Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
1
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
LATIN
 Biology: Bio = LIFE
+
The study
of LIFE
Ology = Study of…
 Zoology: Zoo = animals
+
The study
of Animals
Ology = Study of…
2
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
 Microbiology:
Micro = can’t be seen with the Naked
+
Eye (unaided eye)
Bio = Life
+
Ology = the study of
Microbiology = The study of LIFE (or
living things) that cannot be seen with the
naked eye (unaided eye)
3
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
 Ecology: The study of the relationships
and interactions between organisms and
their environment.
I wonder if there is an
easier way to remember
this
Environment
Connected
Organisms
L
O
The study of
G
Y
The study of organisms connected to their
environment
4
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
 Botany: The study of plants
This does not
follow the rule
of “ology”
Science uses lots of different vocabulary.
Knowing prefixes and endings helps us
understand what is being written
-ist placed at the end of a word shows
that the word means a person who does
something
Ex:
the person who studies this is called:
 Biology
Biologist
 Science
Scientist
 Zoology
Zoologist
 Botany
Botanist
 Microbiology
Microbiologist
 Ecology
Ecologist
5
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
INVESTIGATE
Collecting data
Organizing information
into patterns
EXPLAIN
EVENTS
GOAL OF
SCIENCE
Tested by
examining
evidence
MAKE USEFUL
PREDICTIONS
UNDERSTAND
There is a key
assumption in
science
Experimental results can be repeated &
reproduced because nature behaves in a
consistent manner
6
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
Consistent = Always the same
How do scientists
begin to study
First they
things?
OBSERVE things
Scientists use
OBSERVATION to get
information.
Observation: a process of gathering
information about events or processes using
all of your senses
Mystery object observations






7
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
Data: is the information gathered from
observations.
2 Categories of Data:
1.
Quantitative: Expressed as
numbers; obtained by
measuring
2.
Qualitative: Descriptive.
Ex: “appears old”
Inference: a logical interpretation based on
prior knowledge or experience
I wonder how
Scientists start their
investigations?
8
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
: a model or guide
used to solve a problem
4 Steps to the Scientific method
1.
Figure out a PROBLEM or
QUESTION (ask a question)
(must be a testable question)
2.
Hypothesis
 A possible or suggested
answer or solution
9
Why is it only a
POSSIBLE solution?
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
 An Educated guess
o Must use “if
then…..because”
3.
Just Do it!
 Get data, organize, do research,
collect specimens, do experiments
Take measurements, make
observations
Get data
Get
organized
Do
research
Just do it
Take
measurements
Make
observations
10
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
4.
State a CONCLUSION
 Was the hypothesis
supported?
 Write a REPORT
Why do you
have to write
a report??
We write a
report for 2
reasons
1.
So others know what
we did
2.
So that the results
can be REPEATED!!
If the experiment cannot be repeated then it
is not valid
11
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
Experiment: something we do to test a
hypothesis
There are two parts to EVERY
experiment
1.
Control : the part of the
experiment in which NO change
is made.
2. Variable: the part of the
experiment in which a CHANGE
is made or added.
12
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
Manipulated
variable
 Independent Variable:
The variable that is
Deliberatively changed
Responding
variable
 Dependent Variable :
The RESULT ; the factor
that is measured to give
the result
The dependent variable is expressed in your
hypothesis after the word “then”
Ex: If the fertilizer is added to the plant
then the plant will increase in size because
the fertilizer will give added nutrition to the
plant
13
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
Operational definition: description of how a
particular variable is to be measured or how
a term is to be defined
Controlled Experiment: an experiment in
which only ONE variable is changed at a
time
Example
H2O
O
Set up A
H2O
Fertilizer
Set up B
14
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
What can you tell me
about the 2 setups?
Why are they this way?
Which set up is the
Control??
Which set up is the
Variable??
How do you know???
What is the Independent
variable?
What is the Dependent
variable???
15
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
Hey what is
that????
Spontaneous Generation: an idea that
life could arise from non living matter.
Francesco Redi: (1668) an Italian scientist
who proved spontaneous generation to be
false
How did Redi prove
that spontaneous
He did some
generation was
experiments
false???
Redi’s Experiment:
16
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
Set up A
Control
Set up B
Variable
IV:____________
__
DV:________________
___________________
___
Set up C
Variable
IV ______________
DV:_______
___________
So now everyone believes
Redi and knows
spontaneous generation is
false. Right????
17
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
No, now many others will
try to repeat the
experiment to see if the
results are the same
(ahem…remember the
scientific method??)
Some other scientists that worked on
Spontaneous Generation
John Needham: (Mid 1700’s)
 English scientist who used experiments
with gravy to prove spontaneous
generation was TRUE!
Let’s apply the scientific method to his
experiment:
18
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
Scientific method
1. Ask a question
2. Hypothesis
3. Just do it
4. Conclusion
What Needham
did
Does gravy produce
living things?
I think that if I
heat the gravy,
then living things
will still be seen
because life can
come from non
living things
Heated gravy,
closed bottle,
collected data
Spontaneous
generation is true!!
WHAT?? I thought
spontaneous generation
was false???
19
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
Was there some error in Needham’s
experiment????
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Italian scientist who DISAGREED with
spontaneous generation.
