Turk J Agric For
32 (2008) 19-27
© TÜB‹TAK
Population Parameters of Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval
(Prostigmata: Tetranychidae) on Eight Strawberry Cultivars
Cengiz KAZAK*, Cemal K‹BR‹TÇ‹
Çukurova University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, 01330 Adana - TURKEY
Received: 23.07.2007
Abstract: Development times, reproductive rates, and population growth parameters of Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd. on 8
strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) varieties were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Total development times of
immature males and females were not significantly influenced by the strawberry varieties. T. cinnabarinus laid significantly more
eggs per day on cultivar Muir (8.46) than on the other cultivars. Similarly, T. cinnabarinus on Muir had the highest net reproductive
rate (Ro) (120.19 ¶/¶), while Ro was the lowest on cultivar Sweet Charlie (39.51 ¶/¶). The generation time ranged from 18.96 to
22.32 days, but no significant varietal effect was seen. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) showed a pattern similar to that of Ro; it
was highest on Muir (0.253) and lowest on Sweet Charlie (0.208). The results indicate that Muir was the most favorable strawberry
cultivar for T. cinnabarinus population growth, whereas Sweet Charlie was the least suitable, under controlled conditions.
Key Words: Tetranychus cinnabarinus, strawberry, life tables
Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae)’un Sekiz Çilek Çeflidi
Üzerinde Populasyon Parametreleri
Özet: Bu çal›flmada, sekiz çilek (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) çefliti üzerinde Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd.’un geliflme süreleri,
üreme oranlar› ve populasyon geliflme parametreleri laboratuvar koflullar›nda incelenmifltir. Ergin öncesi erkek ve difli bireylerin
toplam geliflme süreleri çilek çeifltlerinden istatistiki olarak etkilenmemifllerdir. T. cinnabarinus günlük Muir (8.46) çefliti üzerinde
istatistiki olarak di¤er çeflitlerden daha fazla say›da yumurta b›rakm›flt›r. Benzer flekilde, T. cinnabarinus en yüksek net üreme gücünü
(Ro) (120.19 ¶/¶) yine Muir çeflidi üzerinde gösterirken, en düflük net üreme gücü (Ro) Sweet Charlie (39.51 ¶/¶) çeflidinde
saptanm›flt›r. Zararl›n›n döl süresi 18.96 ile 22.32 gün aras›nda de¤iflmekle birlikte çeflitlerin etkisi önemli bulunmam›flt›r. T.
cinnabarinus’un kal›tsal üreme yetene¤i (rm), net üreme gücüne benzerlik göstermifl ve en yüksek ve en düflük kal›tsal üreme
yetenekleri s›ras› ile Muir (0.253) ve Sweet Charlie (0.208) çeflitleri üzerinde gerçekleflmifltir. Bu sonuçlara ba¤l› olarak, çal›fl›lan
parametreler aç›s›ndan kontrollü koflullarda Muir çilek çefliti T. cinnabarinus için en uygun çeflit olurken Sweet Charlie en az uygun
çilek çeflidi olmufltur.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Tetranychus cinnabarinus, çilek, yaflam çizelgeleri
Introduction
The strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne)
(Rosaceae) is an important high-value crop with
increasing importance in the Mediterranean and Marmara
regions of Turkey, due to the favorable climatic
conditions. In 2003 Turkey produced 150,000 t of
strawberries on 10,400 ha, with 45% of this production
occurring in the ‹çel region and 21% in Bursa
(Çakaryıldırım, 2004). New strawberry cultivars, such as
Chandler, Camarosa, and Sweet Charlie, contributed
much to this level of production.
Arthropods and diseases cause important crop losses
wherever strawberries are commercially produced. The
order Acarina is one of the most important groups of
strawberry pests (Outman et al., 1967; Strand, 1994,
Kazak et al., 2003). Among these pests, in addition to
* Correspondence to: [email protected]
19
Population Parameters of Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae) on Eight Strawberry Cultivars
Tetranychus urticae Koch is T. cinnabarinus Boisd., which
occurs every year and damages nearly every strawberry
field (Yi¤it and Erkılıç, 1992; Kazak et al., 2001; Çakmak
and Demiral, 2007). It damages strawberries by first
feeding on the leaves and later directly on the fruits.
