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d a d t h e Hu n d r ed Y ea r s Wa r ; A
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ri
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a nd
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GE NE R A L
P R E F A CE
.
T here are so many S chool Histori es o fEngland already
i
n e x istence that it m a y perhaps seem p resumptuous o n
the part o f the authors o f this series to add six volume s
more t o the number B ut they have their defence : the
”
“
O x ford M anuals o fE nglish H istory are intended t o
serv e a particular purp ose T here are se v eral good general
hi stories already in use and there are a considerable
’
’
‘
‘
B ut there
number o f scattered e p ochs o r periods
seems still to be room fo r a set o f books which shall
combine the vi
rtues o fboth these classes S chools often
w ish to take u p only a certain portion o f th e history o f
England and fin d o n e o f the large general histories t o o
bulky for their use On the other hand if they em p lo y
’
‘
o n e o f the isolated
e p o chs to which allusion has been
made they fi n d in most cases that there is no succeeding
w ork o n the same sca le and lines fro m wh i
ch the scholar
can continue his study and p ass o n t o th e ne x t period
without a break in the continuity o fhis knowledge
T he object o f the p resent series is to p ro vi
de a set o f
hi
storical manuals o f a convenient size and at a ver y
moderate price Each p art is complete in itself but a s
the v olumes will b e ca refu lly fi tted o n to each other so
that the whole form together a single continuous history
o f Englan d it will be p ossible to use any two or more
o f them in suc ce ss i
v e terms or years at the option o f the
instru ctor T hey are kept carefully to the same scale
a n d the ed i
tor has done his best t o put be fore the variou s
a uthors the necess i
t y o fa uniform method o ftreatment
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
‘
,
.
,
.
,
'
,
,
.
,
.
P R E FACE
1V
.
The volumes are intended for the use o f the middle
n
and upper forms o f schools and presuppose a desire i
tu
the scholar to kno w something of the social and c o n st i
o n a l history of England as well as O fthose purely political
ti
events which were of Old the sole staple o f the average
school history The scale of the series does not permit
the authors to enter into minute points o f detail There
is no space in a volume Of 1 3 0 pages for a discussion o f
the loca lity o fBru n a n bu rg h or Ofthe authorship o ffw z i
us
B ut due all owance being made for histor ical perspective
i
t is hoped that every event o r movement Of real im po rt
’
a nce will meet the reader s eye
Al l the v olumes are written by resident members o fth e
U niversity o fO xford actively engaged in teaching i
n the
Final School o f Modern History and the autho rs trust
that their experience in working together and their
knowledge o f the methods of in struction in it may be
made u se ful to a larger public by means o f this series o f
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
C ONT E NT S
.
A CCE SS I ON OF E D WA R D I I I To TH E FAL L
2
I
M
E
R
1
F
M
O
R
T
O
,
3 7 1 33 1 ,
FR OM T H E FA L L 0F M OR T I M E R TO TH E OUTBR E A K OF
T H E SC OTTI SH WA R
T H E S TR UGG LE WI TH FRA NCE
.
II
.
TH E
.
.
.
I
I II
a
P ge
CH A P
1 FR OM
- 1
0
3 37
33
.
15
W
’
A R,
T H E FI R ST S TA GE OF THE H U ND R E D Y E A R S
FR OM TH E OU TBR EA K OF WA R TO TH E
1 3 3 7 - 1 3 49
BL A C K D E A T H ,
.
.
IV
FR OM
.
Y
T I GN
V
FR OM
.
BL A C K
1 3 4 9- 1 3 6 0
,
R E NE WA L OF
E D WA R D I I I
.
54
-
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WY CL I FFIT E S
TH E Y E A R S OF TH E M I NOR I TE
R I CH A R D I I
R I CH A R D I I
1 3 8 8 1 3 99
I!
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VI I L
H E NR Y
.
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-
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.
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-
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A ND
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P
THE
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T o TH E
.
