1
NOTES
CHAPTER ONE
1
“The Boy Tommy”
Woodson S. Marshall’s unpublished autobiographical essay (dated 1912), copy
provided by Jane Beard, Cedar Falls, IA, 5 April 1973. Mrs. Beard was the wife of Dr.
Marshall R. Beard, grandson of Woodson. Woodson was the youngest offspring of ten
children born to Riley Marshall, who cites his father’s birthdate as 15 September 1797,
“near Liberty in Bedford County, Virginia.” The version of Thomas R. Marshall
[hereafter TRM] differs somewhat with that of Woodson.
2
TRM, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall: Vice-President and Hoosier
Philosopher, A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1925), 19. The
tradition that Samuel Marshall had some three hundred slaves is not supported by the
slave schedules of 1850 and 1860, though such census lists are not completely
trustworthy; letter, Elizabeth Comfort, State Historical Society of Missouri in Columbia,
to the writer, 10 May 1973. For a flavor of the times of the immigrant Thomas Marshall,
see Powhatan Bouldin, Home Reminiscences of John Randolph of Roanoke (Richmond,
VA: Clemmitt and Jones, Printers, 1878). For a poem of admiration of one who “saw
but Man and Woman” in his slaves, see J. G. Whittier, “Randolph of Roanoke” (1846);
Russell Kirk, Randolph of Roanoke: A Study in Conservative Thought (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1951), 130.
3
Woodson S. Marshall memoir relates that his “mother, Elizabeth Craven, was
born in Green County, Pennsylvania, on May 20, 1799.” A listing of the daughters and
sons of Riley and Elizabeth appears in a family Bible presented to the ninth child, Ezra,
2
by his parents at Stanton, Kansas (1 October 1857), so Jessie Woodward, daughter of
Ezra; letter, Jane Beard, Cedar Falls, IA, to the writer, 5 April 1973.
4
TRM, Recollections, 55.
5
The Woodson S. Marshall memoir supplies details of Riley’s life and career in
Indiana. See TRM’s extensive reminiscences in an interview with James B. Morrow,
“Thomas R. Marshall Gives His Views on What the Democrats Should Do,” Indianapolis
Sunday Star, 23 January 1910. TRM’s father, Daniel M. Marshall, was born 5 March
1823. Charles M. Thomas notes that Dr. Marshall and his bride took up housekeeping in
1848; Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, Hoosier Statesman (Oxford OH: The Mississippi
Valley Press, 1939), 12. However, the Robert F. Lancaster scrapbooks on TRM (Whitley
County Historical Society, Columbia City (IN) indicate they were married on 6
November 1849. Rush Medical College (today Rush University) was chartered in 1838
and its classes began in 1843. The Chicago fire of 1871 destroyed the medical college
building and most of its records. Curiously, an “Address Book of the Alumni of Rush
Medical College” which lists the graduates from 1844 through 1913 does not list a Daniel
M. Marshall. He is not listed in the “Catalogue of Students” of the Fifth Annual
Catalogue of Rush Medical College for 1847-8. His consistent use of the M.D. after his
name and his reputation support that he did receive institutional training. Letters,
Chicago Historical Society (3 March 1973), and the University of Chicago, Office of the
Registrar, 6 April 1973. See below, chapter two, footnote 2.
6
Martha Patterson Marshall was born on 2 February 1829; S. P. Kaler and R. H.
Maring, History of Whitley County Indiana (n.p., B. F. Bowen and Company,
Publishers, 1907), 185; TRM, Recollections, 21. The Columbia City Post (4 April 1889)
3
mentions Martha’s aunt, Phebe C. Patterson, as a grand-niece of Charles Carroll (17371832), Maryland revolutionary patriot of Irish Catholic ancestry and a signer of the
Declaration of Independence.
7
Leigh Freed, “Marshall: Recollections of Youth” (Part 1), Wabash [IN] Plain
Dealer, 29 September 1966.
8
The Marshall brothers’ store, located at Main and Neil Streets in Champaign, was
advertised weekly in the Central Illinois Gazette from 10 March 1858 to 1 December
1858; letter, Illinois Historical Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, 20
March 1973.
9
In his Recollections, 52, TRM wrote, “In an address made at Freeport some years
since, I ventured to tell this story, and an elderly gentleman from the audience came to me
at the close of my talk, said he was present at the joint discussion, and remembered there
was a little boy who sat on Lincoln’s lap and on Douglas’ lap while the discussion was
going on.”
10
TRM, Recollections, 58. John Brown’s face and reputation must have burned
themselves onto the boy’s memory as he in maturity found the imagery of “the poet’s eye,
in a fine frenzy rolling” appropriate to the incident from childhood. The quotation is
from Shakespear’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Ac 5, Sc 1.
11
The Missouri Historical Review 29 (1934-35): 159. The Lewis County census
book for 1850 identifies Samuel, his wife Hannah, and their two daughters. The 1860
Business Gazetteer of Missouri notes Silas N. Marshall, general store; Marshall &
Brother, druggists, in addition to Dr. Daniel Marshall, Physician and Surgeon. The 1860
census of Union Township, LaGrange, noted Daniel Marshall’s net worth plus the initials
4
and ages of his wife and son. Letter, Elizabeth Comfort, State Historical Society of
Missouri in Columbia, 10 May 1973.
12
Duff Green was a common name for persons of Irish descent. The best known
person with this name was a journalist, politician, and presidential emissary (1791-1875).
TRM confused Duff Green, one-time resident of Vicksburg, with Martin E. Green of
Lewis County who was killed by a Union sharpshooter during the siege of Vicksburg on
27 June 1863. James S. Green is better known for his experience in Congress and as a
foe of Senators Thomas Hart Benton and Stephen A. Douglas. See Lewis, Clark, Knox
and Scotland Counties, Missouri (1887): 86, 750-51. Letter, Louelle H. Felt, Missouri
Historical Society, St. Louis, 2 March 1973.
13
TRM, Recollections, 61-64; Morrow, “Thomas R. Marshall Gives His Views”
(1910). Pierceton was a new village, not many years old, and named after Democratic
President Franklin Pierce (1853-1857); see Ronald L. Baker and Marvin Carmony,
Indiana Place Names (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975), 129.
14
An essay written by TRM when governor of Indiana throws some light on
Riley’s wife Elizabeth, who may have survived her husband and lived a few years longer
with her son, Daniel or Woodson. He remembered “a sweet faced old lady” recount her
early life as a pioneer in Indiana. His memory of her riding horseback “with a baby boy
in her arms from Old Virginia to the wilds of Indiana” is at variance with the
reminiscences of his uncle, Woodson, who wrote: “My mother, Elizabeth Cravens, was
born in Green County, Pennsylvania, on May 20, 1799. Subsequently her family moved
to Highland County, Ohio, and where she and my father were married in 1818.” On
5
TRM’s boyhood recollections of his grandmother, “Tribute to a Log Cabin,” Indianapolis
Star, 20 February 1910.
15
TRM, Recollections, 27-28; Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 13.
16
TRM, Recollections, 34-35. Important historical perspective on immigration
into Indiana is provided by Robert M. Taylor, Jr., and Connie A. McBirney, editors,
Peopling Indiana: The Ethnic Experience (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1996),
2-3.
17
TRM, Recollections, 70.
18
The envelope is addressed to Miss Lizzie Marshall, LaGrange, Missouri,
postmarked 17 March 1863; TRM Papers, Box 1868-1925, Indiana State Library,
Indianapolis. I am strongly in the debt of Peter T. Harstad and Ray Boomhower of the
Indiana Historical Society for help in “translating” the nine-year-old’s handwriting.
19
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 13; TRM Papers, Box 1868-1884, Indiana
State Library.
20
TRM, Recollections, 79-95, contains his impression of his college days.
Noteworthy among Marshall’s achievements was his election to the national scholastic
honorary fraternity, Phi Beta Kappa; Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 14-17. A report
card, a 1873 class history, and the 35th Commencement Programme of Wabash College
are in the Marshall Papers, Indiana State Library. See James I. Osborne and Theodore G.
Gronert, Wabash College: The First Hundred Years, 1832-1932 (Crawfordsville, IN:
Banta Publishing Co., 1932), chapter viii; 302.
21
TRM, Recollections, 85; Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 17.
22
TRM, Recollections, 93-95.
6
23
TRM, Recollections, 89-91.
24
Three years following his graduation from Wabash, 1876, Marshall was
awarded an honorary master’s degree by his alma mater for his success as a young lawyer.
In 1904 he was elected to the College’s board of trustees. Classmates’ esteem of
Marshall is conveyed in the Wabash College Record-Bulletin issue which appeared
following his death in 1925.
CHAPTER TWO
1
“The Honorable Thomas Riley”
TRM, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier
Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company), 101-02.
2
Robert F. Lancaster Scrapbooks, Vol. 1 (Whitley County Historical Society,
Columbia City IN), indicates that TRM was boarded for a time in Warsaw, where his
uncle, Woodson (aged 34), was practicing law. The first professional advertisement of
Dr. Daniel Marshall appeared in the 12 August 1874 issue of the Columbia City Post. Of
the nine other physicians, five recorded medical degrees, including Daniel. On Columbia
City in 1875 see “A Visit to Columbia City: What It Has and What It Needs,” Whitley
County Commercial (5 August 1875).
3
For information on Hooper and Olds see Edna Carver, “Some Phases of Whitley
County History, 1838-1870” (M. A. thesis, Indiana University, 1937); Charles M.
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall: Hoosier Statesman (Oxford OH: The Mississippi
Valley Press, 1939), 18-19.
7
4
John B. Stoll, History of the Indiana Democracy, 1816-1916 (Indianapolis:
Indiana Democratic Publishing Company, 1917), 832. For a resume of TRM’s legal
career to 1907 see S. P. Kaler and R. H. Maring, History of Whitley County, Indiana,
(n.p.: B. F. Bowen and Company, Publishers, 1907), 488-91.
5
Mark Thistlethwaite Scrapbooks, TRM Papers, Indiana State Library.
6
TRM, Recollections, 100.
7
Columbia City Post, 24 August 1923, has an obituary of William F. McNagny
with a eulogy by TRM. Local newspapers contained items on McNagny’s public service
in addition to his legal activities. See George A. Palmer, “Thomas R. Marshall, Lawyer:
A Study of the Country Lawyer” (M. A. thesis, University of Minnesota, 1932).
8
McNagny married Effie Wunderlich, the county assessor’s daughter, Columbia
City Post, 27 October 1880.
9
James B.Morrow, “Thomas R. Marshall Gives His Views on What the
Democrats Should Do,” Indianapolis Sunday Star, 23 January 1910. See Columbia City
Post, 19 March 1884, on TRM’s service to the people of Whitley County.
10
The above two cases are discussed in the James D. Adams Papers, originally
located in the law office of Phil McNagny, Jr., of Gates, Gates and McNagny, Columbia
City, Indiana.
11
Newspapers covered the case throughout the year, 1884, until Butler was hanged
on 10 October; “County’s Only Legal Hanging An October Event 82 Years Ago,”
Whitley County Historical Society Bulletin (October, 1966): 4-5. Interview with Judge
Rob. R. McNagny, Columbia City, 15 October 1967.
8
12
Rob. R. McNagny interview, 15 October 1967. The degree “D.D.” customarily
means Doctor of Divinity.
13
TRM, Recollections, 24.
14
Columbia City Post, 31 May 1876; 14 August and 18 September 1890; 22
January 1892; 19 July 1895.
15
Whitley County Commercial, 25 March and 8 April 1875; Columbia City Post,
25 October 1876: Whitley County Commercial-Mail, 19 September 1964. See Leigh
Freed, “Town Weeps with Marshall at Death of His Bride-to-Be” (Part 2), Wabash Plain
Dealer, 1 October 1966.
16
Letter, Bernice Carver, Columbia City, to the writer, 7 February 1974. The
Marshall-Casner letters are located in the Whitley County Historical Museum, Columbia
City. Their dates are 27 October, 13 December, and 29 December, 1881.
17
Interview, Rob. McNagny, Columbia City, 15 October 1967.
18
Columbia City Post, 27 October 1893. Daniel died on 13 October 1892. See
Whitley County Historical Society Bulletin (April, 1975): 11.
19
Quoted in Columbia City Post, 8 January 1958. On Abbie Thorn see
newsclipping, “Wabash County Mourns,” in scrapbook in TRM Papers, Indiana State
Library. On his mother see his Recollections, 21-22, though he wrote little about his
relationship with her. In 1911, while Governor, he wrote a poetic paean about Martha
Marshall, entitled, “Do You Believe in Santa Claus?”; essay shared by Mildred Dole
McKillen (Angola IN), third cousin of Lois Kimsey Marshall, in a letter to the writer, 8
October 1968.
9
20
“Mrs. Marshall Recalls Love Affair,” Indianapolis Star, 23 March 1913; Fred
Fisher, “A Secret Story of Love and Politics as Revealed in Governor Marshall’s Family
Album,” Indianapolis Star, 15 September 1912. Tom and Lois Marshall’s life together in
Columbia City, Indiana, 1895-1909, is one of the great stories of that community, which
has been preserved through anecdotes and reminiscences preserved in the quarterly
Whitley County Historical Society Bulletin and compiled by George F. Tapy, “A
Collection of Articles Written By and About Tom and Lois Marshall And Their Homes in
Columbia City and Scottsdale [Arizona]” (unpublished, n.d., 190p).
21
Letter, Ina Craig Emerson, Angola IN, to the writer, 12 September 1972.
22
Fred Fisher, “A Secret Story” (1912).
23
Letter, Charles M. Thomas, Montgomery AL, to the writer, 13 February 1970;
Morrow interview (1910).
24
A classmate’s tribute to Marshall soon after his death appeared in the Wabash
College Record-Bulletin (1925): clipping in scrapbook, TRM Papers, Indiana State
Library.
CHAPTER THREE
1
Favorite Son
TRM, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall: Vice-President and Hoosier
Philosopher, A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1925), 88.
2
Columbia City Post, 12 April 1876.
3
Columbia City Post, 26 Ju1y 1876.
10
4
Eli Brown editorialized in support of the young lawyer; Columbia City Post,
9 June 1880.
5
See Columbia City Post, 23 and 30 June 1880, on the Fourth of July celebrations.
6
Columbia City Post, 7 May 1884.
7
Columbia City Post, 25 June 1884. The Democratic Presidents referred to were
James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan.
8
Columbia City Post, 16 April 1884. Hendricks’ form letter to party organizers is
in the TRM Papers, Indiana State Library. The rooster, not the donkey, was the
Democratic mascot nationally at this time.
9
On William F. McNagny, Columbia City Post, 12 January 1892, following the Ft.
Wayne Journal. Interview with Rob. R. McNagny, Columbia City, 15 October 1967. See
also Ralph F. Gates, “Anecdote of the Month,” Whitley County Historical Society
Bulletin (August 1969): 3. Mr. Gates, a Republican, was a child when Marshall ran for
the office of Governor of Indiana and he himself became Indiana’s second Governor from
Columbia City (1945-1949). For a colorful comparison of the two men, see John Bartlow
Martin, Indiana: An Interpretation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1947), 247-48.
10
James Philip Fadely, Thomas Taggart: Public Servant, Political Boss, 1856-
1929
(Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1997), 19.
11
TRM, Recollections, 147.
12
James B. Morrow, “Thomas R. Marshall Gives His Views on What the
Democrats Should Do,” Indianapolis Sunday Star, 23 January 1910; TRM, Recollections,
150-51, 155. In a memorial address a former law firm secretary, Gladys Brenneman,
11
revealed that Marshall once confessed, “I have never desired public office, but if I had an
ambition to hold office it would be to be Governor of Indiana.” Speech delivered at
Thomas R. Marshall banquet, 14 March 1940; copy in the Peabody Library, Columbia
City.
13
Clifton J. Phillips, Indiana in Transition: The Emergence of An Industrial
Commonwealth, 1880-1920. (The History of Indiana, Vol. IV), (Indianapolis: Indiana
Historical Bureau & Indiana Historical Society, 1968), chapter III.
14
TRM, Recollections, 154; Louis Ludlow, From Cornfield to Press Gallery:
Adventures and Reminiscences of a Veteran Washington Correspondent
(Washington,
D. C. : W. F. Roberts Company, 1924).
15
TRM, Recollections, 154-56; Charles M. Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall,
Hoosier Statesman (Oxford OH: The Mississippi Valley Press, 1939), 42-43; Morrow
interview (1910).
16
Columbia City Post, 8 January 1908.
17
Columbia City Post, 12 and 19 February 1908. Philip R. VanderMeer has
observed that politics was undergoing change in this era. Parades and festivities were less
important to victory than organized campaigning; The Hoosier Politician: Officeholding
and Political Culture in Indiana, 1896-1920 (Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press,
1985), 45-46.
18
Fadely is silent on the Fogarty-Taggart battle within a battle; Fadely, Thomas
Taggart, 115-16. See Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 12; Russel B. Nye, Midwestern
Progressive Politics: A Historical Study of Its Origins and Development, 1870-1958 (East
Lansing MI: Michigan State University, 1959), chapter III.
12
19
Lawrence M. Bowman, “Stepping Stone to the Vice Presidency: A Story of
Thomas Riley Marshall’s 1908 Gubernatorial Victory” (M. A. thesis, University of
Kansas, 1967), 26.
20
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 44.
21
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 46.
22
Claude Bowers, My Life: The Memoirs of Claude Bowers (New York: Simon
and Schuster, 1962), 62. Bowers was active in politics in this period but later turned his
hand to writing successful popular history on such personages as Thomas Jefferson,
Albert Beveridge, and John W. Kern.
23
Bowman, “Stepping Stone to the Vice Presidency,” 37-40. Fadely, Thomas
Taggart, 115-116, interprets that Taggart came out a winner because Slack did not win
and that Marshall also won because of Taggart. At this juncture Marshall had no political
dealings personally with Taggart.
24
Columbia City Post, 28 March 1908.
25
Mark Thistlethwaite Scrapbooks, TRM Papers, Indiana State Library.
CHAPTER FOUR
1
A “Wet” Democrat
The train ride to Columbia City from Indianapolis is described in the James D.
Adams Papers, Gates, Gates & McNagny law firm, Columbia City Indiana.
2
Columbia City Post, 6 April 1908.
3
James D. Adams remembered the sentiments of Marshall and recorded them in
his unpublished memoirs.
13
4
Edgar Strouse, private interview, 4 October 1967, Columbia City; Columbia City
Post, 6 April 1908.
5
Columbia City Post, 2 and 9 May 1908.
6
Letter, A. J. Beveridge to John C. Schaeffer, 5 October 1905, Albert J. Beveridge
Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; Lawrence M. Bowman, “Stepping
Stone to the Vice Presidency: A Study of Thomas Riley Marshall’s 1908 Indiana
Gubernatorial Victory” (M.A. thesis, University of Kansas, 1967), 19-20.
7
Rollo E. Mosher, “Tom Marshall’s Term as Governor” (M. A. thesis, Indiana
University, 1932), 47. See Keith S. Montgomery, “Thomas R. Marshall’s Victory in the
Election of 1908,” Indiana Magazine of History LIII (June 1957): 147-66.
8
Bowers’ remarks were contained in a news article published on the occasion of
Marshall’s death in 1925, TRM Papers, Indiana State Library; TRM, Recollections of
Thomas R. Marshall: Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher, A Hoosier Salad
(Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., l925), 166-67.
9
Manuscript dated 2 June 1908, in TRM Papers, Box 1, Indiana State Library;
Keith S. Montgomery, “A Rhetorical Analysis of the Forensic and Occasional Speaking
of Thomas R. Marshall” (Ph.D dissertation, Indiana University, 1956), 46-47; 165-85.
10
Interview with Leigh Hunt, Columbia City, August, 1972.
11
Columbia City Post, 8 July 1908.
12
Claude G. Bowers, The Life of John Worth Kern (Indianapolis: The Hollenbeck
Press, 1918), 356-69; 1908 Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention Held in
Denver, Colorado, 251-53.
14
13
Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette, 28 October 1908; Alexander Sutherland’s letter,
dated 26 October 1908, is in the TRM Papers, Indiana State Library.
14
TRM, Recollections, 168-69. Letter, Lois K. Marshall, Indianapolis, to “Bob”
[Robert F. Lancaster], 11 July 1938. Letter, Bernice Carver, Columbia City, to the
writer, 7 February 1974; Charles M. Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, Hoosier Statesman
(Oxford OH: The Mississippi Valley Press, 1939), 55.
15
TRM, Recollections, 169.
16
TRM, Recollections, 170-71.
CHAPTER FIVE
1
“Governor Marshall”
Mark Sullivan, Our Times: 1900-1925 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons,
1926-1935), 6 volumes; undated news editorial (1911), Mark Thistlethwaite scrapbook,
TRM Papers, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis.
2
News article (1909), Mark Thistlethwaite scrapbook, TRM Papers; Whitley
County Commercial-Mail, 2 January 1959.
3
Indianapolis News, 6 January 1909; interview with Ralph F. Gates, Columbia
City, 15 October 1967.
4
Clifton J. Phillips, Indiana In Transition: The Emergence of An Industrial
Commonwealth, 1880-1920 [The History of Indiana, Vol. IV] (Indianapolis: Indiana
Historical Bureau & Indiana Historical Society, 1968), 97-101.
5
Charles M. Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall: Hoosier Statesman (Oxford OH:
The Mississippi Valley Press, 1939), 56-57. Marshall never forgot that Hanly “tendered
15
me no courtesy whatever with reference to my inauguration”; TRM, Recollections of
Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad
(Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925), 174.
6
TRM, Recollections, 175; Indianapolis Star, 12 January 1909.
7
Indiana House Journal [Sess. 1909], 89-99; TRM, Recollections, 195.
8
TRM, “Remove Not the Ancient Landmarks,” National Democratic Club Annual
Dinner of Jefferson Day, 13 April 1909, 26-37, printed pamphlet, TRM Papers, Indiana
State Library.
9
Fred A. Sims, quoted in the Columbia City Post, 14 March 1938; Rollo E.
Mosher, “Tom Marshall’s Term as Governor” (M. A. thesis, Indiana University, 1932),
74.
10
Columbia City Post, 2 December 1908.
11
Interview with Harold C. Feightner, Indianapolis, 13 October 1967. Feightner
was a newspaperman intimate with the inner workings of the Marshall Administration.
He began his career as a reporter in Huntington, Indiana, then as a city editor for the
Indiana Times in Indianapolis and a reporter subsequently for the Democratic
Indianapolis News. His last position was as an executive for the Indiana Liquor Board,
and he provided needed perspective to the writer on the wet-dry fight of the 1908
campaign; see his unpublished manuscript, “Politics, Prohibition, and Repeal in Indiana”
(Indianapolis, 1965), Indiana State Library.
12
Fred Fisher, “A Secret Story of Love and Politics as revealed in Governor
Marshall’s Family Album,” Indianapolis Star, 15 September 1912. In an earlier
interview, Marshall himself admitted, “I have the most vicious temper of any man in the
16
United States. . . . During my youth, language, as I then used it, got me into considerable
trouble,” but he learned with difficulty to bridle his tendency to curse; James B. Morrow,
“Thomas R. Marshall Gives His View on What the Democrats Should Do,” Indianapolis
Sunday Star, 23 January 1910.
13
”The Stirring Ideas of Tommy Marshall,” Current Literature (August 1912):
14
Letter, Al Bloemker, Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Speedway, Indiana, 2
52-55.
March 1973. The first 500-mile race occurred in 1911 (during Marshall’s governorship)
with Ray Haroun winning in a six-cylinder Marmon Wasp at an average speed of 74.5
mph; Al Bloemker, 500 Miles To Go (New York: Coward-McCann, 1966).