Heavy infestation causes leaves to turn brown and die,
lowering yields and weakening plants (Van de Vrie et al.,
1972; Regev, 1978; Wrensch and Young, 1978). Under
appropriate conditions this spider mite can produce
nearly 20 generations a year.
As in many other agricultural areas in the world,
control of T. cinnabarinus in Turkey relies on acaricide
application (Kazak et al., 2002). In 2001, the commercial
formulations of 1200 kg dicofol, 750 kg azocyclotin, 700
kg bromopropylate, and 1350 kg tetradifon were used
against T. cinnabarinus only in the strawberry growing
areas of ‹çel (Mersin Bitki Koruma fiube Müdürlü¤ü,
2001). However, open field trials showed that
strawberry production was possible without using
chemical control measures against T. cinnabarinus on
Camarosa, when compared to Chandler, because of its
resistance to T. cinnabarinus (Kazak et al., 2001).
Recently, the rising awareness of environment issues,
the side-effects of pesticide toxicity to human beings, and
pesticide resistance has motivated researchers to find
alternative control methods. The most important
alternative control methods against the Acarina are
integrated pest management (IPM) using biological
control and the host plant’s genetically based resistance.
In this context, the predatory mite Phytoseiulus
persimilis Athias-Henriot was successfully used for
suppression of T. cinnabarinus populations, both in
greenhouse and field conditions in different parts of
Turkey (Kazak et al., 1992; Kısmalı et al., 1999; Kazak
et al., 2001; Çakmak et al., 2005). Although many
commercial strawberry cultivars were screened for
susceptibility to T. urticae, the resistance of different
strawberry types to T. cinnabarinus has not been studied
in detail (Gimenez-Ferrer et al., 1993).
In this study, we recorded development time,
fecundity, and sex ratio of T. cinnabarinus on 8
strawberry cultivars, using detached leaves under
laboratory conditions. The objectives were to obtain a
better understanding of the biology of this mite on these
8 strawberry cultivars in order to develop future IPM
programs.
20
Materials and Methods
Strawberry
Cultivars
cinnabarinus Culture
and
Tetranychus
The commercial strawberry cultivars Camarosa,
Chandler, Dorit, Muir, Seascape, Selva, Sweet Charlie,
and Pajaro were chosen as hosts for comparing the
biology of T. cinnabarinus on detached leaves under
laboratory conditions. All the cultivars were obtained
from the Department of Horticulture, Çukurova
University, Adana, Turkey. The T. cinnabarinus mites
originated from strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa)
grown in a greenhouse at the Department of Plant
Protection, Agricultural Faculty, Çukurova University.
Development Time of Immature Male and Female
Tetranychus cinnabarinus
The leaves of greenhouse-raised strawberry cultivars
were cut and 20-mm diameter leaf disks were obtained
from each cultivar with a cork borer. Fully developed
leaflets were used to standardize leaf age. In total, 24 leaf
disks from each variety were placed abaxial side up on a
layer of blotting paper, which was placed on top of a thick
water-saturated sponge. The leaves were then placed in a
plastic tray (25 × 15 × 5 cm) filled with water to contain
the mites on the individual disks. One gravid female was
put on each leaf disk to obtain mite eggs for the
experiment. Leaf disks were checked after 24 h. When
there was more than one spider mite egg per leaf disk,
excess eggs were removed, leaving one egg per leaf disk.
Once a single egg was established on each leaf disk,
female mites were removed. Spider mites on each leaf
disk were observed twice daily (at 0800 and 1600) from
egg to adult stage. The immature development time of
each stage was evaluated for males and females.