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I
BRE
43
WA R —E NG L A ND UND ER
S P A NI S H WA R
1 3 60 1 36 9
TH E
! II
OF
5
T H E L A ST Y E A RS OF E D WA RD I I I , 1 3 6 9—1 3 7 7 — T H E
L OSS OF A Q U IT AI NE- D OME STI C T R OU BLE S R I S E OF
.
! II
A
PE CE
,
.
.
! I
TH E
FR E N C H
—T H E
VI I
To
PE A CE OF BRE T I GNY
TH E
TH E
VI
D E A TH
TH E
2
1 4 83 - 1 4 8 ,
5
126
E D WA RD TH E K I NG,
I
40
1 50
163
,
l
6
o fE n g a n d ,
cy
o fC r e
37
,
ct i
o fPo i
er s,
48
c e in 1 3 6 0
o fA g i n c o u r t
o fFr a n
,
52
1 10
,
T h e Fren ch S u cc e ssi on
Th e Bre t o n S u c c e ssi o n
T h e Wh i
t e R o se an d t h e Ne v i
l les,
Th e R e d R ose ,
,
,
2
4
32
1 60
16 1
ENGLAND AND THE
’
HU NDRED YEARS
(
1 32 7
— 1 4 85
A D
.
C H AP T E R I
F
R OM
.
WAR
)
.
A CC E SS I ON OF E D WARD 111
1 32 7 133 1
FA LL OF M OR T I M E R
TH E
TO T H E
.
-
,
.
O n the seventh o f January I 3 2 7 the Parliament of 1/
England duly assembled at W estminster declared that
their king Edward o f Carnarvon was de p osed and that
they had chosen in his stead his elde t son Edward
Prince o fW ales to fill the v acant throne I n all the long
annals o fthe nation no reign has ever commenced under
’
such shameful auspices as the fifty years rule o f King
E dward I I I
His miserable shiftless father had been
deposed not so much by the will o f the nation as by the
pri v ate enmity Of an unfaithful wife an d a faction o f dis
loyal barons He had perhaps deserved to lose his crown
but not by such means nor at the hands of such enemies
Moreover heavy as is the guilt which rests on the conspira
tors who dethroned him the nation m ust take D p i t i o f
E d w a rd
its share in the blame
The mass of the
baronage and the people stood aside while Q ueen I sabella
and her adherents worked their w i
cked will o n the king
and his friends and hardly a voice was raised to protest
against the v iolence and cruelty which accompanied the
revolution The mob OfLondon made itself th e aeco m
l
i
f
ce
o
the
traitors
by
tearing
to
pieces
B
ishop
Stapleton
p
’
o fExeter one of the late monarch s few faithful followers
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
e
os
on
.
,
.
,
.
8
E
NG L AND AND
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
TH E
.
N o complaint was made in Parliame n t concerning his
murder nor concerning the equally illegal execution o f
t h e Earl of A rundel a n d the two D espen c e r s whom the
quee n had slai n without due process o f la w N o o n e
protested save four courageous prelates w hen the
wretched time servi n g A rchbishop R ey n olds cried aloud
”
“
that the voice of the people wa s the voice o fG od a n d
pretending to take the cries o f a noisy factio n for the
fiat of heave n saluted the young Edward o f Windsor as
his ki n g So with surroundings of the basest cruelty
hypocrisy and cowardice the n e w reig n began
O f those whose names appear in the shameful business
of the fall of Edward I I the young boy in whose behalf
he transaction was nomi n ally carried o u t must bear t h e
The n ew king was only fourteen years and
1” east blame
two months o l d at his accession having been born o n
N ovember 1 3 th
He had been neglected by his
’
father an d had been o f late in his mother s hands
There is no reason to beli
eve that he s u spe ct ed the Cause
which lay at the bottom o f her actions t he hatred which
she felt fo r her husband since she had become infatuated
with t he h andsome u n scrupulous exile R oger ofMortimer
I n after ye ars w e know that he felt bitter S ham e for t he
n whi
way i
ch he had been made the tool o f his mother
and her pa ia m o u r Meanwhile he accepted the situation
and freely set his hand to all the documents and de eds
m
which they laid before hi
He seem s to have shown no
anxiety about t h e fa t e o f his fathe r w h en the dethroned
ki
ng was rem oved from Kenilwo rth to Berkeley Castle
a n d put under gaolers who were bent o n compassing his
death Ofthe sinister purpose o fthe transfe rence he h a d
no susp i c i on
v
To guide the st eps o f t h e young king th e Parliament
I n January 1
2
3 7 appointed a Council of R egency o ffour
earls fo u r bishops and si
B ut from the fir st
x barons
the real power lay in the hands o f Q ueen
M ui
m p
i
I
sabella
who
se word was all power ful wi t h
ggxf
f
g
her so n Behind I sabella unseen at fir st bu t
r o wm
g
g more and more evident as the m on ths roll ed
,
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
§
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
'
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
o
e
,
e
.