15
”The Governors’ Messages to the People,” The World To-Day, XVIII (January
1910): 47.
16
Interview with Leigh Hunt, Columbia City, August 1972.
17
Claude A. Bowers’ reminiscences, Oral History Project of Columbia University,
Interview 1 (26 August 1954), 30; Clifton Phillips, Indiana In Transition, 106.
18
Indianapolis News, 2 April 1910. The account about Lamb’s preeminence in
developing the plan is from Bowers’ reminiscences, above, 30-32.
19
Letter, TRM to Taggart, 8 April 1910, TRM Papers, Indiana State Library.
20
Bowers’ reminiscences, 31-32; Louis Ludlow, “Ohians See Ruin in Marshall
Plan,” Indianapolis Star, 26 April 1910.
21
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 66; “Gov. Marshall Calls Democrats to Arms
for Campaign,” Indianapolis Star, 28 April 1910.
17
22
John Braeman, Albert J. Beveridge: American Nationalist (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1971), 185-97; Bowers, reminiscences, 32. The Republican
Indianapolis Star in a 1 May 1910 editorial communicated a contrary interpretation,
namely, time would show that it was really a Taggart victory due to his control of the
resolutions committee; James Philip Fadely, Thomas Taggart: Public Servant, Political
Boss, 1856-1929 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1997), 120-21.
CHAPTER SIX
1
Gamblers, Workers, and the New Moses
Clifton J. Phillips, Indiana in Transition: The Emergence of An Industrial
Commonwealth, 1880-1920 [The History of Indiana, Vol. IV], (Indianapolis: Indiana
Historical Bureau & Indiana Historical Society, 1968), 97-98.
2
Letter, W. E. Ryan to TRM, n.d., contained in Box 74, Indiana Governors
Archives, Indiana State Library. For background information see Richard W. Haupt,
“History of the French Lick Springs Hotel” (M. A. thesis, Indiana University, 1953).
3
Interview with Gertrude McHugh, Indianapolis, 13 October 1967. For seven
months and sixteen days during 1912, Miss McHugh was employed as a stenographer for
approximately $80 per week, a figure not out of line with other state-employed
stenographers; Box 76, Governors Archives, Indiana State Library. See Charles M.
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, Hoosier Statesman (Oxford OH: The Mississippi
Valley Press, 1939), 59-60.
4
Letter, Martin J. Smith to TRM, 16 September 1911, Box 75, Governors
Archives, Indiana State Library. Numerous letters to Governor Marshall from citizens
18
and prosecuting attorneys about the crime in their communities are in Boxes 74-75,
Governors Archives.
5
Box 72, Governors Archives, Indiana State Library; TRM, Recollections of
Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad
(Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925), 183-84; Thomas, Thomas R.
Marshall, 78-81.
6
TRM, Recollections, 204.
7
TRM, Recollections, 185-86.
8
Letter, TRM to J. H. Thompson, 29 July 1912, TRM Papers, Indiana State
Library; TRM, Recollections, 200-07; Phillips, Indiana in Transition, 349-50. For
Governor Johnson’s role in this case see George Mowry, The California Progressives
(Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1963), 50-55.
9
Rollo Eldrige Mosher, “Tom Marshall’s Term as Governor” (M.A. thesis,
Indiana University, 1932), III; Indianapolis News, 28 November 1910. See TRM, “The
Public Conscience,” The National Monthly (February, 1911), where he reiterated his
reasons for signing the Proctor bill as stated in his annual message to the state legislature.
10
Ray E. Boomhower, Jacob Piatt Dunn, Jr.: A Life in History and Politics, 1855-
1924 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1997), chapter 5, “Dunn, Governor
Thomas R. Marshall, and the Indiana Constitution.”
11
Indianapolis News, 14 February 1911; Boomhower, Dunn, 81.
12
Charles Kettleborough, ed., Constitution Making in Indiana: A Source Book of
Constitutional Documents with Historical Introduction and Critical Notes (Indianapolis:
Indiana Historical Commission, 1916), 2:453; Betty Lou Thralls Randall, “The ‘Marshall
19
Constitution’ of 1911” (M. A. thesis, Indiana University, 1958), 88; Boomhower, Dunn,
92-94.
13
Randall, “The ‘Marshall Constitution’ of 1911,” 90.
14
TRM, Recollections, 214-15; Boomhower, Dunn, 94-96.
CHAPTER SEVEN
1
“A David Among the Goliaths”
Indianapolis News, 11 January 1910; Indianapolis Star, 11 February 1910. The
Democrats nationally had not been successful for a number of years. The N.D.L.C. was
organized following the failure of the 1908 campaigners to have a supportive, grassroots
organization like its predecessor, the National Organization of Clubs in the 1904
campaign.
2
James B. Morrow, “Thomas R. Marshall Gives His Views on What the
Democrats Should Do,” Indianapolis Sunday Star, 23 January 1910.
3
4
Indianapolis Star, 14 April 1910.
Indianapolis Star, 19 June 1910. See letter, TRM to J. F. Collen, Pittsburgh,
Kansas, 11 May 1910, TRM Papers, Indiana State Library. Life under the editorship of
John Ames Mitchell enjoyed a healthy longevity as a weekly that attempted to appeal to a
growing, educated America. Its terminal dates were January 1883 to November 1936,
and was followed by another magazine of the same name published by Henry Luce;
Frank L. Mott, A History of American Magazines, 5 volumes (Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1938-1968).
20
5
TRM to Woodrow Wilson [hereafter WW], 9 November 1910, in Arthur S. Link,
ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [hereafter WP], 69 vols. (Princeton NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1966-94), 21:603; Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson: Life and
Letters, III (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1931), 107; Arthur S. Link,
“The South and the Democratic Campaign of 1910-1912” (Ph.D. dissertation, University
of North Carolina, 1945), 50-54.
6
Quoted in the Indianapolis News, 14 November 1910.
7
Indianapolis News, 14 November 1910.
8
Indianapolis News, 27 February, 1911.
9
Indianapolis News, 31 March 1911.
10
Letter, TRM to John W. Kern, 11 April 1911, TRM Papers, Indiana State
Library. On Bryan’s honorific title see Louis W. Koenig, Bryan: A Political Biography of
William Jennings Bryan (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1971), 482.
11
Gary (IN) Daily Tribune, 13 April 1911.
12
Arthur Walworth, Woodow Wilson (2nd ed. rev.; Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Co., 1965), I, 185. Gary Evening Post, 14 April 1911.
13
Letter, WW to Mrs. Mary Allen Hulbert Peck, 16 April 1911, WP 22:571.
14
Letter, William C. Liller to WW, 22 April 1911, WP 21:587; Arthur S. Link,
Wilson, Vol. I: The Road to the White House (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1947), 327n72.
15
Letter, TRM to John B. Stoll, 28 April 1911; TRM to John W. Kern, 24 May
1911, TRM Papers, Indiana State Library.
21
16
Letter, TRM to T. J. Appleyard, Tallahassee, Florida, 18 September 1911, TRM
Papers, Indiana State Library.
17
Letter, TRM to Elisha V. Long, East Las Vegas, New Mexico, 11 September
1911, TRM Papers, Indiana State Library.
18
Gary Daily Tribune, 28 November 1911.
19
Letter, TRM to Edwin A. Newman, Washington, D. C., 12 December 1911,
TRM Papers, Indiana State Library. Henry Morgenthau (Sr.), All in a Life-Time (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1922), 142.
20
Ronald F. Stinnett, Democrats, Dinners, & Dollars: A History of the
Democratic Party, Its Dinners, Its Ritual (Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press,
1967), 96-102.
21
Letters, TRM to E. V. Long, East Las Vegas, New Mexico, 29 January and 31
January 1912, and TRM to F. P. Kircher, North Manchester, Indiana, 5 February 1912,
TRM Papers, Indiana State Library. “Leaders of the New Democracy,” McClure’s
Magazine (February, 1912): 377-83.
22
Indianapolis News, 21 March 1912.
23
”Four Less Prominent Candidates,” The American Review of Reviews (June,
1912): 648-49.
24
Alton Parker was the 1904 national Democratic candidate for President but lost
to incumbent Republican Theodore Roosevelt. For Marshall’s reason in declining
Bryan’s support see below, [chapter 8, p. 14]. Bryan’s opposition to Marshall at the
Convention is explained in his letter to Wilson, 22 July 1912, WP 24:565; Koenig, Bryan,
483.
22
CHAPTER EIGHT
1
“The ‘Real General,’ Tom Taggart”
Charles Moreau Harger, “The Two National Conventions: II, The Democratic
Convention,” The Independent, LXXIII (4 July 1912): 12-16. See also Eugene H.
Rosenboom, “Baltimore as a National Nominating Convention City,” Maryland
Historical Magazine, 67 (Fall, 1972): 215-24.
2
The “houn’ dawg” song was recalled to the writer by a friend of TRM, Edgar
Strouse of Columbia City, who was an unofficial observer at the convention; interview, 4
October 1967.
3
Actually Herschel Johnson was not chosen at the 1860 Convention. Benjamin
Fitzpatrick of Alabama was the delegates’ choice, but he was not present at the
convention and when informed of his nomination he refused it. The Democratic National
Committee then selected Johnson. See Betty Dix Greeman, “The Democratic Convention
of 1860: Prelude to Secession,” Maryland Historical Magazine, 67 (Fall, 1972): 225-53.
4
Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention (Urey
Woodson, compiler, and Milton W. Blumenberg, official reporter), Baltimore, MD, n.p.,
1912, 7-8. (Hereafter referred to as Official Report.)
5
Interview with Rex Potterf, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 26 October 1967. Potterf
developed an extensive bibliography of newspaper articles and references on the career of
Governor Marshall. The principal published study on Thomas Taggart is that of James
Philip Fadely, Thomas Taggart: Public Servant, Political Boss, 1856-1929 (Indianapolis:
Indiana Historical Society, 1997). A noteworthy historical source here is the unpublished
23
biography of Taggart by A. C. Sallee who was secretary of the Indiana Democratic State
Central Committee for a number of years. The work was entitled “T. T. The Mastermind
that Wrought Brilliant and Bewildering Achievements in Political Legerdemain”, Thomas
Taggart Papers, Indiana State Library.
6
Interview with C. Milton Wright, Bel Air, Maryland, 20 April 1974. On the
background to Bryan’s castigation of Belmont, Ryan, and Morgan, see Louis W. Koenig,
Bryan: A Political Biography of William Jennings Bryan (New York: G. P. Putnam’s
Sons, 1971), 488-89.
7
Official Report [1912], 169-72. Others apparently felt the same way about
Indiana’s crucial position. In the 1920s Mark Sullivan wrote, “The typical American of
1900 possibly had more points of identity with the typical inhabitant of an Indiana
community than with most other persons in other backgrounds. . . . Politically the
average Indianan and his Ohio neighbor determined the occupant of the White House for
nearly half of all the years from the Civil War to 1925. . . . In politics the
representativeness of the Indiana voter. . . . was universally recognized and won for him
something close to omnipotence, for his ideas, his prejudices, and his economic interests
were universally considered and generally deferred to.” See his Our Times, Vol. I: The
Turn of the Century (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1928), 3-4.
8
Official Report [1912], 196-97. Prior to the Baltimore Convention Marshall
traveled to Cleveland in an abortive attempt to muster votes away from Governor Harmon
to himself, as confirmed by then Mayor Newton Baker who met with Marshall in a
downtown hotel. See Charles M.Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall: Hoosier Statesman
(Oxford OH: The Mississippi Valley Press, 1939), 118, 265n4.
24
9
Arthur F. Mullen, Western Democrat (New York: Wilfred Funk, Inc., 1940),
173.
10
Paolo E. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan, 3 vols.(Lincoln, NE: University of
Nebraska Press, 1969), II:68.
11
Official Report [1912], 277.
12
Arthur S. Link, Wilson: Vol. II: The New Freedom (Princeton NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1956), 457.
13
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 112. Paolo Coletta records that the “bellboy”
was none other than Bryan’s brother, Charles; William Jennings Bryan, II:71.
14
John B. Stoll, History of the Indiana Democracy, 1816-1916 (Indianapolis:
Indiana Democratic Publishing Company, 1917), 1036-37. On Stoll see Edna Miller,
“The Editorial Opinion of John B. Stoll” (M. A. thesis, Butler University, 1946).
15
William Frank McCombs, Making Woodrow Wilson President (New York:
Fairview Publishing Company, 1921), 177-79, and Maurice F. Lyons, William F.
McCombs, the President-Maker (Cincinnati, OH: The Bancroft Company, 1922), 94.
16
Baltimore Sun, 28 June 1912. Arthur S. Link credits the Democratic political
bosses with having secured Wilson’s nomination; Link, The Higher Realism of Woodrow
Wilson and Other Essays (Nashville TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1971), 241. On the
strategy to nominate Marshall see A. A. Sallee, “T. T.”, 173-76, Thomas Taggart Papers,
Indiana State Library; James Philip Fadely, Thomas Taggart, 122-24; Thomas, Thomas
Riley Marshall, 123-24.
17
Ray Stannard Baker, “Memorandum of Conversation with A. S. Burleson,
March 17-19, 1927,” R. S. Baker Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress;
25
Link, Wilson, I, 462. That Wilson upon occasion was capable of making snide remarks
about persons he considered inferior or contemptible is supported by colorful labels he
gave to Champ Clark (“smart aleck,” R. S. Baker, Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters
[Garden City NY: Doubleday, Page, and Doubleday, Doran, 1926], III, 196), William J.
Bryan (“The Great Inevitable,” Walter Lord, The Good Years: From 1900 to the First
World War [New York: Bantam Pathfinder Edition, 1962], 274) and Warren G. Harding
(“the bungalow mind,” Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Age of Roosevelt [Boston: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 1957], I, 50).
18
William Gibbs McAdoo, Crowded Years (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company,
1931), 158-59, 270. See Charles M. Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall: Hoosier Statesman
(Oxford OH: The Mississippi Valley Press, 1939), 129. As the editors of the Wilson
Papers interpret that situation, “Wilson’s first choice, Underwood, would not accept the
nomination. Without Wilson’s knowledge, McCombs had traded the nomination of
Marshall in return for Indiana’s votes”, WP24:527n8. McAdoo is not judged to have
been the decisive influence he thought he was in the career of Thomas R. Marshall.
19
Official Report [1912], 383; Indianapolis Times, 3 July 1912.
20
TRM, “Suggests Cabinet Members Advise Congress in Person,” Washington
Sunday Star, 2 October 1921.
21
Official Report [1912], 392.
22
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 132-33.
23
Indianapolis News, 3 July 1912; New York Times, 3 July 1912; WP 24:528.
24
Letters, TRM to WW, Sea Girt, New Jersey, 30 July 1912, Miscellaneous
Papers File (letter #28335); WW to TRM, Indianapolis, 5 August 1912, Wilson Papers,
26
Box 58, and TRM to WW, 14 August 1912, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division,
Library of Congress.
25
Indianapolis News, 7 August 1912.
26
Official Report [1912], 396-97.
27
Official Report [1912], 402; Link, Wilson, I:471.
28
Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters, 8 vols. (Garden City
NY: Doubleday, Page, and Doubleday, Doran, 1926-1927), III:373.
29
New York Tribune, 21 August 1912. See the photograph, opposite page 148,
TRM, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A
Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925); Indianapolis News, 21
August 1912.
30
To anticipate, the 1916 Vice Presidential nomination would again go to
Marshall and the ceremony would again be in Indianapolis. In 1916, also, Charles
Warren Fairbanks of Indiana would be the Republican Vice Presidential candidate, and
Frank Hanly–Marshall’s Republican predecessor in the Indiana Governor’s seat–would be
the Presidential candidate on the Prohibition ticket. As if to spread the laurels among
Hoosier politicians, Eugene V. Debs of Terre Haute did not run for President for the
Socialist party in 1916, but did so in 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920. Bryan never
caught up with Debs’ record of attempts. See Indianapolis News, 20 August 1912.
31
Official Report [1912], 419. See the notification photograph opposite page 160
in TRM, Recollections.
32
Official Report [1912], 428-32.
27
CHAPTER NINE
1
“A Much Better Man”
Charles Johnston, “A Talk with Governor Marshall; Some Interesting Opinions
Elicited in an Interview with the Democratic Nominee for Vice-President,” Harper’s
Weekly (13 July 1912): 10-11.
2
”The Stirring Ideas of Tommy Marshall,” Current Literature (August, 1912):
152-55; letter, John Worth Kern to WW, Indianapolis, 12 August 1912, WP 25:22.
3
Thomas R. Shipp, “Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana: The Story of His Rise from
Country Lawyer to Governor, Then to Vice-Presidential Candidate,” The American
Review of Reviews (August, 1912): 185-90. Gamaliel Bradford, “Brains Win and Lose.
Woodrow Wilson,” Atlantic Monthly (February, 1931): 157.
4
Letter, WW to Albert S. Burleson, New York City, 22 August 1912, Burleson
Papers, Volume 5, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
5
Elting E. Morison, ed., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, VII (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1954), 568 and 593.
6
Melvin I. Urofsky and David W. Levy, editors, Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, Vol.
II (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1972), 641.
7
Indianapolis News, 27 August 1912; New York Sun, 27 August 1912.
8
New York American, 28 August 1912; New York World, 28 August 1912; New
York Herald, 28 August 1912; New York World, 29 August 1912; New York Press,
August 1912; letter, TRM to WW, 31 August 1912, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts
Division, Library of Congress..
30
28
9
New York American, 17 September 1912. Marshall was using the magazines to
spread his views during this period, e.g., his article on “The Automatic Citizen” pled for
Americans to look within themselves even as they demanded moral and legal
responsibility from their legislators; The Atlantic Monthly (September, 1912): 295-301.
10
New York Times, 17 September 1912. John A. Garraty, Right-Hand Man: The
Life of George W. Perkins (New York: Harper & Brothers Publisher, 1960), 279. See
Arthur S. Link, Wilson I, 485, regarding Wilson’s sidestepping of the “Harvester Trust”
in Chicago.
11
New York Press, 3 October 1912; New York Tribune, 4 October 1912; New
York Press, 5 October 1912; New York Sun, 5 October 1912.
12
New York Herald, 5 October 1912; New York World, 5 October 1912.
13
New York Press, 5 October 1912. Letter, Thistlethwaite to Burleson, Chicago,
Illinois, 16 October 1912, Burleson Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress;
Charles M. Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall: Hoosier Statesman (Oxford OH: The
Mississippi Valley Press, 1939), 54.
14
New York Tribune, 22 October 1912. See George Mowry, The California
Progressives (Chicago IL: Quadrangle Books, 1963), 151, 189.
15
New York Herald, 23 October 1912. On examples of midwestern nativism see
Columbia City Post, 8 April and 22 December 1875. See TRM, “Regards the Ku Klux
Klan as Creature of False Fear,” Washington Star, 23 October 1921.
16
”A Born Democrat,” The Outlook (28 September 1912): 220-22.
17
TRM to WW, 15 November 1912, WP 25:521; Ray S. Baker, Woodrow
Wilson, III, 410.
29
18
Indianapolis News, 22 July 1912.
19
William Fosdick Chamberlin, The History of Phi Gamma Delta (Washington,
D. C., Published by The Fraternity, 1926), 162-64. On Fairbanks see Herbert J. Rissler,
“Charles Warren Fairbanks: Conservative Hoosier” (Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana
University , 1961). Eight years later, 1920, Calvin Coolidge would join the ranks of Vice
Presidents who had been members of Phi Gamma Delta while in college. Regarding
TRM’s novel esteem of his home state, he wrote, “Yes, the old state, as the days have
come and gone, has struck a right good average. It has perhaps had no towering mountain
peaks, but it has surely furnished as many first-grade second-class men in every
department of life as any state in the Union”; TRM, Recollections of Thomas R.
Marshall: Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher, A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: The
Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1925), 39-44.
CHAPTER TEN
1
Entering Four Years of Silence
New York Times, 28 February 1913. By tradition, according to the Chevy Chase
Country Club, Presidents and Vice Presidents automatically became honorary members.
Wilson, however, had other priorities and refused to join.
2
James Kerney, The Political Education of Woodrow Wilson (New York: The
Century Co., 1926), 291. Letter, TRM to WW, Trenton, NJ, 27 January 1913, Wilson
Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; New York Times, 27 and 28 February
1913. Wilson must have forgotten his earlier prejudgment about Marshall to Burleson at
the time of the 1912 Democratic convention: “But, Burleson, he is a small calibre man.”
30
The Trenton meeting seems to have laid the ground for a positive working relationship
between the two men but Marshall would not be privy to much of Wilson’s decisionmaking.
3
Letter, WW to Heath Dabney, 11 May 1883, cited in Alexander L. George and
Juliette L. George, Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A Personality Study (New
York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1964), 20. In this connection John A Garraty has noted
Wilson’s preference toward relating to large groups rather than “seeking to please one
man.” See Garraty, “Woodrow Wilson: A Study in Personality,” South Atlantic
Quarterly, LVI (April, 1957): 185; John M. Mulder, Woodrow Wilson: The Years of
Preparation (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978), 274. TRM, Recollections
of Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad
(Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925), 110.
4
Writing in 1931, Linnaeus N. Hines believed that “perhaps no man in the whole
list of chief executives was more active or more interested” in public school education
than was Governor Marshall; “A History of the Indiana State Board of Education,”
Indiana Magazine of History, XXVII (March, 1931): 23-39. Nevertheless, Marshall
favored the private liberal arts college over the state university; Charles M. Thomas,
Thomas Riley Marshall: Hoosier Statesman (Oxford OH: The Mississippi Valley Press,
1939), 102-06; see also TRM, Box 74, Governors Archives, Indiana State Library.
5
”Three Presbyterian Elders,” The Presbyterian (5 March 1913): 8.
6
New York Times, 1 and 2 March 1913. See Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson
and the Progressive Era, 1900-1917 (New York: Harper and Row, Torchbook edition,
1963), 25-32, and Ray S. Baker, Woodrow Wilson: Lif e and Letters, III (Garden City
31
NY: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1931), 437-59, discussing Wilson’s reasoning, or lack of
it, regarding his choice of cabinet members.
7
Paul M. Angle, Crossroads: 1913 (Chicago: Rand McNally and Co., 1963), 62.
8
After the Inaugural Programme and Report, New York Times, 4 March 1913, and
5 March 1913.
9
Marshall’s inaugural address is found in the Congressional Record, 63rd
Congress, 1st session, 4 March 1913, 1-2.
10
New York Times, 5 March, 1913.
11
David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet, 1913-1920, I (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1926), 2; Ellen M. Slayden, Washington Wife:
Journal of Ellen Maury Slayden from 1897-1919 (New York: Harper and Row, 1963),
201; New York Times, 5 March 1913, and editorial in the 6 March 1913 issue.
12
TRM, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier
Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925), 230;
New York Times, 6 and 7 March 1913; Slayden, Washington Wife, 200.
13
”Ike” Hoover diary, Edith Bolling Wilson Papers, Box 57, Library of Congress.
Information on the social and business engagements of the Marshalls when at the White
House is taken from the record book of Irwin Hoover who was the chief usher, a curious
cognomen for one whose duty it was to note literally the comings and goings of everyone
in the White House every day, including the official family. Elizabeth Jaffray, Secrets of
the White House (New York: Cosmopolitan Book Corporation, 1927), 38.
14
New York Times, 23 March 1913, picture section.
15
New York Times, 8 and 10 April 1913.
