March 25, 2009
Sports Artist Sued Over Painting of Tiger Woods
In 1997, Tiger Woods became the youngest player ever to win the Masters Tournament,
setting a 72-hole record for the tournament and a record 12-stroke margin of victory.
Subsequently, in 1998, sports artist Rick Rush created a commemorative painting of the
tournament entitled the "The Masters of Augusta," featuring three views of Woods in
different poses, along with images of other individuals. Due to the fact Rush had not
obtained permission to create the painting, Woods' licensing agent, ETW Corporation
(ETW) filed a lawsuit against Rush's publishing company. The complaint alleged that the
painting infringed its trademark and violated Woods' right of publicity.
As Woods' licensing agent, ETW owns the exclusive right to use Woods' name, image,
likeness, signature and all other publicity rights for commercial gain. In addition, ETW
owns a U.S. trademark registration for the mark "Tiger Woods." These rights allow ETW
to control (to the exclusion of all others) the manner in which references to Woods, in
various forms, are used for profit.
Despite the imposition of such protections, Jireh Publishing, Inc. (Jireh), the publisher of
Rush's artwork, sold and distributed limited edition prints of Rush's painting. Jireh
enclosed the prints in a white envelope and included a narrative description of the
painting, in which Woods' name appeared. In addition, on the back of the envelope,
under the flap, the words "Tiger Woods" were printed.
ETW Corporation Sues Jireh Publishing, Inc.
Consequently, in June 1998, ETW filed suit against Jireh in federal court, alleging
trademark infringement and violation of Woods' right of publicity. After the lower court
granted a summary judgment in favor of Jireh, ETW appealed. The following arguments
were at issue:
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Infringement of ETW's registered trademark of "Tiger Woods"
ETW's trademark rights in Woods' image and likeness
Jireh's publication and marketing of the painting as a violation of Woods'
"right of publicity"
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The Registered Trademark: "Tiger Woods"
The appellate court first considered whether Jireh had infringed ETW's registered
trademark, "Tiger Woods," by including the words on the envelope flap and in the
narrative which accompanied the prints. The court invoked the doctrine of "fair use," a
concept in trademark law that permits others to use a trademarked word to describe
aspects of their own goods. The court noted that Jireh used "Tiger Woods" only to
describe the content of the print and that there was no evidence of bad faith. As such,
the court found that Jireh had used Woods' name in a purely descriptive manner,
constituting a non-infringing fair use.
Unauthorized Use of Tiger Woods' Image and Likeness
Next, the appellate court addressed ETW's claim that it had trademark rights in Woods'
image and likeness. As indicated above, ETW had registered "Tiger Woods" as a
trademark, but had not registered any image or likeness of Woods. However, the lack of
registration of a mark typically does not diminish protection for trademarks under federal
law. Stated differently, federal law provides similar infringement protection to
unregistered trademarks as it does to registered marks. However, in order to gain
trademark protection, the symbol at issue must perform the trademark function of
"identification." Specifically, the symbol must identify the source of goods and
distinguish it from other sources in order to be protected as a trademark.
The court considered ETW's claim that it had exclusive rights to all of Woods' images
(i.e., the equivalent of a claim to rights of "Woods himself as a walking, talking
trademark"). However, the court denied ETW's claim, enunciating a general rule that a
person's image or likeness cannot function as a trademark.
Violation of Tiger Woods' Right to Publicity
The court also addressed ETW's allegations that Jireh's publication and marketing of
the prints violated Woods' "right of publicity." The right of publicity, a relatively new
intellectual property right, has been defined as "the inherent right of every human being
to control the commercial use of his or her identity." However, Jireh raised the First
Amendment as a defense and argued that Rush's use of Woods' image was protected
expression.
The court agreed that Rush's work was within the protection of the First Amendment,
recognizing the importance of sports celebrities as "a valuable means of expression in
our culture." Specifically, the court found that society's interest in freedom of artistic
expression trumped Woods' right of publicity, and that Jireh did not violate Woods' right
of publicity by distributing the painting. In arriving at this conclusion, the court noted that
artistic expression is afforded greater protection than commercial speech. Further,
Rush's painting was not merely a reproduction of Woods' image and likeness; rather, it
was transformed into art, including numerous artistic elements such as "a collage of
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images." As stated by the court, "because Rush's work has substantial transformative
elements, it is entitled to the full protection of the First Amendment."
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