Tetranychus cinnabarinus Oviposition, Fecundity,
and Life Tables
When females reached adulthood, 2 male spider mites
were introduced onto each leaf disk in order to mate with
them and determine pre-oviposition periods. The number
of eggs laid by the mated females was recorded on a daily
basis. Each female was then transferred onto another
clean leaf disk. The old leaf disks, which contained the
eggs, were placed on freshly prepared leaf disk arenas.
Eggs were kept on the same cultivar until adult
emergence occurred; in this way the sex ratio was
calculated for mites from each cultivar.
C. KAZAK, C. K‹BR‹TÇ‹
Oviposition and post-oviposition periods of females
were calculated from the time the first egg was deposited
to the time the last egg was deposited, and from the time
the last egg was deposited to the time of death of the last
female, respectively. These observations were continued
until the last individual of the generation died. Average
daily egg production was calculated from total egg
production divided by the length of the oviposition
period.
Life tables were constructed from the observed
survival and fecundity rates. From the data in the life
r x
table, rm was calculated by the equation e - m lxmx = 1
(Watson, 1964), where e is the base of the natural
logarithm, x is the age interval of each female in days, lx
is the proportion of females alive at age x (as a
proportion of one, or age-specific survival), and mx is the
mean number of offspring/female/day x (or age-specific
fecundity). The other parameter obtained from the life
table was the net reproduction rate (Ro), which was
calculated as the sum of the lx.mx column in the life table.
The mean generation time (To) was then calculated from
the formula:
To = logeRo/rm (Laing, 1968).
After rm was computed for the original data (ra11),
differences among rm values were tested for significance
by estimating the variances through the jackknife
method, which facilitated calculation of the standard
errors of rm estimates. The jackknife pseudo-value rj was
calculated for the “n” samples using the following
equation (Sokal and Rolf, 1981; Krebs, 1999): n × ra11 (n - 1) × rj.
The mean values of (n - 1) jackknife pseudo-values for
the mean growth rate for each treatment were subjected
to analysis of variance. The differences between the mean
values of jackknife pseudo-values were analyzed by
Duncan’s multiple range test (P ≤ 0.05). Statistical tests
were performed using SPSS for Windows (version
10.0.1, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).
One-way ANOVA was used to compare the effects of
the strawberry cultivars on the immature stages, preoviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition periods of
T. cinnabarinus. Means were compared at the P ≤ 0.05
and Duncan’s multiple range test was used for separation
of means (SPSS for Windows).
All experiments were conducted in a climatecontrolled room in which temperature was set at 25 ± 2
°C and 65% ± 10 relative humidity, with a 14-h L:10-h
D photo period.
Results
The Effect of Strawberry Cultivar on the Duration
of Immature Stages and Oviposition Period
The development times of various stages of T.
cinnabarinus on 8 strawberry cultivars are given in Table
1. The narrow range of total immature development time
of females resulted in no significant differences among
the cultivars. Total development time of T. cinnabarinus
males ranged between 9.88 and 10.51 days, and were
not significantly influenced by the strawberry varieties. In
general, total development time of T. cinnabarinus males
was shorter than for females, except on Muir; however,
the total duration of immature stages was significantly
longer for females than for males only on Chandler,
Dorit, and Pajaro cultivars (t-test, P < 0.05).
The pre-oviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition
times, and longevity of T. cinnabarinus females on the 8
strawberry cultivars are shown in Table 2. No significant
host plant effects were observed on the pre-oviposition
period of T. cinnabarinus. The oviposition period of T.
cinnabarinus was significantly influenced by the strawberry
varieties (F = 5.35; P = 0.000). Mites on Chandler
(20.06) had the longest oviposition period, which was
significantly different from those on Dorit, Selva, and
Sweet Charlie. The longevity of T. cinnabarinus adults was
significantly shorter on Sweet Charlie (18.03) than on
Camarosa, Chandler, Muir, Pajaro, and Seascape (F =
3.84; P = 0.000). In contrast, the longest (25.34) adult
period was obtained on Chandler, which was significantly
different only from Dorit and Sweet Charlie (Table 1).