32
16
Letters, TRM to WW, 14 April 1913;WW to TRM, 14 April 1913, Wilson
Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
17
Interview with Frank E. Bohn, 10 November 1967, and George W. Myers, 22
November 1967 in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Mr. Bohn knew Marshall in the Masonic
fraternity, while Mr. Myers, a Columbia City native, was administrative secretary to
Louis Fairfield, a Republican congressman from Marshall’s home district. Mr. Myers
occasionally visited with the Marshalls in their Washington suite at the New Willard
Hotel (1920-1921).
18
Letter, WW to TRM, 23 December 1913, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division,
Library of Congress. On the party for the pages, Richard L. Riedel, Halls of the Mighty:
My 47 Years at the Senate (Washington, D. C.,: Robert B. Luce, Inc., 1969), 22.
J.
Mark Trice, Secretary for the Minority in the United States Senate at the time of his letter
to the writer, 22 April 1968, was also a page along with Riedel and fondly remembered
Marshall as host for the occasion.
19
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 143.
20
Ike Hoover’s diary, 13 February 1914, Edith B. Wilson Papers, Manuscripts
Division, Library of Congressg; TRM, Recollections, 226-27.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
1
The Vice President is at it again!”
TRM, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier
Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925), 222.
2
63rd Congress, 1st session, 7 April 1913, Congressional Record, 58-60.
33
3
Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters, IV (Garden City NY:
Doubleday, Page and Co., 1931), 105.
4
New York Times, 17 January 1913, 15 September 1913. The limerick and note
from Marshall to Wilson is dated 23 September 1913, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts
Division, Library of Congress; see Cary T. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate
Memoir (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1960), 108. On the tariff question
see TRM, Recollections, 239-40.
5
63rd Congress, 2d session, 19 December 1913, Congressional Record, 1216.
Nine Senators did not vote.
6
TRM, Recollections, 245.
7
New York Times, 24 March 1913; and editorial, 25 March 1913.
8
New York Herald, 13 April 1913.
9
James F. Reilly to WW, letter received 15 April 1913, Wilson Papers,
Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; New York Herald, 17 April 1913; New York
Times, 15 April 1913; Dallas News clipping sent to Wilson’s personal secretary, Joseph
P. Tumulty, from Otto Praeger, 17 April 1913, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division,
Library of Congress.
10
New York Times, 21 April 1913.
11
New York Sun, 21 April 1913.
12
New York Times, 17 April 1913; 18 April 1913.
13
George Harvey, “Thomas Riley Marshall,” North American Review (October,
1916): 620-21; the speech of 8 May 1913 was printed three years later to coincide with
34
Harvey’s publicized disenchantment with Wilson then running for a second four-year
term. See “Bankers Applaud Marshall Attack,” New York Press, 9 May 1913.
14
“The Vice President’s New Freedom,” Literary Digest (3 May 1913): 995. The
New York Sun for 10 June 1913, prominently displayed a large cartoon of “Tom-in-thebox” with the box lettered “Prudent Silence.” The progressive Outlook was supportive:
“The Vice President and Social Unrest,” (3 May 1913): 8-9.
15
Quoted in The Literary Digest (3 May 1913): 996.
16
The New York Evening Post, 17 April 1913; the Charleston editorial was quoted
by the Indianapolis News, 21 April 1913.
17
Letter, Eleanor Roosevelt to Maude Waterbury, 13 May 1913, quoted in Joseph
P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship, Based on Eleanor
Roosevelt’s Private Papers (New York: Signet New American Library, 1973), 262.
18
On Ambassador Wilson see his Diplomatic Episodes in Mexico, Belgium, and
Chile (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1927) and Eugene F. Masingill, “The
Diplomatic Career of Henry Lane Wilson in Latin America“ (Ph.D. dissertation,
Louisiana State University, 1957).
19
New York Times, 13 March 1913. John Lane Wilson and his brother were
descendants of a former Indiana governor, Henry S. Lane. John eventually became a
United States Senator from Washington State; Francis M. Trissal, Public Men of Indiana:
A Political History, Vol. I (Hammond, IN: W. B. Conkey Co., 1923), 24.
20
Letters, TRM to WW, 20 March 1913; TRM to WW, 2 August 1913; and WW
to TRM, 4 August 1913, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
21
New York Times, 2 November 1913.
35
22
New York Times, 20 April 1914. For background on Wilson and Bryan’s
efforts to influence Huerta, see Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era,
1910-1917 (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1963), 108-28.
23
New York Times, 27 May 1914.
24
New York Sun, 19 March 1915; New York Times, 16 March 1915.
25
TRM, Recollections, 249-50.
CHAPTER TWELVE
1
Cave of the Four Winds
Ellen M. Slayden, Washington Wife: Journal of Ellen Maury Slayden from
1897-1919 (New York: Harper and Row, 1963), 233; New York Sun, 12 January 1912.
2
TRM, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier
Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925), 233-34.
3
Letters, WW to TRM, 10 March 1914 and 14 March 1914, Wilson Papers,
Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; WW to TRM 18 April 1914, WP 29:461.
4
See Alexander L. George and Juliette L. George, Woodrow Wilson and Colonel
House: A Personality Study (New York: Dover Publications, 1964), 151, in which
President Wilson is viewed as one who must dominate others in order to “counter his own
low self-estimate,” a dubious supposition.
5
New York Times, 15 March 1914. Letter, TRM to George W. Myers of
Columbia City, Indiana, 11 March 1914. Myers was editor of the high school yearbook.
6
Letter, TRM to WW, 6 August 1914, WP 30:355-56; New York Herald,
August 1914.
7
36
7
William G. McAdoo, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G.
McAdoo (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1931), 269-70; Memorandum, WW to
McAdoo, 9 October 1916, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
On the Meredith Nicholson affair see the Nicholson-Marshall correspondence in the
Marshall Papers, Indiana State Library. Nicholson eventually became an ambassador,
successively, to Paraguay, Venezuela, and Nicaragua under Franklin D. Roosevelt. For
more on his career see Jean B. Sanders, “Meredith Nicholson: Hoosier Cavalier” (M.A.
thesis, DePauw University, 1952); James Philip Fadely, Thomas Taggart: Public Servant,
Political Boss, 1856-1929 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1997), 173.
8
On the alleged excess of Marshall’s patronage see John E. Brown, “Woodrow
Wilson’s Vice President: Thomas R. Marshall and the Wilson Administration 19131921” (Ph.D. dissertation, Ball State University, 1970), 221-23.
9
63rd Cong., 2d sess., 21 April 1914, Congressional Record, 6972; see Charles M.
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall: Hoosier Statesman (Oxford OH: The Mississippi
Valley Press, 1939), 163-64.
10
63rd Cong., 2d sess., 25 September 1914, Congressional Record, 15671-72;
Franklin L. Burdette, Filibustering in the Senate (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 1940), 107.
11
Paolo E. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan, 3 vols. (Lincoln NE: University of
Nebraska Press, 1964-1969), II:269-70; George C. Osborn, John Sharp Williams:
Planter-Statesman of the Deep South (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1964), 246.
37
12
James Holt, Congressional Insurgents and the Party System (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1967), 117-18; Arthur S. Link, Wilson: Vol. III: The Struggle
for Neutrality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960), 83-91, 143-59.
13
Marshall’s administrative secretary, Mark Thistlethwaite, offered the first
interpretation cited to the editor of the Pathfinder: America’s Oldest News Weekly (18
April 1942), 1. The second is recorded in Thomas’ biography, 175, while the third is a
part of the lore of the Willard Hotel as preserved in Garnett L. Eskew, Willard’s of
Washington: The Epic of a Capital Caravansary (New York: Coward-McCann, Inc.,
1954), 200. A source of Marshall’s Hoosier humor is explored in Fred C. Kelly, The Life
and Times of Kin Hubbard, Creator of Abe Martin (New York: Farrar, Straus and
Young, 1952), 12. Marshall’s meaning of the expression is recorded in the St. Louis
Dispatch, 1 June 1925, the date of his death. Recent interpreters include John Morton
Blum, Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1951), 215, and
Gene Smith, When the Cheering Stopped: The Last Years of Woodrow Wilson (New
York: William Morrow and Co., 1964), 102. The anecdote has continued to make for
popular reading, e.g., Philip F. Clifford, “Thomas R. Marshall and the 5 cent Cigar,”
Indianapolis Star Magazine, 24 September 1965, 9-12.
14
New York Times, 10, 11, and 12 October 1914, cover this comedy of errors.
The writer has not located any extensive film footage on Thomas R. Marshall except what
is preserved in the National Archives film library.
15
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 91; New York Times, 6 December 1914, and
9 June 1914; New York Tribune, 20 December 1914, and New York Times, 20
December 1914.
38
16
New York Evening Post, 2 September 1914; New York Times, 3 September
1914. Letter, WW to TRM, 11 September 1914, WP 31:23; New York World, 13
September 1914.
17
Letter, WW to TRM, 19 October 1914, Wilson Papers, Letterbook 17A, 330,
Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress. Marshall’s public response is given in the
New York Times, 20 November 1914.
18
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 142-43. Other significant enactments by this
time passed by the Democratic-controlled Congress, besides the Underwood-Simmons
tariff act, included an act to regulate cotton exchanges, another to provide for a
government railroad in Alaska, an act to admit foreign-owned or -built ships to American
registry, renewal of arbitration treaties, and approval of twenty-two Peace Commission
treaties; New York Times, 5 March 1915.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Before the Storm
1
New York American, 25 September 1914; New York Times, 6 March 1915.
2
Letter, William Phillips to WW, 5 March 1915, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts
Division, Library of Congress; letter, Franklin D. Roosevelt to Commandant, Navy Yard,
Mare Island, California, 15 March 1915, Navy Correspondence #3768-455 1/2, National
Archives, Washington, D.C.; see also Roosevelt to Flag Officer, Colorado, San Diego,
California, 15 March 1915, Navy Department Correspondence #3768-455½, National
Archives.
39
3
Letters, TRM to WW, 7 March 1915; WW to TRM, 8 March 1915; WW to
TRM, 19 March 1915, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
4
Eleanor Roosevelt, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt (New York: Harper
& Brothers Publishers, 1958), 80; see Jonathan Daniels, The End of Innocence (New
York: J. B. Luppincott Co., 1954), 167. Mrs. Roosevelt’s judgment accords with that of
Mrs. Slayden regarding Marshall’s unpretentiousness.
5
Chester Rowell, Fresno progressive and member of the California State
Exposition Commission, together with Senator Phelan and Governor Hiram Johnson are
the only persons here meriting attention by George E. Mowry in his book The California
Progressives (1951). The publisher William R. Hearst receives little attention because he
was not seen as being “progressive.” There were even strained relations politically
between Hearst and the Wilson Administration. Marshall seemed oblivious of this, but
he may have been exercising caution.
6
Mrs. Fremont Older [Cora Baggerly Older], William Randolph Hearst, American
(New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1936), passim; New York American,
21 September 1914.
7
The primary source utilized here is the five-volume work of Frank Morton Todd,
The Story of the Exposition. . . (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1921). The group is
mentioned in volume IV, 27; Todd, The Story of the Exposition, V, 66-67.
8
TRM, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier
Philospher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925), 250-53.
Marshall had developed a great respect for the Japanese nation based upon both
40
diplomatic leaders and students he had met over the years since his days at Wabash
College in Indiana.
9
The well-intentioned words of the Vice President, despite his personal feelings,
could hardly have impressed Admiral Uriu in light of the racism of the Californians,
progressives included, whose Alien Land Bill of 1913 excluded Japanese immigrants as
land owners in that state.
10
Todd, The Story of the Exposition, IV, opposite page 42.
11
Todd, The Story of the Exposition, IV, 29; Eugen Newhaus, The Art of the
Exposition (3d ed. rev.; San Francisco CA: Paul Elder and Company Publishers, 1915),
chapter 1.
12
Todd, The Story of the Exposition, IV, 34. On 6 April 1914 a treaty with
Colombia, expressing the United States’ “sincere regret” over the incident, was signed,
but not until 20 April 1921 did the Senate give its consent to a $25 million reparation,
payable to Colombia.
13
Todd, The Story of the Exposition, IV, 34.
14
Todd, The Story of the Exposition, IV, 36. “Dedication of the Exposition a
Triumph for the Nation,” undated newspaper clipping in Cartoons, Vol. VIII, TRM
Papers, Indiana State Library. On Marshall’s public speaking prowess see Keith S.
Montgomery, “A Rhetorical Analysis of the Forensic and Occasional Speaking of
Thomas R. Marshall” (Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1956), 103. New York
Sun, 24 March 1915, and New York Times, 25 March 1915, contain excerpts of
Marshall’s speech.
41
15
Written by Franklin D. Roosevelt, 18 February 1941; F.D.R.: His Personal
Letters, Vol. II, 1928-1945, edited by Elliott Roosevelt (New York: Duell, Sloan and
Pearch, 1950), 1123-25; see Carroll Kilpatrick, ed., Roosevelt and Daniels, A Friendship
in Politics (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1952), 118-19, FDR to
Daniels, 26 July 1932. Eleanor Roosevelt noted that the officers aboard ship were quite
disturbed that the Vice President would shake hands with enlisted men and at mealtime
would sit wherever he pleased on board ship; Eleanor Roosevelt, This is My Story (New
York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1937), 222. The correct name of the San Diego
exposition was the Panama-California International Exposition; Todd, The Story of the
Exposition, I, 64, and Eugen Newhaus, The San Diego Garden Fair (San Francisco: Paul
Elder and Company Publishers, 1916).
16
New York Times, 5 July 1915.
17
James B. Morrow, “Thomas R. Marshall Give His Views on What the
Democrats Should Do,” Indianapolis Sunday Star, 23 January 1910.
18
New York Times, 15 September 1915.
19
Arthur S. Link, Wilson. Vol. III: The Struggle for Neutrality, 1914-1915
(Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960), Vol. III, 370n7 and 372.
20
New York Times, 11 May 1915.
21
New York Times, 16 May 1915.
22
Letter, TRM to Joseph Tumulty, 21 May 1915, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts
Division, Library of Congress.
42
23
New York Times, 11 May 1915; Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the
Progressive Era, 1900-1917 (New York: Harper and Row, Torchbook Edition, 1963),
165; Link, Wilson, III, 383-84.
24
Col. House diary, 24 June 1915, WP 33:452.
25
New York Times, 11 June 1915.
26
Telegram, TRM to Lansing, 24 July 1915, Diplomatic Correspondence,
Department of State, #F.W. 763.72/1940, National Archives.
27
Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 171.
28
New York Times, 12 February 1916. For a contemporary perspective see
George S. Vierick, Spreading Germs of Hate, introduction by Edward M. House (New
York: Horace Liveright, 1930), 67.
29
Remarks to the Gridiron Club, 11 February 1916, WP 36:219. Wilson’s
remarks about Marshall’s sense of beauty are reminiscent of the Vice President’s remark
on the sunset scene as recorded by Eleanor Roosevelt on the trip to the exposition in San
Francisco.
30
Letter, WW to TRM, 15 October 1915, Wilson Papers, Letterbook 25,
Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
31
Letter, TRM to Mrs. Norman Galt, 15 November 1915, Edith Bolling Wilson
Papers, Library of Congress. Mention of the gift was made in the New York Times, 18
November 1915.
32
Arthur S.Link, Wilson. Vol. IV: Confusions and Crises 1915-1916 (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964), 13-14 Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir
(Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1939), 92; WP 36:240n2.
43
33
New York Times, 13 October 1915; TRM, Recollections, 73-78.
34
New York Times, 14 October 1915.
35
George F. Sparks, ed., A Many-Colored Toga: The Diary of Henry Fountain
Ashurst (Tucson, AR: University of Arizona Press, 1962), 42 (hereafter cited as “Ashurst
Diary”). Letter, TRM to Ashurst, 17 October 1915, in Ashurst Diary; TRM,
Recollections, 278.
36
New York Times, 25 October 1915.
37
New York Times, 14 October 1915; Charles M. Thomas, Thomas Riley
Marshall: Hoosier Statesman (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1939), 160; and
William Gibbs McAdoo, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G. McAdoo,
(Boston,MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1931), 269.
38
Clifton J. Phillips, Indiana in Transition: The Emergence of An Industrial
Commonwealth, 1880-1920. (The History of Indiana, Vol. IV). (Indianapolis: Indiana
Historical Bureau & Indiana Historical Society, 1968), 121-25. On Taggart’s career as
United States Senator, see James Philip Fadely, Thomas Taggart: Public Servant, Political
Boss, 1856-1929 (Indianapolis IN: Indiana Historical Society, 1997), 145-159.
39
Letter, Otto Carmichael to J. P. Tumulty, 16 May 1916, Joseph P. Tumulty
Papers, Box 11, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
40
Letters, WW to TRM, 10 February 1916, Wilson Papers, Letterbook 27, 262;
WW to TRM, 13 March 1916, Wilson Papers, Letterbook 28, 157, Manuscripts Division,
Library of Congress. Correspondence between Marshall and Daniels includes Daniels to
TRM, 14 April 1916; TRM to Daniels, 15 April 1916; and Daniels to TRM, 19 April
1916, Josephus Daniels Papers, Box 42, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
44
41
New York Times, 10 February 1916; 6 March 1916; and 26 April 1916.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
1
“’Tis Enough
‘Twill Serve”
Stanley Coben, A. Mitchell Palmer, Politician (New York: Columbia University
Press, 1963), 82.
2
United States Congress, Senate Journal, 64th Cong. 1st sess., 31 January 1916,
318; TRM, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier
Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925), 266.;
On Marshall’s tie-breaking vote see Helen Rosenberg, “The Vice Presidency of the
United States” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, 1930), 204; Arthur S. Link,
Wilson. IV: Confusions and Crises, 1915-16 (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press,
1965), 352-55.
3
Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1900-1917 (New
York: Harper and Row Torchbook Edition, 1963), 229. Emphasis added.
4
Col. House diary, 24 May 1916, WP 37:105.
5
Memorandum to the President concerning inquiry from Governor James F.
Fielder, 2 June 1916, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Divison, Library of Congress; see Ray
Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters, VI (Garden City NY: Doubleday,
Page and Doubleday Doran, 1927{?}), 255; New York Times, 6 June 1916; letter,
Hapgood to WW, 12 June 1916, WP 37:210-11.
45
6
New York Times, 13 June 1916. Thomas B. Love of Texas also felt Baker
should replace Marshall; Lewis L. Gould, Progressives and Prohibitionists: Texas
Democrats in the Wilson Era (Austin: University Press, 1973), 169.
7
New York Times, 14 June 1916.
8
William F. McCombs, Making Woodrow Wilson President, edited by Louis Jay
Lang (New York: Fairview Publishing Co., 1921), 279.
9
Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention,
compiled by J. Bruce Kremer (St. Louis, 1916), 100-07. Aside from the President’s
personal endorsement of Marshall, the twentieth century precedent of a Vice President
running for a second consecutive term had been set by Marshall’s predecessor, James
Sherman, chosen by the Republicans in 1908 and in 1912. Actually, Charles W.
Fairbanks was also running for a second though unconsecutive term, having been
Theodore Roosevelt’s Vice President, 1905-1909.
10
New York Times, 17 June 1916. Letter, TRM to WW, 16 June 1916, Wilson
Papers; letter, WW to TRM, 19 June 1916, Wilson Papers, Letterbook 30, 96,
Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
11
New York Times, 16 June 1916. Arthur S. Link, Wilson. Vol. V: Campaigns
for Progressivism and Peace 1916-1917 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
1965), 48. Emphasis added.
12
Letter, TRM to Robert Lansing, Washington, D. C., [16] June 1916, Robert S.
Lansing Papers, Vol. 19, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress. The stamped date is
“June 20, 1916.” Letter, TRM to [Louis] Howland, 22 June 1916, TRM Papers, Indiana
State Library.
46
13
New York Times, 1 August 1916. Thomas Taggart had been appointed by
Indiana Governor Samuel Ralston to fill the unexpired term of the recently deceased
Senator, Benjamin Shively, on 20 March; James Philip Fadely, Thomas Taggart: Public
Servant, Political Boss, 1856-1929 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1997), 142.
14
Letter, TRM to WW, 2 August 1916, WP 37: 516; letter, WW to TRM, 3
August 1916, WP 37:517.
15
Letter, House to WW, 8 August 1916, WP 38:11; letter, Patrick H. Quinn to
Joseph P. Tumulty, 11 September 1916, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of
Congress.
16
Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention
(1916), 171-76; New York Times, 10 September 1916.
17
New York Times, 13 September 1916.
18
Link, Wilson, V, 153.
19
New York Times, 24 October 1916.
20
New York Times, 23 September 1916.
21
Letter, TRM to WW, 22 September 1916, WP 38:212; WW to TRM, 27
September 1916, WP 38:282. Like Marshall, Wilson unconsciously made Biblical
allusions to describe his ideas, here, “broken reed” (Isaiah 36:6).
22
New York Times, 14 October 1916. Hughes, of course, was never asked to be a
counselor to the President, and, as has been noted, Wilson made his own decisions and
often in terms of what he thought was the proper approach. He was the President and his
was the responsibility, but he did not relish taking counsel except from his most intimate
friends, such as Col. House.
47
23
New York Times, 21 October 1916.
24
New York Times, 22 October 1916.
25
Link, Wilson, V, 122.
26
New York Times, 28 October 1916; and , editorial, 30 October 1916.
27
New York Times, 2 November 1916; TRM, Recollections, 184-86; Coben, A.
Mitchell Palmer, 125.
28
House diary, 19 October 1916, WP 38:493f; Baker, Woodrow Wilson, VI, 292-
93; Link, Wilson, V, 153-56. See George S. Viereck, The Strangest Friendship in
History: Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House (New York: Liveright, 1932), 153-54;
David Loth, Woodrow Wilson, The Fifteenth Point (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.,
1944), 154.
29
Charles M. Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall: Hoosier Statesman (Oxford OH:
The Mississippi Valley Press, 1939), 231. Emphasis added.
30
John B. Stoll, History of the Indiana Democracy, 1816-1916 (Indianapolis:
Indiana Democratic Publishing Company, 1917), 473-75. For a detailed analysis of the
vote see the New York Times for 12 and 19 November 1916; Link, Wilson, V, 160-62.
See Neal R. Peirce, The People’s President: The Electoral College in American History
and the Direct-Vote Alternative (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968), 95.
31
Telegram, TRM to WW, 9 November 1916; WP 38:625; New York Times, 10
November 1916. The quotation is from Romeo and Juliet, Act 3, Scene 1.
32
New York Times, 24 November 1916.
33
New York Post, 27 November 1916.
48
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
1
“Go to it, Woodrow, go to it!”
Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era (New York: Harper
and Row, Torchbook Edition, 1963), 249-50. See Thomas R. Brooks, Toil and Trouble:
A History of American Labor (New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1964), 132-36; Eleanor
Flexner, Century of Struggle: The Woman’s Rights Movement in the United States (New
York: Atheneum, 1968), 276-82. Actually, there was considerable variety of opinion
within each of these groups about the sympathies of the Wilson Administration toward
their cause. And, the Negro vote in support of Wilson was restrained due to different
agendas. See John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro
Americans [4th ed.] (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), chapter 18.
2
Ashurst diary, 51-52. Wilson was smarting from the verbal thrusts of Senator
Lodge who was not only a Republican opponent but also an interventionist regarding the
European conflict. /// {date? Ashurst diary, 51-52}
3
TRM to WW, 13 December 1916, WP 40:230; WW to TRM, WP 40:243f.
4
Letter, Bryan to von Bernstorff, 15 December 1916, William J. Bryan Papers,
Box 31, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; New York Times, 26 May 1920.