s
rl
-
,
.
,
,
R E N E WA L
OF
WAR WI T H S COTLA N D
9
.
was the will a n d in fluence of her fav ourite Mortimer
T hey kept the young Edward in their hands secluded
m as much as possible from intercourse with those who
hi
were not of their o wn faction and en deavoured to the
best o f their ability to distract him from affairs o f state
I t wa s long before the baro n age a n d the nati
on realized
the true condition o f affairs and lo n ger still before t h e
king awoke to a co n sciousn es s o f the shameful tutel age
‘
in whi c h he was li v i
ng
fai
A t first public a f
rs were conducted with some
decent semblance o f constitutional government
The
o ld charters o fthe realm were confirmed lavish promises
o f good govern ment were made to Par liament and the
persons who ha d been attainted in the reign o fE dward I I
’
w ere restored to their honours an d estates Mortimer s
power was not yet open ly shown and moreover a n ew
’
danger soon arose to dis t ract the nation s attention Less
’
than three months a fter the young king s access i
on the
Scots broke the tru c e which had been conclu de d with
the m in the year 1 3 2 3 and came flooding over t he
border into N orthumberland and D urham savagely
wa sti
ng th e whole coun t ryside as far as the Wear and the
T e es K i
n g R obert B ruce w a s no longer at their h ead
h e wa s already s t ricken do wn by the leprosy o f which he
aft erwards died ; but t w o of his o l d co mpanions in arms
Sir J a mes D ougla s a n d Randolf Earl o f M urr ay were
leading the raiders — twenty thousan d moss trooper s
mo un t ed o n light Galloway mags and showed themselves
’
quite capable of carrying out their master s usual tactics
To repel this invasio n th e young king him self took
the field M orti m er a c co mp a nied him for he never let
Edward stir far from his sid e The whole feudal host
and S hire levies of England followed them but no good
fort un e attended thei
r march
The S cots were found
w aiti
ng beh in d the T yn e in a post t o o strong to be
attacked in front ; when the English by a toilsom e march
t ur n ed their fl a nk the agile en emy was found t o have
alrea dy decam ped and to ha v e fallen back o n a second
p osition as strong as t h e fi rst M orti
mer w o u ld n ot ris k
on,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
-
.
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
.
Io
E
NG LAND AND
TH E H
’
UND R E D Y E AR S WA R
.