The daily and total fecundity data of T. cinnabarinus
are given in Table 2. T. cinnabarinus laid the highest daily
number of eggs on Muir (8.46), which was significantly
more than on the other cultivars (F = 13.4; P = 0.000).
This was followed by Selva, Chandler, Pajaro, Seascape,
Camarosa, Dorit, and Sweet Charlie. In contrast to the
highest mean, the lowest (Sweet Charlie) was
significantly different only from Chandler, Muir, and
Selva. Total fecundity of T. cinnabarinus was significantly
different among the tested strawberry varieties and was
highest on Muir (163.44), followed by Chandler,
Seascape, Pajaro, Selva, Camarosa, Dorit, and Sweet
Charlie (F = 16.6; P = 0.000) (Table 2).
21
Population Parameters of Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae) on Eight Strawberry Cultivars
Table 1. Duration (in days) of various stages of Tetranychus cinnabarinus on 8 strawberry cultivars at 25 ± 2 °C (Mean ± SEM).
Cultivars
Stages
n
E*
L
P
D
T
Camarosa
Chandler
Dorit
Muir
Pajaro
Seascape
Selva
Sweet Charlie
¶
16
16
19
16
19
20
16
17

8
8
5
8
5
4
8
7
¶
4.81 ± 0.06 a
4.72 ± 0.06 ab
4.53 ± 0.07 bc
4.80 ± 0.05 a
4.63 ± 0.08 abc
4.41 ± 0.06 c

4.69 ± 0.09
4.69 ± 0.09
4.60 ± 0.10
4.81 ± 0.16
4.70 ± 0.12
5.00 ± 0.00
4.88 ± 0.08
4.86 ± 0.09
¶
2.00 ± 0.09
2.16 ± 0.06
2.14 ± 0.04
2.03 ± 0.06
2.05 ± 0.03
2.00 ± 0.05
2.00 ± 0.07
2.03 ± 0.08

1.88 ± 0.08
1.82 ± 0.08
1.80 ± 0.10
2.05 ± 0.09
1.70 ± 0.12
1.88 ± 0.00
1.94 ± 0.08
1.72 ± 0.09
¶
1.85 ± 0.09
1.78 ± 0.07
1.79 ± 0.05
1.62 ± 0.07
1.74 ± 0.06
1.80 ± 0.08
1.85 ± 0.10
1.85 ± 0.06

1.76 ± 0.08
1.44 ± 0.09
1.60 ± 0.00
1.57 ± 0.08
1.60 ± 0.12
1.76 ± 0.12
1.57 ± 0.12
1.65 ± 0.09
¶
2.18 ± 0.05
2.16 ± 0.06
2.08 ± 0.00
2.07 ± 0.05
2.19 ± 0.04
2.20 ± 0.05
2.25 ± 0.06
2.18 ± 0.07

2.07 ± 0.08
1.94 ± 0.10
2.00 ± 0.00
2.13 ± 0.06
1.90 ± 0.13
1.75 ± 0.10
1.94 ± 0.10
2.07 ± 0.08
¶
10.84 ± 0.20
10.2 8 ± 0.11
10.61± 0.11**
10.80 ± 0.15
10.72 ± 0.15
10.47 ± 0.18

10.38 ± 0.08
10.51 ± 0.31
9.90 ± 0.24
10.38 ± 0.12
10.31 ± 0.13
10.29 ± 0.14
10.81 ± 0.11** 10.53 ± 0.11**
9.88 ± 0.18
10.00 ± 0.22
4.56 ± 0.09 bc 4.63 ± 0.07 abc
E: egg; L: larvae and quiescent stage; P: protonymph and quiescent stage; D: deutonymph and quiescent stage; T: total development time.
*Within rows, means followed by a common letter do not differ significantly (Duncan's MRT test, P = 0.05).
**Within columns, means between sexes differ significantly (t-test, P = 0.05).
n replicates
Table 2. Duration (in days) of pre-oviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition periods and reproduction rate of Tetranychus cinnabarinus on 8
strawberry cultivars at 25 ± 2 °C (Mean ± SEM).