5
Link, Wilson.Vol. V: Campaign for Progressivism and Peace, 1916-1917
(Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965), 254; New York Times, 23 January
1917; see Ashurst diary, 53. {date? Ashurst diary}
6
64th Cong. 2d sess., 3 March 1917, Congressional Record, 4869.
7
New York Times, 6 March 1917.
8
Editorial, New York Times, 16 March 1917.
49
9
New York Times, 6 March 1917.
10
Thomas W. Brahany diary, WP 41:358; Charles M.Thomas, Thomas Riley
Marshall: Hoosier Statesman (Oxford OH: The Mississippi Valley Press, 1939), 140-41.
11
Letter, TRM to Rev. Charles Wood, 9 March 1917, Charles Wood Papers,
Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia, PA.
12
”Memorandum of the Cabinet Meeting, 2:30-5 P.M. Tuesday, March 20, 1917,”
Robert Lansing Diary, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; Link, Wilson, V,
401-08.
13
Alden Hatch, Edith Bolling Wilson: First Lady Extraordinary (New York:
Dodd, Mead and Company, 1961), 106.
14
E. David Cronon, ed., The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels (Lincoln, NE:
University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 142 (hereafter referred to as Daniels’ diary); letter,
Daniels to TRM, 27 April 1917, Daniels Papers, Box 42, Manuscripts Division, Library
of Congress.
15
Letter, Joffre to TRM, 30 April 1917, in TRM, Recollections of Thomas R.
Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: The
Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925), opposite page 210. The translated letter appears in the
Congressional Record, 65th Cong., 1st sess., 1611.
16
TRM, Recollections, 347-48.
17
65th Cong., 1st sess., 8 May 1917, Congressional Record, 1942-43, and 31 May
1917, 3096.
18
65th Cong., 1st sess., June 22, 1917, Congressional Record,4058-59; Keith S.
Montgomery, “A Rhetorical Analysis of the Forensic and Occasional Speaking of
50
Thomas R. Marshall” (Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1956), 93-97; New York
Times,
23 June 1917.
19
65th Cong., 1st sess., June 26, 1917, Congressional Record, 4264; New York
Times, 27 June 1917; TRM, Recollections, 358-60.
20
New York Times, 13 April 1917, and 18 March 1918.
21
Sullivan, IN, Union Democrat, 25 July 1917; Richard Joseph Cinclair, “Will H.
Hays: Republican Politician” (Ph.D. dissertation, Ball State University, 1969), 44; see
Seward W. Livermore, Politics is Adjourned: Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress,
1916-1918 (Middleton, CN: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), 44.
22
James R. Mock and Cedric Larson, Words That Won the War: The Story of the
Committee on Public Information, 1917-1919 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 1939), 126-27.
23
New York Times, 7 June 1917.
24
New York Times, 5 October 1917.
25
National Archives motion picture #111 H-1133 (2 reels), Fourth Liberty Loan
Drive, September, 1918 (Signal Corps).
26
New York Times, 20 September 1918; National Archives photograph #165-
WW-442A-9 (Underwood & Underwood).
27
New York Times, 18 September 1917. The speech was published as Address of
the Vice President of the United States, Delivered at a Meeting of the Supreme Council of
Scottish Rite Masons for the Northern Jurisdiction of the United States, Held in New
York City, on September 17, 1917 (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office,
1917). The words of Marshall were echoed by President John F. Kennedy in his
51
inauguration speech in 1961, where he proclaimed, “And so, my fellow Americans, ask
not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. . . .”
Kennedy (or his speechwriter) may have had access to this war speech of Vice President
Marshall, but it must be acknowledged that Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell
Holmes, Jr., in an address dated 30 May 1884, before members of the Grand Army of the
Republic, expressed his appreciation of his nation in these words:
For, stripped of the temporary associations which give
rise to it, it is now the moment when by common consent
we pause to become conscious of our national life and
to rejoice in it, to recall what our country has done
for each of us, and to ask ourselves what we can do for
our country in return. Bartlett’s Famous Quotations
(14th ed.), 1073.
28
New York Times, 12 February 1918.
29
TRM, Recollections, 274-76. Letters, Lindley M. Garrison to WW, 15 May
1913, and WW to Garrison,15 May 1913, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library
of Congress.
30
Letters, TRM to WW, 20 September 1918; Benedict Crowell to TRM,
1 October 1918; Crowell toWW, 1 October 1918, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division,
Library of Congress. Marshall also wrote on behalf of Dr. Louis P. Cain to Josephus
Daniels for a chaplain’s commission to the Navy Department; letter, TRM to Daniels, 14
December 1918, Josephus Daniels Papers, Box 42, Manuscripts Division, Library of
Congress.
52
31
Interview with Frank McHale, Indianapolis, Indiana, 9 November 1967. On
McHale see C. Walter McCarty, ed., Indiana Today (n.p.: Indiana Editors’ Association,
1942), 173. See Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 200-01.
32
Interviews with Ralph F. Gates, Columbia City, Indiana, 15 October 1967;
George W. Myers, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 15 October 1967; and William Geake, Jr., Fort
Wayne, Indiana, 10 November 1967, concerning his brother, George.
33
Letter, TRM to Daniels, 7 February 1914, Josephus Daniels Papers, Box 42,
Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress. Letters, TRM to Daniels, July, 1916; Daniels
to TRM, 13 July 1916, Daniels Papers.
34
New York Times, 2 March 1914; Josephus Daniels diary, 5 April 1917. See
Daniels’ diary entry of 10 April 1917, regarding Evansville as site for the plant. See
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 201. Letter, Daniels to TRM, 22 January 1919, Daniels
Papers, Box 42.
35
Marshall-Daniels correspondence, 3, 9, 10 and 16 September 1918, Daniels
Papers, Box 42.
36
Letter, TRM to Baker, 31 October 1918, Newton D. Baker Papers, Box 7,
Library of Congress (emphasis added). The italicized words reflect Marshall’s
midwestern sentiment that Wilson’s Administration was indeed under strong southern
influence and took care of its own people; Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 200. See the
stimulating study on southern reassertiveness in this period by Jack Temple Kirby,
Darkness at the Dawning: Race and Reform in the Progressive South (Philadelphia PA: J.
B. Lippincott Co., 1972). On segregation in the Wilson Administration see Arthur S.
53
Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910-1917 (New York: Harper and
Row, 1963), 64-66.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
1
“Your orders will be obeyed.”
Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters, Vol.VII (Garden City
NY: Doubleday, Page, and Double, Doran, 1927-1939), 79; memoranda to the President,
dated 15 and 21 May, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; Charles
M. Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall: Hoosier Statesman (Oxford OH: The Mississippi
Valley Press, 1939), 189. A Washington newspaper noted that the parents were Mr. and
Mrs. Martin Morrison; scrapbook clipping, TRM Papers, Indiana State Library.
2
Memorandum to Wilson, 12 July 1917, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division,
Library of Congress.
3
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 189; TRM, Recollections of Thomas R.
Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill
Co., l925), 379.
4
Letter, TRM to WW, 7 May 191[8], WP 47:547-48. Letters, WW to Burleson,
8 May 1918, WP 47:596; WW to TRM, 8 May 1918, WP 47:560; Burleson to Wilson,
10 May 1918, WP 47:596{ ? }; Louis Brownlow to Burlerson, 10 May 1918, Wilson
Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
5
For a picture of the Marshalls and the boy see TRM, Recollections, opposite page
352; this volume has another picture of the Vice President holding the infant, opposite
page 340. Indianapolis News, 7 September 1917; Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 189-
54
90; letter, Mrs. Barbara Hight Hayes to Garnett L. Eskew, in Garnett L. Eskew,Willard’s
of Washington: The Epic of a Capital Caravansary (New York: Coward-McCann, Inc.),
213.
6
Marshall, “Tomorrow, Day of Childhood, Should be Day of Consecration,”
Washington Star, 24 December 1922. Interview with Mrs. Eleanor King Lennox,
Indianapolis, 9 November 1967. Mrs. Lennox’s father, Dr. William F. King of Columbia
City, had been a close friend of Marshall who encouraged him to move to the state
capital’s Board of Health in 1911. Following the boy’s death, letters of condolence were
sent to the bereaved couple, and resolutions by Louis Fairfield of Marshall’s home district
were passed by the House expressing its sympathy; 66th Cong., 2d sess., 26 February
1920, Congressional Record, 3543.
7
Noted by Baker, Woodrow Wilson, VII, 544, probably from Ike Hoover’s diary
which recorded names of persons visiting the White House.
8
TRM, Recollections, 362-63; Wilson’s reply is in indirect discourse. See Arthur
Walworth, Woodrow Wilson: World Prophet (New York: Longmans, Green and Co.,
1958), 201.
9
Irving G. Williams, The Rise of the Vice Presidency (Washington, D. C.: Public
Affairs Press, 1956), 108.
10
Letter, WW to TRM, 15 March 1918, WP 47:40-41; see Baker, Woodrow
Wilson, VIII, 30. On Senator LaFollette see TRM, Recollections, 74-75. Letter, TRM
toWW, 18 March 1918, WP 47:57-58.
11
New York Times, 27 March 1918.
55
12
Milwaukee Journal, 10 April 1918; Richard Cinclair, “Will H. Hays, Republican
Politician,” (Ph.D. dissertation, Ball State University, 1969), 60-61; Seward W.
Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned: Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress, 1916-1918
(Middletown CN: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), 115-22.
13
New York Times, 20 June 1918; John Temple Graves, “Marshall Sees Menace
in Roosevelt,” New York American, 20 June 1918. On Rose Pastor Stokes, an adamant
advocate of American communism, sentenced on 1 June 1918 to ten years in the Missouri
State Penitentiary for seditious statements, see Bulletin #49 of the Tamiment Library,
New York University Libraries (March 1974), pp. 4-5.
14
Letter, Thistlethwaite to Tumulty, 20 June1918, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts
Division, Library of Congress; New York Times, 21 June 1918.
15
Editorial, New York Times, 21 June 1918.
16
See Robert K. Murray, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919-1920
(New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1955); Horace C. Peterson and Gilbert C. Fite,
Opponents of War, 1917-1918 (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1957),
209. Marshall’s words are cited in the New York Times, 2 December 1917.
17
Ralph Block, “How to Be Vice-President,” New York Tribune, 24 May 1918.
18
New York Times, 21 June 1918; letters, TRM to Tumulty, 24 June 1918, and
Tumulty to WW, no date, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress;
John Morton Blum, Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era (Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Co.,
1951), 148. Letter, WW to Tumulty, no date, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division,
Library of Congress; Baker, Woodrow Wilson, VIII, 231.
56
19
65th Cong. 2d sess., 24 September 1918, Congressional Record, 10702; New
York Times, 25 September1918. Related correspondence includes letters from TRM to
WW, 7 September 1918, and WW to TRM, September 11, 1918, Wilson Papers,
Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
20
New York Times, 12 November 1918.
21
65th Cong., 2d sess., 21 November 1918, Congressional Record, 11626.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
1
Presidential Stand-in
New York Times, 27 November 1918. On the League to Enforce Peace, see
Ruhl J. Bartlett, The League to Enforce Peace (1944).
{full reference?}
2
New York Times, 27 November1918.
3
New York Times, 28 November 1918.
4
Charles M. Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall (Oxford OH: The Mississippi
Valley Press, 1939), 219-20.
5
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 221.
6
Ashurst diary, 90.
7
New York Times, 30 November 1918.
8
Sewell Thomas, Silhouettes of Charles S. Thomas: Colorado Governor and
{date?}
United States Senator (Caldwell, IA: Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1959), 197; Ashurst diary,
90-91; George C. Osborn, John Sharp Williams: Planter-statesman of the Deep South
(Gloucester MA: P. Smith, 1964), 340.
57
9
New York Times, 3 December 1918; WP 53:308n1; Ruth C. Silva, Presidential
Succession (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1951), 96n37.
10
Harold Nicolson, Peacemaking 1919 (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, University
Library Edition 1965), 50.
11
TRM, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier
Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925), 250-55,
is not only an appreciation of the Japanese but also an apologia for a separate-but-equal
status for Japan in her relations with all nations of the world, including the United States
whose “yellow peril criers” disgusted him.
12
New York Times, 10 December 1918.
13
This display of openness and acceptance of the Japanese by the American Vice
President was later annulled by the painful decision of Wilson in Paris over the question
of including “racial equality” in the League Covenant and over the question of whether
Japan should get as booty the Shantung Peninsula (which belonged to China); see Harold
Nicolson, Peacemaking 1919, 144-47.
14
Memorandum, Daniels to TRM, 7 December1918, Josephus Daniels Papers,
Box 42, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
15
A picture was taken subsequently of the Cabinet with Vice President Marshall
seated at the head (13 February 1919). A similar picture is the sole photograph in the
Thomas biography of Marshall (opposite title page). It shows Marshall on the end and to
his left, clockwise, Carter N. Glass (Treasury), Thomas H. Gregory (Attorney General),
Josephus Daniels (Navy), David F. Houston (Agriculture), Frank L. Polk (Acting
58
Secretary of State), Newton D. Baker (War), Albert S. Burleson (Postmaster General),
William B. Wilson (Labor), and William C. Redfield (Commerce).
16
The statement is found in the Wilson Papers and was recorded in the New York
Times, 11 December 1918; Daniels diary, 10 December 1918.
17
Daniels diary, 10 December 1918; Ashurst diary, 91. {date?}
18
New York Sun, 10 December 1918. Letter, Newton D. Baker to WW, 1 January
1919, WP 53:583-84. In her otherwise admirable study Professor Ruth Silva reveals her
incognizance of the Kin Hubbard cartoon (“Abe Martin”) by stating, “Plum was probably
correct in saying that Wilson ‘retains the salary.’” See Silva, Presidential Succession
(Ann Arbor MI: University of Michigan Press, 1951), 97n47.
19
Daniels diary, 17 December 1918; see Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 222.
Sometimes Daniels would note a line about the Vice President’s contribution: “Marshall
very witty” (31 December 1918).
20
New York Times, 7 January 1919. One biographer carried this brief word by
Marshall upon learning of Roosevelt’s demise: “Death had to take him sleeping, for if
Roosevelt had been awake, there would have been a fight.” William Roscoe Thayer,
Theodore Roosevelt, An Intimate Biography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company,
1919), 450.
21
Cablegram, WW to TRM, [6] January 1919, Wilson Papers, Manuscripts
Division, Library of Congress; Daniels diary, 7 January 1919. The cabinet members
regarded the closeness of Thomas Marshall and his wife curious, their never having been
separated overnight for some two dozen years.
22
Daniels diary, 21 January 1919.
59
23
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 222-23.
24
Daniels diary, 20 and 22 February 1919; Arthur Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, II
(Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1965), 275. By this time Attorney General
Gregory resigned to go to Paris and was succeeded by A. Mitchell Palmer on 5 March.
25
26
65th Cong., 3d sess., Congressional Record, 3334-42; WP 55:204n1.
National Archives photographs #39872 and #39802, dated 27 February 1919.
Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement, 3 vols. (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1922).
27
New York Times, 5 March 1919. Marshall was present at the 25 February 1919,
Cabinet meeting to hear Wilson report on this peace conference purposes and problems;
George H. Haynes, The Senate of the United States: Its History and Practice (Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 1938), 225.
28
George Wharton Pepper, Philadelphia Lawyer, An Autobiography (Philadelphia:
J. B. Lippincott Co., 1944), 127.
29
Ashurst diary, 19 May 1919, 95. Thomas A. Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the
Great Betrayal (New York: Macmillan Co., 1945), 670.
30
31
New York Times, 24 May 1919; Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 169.
TRM, Recollections, contains a picture of the event opposite page 196; see
Eleanor Flexner, Century of Struggle: the Woman’s Rights Movement in the United
States (New York: Atheneum Press, 1968), 314-15. New York Evening Telegram, 6
June 1919, shows Marshall signing the Suffrage Bill as Helen Gardener and Mrs. Maud
Wood Park of the National American Woman Suffrage Association looked on. Senator
James Watson of Indiana, chairman of the Senate Suffrage Committee, stood directly
60
behind Marshall. The event was recorded by at least one motion picture camera and has
been included since then in movie and television news accounts of the history of
American woman suffrage.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
1
Heir Apparent
Josephus Daniels’ diary, 8 July 1919, Josephus Daniels Papers, Manuscripts
Division, Library of Congress; Vice President Marshall’s welcoming home speech, TRM
Papers, Indiana State Library; New York Times, 9 July 1919; see Edith Bolling Wilson,
My Memoir (Indianapolis, IN: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1939), 272.
2
Wilson to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 66th Cong., 1st sess.,
Senate Documents, No. 76, 19 August 1919; see George H. Haynes, The Senate of the
United States: Its History and Practice (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1938),
700n4.
3
TRM, “America, the Nations and the League,” Annals of the American Academy
of Political and Social Science, LXXXIV (July, 1919): 194-200; New York Times, 4
May 1919; see Kurt Wimer, “Woodrow Wilson Tries Conciliation: An Effort That
Failed,” The Historian, XXV (August, 1973): 430.
4
Letters, TRM to Tumulty, 26 July 1919, WP 62:10-11; TRM to WW, 7 August
1919, WP 62:198-99.
5
H. C. F. Bell, Woodrow Wilson and the People (New York: Doubleday, Doran
and Co., 1945), 334; John Morton Blum, Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality
(Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1956), 184.
61
6
Memorandum, TRM to Tumulty, 20 August 1919, WP 62:419-20; ”Relations of
the President and the Senate,” 25 August 1919, Lansing Private Memorandum, Vol. 1,
144-45, Robert Lansing Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; letter,
Lansing to TRM, 30 August 1919, Lansing Papers, Vol. 46, Library of Congress.
7
Telegram, WW to TRM, 8 September 1919, WP63:117.
8
Marshall’s Words of Welcome to General John J. Pershing, manuscript, TRM
Papers, Indiana State Library; New York Times, 13 September 1919. (At this same time
in Boston, Massachusetts, Governor Calvin Coolidge was deriding the striking police as
deserters, an act that would gain him national fame.)
9
New York Times, 21 September 1919.
10
New York Times, 26 September 1919.
11
Charles Grasty, “Strain of Years Tells on Wilson,” New York Times, 26
September 1919.
12
New York Times, 3 October 1919; WP 63:543-46; Edwin A. Weinstein,
Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography (Princeton NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1981), 386n30. Chief Usher “Ike” Hoover left his own memoir of
events from his unique and close physical proximity to President Wilson and the White
House. The editors of the Wilson Papers are inclined to favor Hoover’s perspective as
the most objective, perhaps moreso than Wilson’s wife’s testimony; WP 63:632-38
(Appendix I); see also Bert E. Park, M.D., medical evaluation on Wilson’s stroke on 2
October; WP 63:639-46. Edith B. Wilson, My Memoir, 457.
13
Ashurst diary, 3 October 1919. Letter, Gilbert Hitchcock to William Jennings
Bryan, 4 October 1919, William Jennings Bryan Papers, Box 32, Manuscripts Division,
62
Library of Congress. David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet, 1913-1920:
With a Personal Estimate of the President, Vol. II (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page
and Co., 1926), 37. Josephus Daniels diary, 5 October 1919. Edwin Weinstein,
Woodrow Wilson, 386n30.
14
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall:Hoosier Statesman (Oxford OH: The
Mississippi Valley Press, 1939), 161.
15
Marshall’s Speech to the King of the Belgians, manuscript, TRM Papers,
Indiana State Library; New York Times, 3 October 1919; editorial, New York Times, 4
October 1919.
16
Montgomery, AL, Advertiser, 8 October 1919, newsclipping, TRM Papers,
Indiana State Library.
17
Letters, TRM to Lansing, 7 October 1919; Breckenridge Long to Lansing,
October 7, 1919; Lansing to TRM, 7 October 1919; TRM to Lansing, 9 October 1919,
Robert Lansing Papers, Vol. 47, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
18
TRM, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier
Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis, IN: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925),
368-69; Frances Parkinson Keyes, Capital Kaleidoscope: The Story of a Washington
Hostess (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1937), 13-14.
19
Officials of the U. S. Govt. accompanying the Royal Belgian Party,
mimeographed sheet, TRM Papers, Indiana State Library.
20
Letter, Tumulty to Edith Benham, 28 October 1919, Joseph P. Tumulty Papers,
Box 14, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress. In his diary Senator Ashurst
recorded that “the company was strictly official such as would have been invited to the
63
White House had President and Mrs. Wilson entertained their majesties”; Ashurst diary,
29 October 1919.
21
National Archives photographs #67,195-98, dated 29 October 1919 (Signal
Corps); New York Times, 29 October 1919; Gene Smith, When the Cheering Stopped:
The Last Years of Woodrow Wilson (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1964), 113.
22
Bulletins for 18 October 1919, as recorded in the New York Times the following
23
Daniels diary, 24 October 1919. For a fanciful reconstruction of the crisis see
day.
George S. Viereck, “When a Woman Was President of the United States,” Liberty (20
February 1932) issue in the revived Liberty (Summer, 1972), 37-50.
24
Lansing desk diary, 3 October 1919, WP 63:547-48; Lansing Memorandum to
Josephus Daniels, 21 February 1924, Lansing Papers, Vol. 61, Manuscripts Division,
Library of Congress; Arthur Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, II [2nd ed., rev.] (Boston MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 1965), 377. In a 1937 interview by Charles Thomas with
Newton D. Baker, the former Secretary of War revealed that the cabinet definitely “did
not discuss the question of the devolution of the presidential duties upon the VicePresident”; Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 225. Josephus Daniels, however, in his
diary entry of 6 October 1919, makes specific references to the topic; WP 63:555.
25
Joseph Patrick Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson As I Know Him (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, Page and Co., 1921), 442-44. Edith B. Wilson’s My Memoirs was appearing
serially in the Saturday Evening Post when Lois Marshall revealed to a reporter an alleged
discrepancy in the former First Lady’s book. Mrs. Wilson had related that Dr. Francis X.
Dercum of Philadelphia had advised against Mr. Wilson’s relinquishing the Presidency.
64
Lois Marshall held that Dr. Grayson related to her that he had urged Wilson to resign.
The President refused to do so. Mrs. Marshall confessed, “I heard from his own lips the
incident in which he advised the President to resign. I have never told it.” New York
Times, 19 February 1939. See Col. House’s diary entry, 10 June 1920, for confirmation;
WP 65:354.; Cary T. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1960), 112-114.
26
New York Times, 4 December 1921, and 16 February 1920.
27
Letter, TRM to William H. Anderson, 27 July 1912, TRM Papers, Indiana State
Library.
28
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 206-07.
29
Alden Hatch, Edith Bolling Wilson: First Lady Extraordinary (New York:
Dodd, Mead and Co., 1961), 223; see Edith B. Wilson, My Memoir, 288-89. J. Frederick
Essary, Covering Washington (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1927), 48; James Kerney,
“Government by Proxy: When President Wilson Lay Ill at the White House,” Century
Magazine (February, 1926): 481-86; Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 207.
30
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 226-27. Letters bearing Wilson’s signature
and handwriting dating from March and April, 1920, show the President to have
possessed less than normal vigor but a clear mind and legible but larger script, e.g.,
Wilson to Burleson, 25 March 1920, Albert B. Burleson Papers, Vol. 25, Manuscripts
Division, Library of Congress.
31
Thomas R. Marshall file, Columbia City Commercial-Mail, Columbia City,
Indiana. New York World, 14 October 1919.
65
32
TRM, Recollections, 368. See also Henry L Stoddard, As I Knew Them:
Presidents and Politics from Grant to Coolidge (New York: Harper and Brothers
Publishers, 1927), 541, 547.
