Amelia Bangura
EMAT 681
2/1/10
GACE Study Guide
SS4H2 – The student will describe European exploration in North America.
a. Describe the reasons for, obstacles to, and accomplishments of the Spanish, French, and
English explorations of John Cabot, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, Juan Ponce de Leon,
Christopher Columbus, Henry Hudson, and Jacques Cartier.
b. Describe examples of cooperation and conflict between Europe and Native Americans.
John Cabot 1450 (approx) -1499
John Cabot was an Italian-born English explorer and navigator.
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/c/cabot.shtml
http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot.html
http://canadianhistory.suite101.com/article.cfm/john_cabot
http://www.nndb.com/people/679/000095394/
Cabot’s Voyage
Reasons for exploration:
- To find a faster more northerly route to Asia – possibly the Northwest passage.
- He was an experienced seaman, navigator and spice merchant
- Did not want to continue doing trade with Arab traders, wanted to cut out the middle man
Exploration obstacles:
- Initially rejected for funding by the Spanish and Portuguese monarchies; eventually England
funded his voyage
- 1st voyage attempt in 1496 was unsuccessful. Ran out of food, bad weather & crew mutiny
forced ships to return
Exploration accomplishments:
- Discovered at Newfoundland and claimed the territory for England
- Made at least two successful voyages during his attempt to discover a shorter route to Asia
Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1475-1519)
Vasco Nunez de Balboa was a Spanish conquistador and explorer.
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/b/balboa.shtml
http://coloquio.com/famosos/balboa.html
http://nndb.com/people/043/000094758/
http://library.thinkquest.org/J002678F/balboa.htm
Panama Canal
Reasons for exploration:
- Inspired by the discoveries of Christopher Columbus joined a Spanish expedition in 1501
seeking wealth and fame
- Attempting to reach the coast of Venezuela seeking pearls and gold
Exploration obstacles:
- Poorly crafted leaking vessels cause Balboa and crew to abandon ships in Hispaniola
- Amassed large debts in Hispaniola after unsuccessfully attempting to become a pig farmer.
Voyagers refused him entry onto their ships as a result so he stowed away to partake in an
expedition.
Exploration accomplishments:
- Discovered the Pacific Ocean via the Panama Canal
- Eventually executed by beheading after false accusations of treason
p. 2
Juan Ponce de Leon (1460 – 1521)
http://library.thinkquest.org/J002678F/ponce_de_leon.htm
http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/ponce.html
http://www.notablebiographies.com/Pe-Pu/Ponce-de-Le-n-Juan.html
Reasons for exploration:
- Set out to conquer the island known today as Puerto Rico
- Seeking the fountain of youth on Bimini (a part of the Bahamas)
Ponce de Leon‘s search
for the fountain of youth
Exploration obstacles:
- Attacked by Indians which left him mortally wounded during an expedition to colonize
a part of Florida.
- Survived outbreak of disease, bad weather, and food shortage during expedition to
Hispaniola
Exploration accomplishments:
- Led the first European expedition to Florida
- Established a Spanish colony on the island of Puerto Rico
- Explored the west coast of Florida
- Never found the fountain of youth
Christopher Columbus –
(1451 – 1506)
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/c/columbus.shtml
http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/1492.exhibit/c-Columbus/columbus.html
http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/columbus.html
http://www.classbrain.com/artbiographies/publish/christopher_columbus.shtml
Reasons for exploration:
- Searching for a faster route to the Orient
- Searching for riches in the New World
- To colonize Hispaniola
Christopher Columbus’ voyage ships
Nina, Pinta & Santa Maria
Exploration obstacles:
- Crew munity
- Low food and water supplies
- Damaged vessels
Exploration accomplishments:
Discovered South America
- Ignited a wave of European exploration
- Explored the West Indies
Christopher Columbus
Image references on Page 4
http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/ben/mass/images/cabot.jpg
http://bms.westport.k12.ct.us/lmc/expmaps.htm
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~walker/vasconun.jpg
http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/kids/images/ponce_de_leon.jpg
http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/24700/24777/cartier_24777_lg.gif
http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1436/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1436R-87030.jpg
http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/aaposter/caposter/henryhudson.jpg
p. 3
Henry Hudson –
(1565 -1611)
http://www.hrmm.org/halfmoon/halfmoon.htm
http://library.thinkquest.org/4034/hudson.html
http://www.hudsonriver.com/hudson-river-history
Reasons for exploration:
- Hired by an English trading company to find a northeast passage to the Far East
- Hired by the Dutch East Indian company to find a northeast passage to Asia
Exploration obstacles:
- Ice often an obstacle in voyage to Asia, Hudson changed direction and ended up in
New York
- Threat of crew mutiny which forced him to redirect voyage
Exploration accomplishments:
- Discovered the Hudson river and bay
- Established Dutch fur trade in the Albany region of New York
- Killed by crew mutiny after ship getting stuck in ice for months
Jacques Cartier –
(1941 – 1557)
Northwest Passage
http://library.thinkquest.org/J002678F/jacques_cartier.htm
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/explorers/jacques-cartier.htm
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03392b.htm
Reasons for exploration:
- Search for a shorter route to the Pacific ocean/ Seeking the Northwest passage
- Explore the northern most fertile lands of North America
Exploration obstacles:
- Indian attacks on settlement camp
- Outbreak of scurvy exploration companions
Exploration accomplishments:
- Claimed Canada for the French monarchy
- Discovered the St. Lawrence river
- Never lost a ship during his expeditions
Jacques Cartier
Examples of cooperation & conflict between Europe & Native Americans
http://www.huntington.org/uploadedFiles/Files/PDFs/LHTHCooperationConflict.pdf
:
Cooperation:
- Native Americans taught Europeans
how to plant crops and live off of the
land
- Native Americans participation in the
French and Indian war fighting on the
British side
- Commodities trade between Native
Americans and Europeans
- Occasionally Native Americans were
paid for their land
- Native Americans often translated for
Europeans and served as guides
Conflict:
- Europeans repeatedly broke treaties
with Native Americans.
- Europeans brought disease which often
killed of entire tribes of Native Americans
- Europeans often enslaved and/or
slaughtered entire populations of Native
Americans
- Native Americans were forced out of
their settlements as Europeans came and
staked claim to land that was inhabited
p. 4
John
Vasco
Juan Ponce
Cabot
De Balboa
De Leon
Christopher
Henry
Jacques
Columbus
Hudson
Cartier