Cultivars
Camarosa
Chandler
Dorit
Muir
Pajaro
Seascape
Selva
Sweet Charlie
15
16
18
16
19
20
16
17
1.50 ± 0.06
1.28 ± 0.07
1.28 ± 0.10
1.19 ± 0.06
1.37 ± 0.12
1.30 ± 0.06
1.44 ± 0.07
1.44 ± 0.05
18.67 ± 1.14 ab
20.06 ± 1.08 a
13.22 ± 0.90 c
19.31 ± 1.4 ab
18.37 ± 1.22 ab
18.80 ± 1.04 ab
16.19 ± 1.36 bc
13.59 ± 1.10 c
4.53 ± 0.68
4.00 ± 0.46
3.88 ± 0.22
3.71 ± 0.48
2.94 ± 0.71
2.45 ± 0.63
3.64 ± 0.79
3.00 ± 0.61
24.70 ± 1.34 a
25.34 ± 1.49 a
18.38 ± 1.58 bc
24.21 ± 1.41 a
22.68 ± 1.31 ab
n
Pre-Ov.
Ovip.
Post-Ov.
Total
22.55 ± 0.94 ab 21.27 ± 1.76 abc
18.03 ± 1.28 c
Reproduction rate
Daily Fec.
5.45 ± 0.26 cd
6.33 ± 0.21 bc
5.09 ± 0.39 d
8.46 ± 0.28 a
5.68 ± 0.24 cd
5.61 ± 0.25 cd
6.77 ± 0.41 b
4.83 ± 0.35 d
Total Fec.
99.40 ± 6.80 c
126.25 ± 7.83 b
70.83 ± 8.38 d
163.44 ± 10.3 a
105.16 ± 7.9 bc
105.85 ± 6.2 bc
104.44 ± 7.0 bc
62.71 ± 4.7 d
Pre-Ov.: pre-oviposition; Ovip.: oviposition; Post-Ov.: post-oviposition; Total: female longevity.
Daily Fec.: daily fecundity; Total Fec.: total fecundity.
*Within rows, means followed by a common letter do not differ significantly (Duncan's MRT test, P = 0.05).
n replicates
22
C. KAZAK, C. K‹BR‹TÇ‹
Life Tables
Muir (9.56 eggs/¶/day); egg production decreased
gradually thereafter (Figure). In general, there was no
distinct mx peak, egg production was distributed over a
relatively long time period on all tested cultivars, and
survival declined gradually after an extended oviposition
period (Figure).
Daily egg production reached a peak on day 16 on
Selva (9.41 eggs/¶/day), day 17 on Sweet Charlie (4.92
eggs/¶/day), day 17 on Dorit (5.62 eggs/¶/day), day 17
on Pajaro (6.80 eggs/¶/day), day 17 on Seascape (7.14
eggs/¶/day), day 18 on Camarosa (6.55 eggs/¶/day), day
18 on Chandler (7.79 eggs/¶/day), and on day 18 on
1.2
12
Chandler
Camarosa
1
10
0.8
8
0.6
6
0.4
4
0.2
2
0
0
1.2
Muir
Dorit
10
0.8
8
0.6
6
0.4
4
0.2
2
0
0
1.2
Pajaro
Seascape
1
12
10
0.8
8
0.6
6
0.4
4
0.2
2
0
0
1.2
Selva
S. Charlie
1
Age-specific fecundity (mx)
Survival rate (lx)
1
12
12
10
0.8
8
0.6
6
0.4
4
0.2
2
0
0
1
4
7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40
1
4
7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40
Age (days)
Figure. Adult survival (lx - open circles) and age-specific fecundity rate (mx - solid diamonds) of Tetranychus cinnabarinus on 8
strawberry cultivars at 25 ± 2 °C.
23
Population Parameters of Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae) on Eight Strawberry Cultivars
The T. cinnabarinus net reproductive rate (Ro) was the
highest on Muir (120.19 ¶/¶) and lowest on Sweet
Charlie (39.51 ¶/¶) (Table 2). The decreasing order of
the remaining cultivars was Chandler, Selva, Seascape,
Camarosa, Pajaro, and Dorit. The generation time ranged
from 18.96 (Sweet Charlie) to 22.32 days (Chandler).