33
Ira R. T. Smith with Joe Alex Morris, “Dear Mr. President. . . .”: The Story of
Fifty Years in the White House Mail Room (New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1949), 104;
Irwin Hood Hoover, Forty-two Years in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Co., 1934), 105. See Richard H. Hansen, The Year We Had No President (Lincoln, NE:
University of Nebraska Press, 1962), 40.
34
Wilfred E. Binkley, The Man in the White House: His Powers and Duties [rev.]
(New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1964), 237.
CHAPTER NINETEEN
1
“A Year of Disappointment”
Thomas A. Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal (New York:
Macmillan Company, 1945), vi.
2
Ashurst diary, 21 October 1919; Washington Post, 24 October 1919.
3
Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal, 58.
4
66th Cong., 1st sess., 6 November 1919, Congressional Record, 8021-23; New
York Times, 7 November 1919.
5
New York Times, 16 November 1919. Ashurst diary, 15 November 1919. See
Irving Williams, “The Vice Presidency of the United States in the Twentieth Century:
History, Practice and Problems” (Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1953), 187.
66
6
For the cloture rule on the peace treaty, Rule XXII, see the Congressional
Record, 66th Cong., 1st sess., 19 November 1919, 8554-55. The first page of the
Wednesday session contains the Lodge reservations which alone were considered by the
Senate; Irving Williams, The American Vice-Presidency: A New Look (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday and Co., 1954), 36.
7
Ashurst diary, 19 November 1919, WP 64:62-64; Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and
the Great Betrayal, 178-80. In his book The Killing of the Peace (New York: The Viking
Press, 1945, Compass Books Edition [1960], 219-33) Alan Cranston provides an
imaginative narration of the Senate debates based upon the Congressional Record.
8
66th Cong., 1st sess., 19 November 1919, Congressional Record, 8767-8803. The
outcome in retrospect should have been obvious to all of the Senators, and Wilson should
have known what would happen. Thomas A. Bailey fantasized what might have
happened to the treaty had Wilson died in Pueblo and Marshall succeeded him as
President. The Republican Senators would have been “shamed” into a compromise with
an accommodating Marshall and the treaty would have been approved “with a few
relatively minor reservations.” Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal, 137.
9
TRM, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall (Indianapolis IN: The Bobbs-Merrill
Company, 1925), 364-65.
10
New York Times, 12 November 1919; Perry Belmont, An American Democrat:
The Recollections of Perry Belmont (New York: Columbia University Press, 1940), 577.
11
National Archives photograph #67,270, showing Prince Edward and Vice
President Marshall at the Union Station in Washington while the Marine Band played
“God Save the King.” Eleanor Roosevelt, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt
67
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958), 106; TRM, Recollections, 375; New York Sun, 14
November 1919.
12
Interview with Rex Potterf, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 26 October 1967; TRM,
Recollections, 380.
13
New York Times, 24 November 1919.
14
New York Times, 2 December 1919.
15
Daniels diary, 2 December 1919; House diary, 27 December 1919, WP 64:231;
New York Times, 14 and 23 December 1919.
16
House Diary, 22 December 1919, WP 64:217.
17
Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson: A Brief Biography (Cleveland, OH: World
Publishing Co., 1963), 172.
18
Letter, Lansing to Albert S. Burleson, 10 February 1920, Burleson Papers, Vol.
25, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; “The Time to Resign Has Arrived,” 9
February 1920, Private Memoranda, Vol. 2, 18-19, Lansing Papers, Manuscripts
Division, Library of Congress.
19
Lansing, “My Resignation and Some Thoughts on the Subject,” 13 February
1920, Private Memoranda, Vol. 2, 20-21, Lansing Papers; WP 64:415-19. For a firmer
conclusion by Lansing as to Wilson’s mental disability, see his “The Frazier Affair,” 2832, in Vol. 2 cited. Herbert Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson (New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1958), 276. For an unflattering portrait of Lansing who, the
writer thinks, should have had courage to quit his high office in 1916 when he learned
that Wilson was writing notes to the belligerents without even mentioning so to the State
68
Department, see [Clinton Wallace Gilbert], The Mirrors of Washington (New York: G.
P. Putnam’s Sons, 1921), 213-26.
CHAPTER TWENTY
1
A Reward He Deserves
New York Times, 10 February 1920; Charles M.Thomas, Thomas Riley
Marshall: Hoosier Statesman (Indianapolis IN: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1939), 21112.
2
Thomas A. Bailey, A Diplomatic History of the American People (New York:
Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1955), 670n8.
3
New York Times, 29 June 1920.
4
Ashurst diary, 11 January 1920; letter, TRM to E. G. Hoffman, 29 January 1920,
appeared in several newspapers and in the Congressional Record, 66th Cong., 1st sess.,
3543; editorial, New York Times, 17 February 1920.
5
New York Times, 22 February 1920.
6
New York Times, 19 May 1920; George C. Osborn, John Sharp Williams:
Planter-statesman of the Deep South (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1964), 362.
7
Marshall keynote speech at the Indiana Democratic Convention, manuscript
dated 20 May 1920, TRM Papers, Indiana State Library; New York Evening Post, 21
May 1920.
8
Claude G. Bowers, Columbia University Oral History Project, Bowers transcript,
29-30; Claude G. Bowers, My Life: The Memoirs of Claude Bowers (New York: Simon
and Schuster, 1962), 93-94.
69
9
New York Times, 13 June 1920; letter, WW to Homer Cummings, 12 June 1920,
WP 65:393.
10
New York Times, 16 June 1920.
11
New York Times, 19 June 1920; James Philip Fadely, Thomas Taggart: Public
Servant, Political Boss, 1856-1929 (Indianapolis IN: Indiana Historical Society, 1997),
165.
12
New York Times, 21, 23, and 24 June 1920. John W. Davis would be the
Democratic Party’s presidential nominee in the 1924 election.
13
New York Times, 25 June 1920.
14
Mrs. J. Borden Harriman, From Pinafores to Politics (New York: Henry Holt
and Co., 1923), 337-38.
15
New York Times, 5 November 1920.
16
New York Times, 24 November 1920.
17
New York Times, 24 February 1920. See New York World, 21 April 1920.
18
New York Times, 16 March 1920. Charles Thomas gives the sculptor’s name as
Moses Wainer Dykaar: Thomas Riley Marshall, 242-43; TRM, Recollections of Thomas
R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis IN:
The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925), 232-33.
19
New York Times, 21 April 1920; editorial dated 22 April 1920.
20
Editorial, New York Times, 29 April 1920; Marshall, “Holds Typewriter Most
Deadly of All the Engines of Warfare,” Washington Star, 21 May 1922.
70
21
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 240; TRM, Recollections, 229; Helen Ruth
Rosenberg, “The Vice-Presidency of the United States” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of
California, 1930), 221n3.
22
TRM, “Wants a Court to Examine Molders of Public Opinion,” Washington
Star, 29 January 1922.
23
Letter, Daniels to TRM, 3 January 1921, Josephus Daniels Papers, Box 42,
Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
24
66th Cong., 3rd sess., 28 February 1921, Congressional Record, 4021; see James
W. Wadsworth, Jr., Columbia University Oral History Project, Wadsworth transcript,
109.
25
Ashurst diary, 4 March 1921; Francis Parkinson Keyes, Capital Kaleidoscope:
The Story of a Washington Hostess (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1937), 1; see
Donald R. McCoy, Calvin Coolidge: The Quiet President (New York: Macmillan Co.,
1967), 132-34.
26
Letter, William E. Borah toTRM, 5 March 1921, TRM Papers, Indiana State
Library..
27
[Nellie M. Scanlon], Boudoir Mirrors of Washington (Chicago: John C.
Winston Co., 1923), 85; Keyes, Capital Kaleidoscope, 120-21.
28
Bowers, My Life, 93; interview with John C. Mellett, Indianapolis, IN,
19 October 1967, and letter to the writer, 6 October 1967.
29
William G. McAdoo, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G.
McAdoo (Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1931), 269.
71
30
Letter, TRM to Daniels, 29 December 1920, Josephus Daniels Papers, Box 42,
Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
1
Elder Statesman
Charles M.Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, Hoosier Statesman (Oxford OH:
The Mississippi Valley Press, 1939), 246; Daniels diary, 10 January 1921.
2
William E. Wilson, Indiana: A History (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University
Press, 1966), 205-27. Clifton J. Phillips, Indiana in Transition: The Emergence of an
Industrial Commonwealth, 1880-1920 (Indianapolis IN: Indiana Historical Bureau and
Indiana Historical Society, 1968), chapter XIII, provides a helpful outline of that state’s
“golden age” of writers.
3
New York Times, 27 March 1921; letters, Harding to TRM, 12 April and 25 May
1921, TRM Papers, Indiana State Library; TRM, “Why Lincoln Towers Above Other
Great Men of the World,” Washington Star, 23 May 1922. French and Bacon had teamed
up in 1912 to produce an impressive sculpture and surroundings on a Lincoln monument
at the Nebraska state capital.
4
Letter, Harding to TRM, 23 September 1922; TRM to Harding, 30 September
and 10 October, TRM Papers, Indiana State Library; Indianapolis News, 11 October
1922: “The Coal Commission Is Appointed,” Review of Reviews (November, 1922):
467, and “Fact Finding Commission,” The World’s Work (December, 1922): 115 and
135; New York Times, 15 February, 15 April, and 9 July, 1923; letter, Coolidge to TRM,
28 September 1923, TRM Papers, Indiana State Library; Thomas, Thomas Riley
72
Marshall, 255-57. See Edward Eyre Hunt and others, What the Coal Commission Found:
An Authoritative Summary of the Staff (Baltimore, MD: The Williams and Wilkins Co.,
1925).
5
TRM, “Fears Lest Hatred of War May Make U. S. Impotent for Defense,”
Washington Star, 4 March 1923; Speech of James D. Adams before the Whitley County
Historical Society, Columbia City, 28 October 1968, James D. Adams Papers, Gates,
Gates and McNagny Law Office, Columbia City, Indiana.
6
”The Mentality of WW,” 20 November 1921, Lansing Private Memoranda Vol.
2, 179-182, Robert S. Lansing Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
7
TRM, “Presidency Is Not a Candy Factory for Nation,” Washington Star, 2
September 1923.
8
TRM, “Contends American People Are to Blame for ‘Usurpation’ of Power by
President,” Washington Star, 10 April 1921.
9
TRM, “Lobbying Practices in Washington Today Held a Sinister Evil in Life of
Republic,” Washington Star, 17 April 1921.
10
TRM, “Urges Study of Constitution, Instead of ‘Cursing’ Court,” Washington
Star, 15 July 1923.
11
TRM, “How National Tendency to ‘Pass the Buck’ Holds Back Resumption of
Prosperity,” Washington Star, 14 May 1921; TRM, “Next Move Toward Renewal of
Peace,” Washington Daily News, 23 July 1921; TRM, “Powers of Federal Government
Challenged by Massachusetts,” Washington Star, 19 November 1922.
12
TRM, “Demand for Cloture Is As Old As the Senate Itself,” Washington Star,
11 February 1923.
73
13
TRM, “Marshall Approves Disarmament Call,” Washington Daily News, 30
July 1921; “Urges Atmosphere of Faith for November Arms Parley,” Washington Sunday
Star, 4 September 1921.
14
TRM, “Foreign Alliances Present Problem,” Washington Star, 3 April 1921; see
TRM, “Fairmindedness Necessary to Arms Parley Success,” Washington Star, 20
November 1921.
15
TRM, “Ready to Follow Any Road Which Leads Way to Peace,” Washington
Sunday Star, 22 January 1922; “Washington’s Address Cited, Bearing on Today’s
Problems,” Washington Sunday Star, 19 February 1922. On the hibernation of
“progressivism” see Arthur S. Link, “What Happened to the Progressive Movement in the
1920’s?” American Historical Review, LXIV (July, 1959): 842.
16
TRM Papers, Indiana State Library, contain numerous letters from diplomats
concerning preparations for this two-month tour of Europe. French, English, and Belgian
ambassadors and friends were especially helpful. The Whitley County Historical
Museum, Columbia City, Indiana, contains numerous letters from Lois Marshall to her
mother regarding the pleasures and travails of ocean travel between the United States and
Europe; letter from Ruth Kirk, Director, to the writer, 22 December 1997.
17
The Times (London), 24 May 1922.
18
TRM, “Inconspicuous Workers’ Feats Should Be Made Inspiration,”
Washington Star, dateline 3 June 1922.
19
TRM, “Laboring Women in Scotland Turning Away from Unionism,”
Washington Star, dateline 3 June 1922.
74
20
TRM, “Marshall Finds British King Revered as Symbol of Empire,”
Washington Star, dateline 24 June 1922; “Reflections Caused by Observing Ceremony in
House of Lords,” Washington Star, dateline 24 June 1922.
21
TRM, “Finds Contentment of Swiss Founded in Youth’s Education,”
Washington Star, dateline 8 July 1922. Oswald Spengler (1880-1936) published in 1923
as Der Untergang des Abendlandes, later translated as The Decline of the West.
Concerned for the destiny of the world and of Western man’s ability to live his life most
realistically, Spengler fell out with the Nazis, who did not fit his view of those
reconstructing the world.
22
New York Times, 15 July 1922; TRM, “Rome, Seated on Her Seven Hills, Still
a Potent World Influence,” Washington Star, dateline 15 July 1922; TRM, “Italy’s
Contribution to the War Lauded by Former Vice President,” Washington Star, dateline
July, 1922.
23
TRM, “Austria Is a Problem Beyond the Mere Question of Justice,” Washington
Star, dateline July, 1922.
24
TRM, “Lessons of the Passion Play a Solvent for World Troubles,” Washington
Star, dateline July, 1922.
25
TRM, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier
Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis IN: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925), 261;
TRM, “Escape of Men Responsible for the Atrocities of War,” Washington Sunday Star,
July 10, 1922.
26
The new alliance refers to the Treaty of Guarantee of 1919, acted upon by
France and England but not by the United States.
75
27
TRM, “Germany Not Yet in a Mood Where Mercy Would Be Beneficial,”
Washington Star, 3 September 1922.
28
TRM, “Men Everywhere Cry for Peace, Even as They Sow Seeds of War,”
Washington Star, 17 September 1922.
29
TRM, “Sees Hope for a Democratic Russia in Not Distant Future,” Washington
Star, 10 September 1922.
30
TRM, “American Public Is Learning All Wealth is Not Criminal,” Washington
Star, 21 October 1923; TRM, “Moral Illness Pandemic, Needs Care, Says Marshall,”
Washington Star, 18 November 1923.
31
TRM, “Marshall Would Restore Personal Touch in Charity,” Washington Star,
21 January 1923.
32
TRM, “Crossed Wires, Short Circuits, Confusing Religious Thought,”
Washington Star, 18 February 1923; TRM, “Doubts If There Is Better Way to Life Than
by Law and Bible,” Washington Star, 25 March 1923; TRM, “Fitting Men for World’s
Work Involves More than Rewards,” Washington Star, 7 October 1923.
33
TRM, “Finds Our Boasted Tolerance of Today is Largely a Sham,” Washington
Star, 12 August 1923. See Lefferts A. Loetscher, The Broadening Church: A Study of
Theological Issues in the Presbyterian Church Since 1869 (Philadelphia, PA:
Westminster Press, 1954), on the struggle between theological modernism and
fundamentalism.
34
TRM, “Conduct of Christian Nations Deters Growth of Christianity,”
Washington Star, 10 December 1922; TRM, “Marshall Recommends U. S. Use Wisdom
of Tsao Kum,” Washington Star, 16 December 1923. Forty years later Vera Dean would
76
write that we westerners should “enrich our own, hitherto parochial, outlook, which until
recently tended to assume that all wisdom flowed from the West,” The Nature of the
Non-Western World (New York: Mentor Books, 1963), 24.
35
Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, 253-54.
36
Letter, Lois K. Marshall to the Rev. Charles Wood, 22 October1925, Charles
Wood Papers, Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia PA; other eulogies include
W. H. Wishard, “Thomas Riley Marshall – His Personal Qualities; The Humanness of the
Man,” manuscript in the Marshall Papers, Indiana State Library, and Rob. R. McNagny,
“Tom Marshall as I Knew Him,” Whitley County Historical Society Bulletin (June
1967): 8-10. A memorial speech by Representative John McSweeney of Ohio appears in
the Congressional Record, 69th Cong., 1st sess., 18 June 1926, 11549.
A final footnote: while everyone has heard of Fairbanks, Alaska (named in
memory of Theodore Roosevelt’s Vice President, Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana),
perhaps no one today knows about Marshall, Alaska, named in honor of Woodrow
Wilson’s Vice President; see John E. Brown, “Marshall, Alaska, Yukon Settlement
Named for Thomas R.,” Whitley County Historical Society Bulletin (April 1970): 9-10.
Gold was discovered there on Wilson Creek, 15 July 1913, and a placer mining camp was
established near the Yukon River, first called Fortuna Ledge [1915], then Marshall
Landing or Marshall--unsung but at one time in history very precious.
INTERVIEWEES
Barnhart, Dean
Indianapolis IN
11/13/67
Bohn, Frank E.
Fort Wayne IN
11/10/67
Chambers, Scott B.
Newcastle IN
9/28/67
Feightner, Harold C. Indianapolis IN
10/13/67
Gates, Ralph M.
Columbia City IN
10/15/67
Geake, ·William J.
Fort Wayne IN
11/10/67
Gorrell, E. C.
Winimac IN
'
10/10/67
Hudson, Mrs. Robert Goshen IN
11/10/67
Lancaster, Robert F. South Whitley IN
11/24/67
Lennox, Eleanor King Indianapolis IN
11/9/67
McHale, Frank
Indianapolis IN
1119/67
McHugh, Gertrude
Indianapolis IN
10/13/67
McNagny, Rob. C.
Columbia City IN
10/15/67
Mellett, John C.
Indianapolis IN
10/19/67
Myers, George W.
Fort Wayne IN
11/22/68
Potterf, Rex
Fort Wayne IN
10/26/67
Raber, Gail
Columbia City IN
10/15/67
Strouse, Edgar
Columbia City IN
10/14/67
CORRESPONDENTS
Arnold, Paul F., attorney, Evansville IN
8/29/68
Barnhart, Dean L., son of congressman Henry A. Barnhart, Indianapolis IN 10/31/67
Bayh, Birch, U. S. Senate, Washington, D.C. 3/25/68; 12/3/70
Beard, Jane [Mrs. Marshall R.], family, Cedar Falls, IA 5/5/73
Bettman, Otto L., archivist, New York NY 8/12/68
Bloemker, Al, Indianapolis Motor Speedway Corporation 3/2/73
Bridges, Roger 0., illinois State Historical Library 2/16/73
Bohn, Frank E., Freemason, Fort Wayne IN 10/29/67; 11/10/67
Carver, Bernice, local historian, Columbia City IN 2/5/75
Chamberlin, Wesley, San Francisco State College, San Francisco CA 4/7/68
Comfort, Elizabeth, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia MO 5/10/73
Copeland, Margaret, Smith Memorial Library, Chautauqua NY 4/24/68
Deal, Mrs. Fred G., family friend, LaGrange IN 8/27/68; 9/17/68; 9/28/68; 12/1/67
Elman, Edna M., family friend, Lansing IL 1/6/68; 1/29/68; 4/20/68
Emerson, Lucy, family friend, Angola IN 9/12/72; 5/27/73
Felt, Louelle H., Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis MO 3/2/73; 4/7/73
Feerick, John D., writer, New York NY 4/7/68
Feightner, Harold C., librarian, Indianapolis IN 9/26/67
Ferrell, Robert H., historian, Indiana University, Bloomington IN 1/4/71; 1/14/71; 2/9/71
Frankenstein, Alfred V., art critic, San Francisco CA 4/7/68
Freed, Mrs. Liegh, local historian, Wabash IN 8/1175
Gaskill, David H., Culver Military Academy, Culver IN 12/30/68
Gates, Ralph F., lawyer, Columbia City IN 10/15/67
Geake, William J., Freemason, Fort Wayne IN 11/10/67
Gillette, George W., librarian, Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia PA 1/5/68
Gorrell, E.C., newspaper editor, Winimac IN 10/20/67
Harstad, Peter T., historian, Indiana Historical Society 12/10/97
Hayden, Carl, U. S. Senate, Washington, D.C. 112/1/67
Heck, Frank, historian, Centre College, Danville KY 9/28/67
Hudson, Mrs. Robert, family friend, Goshen IN 11/10/67
Jacobsen, Steve, VISTA, Marshall AK 5/1 0/68; pm4/8/68
Kimsey, Susan B., student, Principia College, Elsah IL 1/15/68
Kimsey, Morton E., brother of Lois Marshall, Scottsdale AZ pm1/5/68; pm5/8/68
Kimsey, William L., son of Morton, Culver City PA 115/70
Kirk, Ruth, curator, Whitley County Historical Museum, Columbia City IN 12/22/97
Knorr, Lois, family friend, Columbia OH 5/29/68
Lancaster, Robert F., family friend, So. Whitley IN 11/20/67; 11/24/67; 4/2/70; 8/1/75
Lawrence, David, White House reporter, Washington, D.C. 11/1/67; 2/9/70
Lippman, Walter, White House reporter, New York NY 10/13/67
Lennox, Eleanor Kfug, family friend, Indianapolis IN 11/2/67
Link, ArthurS., historian, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 9/3/70; 3/9/71; 8/9/75
Logan, Sr. Eugenia, archivist, St. Mary of the Woods IN 10/8/68
McHale, Frank, Indiana State Democratic chair, Indianapolis IN 10/30/67; 11/9/67
McHugh, Gertrude F., Thomas Taggart's secretary, Indianapolis IN 10/13/67
McKillan, Mildred Dole, family, Angola IN 10/8/68
Macdonald, Frances B., librarian, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis IN 9/11/67
Marshall, J. Richard, distant relative, Muncie IN 9/20/68; 5/8/70; 3/14/73
Maxwell, Stanley F., Supreme Council Scottish Rite, Boston MA 11/27/67
Meitzler, Edwin, local historian, Columbia City IN 5/9/75
-Mellett, John C., White House reporter, Indianapolis IN 10/6/67; 10/19/67
Myers, George W., family friend, Fort Wayne IN 11/22/68
Nicholson, Meredith, Jr., family friend, Indianapolis IN 10/3/67
Nottingham, Phyllis, librarian, Alaska Historical Library, Juneau AK 8/30/68
Page, Mrs. Thisbe, family, Dayton OH 3/1/73; 4/10/73
Paulison, Arthur M., Freemason, Fort Wayne IN 11/13/67; 11/30/67
Potterf, Rex, librarian, Fort Wayne IN 10/26/67
Raber, Gail, family friend, Columbia City IN 10/15/67
Riedel, Richard L, U.S. Senate page, Centreville VA 4/25/68
Scouffas, Cheryl, Illinois Historical Survey, Urbana IL 3/20/73
Shumaker, Arthur W., writer, DePauw University, Greencastle IN 2/14/68
Smith, Dwight L., Freemason, Indianapolis IN 11/22/67
Sterling, Kier B., historian, U.S. Army Ordinance, Richmond VA 3/12/91
Strouse, Edgar and Mary, family friends, Columbia City IN 10/14/67; 10/23/67
Thomas, Charles M., Marshall biographer, Montgomery AL 10/9/67; 2/13/70; 8/5/75
Trice, J. Mark, U.S. Senate page, Washington, D.C. 4/22/68
Valeo, Francis R., Secretary of the U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C> 3/7/68
Waldman, Neil, CBS News Film Library, NewYorkNY 3/26/68
Weis, Carl A., Moose Supreme Secretary, Mooseheart IL 3/27/68
Williams, Irving G., historian, St. John's University, Jamaica NY 1/29/69; 2/3/69
1
ESSAY ON SOURCES
What follows is an introduction to the general reader of the principal sources used
together with some additional works on the topics and various periods covered for the
years 1854 to 1925. The writer has endeavored to avoid repeating sources except where
it was felt to be helpful. Not all of the sources mentioned in the notes are listed below.