—
i
t
an attempt to storm
the memory o f Bannockburn
was still fresh in E n glish memories — and again when he
i
h
proceeded
to
move
round
to
cut
off
the
w d
R
w it h
w
vaders from their retreat D ouglas avoided
¢
S
tl
him by a night march a n d was in safety long
ere his slowly movi n g enemy had reached the poi n t of
’
va n tage So Edward s army followed the Scots for a time
always arriving too late and always fi n ding nothing but
blazi n g villages and slaughtered cattle to S how where the
foe had been The only striki n g i n cident in the campaign
was a night attack which D ouglas m ade with a small
party o n the royal camp He cut his way far among the
te n ts and almost captur ed the young king whose chaplain
n the scuffle 3 then he turned back and escaped
was slai n i
unharmed When the Scots were fa r o n their way towards
the Tweed the English gave up the pursuit an d returned
to N ewcastle utterly foiled and nearly starved by their
long wanderings o n the N orthumbrian moors Such was
the inglorious i n troduction to war o f the future v ictor o f
Sluys a n d Crecy [ A ug —Sep
n consequence o f this shameful failure
I t was perhaps i
to cope with the Scots and i
n fear o fthe disco n te n t that it
M u rd r f might breed agai n st the new government that
n w a rd
the queen and Mortimer resolved to murder
the dethroned ki n g The strong constitution of Edward
I I had resisted the harsh treatme n t and cruel privations
to which he had bee n exposed in his prison at Berkeley
Fi n di n g that he did n o t S how any S ig n s o f dying they
resolved to put an end to him
Their creatures were
introduced i n to the castle at night and secretly slew him
‘
2 1
Sep
His death was long concealed and
[
whe n it was divulged was attributed to natural causes or
a broke n heart
Another such campaign as the last wh ich recalled t h e
worst misadventures of the reign of the late king would
have ruined the credit o f the n e w gover n ment A ccord
I n gl
y the queen and Mortimer resolved to make peace at
any pr i ce with the Scots N egotiations with the Bruce
were c a rrl ed on all through the w inter o f1 3 2 7 —8 a n d since
e
en e
ar
,
an
°°
-
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
e
I
o
,
'
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
TH E
P E A CE
OF
N OR TH A MP TON
II
.
the English w ere resolved o n coming to terms reached a
successful issue By the T reaty o f N orthampton which
”
“
men called The Shameful Peace the independence
o fthe northern realm was fully conceded ( May 4
Edward was made to S ign away all claims o f feudal
superiority o fany kin d over S cotland so that fo r the first
time since A nglo Saxon days the King o fScots could call
himself without dispute a wholly independent sovereign
The Scottish regalia an d royal treasures together with
the records of the realm which Edward I had T h P a c e o f
brought to Londo n were restored : with them N t h m p
mm
”
“
would hav e gone the famous Stone of Scone
which still lies under the throne in W estminster A bbey if
a m o b of Londoners had not fallen u on the work men
who were removing it T he King o f n gla n d also pro
m i
a little girl o f seven in
se d to give his sister J oan
’
marriage t o Bruce s young so n D avid T he Scots o n the
other hand promised to restore to their estates the barons
o f their realm who had been exiled f
o r adhering to the
in three instalments
English party and to pay ,5
in satisfaction fo r all claims fo r damage and compensation
for the harm which they had done in their many raids
into E n gland
I t was only w hen the danger from the S cottish war h a d V
been thus staved off that Mortimer began t o S how openly
his haughty temper and his disregard o ft h e laws H e got
himself created Earl of M arch and took upon him such
state as no subject o fthe realm had e v er before dared to
display
A hundred and eighty men a t arms followed
him wherever he went and were used to overaw any of
'
e
the barons who S howed a wish t o oppose him A t the
Parliament of Salisbury in the autumn o f 1 3 2 8 he came
w ith so many armed followers at his back that most o f
the other peers who had been bidden to attend without
large retinues fled away to W inchester fearing that they
w ere about t o be seized and imprisoned
Moreo ver
men began to take note o f his relations with the queen ;
they were so much together and so familiar i their i
nter
n
course that the truth began t o be sus p ected
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
.
,
.
,
,
e
e
or
a
,
,
.
,
,
,
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,
,
.
.
,
-
.
-
,
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,
,
,
,
,
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.
,
’
E
12
NG L A ND AND
TH E
’
H UND RE D Y E AR S WA R
.