Lazzaro boiled the gravy and then sealed
the bottles to show that no organism
“came from” the gravy
Both boiled
Flask
open
++Life
Flask sealed
NO Life
Spontaneous
generation is
FALSE
20
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
Louis Pasteur: (1880’s)
French scientist who used a flask with a
long curved neck to disprove spontaneous
generation.
Finally people believe and accept that the
theory
of
Spontaneous
Generation
is
False!
Pasteur also solved other problems for
the people of his time:
21
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
 Wine industry
 Silk Industry
 Microbiology (Vaccines)
 Milk Pasteurization
Pasteur is known as the Father of modern
bacteriology
Theory
1. A well tested explanation that unifies a
broad range of observations
2. Idea (hypothesis) that is supported by
data
A theory allows scientists to make accurate
predictions about new situations
22
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
What does it take to be
ALIVE??
GROWTH
REPRODUCTION
RESPONSE
METABOLISM
23
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
GROWTH
Definition:
Growth means to increase in
size AND matter.
I wonder why some
years I grow and other
years I don’t seem to
grow at all???
Because CELLS have Rapid growth periods
and slow growth periods, but some cells
somewhere in you body are growing all the
24
time and don’t stop growing until death!!
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
What is a cell?
CELL:
The basic unit of structure and
function in all living things
The smallest unit of an organism
that is considered alive
Unicellular:
LATIN for ONE!
Definition: Single cell
25
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
Single cells grow by increasing in size and
matter (or mass)
Multicellular:
LATIN for many celled
Multicellular Organisms grow by going through
a process called DEVELOPMENT
Development: a single fertilized egg cell
divides repeatedly to produce many cells of
the mature organism (makes a more complex
organism)
26
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
Differentiation:
As the cells divide they change shape and
structure so that the cells can have a
different function (liver cells, brain cells etc)
(cell specialization)
REPRODUCTION
Definition:
When an organism makes more of its own
kind
dogs make dogs; cats make cats
1. Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction needing only
1
parent
27
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
2. Sexual Reproduction:
Reproduction that requires
Offspring:
2 parents
New organism produced by a
living thing
Type of reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
What offspring look
like
Resemble both
parents
Exactly the same as
the
parent….genetically
the same too
28
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
DNA= Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Carries the directions for
inheritance
Response
Response is the REaction to change or
Stimulus
Any action an organism takes as a result of a
Stimulus (stimuli)
Stimulus: The change that causes a response
or a reaction in an organism
29
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
When I see a fly
(the stimulus) I
stick out my tongue
(the response)
2 KINDS OF STIMULUS
1
INTERNAL STIMULUS
 Signals from within the
organism.
Ex: Blood Sugar
(when your blood sugar is
low you feel hungry)
30
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
2
EXTERNAL STIMULUS
 Signals from the
environment
Ex: Alarm clock rings
(Stimulus) person turns it
off (reaction)
Ex: Pizza smell (stimulus)
…person drools(response)
Ex: Pull someone’s
hair(stimulus) they
yell (response)
31
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
is the ability of a
living thing to keep the conditions INSIDE its
body CONSTANT
Examples:
 Shivering
 Sweat
 Blood sugar
is the way in which living
things respond to repeated stimuli
Examples:
 Pavlov’s dogs
32
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
METABOLISM
Definition:
**All CHEMICAL REACTIONS through which
an
organism
builds
up
or
breaks
down
materials as it carries out Life Processes
Or another way of saying it……
**All
CHEMICAL
ACTIVITIES
that
take
place in an organism including using food and
releasing waste.
Metabolism
in
Plants
is
called
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
33
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
is
the
process
through
which organisms convert sunlight into ENERGY
In animals there are 4 stages of Metabolism
1.
Ingestion:
Taking in food
2.
Digestion:
The processs by which food is
broken
down
into
simpler
substances
34
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
3.
Respiration
The process by which an organism
produces ENERGY
Food + O2 = Energy
4.
Excretion
The process of getting rid of
wastes
All organisms do things to stay alive in order
to SURVIVE!
35
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
In order to SURVIVE all organisms have
NEEDS
1.
Food
TWO WAYS OF GETTING FOOD
• makes its own food
autotroph
heterotroph
2.
• also called Producer, maker
• feeds on others
• also called Consumer, taker
H2O(water)
36
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
3.
Environment
Definition:
everything
surrounds
a
living
that
thing;
surroundings
4.
Energy
The main source is from
the
SUN
plants
animals
US (humans)
5.
O2 (oxygen)
How does an
organism survive
in its
environment???
37
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
is a trait (characteristic)
of living things that helps them live in its
environment
EX:
Summer
Winter
is the struggle to survive
all living things must struggle to survive and
thrive
38
Draguesku
Preview/life/nature of science 0113
Biosphere
The part of the Earth that contains
all ecosystems
Ecosystem
Community
and
surroundings
Community
Populations living together
Population
Group of organisms of one type
living together in the same area
Organism
An individual living thing
Systems
Organs working together
Ex. Nervous system
Tissue working together ex: brain
stomach
Cells working together ex. Muscle
Organ
Tissue
Cells
Molecules
its
non
living
The basic unit of structure &
function of all living things
Group of atoms
NOT ALIVE
39