The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) showed a pattern
similar to that of Ro in which it was highest on Muir and
lowest on Sweet Charlie (F = 37.87; P = 0.000) (Table
3).
Discussion
In the present study the 8 strawberry cultivars did not
significantly affect the immature development time of T.
cinnabarinus females and males. Under greenhouse
conditions (15-54 °C and 19%-58% relative humidity),
the development time of T. cinnabarinus females was
9.00, 9.18, 9.25, 9.38, and 9.45 days on strawberry
cultivars Selva, Pajaro, Sweet Charlie, Camarosa, and
Chandler, respectively (Kazak et al., 2003). These results
were shorter than our findings. It is obvious that hot and
dry weather accelerates the life cycle of the genus
Tetranychus (Haile and Higley, 2003); therefore, high
temperature and low humidity inside the greenhouse
could be a reason for the shorter development time of T.
cinnabarinus on the same strawberry cultivars. However,
the effect of the cultivars on the total development time
of T. cinnabarinus females was not significant in the
earlier study (Kazak et al., 2003). Kropczynska et al.
(1995) studied the development time of T. urticae at 21
°C on 5 strawberry cultivars and breeding lines and found
no significant influence of the variety or breeding line on
the rate of development of that spider mite.
Development times of Tetranychus sp. from egg to
adult on strawberries were also reported by Tanya and
Clotting (1995), and the mean development times were
11.94-15.83 and 8.95-10.94 days for females and
males, respectively. The differences encountered in that
study were most probably due to the differences in
cultivar and experimental conditions.
The net reproductive rate (Ro) and the intrinsic rate of
increase (rm) are important indicators of tetranychid
population dynamics (Sabelis, 1985; Krisp et al., 1998).
Comparisons of Ro and rm often provide considerable
insight beyond that available from the independent
analysis of individual life-history parameters (Zhang et
al., 2007). In the present study, strawberry cultivars
greatly affected T. cinnabarinus fecundity and life-table
parameters. T. cinnabarinus showed the fastest
population development on Muir. This was mainly due to
short development time, an early peak in reproduction,
high daily egg production, and high total fecundity. On
suitable host plants, spider mites have an rm between
0.220 and 0.340/day (Sabelis, 1985). In this study rm
values ranged between 0.208 and 0.253. The reported
rm values of T. cinnabarinus on bean ranged between
0.197 and 0.440, while the same values of T. urticae
were 0.282, 0.218, 0.182, and 0.143 on cucumber
(susceptible line), strawberry, bean, and cucumber
(resistant line), respectively, at 25 °C (Laing, 1969;
Table 3. Net reproduction rate, intrinsic rate of increase, generation time, and sex ratio of Tetranychus
cinnabarinus on 8 strawberry cultivars (± SEM).
Cultivars
Net reproduction
rate (Ro)(¶/¶)
Intrinsic rate of
increase (rm)*
Generation time
(T) (days)
Sex ratio
(¶/(¶+))*
0.72 ± 0.04 abc
Camarosa
71.59
0.224 ± 0.0029 d
21.50
Chandler
96.50
0.237 ± 0.0007 b
22.32
0.78 ± 0.05 ab
Dorit
54.13
0.218 ± 0.0028 e
19.99
0.70 ± 0.01 abc
Muir
120.19
0.253 ± 0.0010 a
22.00
0.74 ± 0.03 abc
Pajaro
67.33
0.223 ± 0.0020 c
21.17
0.65 ± 0.01 bc
Seascape
81.72
0.230 ± 0.0012 bc
21.48
0.77 ± 0.06 ab
Selva
82.91
0.241 ± 0.0010 b
20.44
0.80 ± 0.05 a
Sweet Charlie
39.51
0.208 ± 0.0080 f
18.96
0.61 ± 0.03 c
*rm values and sex ratio followed by the same letter do not differ significantly (P < 0.05)
24
C. KAZAK, C. K‹BR‹TÇ‹
Hazan et al., 1973; Gerson and Aronowitz, 1980;
Düzgünefl and Çobano¤lu, 1983; Sabelis, 1985;
Pietrosiuk et al., 2003). Large differences in rm values
between host cultivars, probably due to different leaf
nutrients and chemicals, were previously demonstrated in
T. urticae (Van de Vrie et al., 1972; Leszczynski et al.,
1988; Greco et al., 2006).