N evertheless it was to be three years before the
favo u rite wa s over thr own and ere his fall he was to do
’
much m ore evil A mong the young kin g s n earest rela
ti
ves were his two half uncles E dmund Earl o fKent an d
Thomas Earl of N orfolk the so n s of the second marriage
These two princes j oined with Henry
o f Edward I
Earl o f Lancaster who h a d do n e so much to overthrow
’
They
t h e late king in resen tin g Mortimer s influence
felt that they and not this upstart who ru led by th e
’
queen s fa vour ought to have t he final word in the
governance of the re a lm Kent took the lead and drew
’
m ai
upon
i
msel
the
n
brunt
mer
s
f
o f M ort i
E x c ut i
of
h
h
t
E a rl f
anger A disgraceful plot was laid t o com
K t
pass his destructi
on : he was se cretly informed
th a t hi
s brother Edward I I was still al ive kept i
n strict
co n fin ement in Corfe Castle Such corroboration to the
story was furni
shed by the governor o f the pl a ce that
Kent was fully persuade d of its truth an d wro t e letters to
his supposed brother i
n which he proposed to free him
and replace him o n the thro n e The documents were
promptly pa ss ed o n to Mor t imer who whe n t hey were
’
once in his hands seized Kent s person tried him for high
m beheaded the moment th at he was
treason and had h i
condem ned
The young king was ind uc e d to set his
’
hand to the deat h warrant by being told that h i
s u n cle s
plan in clud ed his o wn m u rder by poison
O nly ei
ght
days elapsed between th e arrest and the e x ecution so
’
t h a t Ke n t s friends had no time to attempt anythi
ng i
n
his behalf [ March
Mortimer seized upo n his
’
victim s lan ds which added to t h e plunder o f t h e
D espe n c ers which wa s already in his hands m a de him
almost the wealthi est personage in the realm
Kent h a d be en well liked by the baronage an d people ;
he was a courteous kindly a n d liberal prince against
whom n o o n e bore a n y g rudge He n ce his fate provoked
b itter murmurin gs a n d awoke the nation t o a se n se of its
disgr aceful plight The guilty relations of the queen and
Mo rt i mer were growi n g dai
ly more e vident as lo n g i
m
The true story o f the
pu n it y made t h e m le ss cautiou s
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TH E
KI N G
OVE
R TH R OWS
MOR T I ME R
I
.
3
death o f E dw ard II was also beginning to be bruited
about Hence discontent grew every day more marked
’
an d M ortimer s cruel plot against Kent may be said to
have brought about his o wn rui n When men began t o
ask each other whether t he late king had been dethroned
merely in or der that a vicious Frenchwoman an d a blood
thirsty upstart might rule Engla n d at their will it was
evident that the en d was drawing near
The blow however was not to be dealt by any popular
n
rising but by an unexpect ed ha n d
The young ki
g t/
himself was at last moved to action
For more than
three years he had let him self be led by his mother and
M ortimer but at last he was developing a will o fhis o w n ‘
He was n o w eighteen had married a wife the fair a n d
virtuou s Philippa of Hainault and had ju st beco me the
father o f a so n — Ed ward so well k n own afterwards as
”
“
the Black Prince
He at last began to use his o w n
’
eyes a n d to take counsel o f others than his mother s
partisans G radually he bega n to realize that he was b u t L/
the tool of Mortimer A ccor ingly he prep ared to make
d
an en d of this state of things
I n O ctober 1 3 3 0 the Court was staying at N ottingham
n the castle
and the queen and Mortimer lay i
whose
gates were well guarded by their retinue
B ut the king
opened his pu rpose to the governor Sir W illiam Eland
who feared to disobey him a n d conse n ted to show him a
secret passage by which he could enter without rousi n g
’
M ortimer s followers A t midnight Edward accompanied
1
am Lord Mo n tacute
by his frie n d Will i
1
armed men was let into the castle
4/
for the apartments o fthe favourite
was surprised as he sat c
B ishop o f L incoln and seized befo r e he could offer
fl e ensued swords were drawn
resistance
B ut a scu f
’
and two knights were S lain before the king s party got
the upper hand
The qu e en burst o u t of her cham
’
ber and threw herself at her so n s knees beg ging him
“
”
to
spare her gentle Mortimer but she wa s dragged
1 Aft rw ard E a rl
fS a li bury
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E
14
NG L AND AND
TH E
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
away and the earl w as cast into bonds
,
)
3
.
