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» What is Geography all about?
Can you pick out the UK on this satellite view of part of the Earth?
The main area of study in geography is the Earth’s surface.
Learning objectives
What are you going to learn about in this chapter?
>
The difference between physical and human geography
>
The different landscapes on the Earth’s surface
>
How to divide up the world for easier study
>
How to find a place using latitude and longitude
» What is Geography all about?
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How can the world be divided up?
> Understanding how the world is divided
> Practising your atlas skills
The world is a big place. Geographers divide it up in two
different ways.
United
Kingdom
1 Northern and southern hemispheres
Look at diagram A. The equator splits the world in
two. The UK is in the northern hemisphere.
Australia is in the southern hemisphere.
Northern
Hemisphere
The big difference between the northern and
southern hemisphere is the seasons. In the
southern hemisphere, the seasons are at
opposite times of the year.
Equator
INDIAN OCEAN
Southern
Hemisphere
Northern and southern hemispheres
In December, January and February, it is summer
in Australia. At Christmas, many Australians have
barbeques (BBQs) on the beach or in the garden.
The sun is south of the equator at that time: this
makes it the hot season in Australia. Look at
photograph B. This cricket match was played in November.
In the UK, we play football in November.
Australia
A
Key words
Continent – area of land
covering a large area of the
Earth’s surface
Equator – the imaginary line
dividing the northern from
southern hemisphere
Hemisphere – one half of the
Earth
Northern hemisphere – the
half of the Earth north of the
Equator
Ocean – great body of water
surrounding the Earth’s land
masses
Southern hemisphere – the
half of the Earth south of the
Equator
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Test match between Australia and England in Brisbane.
B
2 Land and water
About 70 per cent of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans and seas.
This leaves only 30 per cent covered by land where people can live.
The land is divided into seven continents. Asia covers the largest area and
has most people.
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ARCTIC OCEAN
A
North
America
s
i
a
Europe
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Africa
PACIFIC
OCEAN
South
America
INDIAN
OCEAN
Oceania
ANTARCTIC OCEAN
Antarctica
C The Earth’s oceans and continents
People live in only six of the seven continents. No one lives in Antarctica all
the time. It is too cold. There is too much snow and ice for people, but
plenty of penguins live there in summer (photograph D).
Activities
1
Seasons in the UK
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
December – February
March – May
June – August
September – November
Make another box like this with the title Seasons in Australia.
2
Write out and complete the following sentences.
The biggest continent is _________________. There are three continents
with land in the northern hemisphere; they are _________________,
_________________, and _________________. There are two continents
with all their land in the southern hemisphere; they are
_________________and _________________. Another continent has a lot of
land on both sides of the equator; it is _________________. No one lives in
_________________.
3
a) Draw a sketch of photograph D. (See 0.0 Skills page 00 for more help).
Add labels to show what you can see.
D Hope Bay, Antarctica
S K I LL S
How to use an atlas 1 –
Countries of the world
A map of countries is called
a Political map
1 Find the Contents page in
the front
2 Go to the heading World
3 Search for Political map
4 Look for countries
For more help see 0.0, page
00 of Skills.
b) Write down two reasons why penguins and not people live there.
4
In an atlas, find a world map of countries. Write down a title: The Equator
a) Count and name all the countries the equator passes through.
b) From your list of countries, complete the sentences below.
(i) The largest country is _____________________________________________________________.
(ii) The country named after the equator is ___________________________.
(iii) The country made of many islands is ______________________________.
(iv) One country without a coastline is ________________________________.
What is Geography all about?
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Elements not covered in the sample text:
A H E A D E X A M P LE
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B Head example
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Strategy Symbol
Assessment Symbol
Worksheet Symbol
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