The use of jackknife techniques to estimate the
variance of rm showed that the T. cinnabarinus reared on
Muir had the highest rm values and on Sweet Charlie it
had the lowest rm values. According to these results, Muir
was the most favorable cultivar for population growth,
followed by Selva, Chandler, Seascape, Pajaro, Camarosa,
Dorit, and Sweet Charlie. In a greenhouse under natural
conditions of temperature and relative humidity in Adana,
Turkey, Pajaro was very susceptible to T. cinnabarinus,
followed by Selva, Camarosa, Seascape, Muir, Dorit,
Chandler, and Sweet Charlie (Kibritçi and Kazak, 2004).
On the other hand, Sweet Charlie was reported to be
moderately tolerant of T. urticae, while Muir appeared to
be considerably less susceptible to T. urticae than Selva
(Bringhurst and Voth 1989; Howard, 1994). Moreover,
leaf disk bioassays based on oviposition rates
(eggs/female/day) showed Muir and Selva to be
moderately susceptible, while Chandler was moderately
resistant and Pajaro was highly resistant to the twospotted spider mite, under laboratory conditions
(Gimenez-Ferrer et al., 1993).
Strawberry cultivars vary in susceptibility to spider
mites. Short-day cultivars are generally more tolerant of
mite feeding than day-neutral cultivars, particularly later
in the fruit-production season (Zalom et al., 1991);
therefore, an experiment comparing the resistance level
of strawberry cultivars to T. urticae showed that the dayneutral cultivar Selva was more susceptible than the
short-day cultivars Sweet Charlie and Pajaro (MacFarlane
and Hepworth, 1994; Chandler et al., 1997). On the
other hand, short-day cultivars Chandler and Selva
demonstrated intermediate resistance patterns against T.
urticae (Gimenez-Ferrer et al., 1994). The Muir, Selva,
and Seascape strawberry cultivars evaluated in the
present study were day-neutral cultivars with the highest
rm values for T. cinnabarinus.
In Turkey, Camarosa is currently the most-planted
strawberry cultivar (> 90%) due to its large, solid, and
long shelf-life fruits, followed by Sweet Charlie, Chandler,
and others (Nurgül Türemifl, personal communication). In
the present study, according to jackknife estimation,
Sweet Charlie was the least suitable cultivar for
reproduction by T. cinnabarinus, followed by Camarosa
and Dorit. Cultivation of these cultivars in large areas
might facilitate setting up integrated mite management
programs in which biological control agents are combined
with other pest control techniques to accomplish these
goals.
As stated above, this differential suitability of host
plants to the mite is an important factor to consider while
exploring IPM solutions for T. cinnabarinus and other
mite species (Adango et al., 2006). Nonetheless, before
reaching a final decision about the resistance level of
strawberry cultivars to T. cinnabarinus, further studies
will be necessary to clarify the consistency of resistance in
a cultivar because it is known that local growing
conditions can also greatly influence resistance (Shanks
and Barritt, 1975; Kibritçi and Kazak, 2004). For this
reason, the strawberry cultivars determined to be most
tolerant to T. cinnabarius in the present study should be
tested over several years at more than one location in
order to confirm the promising cultivar performance that
was measured under laboratory conditions.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Dr. Nurgül Türemifl (Ç.U.
Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, 01330
Adana, Turkey) for the providing strawberry varieties.
The authors also thank Lawrence C. Wright (WSU-IAREC
24106 N. Bunn Road Prosser, 99350 WA, USA) for
critically reviewing the early manuscript.
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