI and Ideal weight: Body mass index is defined as
the individual's body mass divided by the square of his
or her height. The formulae universally used in
medicine produce a unit of measure of kg/m2.
BMI = Weight (Kg) / [height (m)] 2
The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as
underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating
disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater
than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is
considered obese.
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Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and its Interpretation
The ideal BMI is 22. Maintaining an ideal weight can
help prevent obesity or weight loss and other diseases,
and lead a longer life. The ideal weight for BMI of 22 is
calculated as follows.
The release, and using, of energy in this state is
sufficient only for the functioning of the vital organs,
the heart, lungs, nervous system, kidneys, liver,
intestine, sex organs, muscles, and skin.
Ideal Weight (Kg) = 22 × [height (m)] 2
BMR generally decreases with age and with the
decrease in lean body mass (as may happen with
aging). Increasing muscle mass increases BMR.
Aerobic fitness level, a product of cardiovascular
exercise, while previously thought to have effect on
BMR, has been shown in the 1990s not to correlate with
BMR, when fat-free body mass was adjusted for New
research has, however, come to light that suggests
anaerobic exercise does increase resting energy
consumption. Illness, previously consumed food and
beverages, environmental temperature, and stress
levels can affect one's overall energy expenditure as
well as one's BMR.
However this method of ideal weight calculation may
not be applicable for professional athletes and body
builders, who have higher muscles ratio in their bodies.
Body fat percentage:
Body fat percentage = [Body fat Mass (Kg) / Body
weight (Kg)] × 100
Body fat includes essential body fat and storage body
fat. Essential body fat is necessary to maintain life and
reproductive functions. The percentage of essential
body fat for women is greater than that for men, due to
the demands of childbearing and other hormonal
functions. The percentage of essential fat is 3–5% in
men, and 10-16% in women. Storage body fat consists
of fat accumulation in adipose tissue, part of which
protects internal organs in the chest and abdomen.
Visceral Fat:
In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath
the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs
(visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow)
and in breast tissue.
BMR (RMR): Basal metabolic rate (BMR), and the
closely related resting metabolic rate (RMR), is the
amount of energy expended daily by humans and other
animals at rest. Rest is defined as existing in a
neutrally temperate environment while in the postabsorptive state. In plants, different considerations
apply.
Skeletal muscle:
Skeletal muscle is a form of striated muscle tissue
existing throughout the human body, and which is
under control of the somatic nervous system; that is to
say, it is voluntarily controlled. It is one of three major
muscle types, the others being cardiac and smooth
muscle. As their name suggests, most skeletal muscles
are attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers
known as tendons.
Biological (Real) Age:
Biological age is how time and lifestyle have affected
organs and cells compared to other people of
chronological age. Factors of biological aging include
changes in the physical structure of the body as well as
changes in the performance of motor skills and sensory
awareness. Chronological age is current age in years,
calculated from birth date.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1: Interpretation of Body Composition Report
Body
%
Fat
Gender
Low
Normal
High
Very High
Female
Up to 19.9
20-29.9
30-34.9
35 & more
Male
Up to 9.9
10-19.9
20-24.9
25 & more
0(Normal)
+(High)
++(Very High)
0.5-9.5
10.0-14.5
15.0-30.0
Trunk Fat <15 Normal, 16-18 High, 18+ Very high
Visceral Fat
%
Gender
Skeletal
Muscle %
Female
Male
BMI
Age
–(Low)
0(Normal)
+(High)
++(Very High)
18-39
< 24.3 %
24.3-30.3 %
30.4-35.3 %
≥ 35.4 %
40-59
< 24.1 %
24.1-30.1 %
30.2-35.1 %
≥ 35.2 %
60-80
< 23.9 %
23.9-29.9 %
30.0-34.9 %
≥ 35.0 %
18-39
< 33.3 %
33.3-39.3 %
39.4-44.0 %
≥ 44.1 %
40-59
< 33.1 %
33.1-39.1 %
39.2-43.8 %
≥ 43.9 %
60-80
< 32.9 %
32.9-38.9 %
39.0-43.6 %
≥ 43.7 %
Underweight
Normal
Over weight
Obese
Up to 18.4
18.5-24.9
25-29.9
30 & more
Int. Res. J. of Science & Engineering, 2014; Volume 2, No. 5, Sept. –Oct., 2014.
173
Case
Male
Female
1M
2 F
3M
4M
5F
6M
7M
8F
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9F
10 M
11 F
12 F
13 M
14 F
15 F
16 F
17 F
18 M
19 F
174
No.