Manuscripts
The collected papers of Thomas R. Marshall reside in the Indiana State Library,
Indianapolis. Some two thousand letters, speeches, and mementos, including scrapbooks
and items assembled by his secretary, Mark Thistlethwaite, are located in the Indiana
Division, while correspondence and documents relating to the governorship of Marshall
are in the Indiana Governor Archives. Correspondence between Marshall and Woodrow
Wilson is preserved in the latter's papers in the Library of Congress, where also may be
found letters and notes from and to Marshall from Wilson cabinet members, some of
which are in the papers ofNewton D. Baker, William Jennings Bryan, AlbertS. Burleson,
Josephus Daniels, RobertS. Lansing, and William G. McAdoo, and from Wilson's chief
secretary, Joseph P. Tumulty.
The National Archives contains only a few messages by or about Vice President
Marshall in State Department and Navy Department files, but there are numerous U. S.
Army Signal Corps photographs as well as several motion picture newsreels from
2
governmental and commercial sources (listed in the notes to each chapter, where
applicable).
Newspapers
Newspaper reports and editorials provide a surprising quantity of material
covering his career as lawyer through the governorship and the vice presidency. Those
providing the most pertinent coverage were the Columbia City Post and the Whitley
County Commercial, 1874-1908, the Indianapolis News and the Indianapolis Star, 19081912, and the New York Times and the Washington Star, 1912-1925. I am indebted to
the New York Public Library for the use of microfilm of the Wilson-Marshall Scrapbooks
(54 unpublished volumes of news clippings from New York City newspapers) covering
the years 1912-1921.
Selected Published Addresses and Articles of Thomas R. Marshall
"Address by Hon. Thomas Riley Marshall, J.D., Vice-President of the United
States." The Villanovan, July, 1918, 20-21.
Address of the Vice President of the United States, delivered at a meeting of the
Supreme Council of Scottish Rite Masons for the Northern Jurisdiction of the
United States, held in New York City, on September 17, 1917.... Washington,
D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1917.
"Altruistic Evil." The American Law Review, LV (May-June, 1921): 349-63.
"America, the Nations and the League." The Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science, LXXXIV (July, 1919): 194-200.
3
Articles (140) in the Washington Star, 1921-1923. [not enumerated]
"The Automatic Citizen." The Atlantic Monthly (September, 1912): 295-301.
"The Awakening Middle Class." New York Times Magazine, 5 October 1919.
Commencement Address. The Aurora, XLIII (July, 1913): n.p.
Commencement Address at the Forty-ninth Annual Commencement. Purdue University
Bulletin, XXIII (1923).
"Constructive Work of the Wilson Administration." Forum (July, 1916): 46-62.
"Four Years of Democracy- and Four More." The Independent (12 March 1917): 443.
"The Governors' Messages to the People." The World To-Day (January, 1910): 47.
How May Constitutional Government Endure: Speech of Thos. R. Marshall ... Fort
Wayne: Indiana Democratic Editorial Association, June 7, 1912.
Inaugural Addresses of President Woodrow Wilson and Vice President Thomas
Riley Marshall, delivered before the Senate of the United States, March 4, 1913.
Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1913. S. Doc. 3, 63rd Cong., 1
sess., 1913.
Inaugural Address of Vice President Thomas R. Marshall. Address of the Vice
President of the United States, delivered at the inaugural ceremonies held in
the Senate ofthe United States on March 5, 1917. Washington, D. C.:
Government Printing Office, 1917.
''Intellectual Bravery"; Commencement Address. The [University of] Maine
Bulletin, XVI (July, 1914): n.p.
"Law and Lawyers." University of Chicago Magazine (December, 1908): 45-52.
"Lonesome as a Black Cat." Hearst's International (January, 1922): 45, 76.
4
"Misunderstood America." Forum (January, 1918): 1-2.
"My Ideal ofMarriage." Woman's Home Companion (September, 1918): 18.
"My Life on Main Street."
Hearst's International (December, 1921):17, 73.
Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall:
Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher, A
Hoosier Salad. Indianapolis, IN: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1925.
"Right Cannot Lose: A Forecast of the New Year." The New York Times
Magazine, 30 December 1917.
.!.
.. Speech of Hon. Thomas R. Marshall, Governor of Indiana, Accepting the Democratic
Nomination for Vice President of the United States. Together with the speech of
notification by Judge Alton B. Parker... delivered at Indianapolis, Ind., August
20,
1912. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1912. S. Doc. 40, 62nd
Cong., 2nd sess., 1912.
"Tribute to a Log Cabin." Indianapolis Star, 20 February 1910.
"Wanted: A Columbus." Forum (21 February 1916): 261.
"Washington at War." Hearst's International (February, 1922): 40, 87.
"What Is a Worthy American?" The Independent (23 February 1918): 314.
BOOK ONE
MIDWESTERN ORIGINS
5
CHAPTER ONE
On Marshall's ancestral origins and subsequent life, see his Recollections of
Thomas R. Marshall: Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher, A Hoosier Salad
(Indianapolis, 1925). Dictated within the last six months of his life, the book contains
rambling recollections of experiences, personalities, and perspectives from childhood
through the vice presidential years. His father's youngest brother, Woodson S. Marshall ,
wrote an autobiographical essay (c. 1912) about his own father, Riley, in ante-bellum
Indiana that has interesting dissimilarity with Marshall's remembrances as expressed in a
newsworthy interview with James B. Morrow, "Thomas R. Marshall Gives His Views on
What the Democrats Should Do," Indianapolis Sunday Star, 23 January 1910.
The Marshall Papers (Indiana State Library, Indianapolis) contain little material
from his boyhood days, mostly essays from his high school and his college years. His
alma mater, Wabash College, has some articles and clippings about him as student and as
trustee, but they are few and of limited value. Material relating to his years in college is
found in James I. Osborne and Theodore G. Gronert, Wabash College: The First
Hundred Years, 1832-1932 (Crawfordsville, IN, 1932), chapter viii. Marshall was an
early member of a college social fraternity whose ranks included other well-known
contemporaries; William F. Chamberlain, The History of Phi Gamma Delta, 5 vols.
(Washington, D. C., 1926).
CHAPTER TWO
6
Marshall's legal career to 1907 is traced by S. P. Kaler and R. H. Maring, History
of Whitley County, Indiana (n.p., 1907), 488-91. An investigation of Whitley County
court records underlies the work of George A. Palmer, "Thomas R Marshall, Lawyer: A
Study of the Country Lawyer" (M.A. thesis, University ofMinnesota, 1932). A broader
perspective of midnineteenth century northeastern Indiana is Edna Bernice Carver, "Some
Phases ofWhitley County History, 1838-1870" (M.A. thesis, Indiana University, 1937).
No correspondence between Thomas and Lois Kimsey Marshall has been
uncovered by the writer, which is not surprising given their never having been separated
but once or twice during their married years. Newspaper accounts and interviews in
Columbia City and in Indianapolis have been supplemented by recollections of friends
and relatives of Mrs. Marshall. The Whitley County Historical Society Bulletin,
published bimonthly, typically features local articles on the personalities and culture of
the area, and several were written about Marshall, especially by Ralph F. Gates of
Columbia City, himself a former Indiana governor (1945-1949), who was an ardent
admirer of Marshall.
CHAPTER THREE
The important period nationally between Reconstruction and the Progressive Era
is the focus of John A. Garraty, The New Commonwealth, 1877-1890 (New York, 1968),
to which follows the decade of the 1890's as examined by Harold U. Faulkner, Politics,
7
Reform and Expansion (New York, 1959). While respectable studies, Garraty virtually
skips over the Midwest, and Faulkner sidesteps Indiana in his discussion.
A careful state study is Clifton J. Phillips, Indiana in Transition: The Emergence
of an Industrial Commonwealth, 1880-1920 (Indianapolis, 1968) and a regional analysis
is Russell B. Nye, Midwestern Progressive Politics: A Historical Study of Its Origins and
Development, 1870-1958 (East Lansing, Michigan, 1959).
For coverage of local politics during the period 1876 to 1908 the Columbia City
Post was the voice of the Democratic party, the stronger of the two parties, while the
Whitley County Commercial provided a Republican perspective. A Democratic state
history is John B. Stoll, History of the Indiana Democracy, 1816-1916 (Indianapolis,
1917). Republican activity is described in Russell M. Seeds, History of the Republican
Party of Indiana (Indianapolis, 1899), and in Frank Munger's 1955 Harvard dissertation,
"Two-Party Politics in the State of Indiana," though his treatment is lean on the early
years. John Braeman supplies this gap in his Albert J. Beveridge, American Nationalist
(Chicago, 1971).
On Marshall's law partner, William F. McNagny, the main sources are the local
newspaper~
and personal interviews with his son, the late Judge Rob. R. McNagny, and
his grandson, Phil. McNagny, Esq., of Columbia City. No formal study has been made of
William who himself had a distinguished civic career, including a term as United States
Congressman, 1893-1895.
While not emphasized in the present study, Marshall was an earnest and active
Freemason during his years in northeastern Indiana. His activities with this civic
8
fraternity were periodically cited by the local papers, and the offices and awards he
received are preserved in the Marshall Papers, File 3 (1889-1898), Indiana State Library.
CHAPTER FOUR
On the early twentieth century a solid and readable introduction is George E.
Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modem America, 1900-1912
(New York, 1958). On Democratic and Republican politics in Indiana in the Progressive
Era a helpful overview is Clifton Phillips, Indiana in Transition, chapter ill. For a
perspective on the personalities and issues in the political parties Charles M. Thomas,
Thomas Riley Marshall, Hoosier Statesman (Oxford, Ohio, 1939), chapter IV, is valuable
for its incorporation of interviews with key figures of the time.
The personal papers and autobiographies of politicians and reporters involved
with Indiana issues include the Albert J. Beveridge Papers, Library of Congress.
Beveridge was prominent nationally while Marshall was still practicing law in Indiana.
Of a different political party within the same state Beveridge eulogized Marshall as an
important American and a personal friend, but they were not intimates. The Samuel M.
Ralston Papers, Lilly Library, Indiana University, show a closer friendship between the
two gubernatorial aspirants who eventually achieved their goals largely due to
Indianapolis party boss Thomas Taggart, whose papers in Indiana State Library are
frightfully meager. No published study of Taggart existed prior to the recent competent
work of James Philip Fadely, Thomas Taggart: Public Servant, Political Boss 1856-1929
(Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1997) with the exception of the private
biography written by Taggart's secretary, A. C. Sallee, "T.T. The Mastermind that
9
Wrought Brilliant and Bewildering Achievements in Political Legerdemain" (in the
Taggart Papers). The latter biography is a scissors-and-paste composition which contains
no footnotes or other critical apparatus and gives no credit to portions which are verbatim
extracts from other works.
Claude Bowers, a reporter who became a moderately successful writer, published
biographies of two Indiana Senators: Beveridge and the Progressive Era (Boston, 1932)
and The Life of John Worth Kern (Indianapolis, 1918) for which Thomas R. Marshall
wrote the introduction. Kern's papers are in the Indiana State Library and disclose some
correspondence with Marshall. Bowers' autobiography, My Life: The Memoirs of
Claude Bowers (New York, 1962) should be studied in connection with his reminiscences
recorded by the Oral History Project of Columbia University (1954).
For anecdotes of Marshall's legal and political career see his Recollections,
chapter VIII-XII, and the papers of James D. Adams, Whitley County lawyer and judge
who was an admirer of Marshall, formerly in the possession of the Gates, Gates &
McNagny law firm, Columbia City, Indiana.
On Marshall's campaign for the Indiana governorship see Rollo E. Mosher, "Tom
Marshall's Term as Governor" (M.A. thesis, Indiana University, 1932), a substantive
study of the Democratic inner party strife by name and by district and of Marshall's
leadership of the state. A study based primarily on Indiana newspaper accounts dated
March through November, 1908, is Lawrence M. Bowman, "Stepping Stone to the Vice
Presidency: A Study of Thomas Riley Marshall's 1908 Indiana Gubernatorial Victory"
(M.A. thesis, University ofKansas, 1967).
10
The speeches of Thomas Marshall are preserved in part in the Marshall Papers,
Indiana State Library, and in published sources such as newspapers, Democratic Party
convention reports, and university commencement and alumni magazines. A valuable
study of his evolution as a public speaker is Keith S. Montgomery, "A Rhetorical
Analysis of the Forensic and Occasional Speaking of Thomas R. Marshall" (Ph.D.
dissertation, Indiana University, 1956).
Harold Feightner's unpublished Politics, Prohibition, and Repeal in Indiana
(c. 1966) in the Indiana State Library narrates the growing confrontation between
advocates of county option and local option. Ernest A.
Cherrin~on's
Anti-Saloon
League Year Book 1910 (Westerville, Ohio), and the Year Books for 1911 and 1912
communicate the increasingly successful war being waged by prohibitionists.
BOOK TWO
JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRAT
CHAPTERS FIVE AND SIX
Much of the material in the Marshall Papers is relevant to the gubernatorial years
1909-1913, as is the correspondence in the Indiana Governors Archives, Boxes 72
through 76, Indiana State Library. The Indiana legislature's deliberations are contained in
the House Journal and the Senate Journal, and the acts passed are in the Laws of the State
oflndiana (1909-1912).
Charles M. Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall (chapter 5) provides an outline of the
key issues and crises facing Marshall while Governor of Indiana. Marshall's
11
Recollections (chapters XIII-XV) communicates his political philosophy and practices. A
fresh new perspective is that of Ray E. Boomhower, Jacob Piatt Dunn, Jr.: A Life in
History and Politics, 1855-1924 (Indianapolis, 1997), in particular, chapter 5, in which
the author credits Dunn with having been the draftsman of the "Marshall Constitution."
The Republican-oriented Indianapolis Star and the Democratic organ, the
Indianapolis News, closely observed the state's government and governor during this
period. John B. Stoll, History of the Indiana Democracy, 1816-1917 (Indianapolis, 1917)
and Rollo E. Mosher's master's thesis, "Tom Marshall's Term as Governor" (Indiana
University, 1932) are helpful early interpretations of his four-year term. Another
specialized study is Betty Lou Thralls Randall, "The 'Marshall Constitution' of 1911"
(master's thesis, Indiana University, 1958) which traces the background and political
controversy surrounding Marshall's attempt to secure an up-to-date instrument for state
management. A contemporary history of Indiana is Logan Esarey, History of Indiana
from Its Exploration to 1922 (3rd ed., 2 vols., Ft. Wayne, IN, 1924), redeveloped by John
D. Barnhart and Donald F. Carmony in their four-volume work, Indiana: From Frontier
to Industrial Commonwealth (New York, 1954).
Political progressivism is exemplified through the public career of the Indiana
Republican, Albert J. Beveridge, American Nationalist, the title of a study of this United
States Senator by John Braeman (Chicago, 1971), based upon his 1960 Johns Hopkins
dissertation. A different breed of Indiana Republican was Theodore Roosevelt's Vice
President, Charles W. Fairbanks, about whom Herbert Rissler wrote a dissertation,
"Charles Warren Fairbanks: Conservative Hoosier" (Indiana University, 1961), based
upon Fairbanks' papers situated in the Lilly Library of Indiana University. Marshall's
12
moderate progressivism fell between the ideologies of Beveridge and Fairbanks, but
would now be considered as conservative. The Democratic successor to Governor
Marshall, Samuel C. Ralston, was the subject of extensive scholarly attention by Suellen
M. Hoy in her 1975 doctoral dissertation, "Samuel M. Ralston: Progressive Governor,
1913-1917" (Indiana University). Marshall's contemporary Republican opponent, James
E. Watson published an autobiography, As I Knew Them (Indianapolis, 1936). Third
Party activities, including Eugene V. Debs' socialist party, are treated in various issues of
the Indiana Magazine of History.
CHAPTER SEVEN
Marshall's Recollections contains no word on his 1910-1912 presidential
aspirations. A brief discussion is in Charles M. Thomas' Thomas Riley Marshall, chapter
VI, with regard to the Baltimore Convention in 1912. The best Indiana accounts are from
the Indianapolis newspapers, especially the News and the Star, though other Indiana
papers are helpful, e.g., the Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette and the Gary Evening Post and
Daily Tribune. See the Notes to chapter seven for letters from Marshall that reveal his
fatalistic approach to even a political campaign.
On Democratic ascendancy at this time see Arthur S. Link's Woodrow Wilson
and the Progressive Era, 1910-1917 (New York, 1954). A more developed treatment of
the emerging political career of Wilson is Link's frrst of five volumes, Wilson: Road to
the White House (Princeton, 1947). While Wilson published no autobiography, his
considerable personal correspondence is most revealing in The Papers of Woodrow
Wilson , 69 volumes (Princeton, 1966-94), edited by Link and others. It is to be noted
13
that of the numerous letters and memoranda between Wilson and Marshall quite a few
were not included in the published Wilson Papers. Reminiscences of the Democratic
front-runners include Champ Clark, My Quarter Century of American Politics (New
York, 1924) and Oscar W. Underwood, Drifting Sands ofParty Politics (New York,
1931 ). The then prevalent influence of the Great Commoner is communicated in The
Memoirs of William Jennings Bryan (Philadelphia, 1925), edited by Mary B. Bryan.
On the intraparty factions that were developing around regional presidential
hopefuls, see Ronald F. Stinnett, Democrats, Dinners, & Dollars: A History of the
Democratic Party, Its Dinners, Its Rituals (Ames, IA, 1967). Contemporary periodicals
conveyed round-by-round confrontations of candidates and would-be candidates, such as
found in the American Review of Reviews, The Atlantic Monthly, Harper's Weekly, The
Independent, The Literary Digest, McClure's Magazine, National Monthly, The Outlook,
and the World's Work, to cite a few examples.
CHAPTER EIGHT
On the 1912 Democratic Party convention at Baltimore the procedures and
programs were recorded in the Official Proceedings of the Democratic National
Convention {Urey Woodson, compiler, and Milton W. Blumenberg, official reporter).
The Baltimore newspapers contained daily news of the committees and caucuses, where
possible, as did national periodicals, for example, Charles M. Harger, "The Two National
Conventions: II, The Democratic Convention," The Independent, LXXIII (4 July 1912):
12-16. A noteworthy examination is by Eugene H. Rosenboom, "Baltimore as a National
14
Nominating Convention City," Maryland Historical Magazine, 67 (Fall, 1972): 215-24.
An in-depth study of the personalities and plots of the Democrats in Baltimore is the work
of ArthurS. Link, Wilson: Road to the White House (Princeton, 1947). Charles
Thomas' interpretation in Thomas Riley Marshall, chapter VI, is based upon his
interviews with Taggart's personal secretary, Gertrude McHugh, with Marshall's
secretary, Mark Thistlethwaite, and with Democratic convention delegates.
Bryan's personality which was still persuasive is discussed in the life history
written by Paolo E. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan, 2 vols. (Lincoln, NE, 1969). A
description of the convention fight which focused upon Bryan's efforts to produce a
progressive presidential nominee is Louis W. Koenig, Bryan: A Political Biography of
William Jennings Bryan (New York, 1971), though no mention is made ofBryan's
conversation with McCombs, Wilson's wearied manager. The erratic but supportive
McCombs wrote his own account of the Wilson campaign; William Frank McCombs,
Making Woodrow Wilson President (New York, 1921), which words were followed by
the adulatory .biography by Maurice F. Lyon, William F. McCombs, the President Maker
(Cincinnati, OH, 1922). The architect of the Wilson campaign was actually William
Gibbs McAdoo, Crowded Years (Boston, 1931 ).
BOOK THREE
LOYAL SUBJECT
15
CHAPTERS NINE AND TEN
The best primary source for Marshall's political philosophy is his Recollections,
though his views are not systematically developed in a way that would satisfy some
modem historians whose focus is on Woodrow Wilson's career. Marshall's papers
contain letters he wrote to supporters which are similarly revealing regarding his own
agenda. Articles about his views at the time of his nomination as Democratic vice
presidential aspirant are in Charles Johnson, "A Talk with Governor Marshall," Harper's
Weekly (13 July 1912): 10-11; "The Stirring Ideas of Tommy Marshall," Current
Literature (August, 1912): 152-55; and Thomas R. Shipp, "Thomas R. Marshall of
Indiana," American Review of Reviews (August, 1912): 185-90.
New York City newspapers commenced their attention on Marshall as a national
Democratic candidate, namely, the American, Herald, Press, fum, Times, and Tribune,
and especially the New York World, the chief supporter of the Wilson candidacy.
The Wilson-Marshall exchange of letters began as a result of their election by the
Democratic Convention. The correspondence is in the Wilson Papers, Library of
Congress, but there is virtually nothing from Wilson to Marshall in the latter's papers in
the Indiana State Library. Initial research for the present study was conducted just as the
frrst volumes of The Papers of Woodrow Wilson were being published, and references to
the Wilson Papers are largely based upon the writer's work at the Library of Congress,
Manuscripts Division, though where possible the published letters are identified by their
place in the appropriate volume of The Papers.
16
Marshall's brief words on his introduction to Washington society and senators are
in his Recollections, chapter XVI. Observations and reactions to the colorful new Vice
President were recorded in the memoirs of Cabinet officers, for example, Secretary of
Agriculture David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson's Cabinet, 1913-1920, 2 vols.
(Garden City, NY, 1926), and Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels: E. David Cronon,
ed., The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels (Lincoln, NE, 1963).
The recorded words of Marshall as President of the Senate begin with the
Congressional Record, 63rd Congress, 1st session, 4 March 1913, 1-2.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
Marshall's views on the duties and alleged insignificance ofthe Vice Presidency
are conveyed in his Recollections, chapter XVII, followed in chapter XVIII by his
observations of the issues and debates which faced the Sixty-third Congress. Charles M.
Thomas' usually helpful description of Marshall's career contains only three chapters out
of eleven on his vice presidential years, and the treatment of the legislation is mixed
chronologically. His sources were mostly reminiscences of Indiana friends of Marshall,
though a few were press personnel (James D. Preston, Louis Ludlow, and J. Fred Essary).
Young, promising journalists such as David Lawrence and Walter Lippman followed
instead the career ofPresident Wilson, the White House "beat."
Most critical of Marshall's diatribes against an insensitive business community
was the New York Times, especially during 1913. Alienated by Wilson, George Harvey
17
struck out at Marshall in his article, "Thomas Riley Marshall," North American Review
(October, 1916): 620-21. Supportive of Marshall were the Indianapolis News, the Dallas
News, the New York World, and, with reservations, the progressive periodical, The
Outlook.
CHAPTER TWELVE
Marshall's positive views on patronage derived from his approval of the
Jacksonian spoils system, and his documented efforts are in letters to Wilson, to Secretary
of State William J. Bryan, to Secretary of State Robert Lansing, to Secretary of War
Lindley M. Garrison, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, and to Secretary of War
Newton D. Baker. His efforts seemed extreme to William G. McAdoo, Crowded Years
(Boston, 1931 ).
On Marshall's moderating of the Senate during heated debates perspective is
provided by Franklin L Burdette, Filibustering in the Senate (Princeton, 1940), and by
Charles M. Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, chapter VII (New York, 1945). Many
books have been written on the Versailles treaty debate, noted in the chapter nineteen
endnotes.
The "five-cent cigar" anecdote which provided Marshall with a curious
immortality is explained differently by The Pathfmder: America's Oldest News-weekly
(April18, 1942): 1; Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall (Oxford OH, 1939); Garnett L.