[ O ctober
.
1
9,
1
0
3
A month later the king called Parliament together and
put the earl o n his trial before the peers fo r murdering
Edward I I for overawing the Parliament o fSalisbury by
armed force for usurping several royal castles and manors
without legal warrant and for having a p lied to his o wn
private ex enses a large part o f the
paid by
p
the Scots Without troubli n g themselves to go through
“
the form of a trial the peers voted that all the charges
contained in the articles of accusation were notoriously
true and that the Earl Marshal should take custody o f
R oger Earl o f March and execute him as a traitor and
”
A ccordingly he was
v e n e m y o f the king and realm
hung drawn and quartered at Tyburn o n N o v 2 9t h
His chief councillor Sir Simon Be re fo rd was also
condemned and put to death
John Maltravers and
Thomas G urney the underlings who had actually mur
dered King Edward I I were not captured : they were pro
claimed traitors and a price set o n their heads G urney
was soon afterwards apprehended in Spain by King
A lfonso o fCastile and sent homeward 1 n c h ains ; he died
o n the way and thus escaped punishment
The fate o f the guilty queen dowager remained to be
settled After consideration Edward I I I resolved to do
no more than relegate his mother to her manor o fCastle
R ising which she wa s never allowed t o quit She was
granted the ample allowance of 3 0 0 0 marks and not put
i
n strict confinement
She survived nearly thirty years
and only died in
v
Thus all traces of the S hameful misgovernment of the
years 1 3 2 7 1 3 3 0 were swept away The heirs o fthe Earl
o fKent and other victims of Mortimer were restored to
their honours and lands Pardons were made o u t for all
who had resisted the favourite and the o fficials whom he
had appointed were obliged to take o u t fresh grants o f
the ir places A n ew leaf in the history o f the nation was
turned o er and the young king began t o rule as well as
y
to reign
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C
H ARA CTE R
OF E
D WARD I II
C HAPT E R I I
F
R OM
I
.
A LL OF M OR TI ME R TO T H E OU TBR E A K OF
S TRUGG L E WI TH FRAN C E TH E S COTT I S H WA R
TH E
TH E
15
.
F
.
,
O
3 3 1 3 37
W hen the sin i
ster fi gures o f R oger M ortimer and
I sabella of France disappeared fro m the scene Englan d
entered o n a more honourable and fortunate period of her
history Everything was n o w in favour o fthe young king
an d it was to be many years before he forfeited the pOpu
’
la r i
t y which he had wo n by avenging his father s murder
and freeing the real m from its S hameful bondage Edward
was a handsome courteous and generous C h a r a c t o f
E dw a d 1”
prince largely gifted with all the outward
’
n men s hearts
graces that wi
He was an accomplished
knight as distinguished in the tournament in his youth
n his riper years
as o n the battlefield i
He loved splen
h
i
l
r a friend o fmusic
dour and display was a m i
t
b
u
d
e
g y
and the arts and a patron o f literary men B ut though
’
he did not S how any o fhis father s weakness he was deeply
tainted with the moral failings of his ancestor Henry I I I
selfishness and a chronic incapacity to keep his promises
A ll through his life he disregarded
o r to pay his debts
the noble watchword of his grandfather Edward I
”
“
P A CTU M S E RVA abide by the plighted word and dis
played an entire want o f sensibility of the sanctity o f
p ri v ate pledges o r public treaties M ore than once he
proved that he could be cruel when provoked I n his
later years he wa s destined to S how signs o ffailing vigour
long before his due time and fell into the power o f
favourites male and female who pandered to his failings
and made him even more untrue to the kingly ideal than
he had bee n in early life His worst fault as a practic al
ruler was his entire incapacity for understan ding finance ;
he loved the stir and glory o f battle and could never be
brought to see that war is the most expensive of luxuries
that great armies must be fed and pa i
d as well as p ut into
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16
E
NG L AND AND
TH E
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
the field I f he had possessed a sterner soul he would
have grown into a tyrant but though hot tempered and
domineering he was neither vindictive nor capable of