/
Date
Age
Ht
Wt
Kg
Fat
%
28.11.12
14.11.12
29.11.12
09.12.12
90
76
76
76
149
149
149
149
48.5
63.2
63
62.9
37.8
45.5
46.5
44.1
Subcutaneous Fat %
Whole
Trunk
Body
24.8
37.6
38.2
36.9
34.3
17.01.13
76
149
63.1
48.9
39.4
26.11.12
26.11.12
26.11.12
27.11.12
30.11.12
09.12.12
16.01.13
27.11.12
12.11.12
19.11.12
28.11.12
09.12.12
13.01.13
28.11.12
12.11.12
28.11.12
09.12.12
16.01.13
25.11.12
17.01.13
17.01.13
28.11.12
17.01.13
30.11.12
27.11.12
09.12.12
17.01.13
16.11.12
25.11.12
29.11.12
09.12.12
17.01.13
28.11.12
28.11.12
16.01.13
62
59
53
57
53
53
53
50
47
47
47
47
47
46
45
45
45
45
45
45
42
34
34
24
23
23
23
22
22
22
22
22
16
14
14
170
177
145
167
172
172
172
151
148
148
148
148
148
172
159
159
159
159
156
156
173
163
163
156
162
162
162
161
161
161
161
161
176
160
160
78.9
61.6
89.3
66
53.8
54.9
55.3
46.4
37.6
38
38.9
38.3
37.7
78.9
63.1
62.2
62.2
62.4
62.4
63.2
88.9
57.6
57.9
64.9
43.2
44.1
44.6
52.6
52.2
52.2
52
51.8
50.2
41
41.7
32.2
30.5
47.8
30.8
23.4
22.2
22.6
35.5
24.7
37.8
29.6
33.7
32.2
30.9
43.2
38.9
38
37.8
39.5
40.1
29.5
31.4
30.7
38.2
20.8
21.3
21.3
31.2
32.4
31.8
31.6
32.3
10.9
17.8
18.5
14.6
14.8
23.8
22.9
31.2
31.1
33.2
20.9
25.5
17.2
17.3
24.7
25
15.4
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37.6
22.2
19.9
46.8
20.8
15.3
12.4
12.6
26.8
24
25.8
22
22
20.8
21.3
36.8
31.6
28.3
28.2
32.7
30.4
19.3
25.7
22
32.8
16.7
13.2
13.2
24.7
25.1
24.8
21.8
22.2
7.2
14.9
11
Legs
Viscera
l Fat %
57.3
50
10
15
14
14
Skeletal Muscle %
Whole
Trunk
Body
20.3
17.9
17.5
18.5
12.5
-
56.2
15
16.6
16
5
30
11
3
3.5
3.5
4
2
2
2
2
2
13
12
7
7
7
8
8.5
16.5
4
3.5
7
1
0.5
0.5
3
2
2
2.5
2.5
-
26.8
28.9
17.6
27.4
31.1
31.3
31.2
22.1
22.3
21.3
23.4
22.3
22.6
28.5
19.5
21.8
22.2
22.3
21.4
21.2
29.5
25.3
25.6
22.5
29.2
29
29.1
25.6
25.3
25.5
25.6
25.3
38.9
30.9
30.4
Arms
20.3
20.6
20.2
20.5
44.5
42.8
33.6
32.3
51.5
51.1
45.2
44.9
54.3
27.5
48.4
27.9
42.9
37.4
32.8
32.7
28.4
28.4
45
45.8
38.9
39.3
30.1
26.9
11
Legs
RM
Kcal
BMI
Body
Age
18.3
31.4
1175
1240
1233
1242
21.8
28.3
28.4
28.3
66
80
80
80
16.1
28.4
1223
28.4
80
1683
1431
1599
1491
1334
1355
1361
1037
908
906
939
920
914
1699
1254
1263
1269
1272
1263
1272
1868
1230
1237
1309
1041
1054
1063
1155
1145
1147
1145
1139
1334
1017
1025
27.3
19.7
42.5
23.7
18.2
18.6
18.7
20.3
17
17.3
17.8
17.5
17.2
26.7
28.8
24.6
24.6
24.7
25.6
26
29.7
21.7
21.8
26.7
16.5
16.8
17
20.4
20.1
20.1
20.1
20
16.2
16
16.3
65
46
80
55
34
35
36
47
34
37
36
36
35
55
60
55
55
55
57
58
57
38
38
43
18
18
18
26
26
26
25
26
-
Arms
24.9
24.8
37.7
37.9
48.7
48.6
18
18.3
28.1
28.6
31
31.7
16.8
16.9
22.8
22.9
34.1
34.7
15.8
21.5
21.5
34.5
33.6
46.9
20.3
27.7
37.6
24.9
24.9
34.8
34.7
39.2
39.5
21.2
21
29
28.7
35.8
35.3
26.6
36.8
40.2
Gupta Swaroopa Rani N, 2014
172
Gupta Swaroopa Rani N, 2014
Table2: Different Body Composition Readings are as follows.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and its Interpretation