Eskew, Willard's of Washington: The Epic of a Capital Caravansary (New York, 1954);
and Fred C. Kelly, The Life and Times of Kin Hubbard, Creator of Abe Martin (New
York, 1952). Negative evaluations are in John M. Blum, Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
18
(Boston, 1951 ), and Gene Smith, When the Cheering Stopped: The Last Years of
Woodrow Wilson (New York, 1962). It hardly needs to be said that the writers were
influenced by their sources (for example, Tumulty) and by their own predisposition
regarding Marshall with little concern for understanding him as a person.
BOOK FOUR
DISILLUSIONED DISCIPLE
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
International trade fairs and expositions were common in Europe and the United
States as technology and the arts increased in the latter nineteenth century and into the
opening years of the twentieth century. The principal source for the San Francisco
Exposition is the five-volume work of Frank Morton Todd, The Story of the Exposition:
Being the Official History of the International Celebration Held at San Francisco in 1915
to Commemorate the Discovery of the Pacific Ocean and the Construction of the Panama
Canal (New York, 1921). (Today there is also a web site on this subject on the Internet.)
Focusing upon the aesthetic contributions of nations participating and on the architecture
is Eugen Neuhaus, The Art of the Exposition,
3rd
ed. rev. (San Francisco, 1915), who also
published a description of the Panama-California International Exposition as The San
19
Diego Garden Fair: Personal Impressions of the Architecture, Color Scheme & Other
Aesthetic Aspects of the Panama California International Exposition (San Francisco,
1916).
The Official Catalogue De Luxe Qllustrated) of the Department of Fine Arts,
Panama Pacific International Exposition, 2 vols. (San Francisco, 1915), was produced by
John D. Trask and J. Nelson Laurvik. A popular perspective is John D. Barry, City of
Domes (San Francisco, 1915). Developments in American public school education, a
proud contribution by the United States, are covered by H. W. Foght, Rural and_
Agricultural Education at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (Washington, D.
C., 1917) and by W. Carson Ryan, Jr., Education Exhibits at the Panama Pacific
International Exposition, San Francisco, Cal., 1915 (Washington, D. C., 1916).
Franklin Roosevelt's personal impressions are conveyed in F.D.R.: His Personal
Letters, Vol., II, 1928-1945, edited by Elliott Roosevelt (New York, 1950), as are those
of Eleanor Roosevelt, This is My Story (New York, 1937). Roosevelt, then Assistant
Secretary of the Navy, provided instructions to the naval officials stationed at Mare.
Island, California, contained in Navy Department Correspondence #3768-4551/2,
National Archives.
Developments on the war in Europe and Administration reactions were covered
by the New York newspapers, collected by the New York Public Library as the WilsonMarshall Scrapbooks (54 vols.), unpublished and now microfilmed in seven reels. The
times are closely examined by ArthurS. Link, Wilson: Confusions and Crises 1915-1916
(Princeton, 1964).
20
An intimate perspective on Vice President Marshall is provided by the Arizona
Senator, Henry F. Ashurst, A Many-Colored Toga: The Diary of Henry Fountain
Ashurst, edited by George F. Sparks (Tucson, AR, 1962).
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Marshall's impressions of the Washington diplomatic corps are in his
Recollections, chapter XX. On his influence as Senate President dissertation studies
include Helen Rosenberg, "The Vice Presidency of the United States" (University of
California, 1930) and Irving G. Williams, "The Vice Presidency of the United States in
the Twentieth Century: History, Practice and Problems" (New York University, 1953) to
which may be added Keith G. Montgomery, "A Rhetorical Analysis of the Forensic and
Occasional Speaking of Thomas R. Marshall" (Indiana University, 1956) and John E.
Brown, "Woodrow Wilson's Vice President: Thomas R. Marshall and the Wilson
Administration, 1913-1921" (Ball State University, 1970). Related published studies are
Louis C. Hatch, A History of the Vice Presidency of the United States (1934); George H.
Haynes, The Senate of the United States: Its History and Practice, 2 vols. (193 8);
Franklin Burdette, Filibustering in the Senate (1940). More recent studies in political
science are noted below on chapter 19.
The 1916 Democratic Convention was preserved in print by J. Bruce Kremer,
Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention (St. Louis,
1916). Opposition to Marshall's re-nomination in favor ofNewton Baker came from
Henry Morgenthau, All in a Life-Time (Garden City, NY, 1922), and from Thomas B.
Love in Lewis L. Gould, Progressives and Prohibitionists: Texas Democrats in the
21
Wilson Era (Austin, TX, 1973). The broader history is given by ArthurS. Link, Wilson:
Campaign for Progressivism and Peace 1916-1917 (Princeton, 1965). Newton Baker's
view of his position at the time was conveyed in personal remarks to Charles M. Thomas,
Thomas Riley Marshall, chapter X.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
The Sixty-fourth Congress, Second Session, recorded the inauguration of Wilson
and Marshall in the Congressional Record, 3 March 1917, 4869, which was covered by
reporters for the New York Times and other publications in the following days.
Cabinet members' published observations on their experiences and on the cabinet
deliberations during the war years were comparatively few, surprisingly, though several
did publish on their respective departmental administrations. For our purposes the
pertinent volumes include E. David Cronon, ed., The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus
Daniels, 1913-1921 (Lincoln, NE, 1963); Josephus Daniels, The Wilson Era, 2 vols.
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1944-1945); David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson's Cabinet,
1913-1920: with a Personal Estimate of the President, 2 vols. (Garden City, NY, 1926);
Robert Lansing, War Memoirs of Robert Lansing, Secretary of State (Indianapolis, 1935);
William Gibbs McAdoo, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William McAdoo
(Boston, 1931); and William C. Redfield, With Congress and Cabinet (New York, 1924).
The personal papers and diaries of the cabinet members are primary source materials and
many are referred to in this biography.
22
Among the many studies on the Wilson Administration and Congress those with
references to Vice President Marshall include James R. Mock and Cedric Larson, Words
That Won the War: The Story of the Committee on Public Information, 1917-1919
(Princeton, 1939); Seward W. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned: Woodrow Wilson and
the War Congress, 1916-1918 (Seattle, WA, 1968); and Horace C. Peterson and Gilbert
C. Fite, Opponents ofWar, 1917-1918 (Madison, WI, 1957).
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
Administrative response to Marshall's plea for a new Bureau oflnfant Hygiene is
recorded in the Wilson Papers and in the AlbertS. Burleson Papers. Marshall's written
words on his ward, Morrison, are in his Recollections, chapter XXX, and in "Tomorrow,
Day of Childhood, Should be Day of Consecration," Washington Star, 24 December
1922. On the circumstances of the death of the child a personal involvement is recorded
in Garnett L. Eskew, Willard's of Washington (New York, 1954).
Charles M. Thomas, Thomas Riley Marshall, chapter VIII, apparently interspersed
interviews with newspaper reports to write on "the War Years." Marshall's
Recollections, chapters XXVII-XXIX, include his reaction to the progress of the war
effort by the President and by Americans. Reporters' views of Wilson's Vice President
are contained in editorials and articles, for example, Ralph Block, "How to be Vice
President," New York Tribune, 24 May 1918, and John Temple Graves, "Marshall Sees
Menace in Roosevelt," New York American, 20 June 1918. On Americans' growing fear
of a Bolshevik revolution from within, which Marshall shared, a helpful analysis is
23
Robert E. Murray, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919-1920 (New York,
1955).
BOOK FIVE
BETRAYAL AND SURVIVAL
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
The Paris Peace Settlement from a British perspective is Harold Nicholson,
Peacemaking 1919 (New York, 1965). An intimate view by a member of the Wilson
delegation is Robert Lansing, War Memoirs of Robert Lansing (Indianapolis, 1935). A
three-volume interpretation based upon the Wilson papers is Ray Stannard Baker,
Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement (Garden City, NY, 1922). Congressional
reaction is represented by Sewell Thomas, Silhouettes of Charles S. Thomas: Colorado
Governor and United States Senator (Caldwell, IA, 1957), George C. Osborn, John Sharp
Williams: Planter-statesman of the Deep South (Gloucester, MA, 1964), and George F.
Sparks, ed., A Many-Colored Toga: The Diary of Henry Fountain Ashurst. The Indiana
Republican Senator, James Watson, published his interpretation As I Knew Them:
Memoirs of James E. Watson (Indianapolis, 1936). A classic historical study is Thomas
A. Bailey, Woodrow Wliso~ and the Great Betrayal (New York, 1945).
I!
hi
24
On the success of the suffragettes with passage of the Nineteenth Amendment
a respectable history is that of Eleanor Flexner, Century of Struggle: The Women's
Rights Movement in the United States (New York, 1958). James Watson was involved as
chairman of the Senate Suffrage Committee, which supported the proposed amendment
which Marshall eventually signed on Wilson's behalf.
The potential problems created by President Wilson's absence from the country
are analyzed in Ruth C. Silva, Presidential Succession (Ann Arbor, MI, 1951). VicePresidential studies noted previously will be helpful here.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
Marshall's support of the League ofNations is conveyed in "America, the Nations
and the League," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,
LXXXIV (July, 1919): 194-200. A contrary view is that of George Wharton Pepper,
Philadelphia Lawyer: An Autobiography (Philadelphia, 1944). Two well written studies
are John Morton Blum, Woodrow Wilson and the Politics ofMorality (Boston, 1956),
and ArthurS. Link, Wilson the Diplomatist (Baltimore, 1957).
On Wilson's health probably the most recent medical perspective is that of Bert E.
Park, M.D., "Medical evaluation on Wilson's stroke of2 October 1919", in W.P. 63:639646. Another medical analysis is Edwin A. Weinstein, "Woodrow Wilson's Neurological
Illness," Journal of American History, LVII (1970): 324-51. Wilson's physician wrote
his own story which was published two decades later: Cary Travers Grayson, Woodrow
Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York, 1960). Joseph P. Tumulty, Wilson's
25
administrative secretary, advanced his interpretation of events surrounding Wilson's
incapacities in Woodrow Wilson As I Know Him (Garden City, NY, 1921), which is in
conflict with the interpretation of Secretary of State Robert Lansing as revealed in his
papers in the Library of Congress. Reporters had their own views based upon limited
information, for example, Charles Grasty, "Strain of Years Tells on Wilson," New York
Times, 26 September 1919, and J. Frederick Essary, Covering Washington (Boston,
1927).
Marshall's personal words on Wilson's health are in his Recollections, p. 368, but
his reactions upon learning of the President's strokes are vivid in David F. Houston, Eight
Years with Wilson's Cabinet, vol. II, in Josephus Daniels' diary, and in Henry F.
Ashurst's diary. Baltimore Sun reporter J. Fred Essary frrst broke the news to Marshall,
who was not privy to Wilson's physical condition. Probably the most influential popular
interpretation was given by GeorgeS. Viereck, "When a Woman Was President of the
United States," Liberty, February 20, 1932 (reprinted in Liberty [Summer, 1972]: 37-50).
Wilson's second wife, Edith B. Wilson, My Memoir (Indianapolis, 1939), gave her
reasons for secrecy in favor of keeping her husband alive and away :from undue stress.
Her biography was adulatory and uncritical: Alden Hatch, Edith Bolling Wilson: First
Lady Extraordinary (New York, 1961). Recent historical studies include John Morton
Blum, Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era (Boston, 1951), which is hostile to Marshall, and
Gene Smith, When the Cheering Stopped: The Last Years of Woodrow Wilson (New
York, 1964), which virtually ignored the plight of the Vice President. A sympathetic
consideration was given Marshall by Birch Bayh, One Heartbeat Away: Presidential
Disability and Succession (Indianapolis, 1968). Bayh, United States Senator :from
26
Indiana, was chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments,
which produced the 25th Amendment on presidential disability and succession.
CHAPTER NINETEEN
Debates on the treaty with Germany and on whether the United States should join
the League ofNations are reproduced in the Congressional Records, November, 1919,
and following. Newspaper coverage followed. Vice President Marshall's words were
few but emotion-laden (Recollections, chapter XXIX), and little more than description is
provided by Charles M. Thomas' 1939 biography, Thomas Riley Marshall, chapter IX. A
narrative of the debates with little interpretation is provided by Alan Cranston, The
Killing of the Peace (New York, 1945).
Marshall's estimates of his Senate colleagues occupy six chapters in his
Recollections, XXI-XXVI, and his activities while substitute President are noted in
chapters XXVIII-XXX.
A volume in which ArthurS. Link has provided a reconstruction of Wilson's
entire life is Woodrow Wilson: A Brief Biography (Cleveland, OH, 1963), and the reader
is referred to the Papers of Woodrow Wilson (Princeton, 1966-94). An engaging small
volume on Wilson's contributions is Woodrow Wilson: A Profile, edited by ArthurS.
Link (New York, 1968). Thomas A. Bailey's Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
(New York, 1945) is an absorbing description of the crisis concerning the debates, though
Bailey is mistaken in his view that Marshall had agreed to follow Wilson in his
resignation plan.
27
Numerous studies in political science have appeared over the past thirty years
concerning the office of the Vice Presidency. With the passage of time since the Wilson
Era few of these studies shed any light on Vice President Marshall's situation. A most
impressive essay is that of Allan P. Sindler, Unchosen Presidents: The Vice-President and
Other Frustrations of Presidential Succession (Berkeley, CA, 1976). He examines what
are feasible alternatives to choosing the successor to the President besides the present
Constitutional provisions. Most studies focus upon issues and personalities of the latter
twentieth century, for example, Joel K. Goldstein, The Modem American Vice
Presidency: The Transformation of a Political Institution (Princeton, 1982); Paul C. Light,
Vice-Presidential Power: Advice and Influence in the White House Baltimore, 1984);
Marie D. Natoli, American Prince, American Pauper: The Contemporary Vice Presidency
in Perspective (Westport CN, 1985); Michael Nelson, ed., A Heartbeat Away: Report of
the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on the Vice Presidency (New York, 1988); and,
Timothy Walch, ed., At the President's Side: The Vice Presidency in the Twentieth
Century (Columbia MO, 1997) with an essay by John Milton Cooper, Jr., on Vice
Presidents during the Progressive Era. The older book by Edgar Wiggins Waugh, Second
Consul: The Vice Presidency, Our Greatest Political Problem (Indianapolis, 1956),
contains a pertinent chapter on the early Vice Presidents of this century with perception
and not a little wisdom to match.
CHAPTER TWENTY
On the national party conventions of 1920, the main historical study is Wesley M.
Bagby, The Road to Normalcy: The Presidential Campaign and Election of 1920
28
(Baltimore, 1962) with which should be read Neal R. Peirce, The People's President:
The Electoral College in America and the Direct-Vote Alternative (New York, 1968), and
Ronald F. Stinnett, Democrats, Dinners & Dollars (Ames, IA. 1967). A reporter's view
is Frank R. Kent, The Democratic Party: A History (New York, 1928). The running
account of the Democratic Convention of 1920 is Official Report of the Proceedings of
the Democratic National Convention Held in San Francisco (Indianapolis, 1920).
Attention to Marshall is given in articles such as "The Limelight Shines on a
Vice-President of the United States," Current Opinion (February, 1920): 181-84, and
"Mr. Marshall, A United States Vice-President in the Limelight," Literary Digest (24
January 1920): 57-61. Personal perspective on Marshall is given in Claude G. Bowers,
My Life: The Memoirs of Claude Bowers (New York, 1962) to which should be added
his remarks in the Columbia University Oral History Project, Bowers Transcript, in
relation to the Indiana State Democratic Convention where Bowers and Marshall were
principal speakers. Charles Thomas based his treatment on Marshall's chances for the
presidency on interviews with his secretary, Mark Thistlethwaite, in Thomas Riley
Marshall,
chapter X.
The efforts of Thomas Taggart at the San Francisco Convention are chronicled in
the Indianapolis News (Democratic) and the Indianapolis Star (Republican). James
Fadely's recent biography sheds helpful light on Taggart's importance as an
"organization man" in this period of time: Thomas Taggart: Public Servant, Political
Boss, 1856-1929 (Indianapolis, 1997). The New York Times and the New York World
29
provide reportings of interviews with Marshall and other prominent Democrats in
attendance in the Washington scene.
POSTSCRIPT
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
The early 'Twenties have encompassed much attention over the years. One of the
better known popular cultural studies is that of Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday:
An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties (New York, 1931). A respected general
history is John D. Hicks, Republican Ascendancy, 1921-1933 (New York, 1963). A
study that connects the Wilson years to the twenties is William E. Leuchtenberg, The
Perils ofProsperity, 1914-1932 (Chicago, 1958).
Thomas Marshall knew the men who were presidents of the period. Harding, a
former member of the Senate, is the center of a controversial biography by Francis
Russell, The Shadow of Blooming Grove: Warren G. Harding in His Times (New York,
1968) and a later study by Randolph C. Downes, The Rise ofWarren Gamaliel Harding
(Columbus, OH, 1970). Coolidge, one-time governor like Marshall, and then a Vice
President, is brought up-to-date by Donald R. McCoy, Calvin Coolidge: The Quiet
President (New York, 1967) and by Thomas B. Silver, Coolidge and the Historians
(Durham, NC, 1982).
30
The Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall (Indianapolis, 1925) ends abruptly after
commentary on the visit of the young Prince of Wales in November, 1919. An ending
was obviously tacked onto the chapter, concluding the manuscript as a whole. Thus, we
are led to depend upon Marshall's 140 articles written between 1921 and 1923 for his
views of matters past and current.
Eulogies on Marshall (d. 1 June 1925) are found in the Thistlethwaite Scrapbooks,
TRM Papers, Indiana State Library. Memorabilia have been assembled in the Marshall
residence in Columbia City, Indiana, which is now the Whitley County Historical Society
Museum.
B I B L I 0 G R A P H Y
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I.
A.
PRIMARY SOURCES
Manuscript Colleeti®ns
The Papers of Newton TI. Baker, Library of
Congress~
The Papers of Ray Stannard Baker, Library of Congress.
The Papers of William Jennings Bryan, Library of Congress.
The Papers of Albert
s.
Burleson, Library of Congress.
The Papers of Bainbridge Colby, Library of Congress.
The Papers of Josephus Tianiels, Library of Congress.
The Papers of Thomas v\fatt Gregory, Library of Congress.
The Papers of Warren G. Harding, Library of Congress.
The Papers of John Worth Kern, Indiana State Library.
The Papers of Robert Lansing, Library of Congress.,
The Papers of William Gibbs McAdoo, Library of Congress.
The Papers of Thomas Riley Marshall, Indiana State Library.
The Papers of James A. Stuart, Indiana State Library.
The Papers of Thomas Taggart, Indiana State Library.
The Papers of Joseph P. Tumulty, Library of Congress.
The Papers
of
Thomas P. Walsh, Library of Congress.
The Papers of Joseph E. Willard, Library of Congress&
The Papers of Edith Bolling Wilson, Library of Congress.
The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Library of Congress.
The Papers of Charles Wood, Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The Wabash College Collection, Crawfordsville, Indiana8
553
--'
B.
Indianae
554
Public Documents and Visual Records
Senate.
National Archives. Department @f the Navyc
Roosevelt Correspondence, 1915~
National Archives. ·Department of State.
Correspondence, 1915.
Franklin
D~
Robert Lansing
National Archives. Motion J?ietu:re #200-105~ urnaugu.ra...tion Reaolleetions from McKinley to 00olidgen
(International Newsreel Corporation)&
National Archives. Motion Picture #111H~ll33. Fourth
Liberty Loan Drive, September, 1~18 (UQ Se Signal
Corps).
.
National Arehives.
Photograph
#165-WW~447
B-14 AU.
Woodrow Wilson Taking Oath 0f Office LMaroh, 19177
(Harris & Ewing).
-
Photograph (unnumbered). Vi-oe
President and Mrs e Marshall in Hen:se .... drawn Carriage
LMaroh, 19117 (Harris & Ewing)e
·
National Archives.
National Arehives$ Photegraph (unnumbered). Viee
~resident Marshall Inspecting Ambulance, February,
1918.
National Archives. Photograph #165~\VW~442A-9. Vice
President Marshall Making Address in Fourth Liberty
Loan Campaign ffieptember, 191§7(Underwood & Underwood).
National Archives. Photograph #36028 AU. Ambassador
Jusserand· and Vioe President Marshall on Senate Steps,
October 26, 1918 (Press Illustrated Service)~
National Archives. Photograph (unnumbered)~ Vice President
Marshall and the Wilson Cabinet, February 13, 1919
(Harris & Ewing)~
.
'
National Archives. Photegraph #39872. -Wilson and Marshall in Victory Parade, February 27, 1919.
National Archives. Photegraph #39802~ President Wilson in
Reviewing Box during Vict0ry Parade, February 27, 1919.
National .Archives. Photograph #6T-19'5e "Visit of the
Royal Belgian Party to Washington, ])49Co,n October 29,
19l9 (W9 s. Signal Corps)~
555
National Archives.
Photograph #67-270a
Edward~
Prince
of Wales., and Viee President Marshall at Union
Station, Washington,
United States.,
1st sess.,,
Congress~
1916~
D~C,q,
November 11,
SenateG
Journ~l)
1919~
64th Cong.,
United States@ Oongresso Senate@ Seeretary,of·Senate
Repor,]_. s(J Doc. 2, 66th Cong~, 3rd sess~, l920.
United States. Congress. Senate6
Oong.~ 1st sesso, 1919$
D0ouments 76, 66th
United States •.. Oonfressional R~eord~ 63rd Ool?-g·., lst
sess. through -6th Congo, 3rd sess6, Washa.ngton,
DoC., 1913-1921o
United Statese
sess~,
gogfressiona1
~:~~rd.
Wash1ns on, D.Co, 1926.
69th
Cong~,
1st
United States\) Oonstituti@no Art. I, sec() 3, para., 4·;
Art. II, sec~ 1, para. 5; Amendment XXV.,
C~
1~
Correspondence and Memoirs
Papers, Letters,·and·Diaries
Eaker, Ray Stannard. Woodrow·Wilson: Life and Letterslt
8 vola. Garden City, NeY(;:· Doubleday, Page, and
Doubleday, DG>ran, 1927_,1939.
Baker, Ray Stannard,-ana Dodd, William E., eds., The
Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson~ 6 vels. New York:
Harper and Brothers, 1~26-192%
Ca.ppo:n, Lester Jo, ed.
The Adams-Jefferson Letters. The
Complete Oorrespondenoe Between Thomas Jefferson and
lblgail and John Adams~ 2 vols. Chapel Hill: Uni-
versity af·NGrtK Carolina Fress,
195~9
Cronen, E. Davia, ed.e The Cabinet Diaries ®f Josephus
Daniels, l913~192le Lincoln: University ef Nebraska
Press, 1963.
Kilpatriek, Carrell, edG Roosevelt and Daniels: A
Friendshi~ in Polities~ Ch_'~pel Hill: University
of North · a:rolina Press, 1952Q .
Lane, Anne w., and Wall, Louise H$, edsG The Letters of
Franklin K~ Lane, Pers®nal and Political., Boston:
Houghten Mifflin Cempany, ·1922~
556
Morison, Elting E9, et al~ The Letters of Theodore
R®osevelt. Oambridge, Mass~: Harvard University
Press, 19~1-1~54~
Roosevelt, Elliott, eeL~ F ~D"R~: His Personal Letters.