lo n g planned a n d lo n g e n duri n g schemes o f Oppression ,
He wa s selfish and thoughtless rather than malevole n t
a n d his love o f a chivalrous reputation often served hi m
i
n default o fa conscience
E n gland has had m any worse
ki n gs a n d from the co n stitutional point of view she far ed
not u n prosperously under him
His ambitio n and his
thriftlessness were always causing him t o apply to his loving
subjects for n ew grants o f money and money was not
give n him till he paid for it by confirming charters a n d
co n cedi n g privileges to his Parliament
I n 1 3 3 0 however Edward had not developed the
baser S ides of his character a n d his subject s were well
a ti
sfie d with him
D uring the early years o fhis personal
rule the realm was settli n g down and recovering some
’
what o f its peace a n d good governance I n Mortimer s
time disorders of all kinds had been rife ranging u p to
‘
the worst forms of open murder and private war We
read for example h o w in I 3 2 8 Sir Thomas Wyt h er
meeting his enemy R obert Lord Holland in Henley
Wood near Windsor fell upo n him slew
l di d
Ci
vi
S uppr
d
him and cut Off his head which he carried
f on his spear
of
I n 1 3 2 9 William de la Z o u ch e tried to
make valid his pretensio n s to some o fthe D e Clare estates
by raisi n g a great band o f his retainers and besieging
Caerphilly the stro n gest and largest castle o f South
Wales We hear of heiresses abducted man ors sacked
a n d blackmail extorted
Such excesses were put down
when there was on ce more a king who ruled a n d served
as the fou n tai n o fjustice The cessation of the Scottish
war allowed the much —ravaged norther n S hires time to
r ecover themselves
Commerce too be gan to revive
though we still hear of man y complaints as to the mis
“
d o m g o fFre n ch and Flemish pirates o n the high seas
There were however two outstanding questions which
were destined to lead to trouble at no very distant date
T he first was a dispute as to the homage due to the
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( M 47 7 )
18
E
NG L AND AND
TH E H
’
UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
the exiles were called found themselves excluded from
the promised lan ds and wandered disco n solately about
ll e
E n gland The chief o f them were G ilbert U m ph ra vi
Earl of A ngus D avid of Strathbogie Earl o f A thole
Wal t er Comyn a n d Henry Lord Beaumont an E n gli sh
baron who had married the heiress of the great earldom
Finding t hemselves permane n tly deprived
o f Bucha n
o f their rights these nobles plotted to restore themselves
by force of arms and se n t to France for Ed ward Balliol
the son o f the unfortunate John Balliol who had been
—
1
2
6
He
like
them
had
much
n
2
ki n g of Scotla d in
9
9
to recover ; not only had he a plausible claim to the
Scottish crown but he regretted the broad Balliol lands
Scotland was
i
n G alloway which his father had lost
know n to be divided i n to factio n s and ill ruled by the
’
boy king s representatives : by a bold and sudde n stroke
the D isi n herited hoped to place Balliol o n the throne
and w i
n back their o l d baronies a n d earldoms
Balliol
and his friends therefore began secretly to muster their
adherents and to raise mercenary troops Their action
’
came to Ki n g Edward s ears and he very properly
refused to allow them to cross the border an d se n t orders
to his Wardens of the Marches to resist them even by
force of arms if they S hould try to cross the Tweed
Turned back from the la n d route the adventurers hired
ships and embarked at R a ven spu r o n the Humber with
a little army of 5 0 0 men a t arms and 2 0 0 0 foot The
ra n k and file were nearly all English born and mainly
consisted o farchers
“
The D i sinherited landed at Kinghorn in Fife and
marched on Perth ; on their way t hey were met at the
passage of the Earn by the rege n t D onald Earl o f Mar
with an army at least five times the stre n gth o f their own
small force N evertheless they won a surprising victory
Crossing the river by night they attacked the Scottish
camp The regent came up against them with his host
n three heavy columns of pikemen
arra n ged i
such as
Wallace had led at Falkirk and Bruce at Ban nockburn
The i nvaders ranged themselves on the hillside o fD u ppli
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B
ATTL E
O F D U P P LI N M
UI R
19
.