Case No.1 Male Ideal weight can be calculated as 48.8
Kg and actual weight is 48.5 i.e. Normal. Fat 37.8 %
very high. Trunk fat 24.8 very high. Visceral fat 10 %
High. Skeletal muscle 20.3 % Low. RM 1175 Kcal, BMI
21.8 Normal. Body age 66.
Case No.2 Female Ideal weight can be calculated as
48.8 and actual weight is 63.2 Kg i.e. 14.4 Kg over
weight. Fat % is 45.5 very high. Trunk fat is 37.6 very
high, Visceral fat 15 % very high. Skeletal muscle 17.9
% Low. RM 1240 Kcal, BMI 28.3 Overweight. Body age
80 high.
Case No.3 Male Ideal weight can be calculated as 63.6
Kg and actual weight is 78.9 Kg i.e. 15.3 Kg over weight.
Fat % is 32.2 very high. Trunk fat is 22.2 very high,
Visceral fat 16 % very high. Skeletal muscle 26.8 %
Low. RM 1683 Kcal, BMI 27.3 Overweight. Body age 65
high.
Case No.4 Male Ideal weight can be calculated as 68.9
Kg and actual weight is 61.6 Kg i.e. 7.3 Kg under weight.
Fat % is 30.5 very high. Trunk fat is 19.9 very high,
Visceral fat 5 % normal. Skeletal muscle 28.9 % Low.
RM 1431 Kcal, BMI 19.7 normal. Body age 46 low.
Case No.5 Female Ideal weight can be calculated as
46.3 and actual weight is 89.3 Kg i.e. 43 Kg over weight.
Fat % is 47.8 very high. Trunk fat is 46.8 very high,
Visceral fat 30 % very high. Skeletal muscle 17.6 %
Low. RM 1599 Kcal, BMI 42.5 very severely obese.
Body age 80 high.
Case No.6 Male Ideal weight can be calculated as 61.4
Kg and actual weight is 66 Kg i.e.4.6 Kg overweight. Fat
30.8 % very high. Trunk fat 20.8 very high. Visceral fat
11 % High. Skeletal muscle 27.4 % Low. RM 1491 Kcal,
BMI 23.7 Normal. Body age 55 low.
Likewise other cases can be interpreted.
trunk fat , visceral fat, BMI and body age can be
decreased. And has to undergo 29 month weight loss
programme to lose 43 kg weight.
Case No.6 Male In this case skeletal muscle % and RM
has to be increased so that weight, body fat % , trunk
fat and visceral fat can be decreased. And has to
undergo 3 month weight loss programme to lose 4.6 kg
weight.
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CONCLUSION
Case No.1 Male In this case skeletal muscle % and RM
has to be increased so that body fat % can be
decreased.
Case No.2 Female In this case skeletal muscle % and
RM has to be increased so that weight, body fat % ,
trunk fat , visceral fat, BMI and body age can be
decreased. And has to undergo 10 month weight loss
programme to lose 14.4 kg weight.
Case No.3 Male In this case skeletal muscle % and RM
has to be increased so that weight, body fat % , trunk
fat , visceral fat, BMI and body age can be decreased.
And has to undergo 11 month weight loss programme
to lose 15.3 kg weight.
Case No.4 Male In this case skeletal muscle % and RM
has to be increased so that body fat % , trunk fat can
be decreased and has to undergo 5 month weight gain
programme to increase 7.3 kg weight.
Case No.5 Female In this case skeletal muscle % and
RM has to be increased so that weight, body fat % ,
Int. Res. J. of Science & Engineering, 2014; Volume 2, No. 5, Sept. –Oct., 2014.
175
Gupta Swaroopa Rani N, 2014
20Breast%20Fed%20Babies.pdf. retrieved on May 2,
2014.
10. Elia M, Fuller NJ, Sawyer MB. Comparative evaluation of
body composition methods and predictions, and
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