Vol(9 II. New.Y0rk: Duell, Sloan and Pea:roe, 1950tt
Seymour, Charles, ed<}
4 vols$ Beston:
The Intimate J?a12ers ef Golone·l Hause.,
Houghton Mifflin Company, 1926-1928(9
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Autobio~raphies
Bender, Robert J.,
and Memoirs
tlW
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Scattered Impressions of a
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BernstGrff, JQhann Heinrich, Graf vontt My Three Years in
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1925~
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Bryan, Mary Baird, ed. The Memoirs 0f William Jenninge
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·'
Housten,·David Frankline Eight Years with Wilson's Gabi~
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Will:iam Gibbse Crowded Years: :Eh.e Reminiscences
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Making Woodrow Wils®n President()
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New ·york:
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\;arshal_1_,_ . Thomas Riley
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a
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WiiJ!.l' 0en~ress and' 0abinet
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0
New York:
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the Senate~
1~
196§.·
Mz
Halls ®!.the Mighty:
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Roosevelt, Eleanoro The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt0
New York: Harper and Brothers, 1~58o
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Slayden, Ellen M.
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Slayden frQm
1963~
Mz
St0ry~
New York:
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Washin.:to:m. Wife:
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Smith, Ira R$ T., in eollabmratien With JGe Alex Morris$
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Drifting Sands o'f Party Pelities"
The Century Company,
1931~
Watson, James E~ As I Knew Them: Memoirs of James E~·
Wat-son. Indianap(}lfs: · The B~b'bs-Fierrill. C0mpany,
1936~
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White"
New YG)rk:
Wilscna, Edith BGlling~
Bebbs-~er~ill
The
Aut0o~o~rap~y
of
Will~am
The Maem:1l an eQmpany, 1~46.,
My Nfemoir.,
eempany,
Indianapolis:
Allen
~he
193~G
l!Vilson, . :a:~~. Lan7G .. Dip~!~ati~.. Ep~scH1~~·. i~ Mexico! Bel~ium,
and Gh~le~ Garden
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(!} . • • •
d1ty,
N~Ye,
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559
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ompany,
In~ianapolis:
·B®GkWalter~Ball
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~
e
Printing
n~d8
Report o£ the Proceedings of 'the Democratic
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O~fieial
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A Narrative o~ ~ummer·Travel in the Interior
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Gf
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Sullivan, Marke Our- ~imes~ Vol~ I: The Turn ef the Century8 New York: Charles Seribnerfs Sens, 1928.
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6
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Mo.A.doe
1924~
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--
Indianapolis:
The Bobbs-Mer:rill
562
Thayer, William
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Tedd, Frank
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2.
Oontemperary Feri®dioals
al9
Newspapers Cited
Bangor Daily News,
/
golumbia City eommereial,
Columbia Oitl News,
/
1914~
1874~
1658-1860~
Galumbia Git'y Post, 1866e- l~c(
Dallas Mer.ning News, 19256
Gary Daily Tribune,
1911~
Gary Evening Fost, 1911.
·vi
/
India~apolis
News,
190~-1912~
Indianapolis Star, 1908-1912~
563
Lenden Times, 1922.
Milwaukee Journal, 1918.
Montgomery Advertiser,
Muneie Evening Press,
1~19.
1912~
New York American, 1912-l914c
New York Evening Post, 1914.
New York Herald, 1912-1914e
New York Press, 1912-1913.
New York Sun,
I
1~12~1915,
1918~
New York 2imes, 1912-1921, 1929, 1939~
New York Tribune,
1912-1~24.
New York Worla, 1912-1914.•
Philadelphia Daily Ledger,
1919~
St. Louis Post Dispatch,
1~25.
Sullivan Unien Demeorat,
1~17$
Washington Daily News,
1~21.
V' Washington Star, 1921-1923.
b.
Periodicals Consulted
The American Law Review, 1921Q
~-
~he
American Review ef Reviews, 1912, 1916,
1~22,
192·5 ~
The Annals of the American Academy of Politieal and Social
. Seienoe, 1~19 ..
The Atlantic Nonthlz,
~he
Call of the MGase,
The Century Nagazine,
1912~
1913~
1~26.
Oellierts Magazine, 1920.
564
Current Historr, 1924e
Current Literature,
1912~
Current ©Eini®n, 1920e
Forum,
1~16,
1918,.
Harper's Weekly, 1912o
Hearst's Internati®nal, 1921-l922e
Hearst's Magazine,
!he Independent,
1921~
1912~1913,
!he Literaey Digest,
1~13,
1917-1918~
1920f
1~29.
·····
~
Mo01urets Magazine, 1912.
Munsey's Magazine,
~he
1~106
Nati0n (New Yark), 19156
National Monthly,
1911-1912~
The New York Times Magazine, 1917,
The North American Review, 1913,
~
1919~
1916~
~he
©utl0ek (New York), 1912-1913,
~he
Pathfinder, 1942.
1925~
The Presbyterian, 1913.
Success,
1925~
The Survey,
~niversity
1~229
of Ohieago Magazine, 1908$
The War Cry,
1~25e
Woma,n·t s Rome Companion, 1918.
~he
World TG-Day,
l~lOo
The WQrld' s Work, ~
1'1 \,0 \'1,\1f
565
c.
Published Articles
n.A. Bern Democrat.,"
The Outlook, September 28, 1912, p:p.
220-22.
Abbot, Willis J. "Democratic Presidential Fossibilities~n
Munseyts Magazine, November, 1910, pp. l80-191e
Baker, .Abby Gu.nn. "The Ladies of the Cabinet: :Prominent
Hostesses in the New .Administration at Washington.,n
The, Independent, May 8,· 1913, PPe 1023-2~~
Booth, Evangeline. ,
nT:nomas R..,
pi en and Niy Friend. n
:Marshall, 2he .Army's Cham-
The War Cry,
1~25.
Bush, I .. T. "Needed: .A Business Manager."
March 13, 1~20, ph 13.
"~he
Callier's,
C0al Commission Is Appointed&" The American Review
of Reviews, Nevember, 1922, p. 467.
''Commencement Day. n · University G>f North Carolina Alumni
Review, Ll9137, PPe 1~0-91.
Davis, Nerman. ''The Man I KJ:aew. u
pp. 14-15~
Success, July, 1925,
"The Democratic Candidate for Viee-J?resident.u
can Review of Reviews, July, 1916, p. 51.
The Ameri-
Dos Pa.ssos, Cyril F. "Vested Rights: A RefutatiGn of"
Viae-President Marshall's Views." The North American
Review, July, 1913, PPo
Editorial.
The·Pathfinder:
50-59~
wa-shington, D~d., April
"Fact F4-nding Commission. n
1~22, p. 135.
America's Oldest News Weekly,
is, 1942,
p. 1.
The· Werld t s, W'rrk, December,.
ttFour Less Prominent Candidate-s. n The American Review of
Reviews, June, 1912, pp. 648-49e
nThe GovernG:rst Messages to the People. tt
The World. To-Day,
January, 1910, p. 47e
Grasty, Charles. "Strain of' Years Tells on Wilsen.u
York Times, September 26, 1919~
Hale, William Ra.ya.rd., "Thomas Riley Ma.rshall*'u
~, October, 1912, PPe 630-38~
!.!!'!
The World's
· :Harge:r 1 Charles Moreau.
n:~:he
Two
Oonventiens:
The I:ndepe:ndent,
~ra-tional
II. The DemGe:ratic 0onventien."
July 4, 1912, pp. 12-16.
Ha:rvey~
George. "Humiliating the Vioe-P:residentt)n The
North American R.eview, November, 1913, pp. 595-~4J
"Thomas Riley Marshallt) tt. The North
Amerioan Review, October, 1~16, ppq 620-23.
Harvey, George.
James, Edwin
L~
nparis J?ress Gives Wilson Rest; :Puts
Marshall in His J?laeeqn The New York Times, December 2, 1~19, page 1 column 1.
Johnston, Charles. "A Talk with Governor Marshall; Some
Interesting Opinions Elioited in an Interview with
tlle Democratic Nominee for Vice-President.,n Harper's
Weekly, July 13, 1912, p:p. 10-11.
''Government by Proxy: When :President
Wilson Lay Ill at the White Houseen. The Century
Magazine, February, 1926, ~p. 481~86~
Kerney, James.
Krout, Nary H. "Thomas Ryan
pendent, July 11, 1912,
&!7
pp~
Marshall&"
79-84e
The Inde-
ttLeaders of the New· Demeo:racy t9" McClure's. Magazine,
February, 1912, pp. 377-83.
Lee, ellif:fi'ord s. 11 G-ives·Boem Death Blow." The Indianapolis Star, April 30, 1~10, page 1 column 7~
---
Lewis, .Alfred H. rt(}ove:rno:r ~om."
September, 1921, pp6 17~20o
n~he
Hearst's Magazine,
Limelight Shines on a Vice-President of the United
States.n Current Opinion, February, 1920, pp .. 181-84.
Lew, A, Maurice., u~he S®ber Second. Thou.ght"tt
Weekly, November 2, 1912, P~ B~
Harper's
Ludlow, Louis" nphone Call Helped Set Speed Mark on Bill
for Federal Building Wing." ·The In-dianapolis Sunda;y
~' July 10, 1~4~, part ii, page 66
.
Maek, Norman E. nw11son and :Marshall...-Mr., Bryan and New
York." National Monthly Magazine, August, 1912, p.
65~
:Maris, Clarence. 0 The Consecration of Meoselleart.n The
Call of the Moese, Anderson, Indiana, September, 1913,
pp. 1-2.
UJYir. Marshall, A United States Vice-President in the
Limelight,n The Literary Digest, January 24, 1920,
pp. 5T-61.
M0rrew, James B~ uThemas R" Marshall Gives His Views on
What the Democrats ShGuld :Do." The Indianapolis
Sunda! Star, January 23, 1910, magazine section,
page .•
Nicholson, Meredith. uTom Marshall of Indianaon
Monthly, May, 1911, n~p.
National
"!he e:rbi1ruary Record. u The American Review of' Reviews,
July, 1~25, p. 24.
Parsons, Floyd w. nThe Road t® P:rosperity.n
~, November, 1922, pp. 88-91@
The World's
Pettengill, Samua.l B., "'Vested Rights'--in Rebuttal."
Tke North Ameriean Review; September, 1913, PP~ 415-
18.
"Republican Progressives for Wilse>n.n
November, 1912, p. 138.
National Monthly,
Shipp, Themas R. "Thomas R., Marshall, of Indiana: The
Story of His Rise £rom· country Lawyer to G®vernmr,
Then to lfiee-J?residential Candidate.,_. The American
Review ef Reviews, August, 1912, pp. 185-90~
uThe Stirring Ideas of Tommy :M:arshall.,"
~, August, 1~12, PP~ 152~55.
Current Litera-
St0okbridge, Frank Parker0 "How Woedrow Wilson Won His
Nomination.n Current History, July, 1~24, :pp., 561-72()
Stout, George W<t ttEvolving from Country Lawyer to Presidential EntrytJn The Indianapolis Sunday Star, August
2.7, 1~11, p., 27.
uThcnnas Riley Marshall. n
The Ou.tleok, June 10,
1~2B,
PPe
205-6.
"2hree Presbyterian EIJ..ders.n
1913, p. 8.
utTom' Marshall-Hllm·orist.,"
1~2B, p:p. 45-46Gt
n~he
Vioe--J?resident-Eleet" n
1912, PP• 615-16e
Tlle Presbyterian, March 5,
i'he Literar:rDigest, Jrme 20,
The Otrblook, November 23,
570
HTJae Vice-President and Social Unrest
3, ljl3, PPe
Q
ttTne Vice-Presidentts 'New Freedem.,ttt
May 3,
Vieillard..
J~ly
The Outlook, May.
n
8-~~
1~1;,
The Lite:rrary Digest,
995-~6$
pp.
''The President t s Understudy. u
The Nation,
15, 1915, pp. 91-92.,
Welliver, Judson e•. nThe N·ew Cabinet.,"
zine, May, 1~13, PP~ 165-77.
Munseyts Maga-
Welliver, Judson 0.. ngu.r Unbusinesslike Senate-n
Magazine, September, 1~13, pp. ~33~43.
UWhat Lies Be.fere the New Federal Coal @(lmrm.issien. n
Survey, November 1, 1922, pp. 149-53 seqq.
Wheeleok, Matilda Henders®n.
Natienal :OO:orrbhly
"Wileen. and Marshall
11, 1912, pp.
,L!91117,
"First Lady 0f
n.]>.
N-®minated~u
·
~he
-The
lndiana~~~"
·
Independent, July
~1-63.
nThe WisEiom and Wit of a Hoosier Vice-Presid.·ent ~ n The
Literary Digest, October 3, 1925, pp. 36, 41-4~
4.
InteFViews and Letters
a.
Interviews
Barnhart, Dean.
Bonn, Frank E.
Indianapolis,
Fort Wayne,
Chambers, Scott B.
Gates, Ralph M.
o.
Indiana~
Indianapolis,
1967~
©otober 13,
October 15, 19)671!1
November 10, 1967"
Oetober 20, 1967.
Huds0n, Mrs. Roberiie
Goshen, Indiana.
Lanoast·er, Robert F.
South Whitley, Indiana<'
1967.
13~
September 28, 1967.
I~diana~
FGrt Wayne, Indiana"
Winimac, IndianaQ
Nevember
November 10, 1961.
Ca>lumbia City, Indiana9
Geake, William, J.
Gorrell, E$
Indiana~
New Castle,
c.
Feightner, Harold
1967"
Indiana~
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November 24,
571
Lennox, Mrs. Eleaner King6
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Frank~
McHale,
R~
Mellett, John C.
Myers,
~emrge
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October 13, 1967u
Columbia City, Indianae
October 15, 1967.
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w.
P®tterf, Rex.
Fort Wayne,
Str0use, Edgar$
Columbia City,
October
2~,
1968~
1~67.
October 1;, 1967e
Indiana~
Columbia City,
1~67.
October l9,
November 22,
Indiana~
Fort Wayne, Indiana.
Raber, Mrs. Gail.
b.,
N0vember 9, 19676
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McHugh, Gertrude.
MoNagny, Rob.
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October 14, 1967.
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Lette:r?s
Bayh, Birch.
~nited
Ferriok, John D.
States
New York
Frankenstein, Alfred V.
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Hayden, Carl.
Mareh 3,
Senate~
April 7,
City~
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1~68~
San Francisco enroniole.
United States Senate.
December 1,
April
1~67.
Jacobsen, Steven.
Vista VQlunteer in Marshall, Alaska,
Kimsey, Morton E.
Scottsdale, Arizona.
Kimsey, William
5,
Ouster City,
L~
1~67-1~69.
Pennsylvania~
January
1970~
Lancaster, R~bert L.
Lawrence,
David~
Link, Arthur
S~
Princeton, New
New York
Marshall, Je Richard.
Maxwell; Stanley F.
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John
c.
South Whitley, Indiana~
Washington, D.C6
Lippmann, Walter.
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February 6, 1970o
October 13,
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Boston,
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1967 and. 1970.
Jersey~
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Nicholson, Meredith~
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Riedel, Richard L*
Smith, Dwight
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Indiana~elis~
Thomas, Charles M.
Montgomery,
0etober
Indiana~
VirginiaG
April 2B,
1968~
Indiana~
November 22,
Alabama~
1967 and 1970a
1~67~
I
Trice, J. Mark8
Weis, Carl A8
~nited
Meoseheart, Illineiso
II~
All
l.
States Senate6
April 22,
Narah 14,
1968~
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1~64, p" 5~
Mon:bgomery, Keith S ~ nThema.s Re- Marshall t s Victery in
the Election of 1!)08.," ···Indiana Magazine (i)f Histor:y,
LIII (June, 1957),
147-66~
Parker, James R~ ":Beveridge and the Eleotion of 1~12:
Progressive Idealist or Political Re-alist.n Indiana
magazine of Historz, LXIII (June, 1967), 103-14.
Remy, Charles F6
"Gever:nor Good:rieh and Indfana. Tax
Indi-ana Magazine e:f HistQry, XLIII.
(Ma:roh·, 194 7), 41--56 ~
LegislatiG>n~"
Sabin., "Marshall, 28th Viee-l?resident, Was Popular State
Figure.,n The Indianapolis Star, OotG>ber 16, 1966,
section 1, page 27.
uviee President Marshall's Home Now a Columbia City
Museume" The Indiana Freemason, ffia.reh 1 1964, n.:p.
Whitley County Historical Society Bulletin, December, 1963,
issue devoted to Thomas RG Marshall~
Wimer, Kurt.
"Woodrow Wilson. Tries Oonoiliatien:
Ef-fort That Failed. u
1~63),
Wolgemuth,
~he
An
Historian, XXV (.A:agust,
419--38o
Kathleen~
gatien., n
uwoodrew Wilson and Federal Segre-
The Jo'tl.rnal of ~Tesro History, XLIV (April,
1959), 158-739
583
3.
Unpublished Studies
Archer, Mary Urban, Sister.
Presidential
Years~ n
St. Leuis University,
nwoodrow Wileen:
Unpublished
J?h6:D~
1'he Post
dissertaticnn.,
1~63~
"Progressivism's Debacle: The
Election of 1920. tt Unpublished J?h8De dissertation,
Columbia University, 1954o
Bagby, Wesley NC,, Jr.,
Bates, James Leonard. "Senator Walsh of Montana, l~lS1924: a Liberal under Pressure~" Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertatiGn, ~niversit~ sf North Carolina, 1~52~
Bell, Orelia Kayo "Imp:ressiens in Limerick ®f the United
States Senate By a Lady in the G?tlleryn (1S920)<P Unpublished autograph beok, handwritten, in the Thomas
R. Marshall Papers, Indiana State Library.
Berman, Averill J. nse:nator William Edga:rr Borah: A
Study in Historical Agreements·and Oontrad.ietionsen
~npublished PheD. dissertation, University of Southern
Oalif®rnia, l~5Bo
Blum, John Mortont) nTumult:r and the Wilson Era!!!" ·l:Jn:pub-li.shed PheD. dissertation, Harvard "Nniversity, 1949o
Bond, Dennis
c.
"Albert
Re:publiea.n Party,
J~
Beveridge and the Indiana
189)9-19l~L.
n
Unpublisheril M.,.A
tJ
the-
sis, Ball State Teachers College, 1963.,.
B·ewman, Lawrence F.L. "Stepping Stone t®· the Vice Presidency:
A Story 0f ~homas Riley Marshall•s·l908 Gubernatorial
Yictocy.,n -Unpublished Mdi.A., thesis, University of
Kansas, 1967e
Brenneman, Gladys (Mrso J., F$). Memorial Address, 2homas
R. Marshall Banquet, Columbia City, Indiana, March
14, 1g40. Unpublished manuscript in the Peabody
Library, Cmlumbia Oity, Indianao
·
I
Garver, Edna Bernioee
"Some Phases of Whitley County
Unpublished :W.L,.A., thesis,
Indiana University, 1~37o
History,
1838--1870~ n
Cinolair, Richard Joseph~t nwill H6 Hays: Republican
:Politician.n Unpublished Phon. dissertation, Ball
State University, 1~69.
Dunnington, Miles Williame "Senator Thomas Ja Walsh,
Independent Democrat in the Wilson Years. n Unpublished PheD. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1940~
584
Feightner 1 Harold 0liftone np®l.itios, Prohibition, and
Repeal in Indiana.,n Unpublished manuseri:pt in the·
possession of its auth®r, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1~65e
.
Feightner, Harold Clifton., "Wet and D:ry Legislation in
Indiana (1790-1957): Indiana Liquor 0GntrGl HisiHl>ry. n
2 volss Unpublished manuscript in the Indiana State
Library~
Haupt, Richard Wo
Not el. n
1953.
"History ef t·he French Lick Springs
Unpublished J~L~A tt thesis, Indiana Un.iversi ty,
Kelso, :fhomas Jolm& "The German-American Vote in the
EleotiQn o£.1~60: ~he Case a: Indiana with Supporting Data from Ollie." tTnpublished Ph.,D. dissertatie>n,
Ball State University, 1~67~
Kendriok, Jack E. "The League of Nations and the R.e])u.blioa:n Senate, ll~lB-1921." unpublished Ph4>D4' disser...
tation, University of North Carolina, l953(t
Kershner, Frederick Dtt, Jr. ".A Social and Cultural Histery
Gf Indianapolis, 1860-1914," lJnpublished Ph~})· dissertation, University ef Wisoonsin, 1~50CJ
L.iljekvist, Olitford B., nsenator Hiram Johnsen~n Unpublished Ph,D~ dissertation, University of Southern
California, 1~53.
Link, .Arthur Stanley~ nThe South an<i the D.em~oratic Campaign of 1~10-1912. n tffnpublished. PhoDt? disse::r.rf;ati®n,
Wniversity ef North Car0lina, 1~45Q
Link, Arthur Stanley.
"The Wilson Movement in the South:
.A Study in Political Liberalism, tJ
'ffnpu.blished M,A.
thesis, University of North Carolina,
1~42.
"~he Di:plomatie Career ®:f Henry Lane
.America~ n
Unpublished PheD., disserLouisiana State University, 1~57~
Masingill, Eugene Fe
Wilson· in Latin
tation,
Miller, Edna...
uThe Editorial O:pinion of Jor& B~ Stoll.u
~npublished M~A. thesis, Butler ~niversity, 19468
Montgomery, Keith So tt.A Rnetorioal Analysis of' the Foren.sie and Ocoasional Speaking of Thomas R() Marshall.,n
Unpublished Ph~D. dissertation, Indiana University,
195<5.
Mosher, RellQ Eldrige~ nTom :Marshall's Term as Governor.n
Unpublished M$A. thesis, Indiana Univer~ity, 1~32.
l
\
I
!
! l
.
~
. 7
-·'
.
,
585.
Munger, James. "Two Party Politics .in the State e:f Ind.iana.,u
Unpublished Ph.D~ dissertation, Harvard University, 1955.
J?almer, George .A. nThemas R.. Marshall, Lawye:r1: A Study ef
the Cenmtey Lawye~." Unpublished M.A. thesis, trniversity of Minnes®ta, 1~32.
Rhoads, Arthur J. n~he Populist Moveme.nt in Indiana~ 11
publish.ed M.A •. thesis, Indiana University, _1~·5;~
Wn-
Rissler, Herbert;. ncharles Warren Fairbanks: ·@onservative
·
Hoosier.u 'Nnpublished Ph.D .. dissertatiGn, Indiana
Wniversity, 1961 •.
Rosenberg;, E:elen Ru:tla. "The Viee-Pres!deney e:f the tJniteG.
States." TI"n]>ublislaedi Ph,.D. disse:n'tatli.on, TJniversity
of Califernia, 1930.
·
(J.,.
n2. T.: The Mastermind that Wrought
Brilliant and Bewildering Achievements in Political
Legerdemain." Unpublished ma:n11seri.])t i;m. the Tl!H»mas
Taggart PapeJJs, Indiana State Library., n. d.
Sallee, A.
Sanders, Jean E. n:oo:eredith Nieholson: Roosie:r·Cfavalier.n
Unpublished M.A. thesis, DePauw ITniversity, 1952~
Shull, Steven. A.
nThe Vice-Presidential O.f:ffiee During
Illness (September l~l~~Mareh 1921). 11
Unpublished M.A. thesis, Ball .State University, 1~68~
We0Cl.ll'E>W Wils~n's
Wi.lliams, Irving. G. n!he Vice Presidency of the l'Jnited
States in the Twentieth Century: Histe~y, Praotioe
and Problems.n trnpublished J?h.D. dissertation, New
York Nniversity, 1~53~
Wi.shard, w. H. n!hsmas Riley marshall--His Personal
Qualities; The Humann.ess ef the Man. 11 (1~25} tJn.pu.blished manuscript in the Th0:mas R. :Marshall llaFH;;·rs,
Indiana State Libra~y$