n a solid clump
M uir w ith the men arms dismou n ted i
in the centre and the archers in a thin semicircular line
on the fla n ks The Scots cl i
mbed the hill and attacked
’
ol s B at t l
the mailed men wh o stood beneath Ba lli
f
D p pl i M u i r
banner neglecting the bowmen as unworthy
B ut while they were pushing the men a t
o ftheir notice
arms up h ill by force of numbers the arrow shower beat
so fiercely upon th e ir flanks that they were finally brought
to a sta n dstill The S laughter in the side columns was
so great t hat they fell in upon the main column in d i
s
order a n d stopped its advance Every moment that they
stood halted brought n ew losses from the pitiless rain o f
shafts and at last the great mass broke up and rolled
”
“
down the hill i
n rout
The D isinherited mounted
their horses to pursue and made a cruel slaughter o f the
fugitives A mong the slain were the regent D onald of
Mar three earls and seventy knights besides many
thousands of foot soldiers
The blow inflicted by the defeat o f D u ppli
n was so
heavy that Balliol had no di f
ficulty in seizing Perth and
Stirling and getting himself crowned at Scone as king of
Scotland while the young D avid Bruce fled overseas to
Fra n ce and took refuge with Ki n g Philip
Balliol at
once wrote to Edward I I I announcing that he had won
back his realm and was prepared to hold it as a fie fof
the E n glish crown as his ancestors had been wont to do
He offered as an extra inducement to secure Ki n g
’
Edward s support to surrender the important and much
disputed frontier post of B erwick
The E n glish mo n arch had summoned h i
s Parliament
to discuss the acceptance o fthese terms when news came
which put a n e w face upon a ffairs Balliol had lost his
realm as quickly as he had gai n ed it Though a good
soldier he was not himself a man of much mark or i
nfluence
and his followers the D isinherited Lords had B ui i
v e “ ° “t
d
ri
upset all the internal arrangements of Scot
land by violently taking possession of their lost estates
’
T he Bruce s party took advantage of the general unrest and
discontent to form a conspiracy A s Balliol lay at A nnan
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E
20
NG L AND AND
’
H U NDR E D Y E AR S WA R
TH E
.
near D umfries with but a small guard around him he
wa s suddenly attacked by John Earl o f Murray a n d Sir
m at mid n ight
A rchibald D ouglas They fell upon h i
scattered o r slew his retainers and chased him to the
gates of C arlisle [ D ec 1 6
I mmediately risin gs
’
set in all over Scotland and the n ew ki n g s followers were
n
hunted o ut o f the cou n try Archibald D ouglas was i
stalled as regent for the absent D avid
and his authority
Plu n deri n g parties of Scottish
w a s everywhere recognized
moss troopers soon bega n to cross the Cheviots and
resumed the raids o fthe days o fR obe rt Bruce
Edward I I I had n o w to choose between D avid I I and
B alliol
He was y oung enterprising and ambitious and
m uch set on avengi n g the d i
sc o m fit u re he had suffered
A ccordi n gly he resolved
d uring the campaign of 1 3 2 7
t o recog n ize Balliol as ki n g to accept his homage and
t h e cessi
on of Berwick a n d to restore him to the Scottish
t hro n e by force of arms
The rece n t raids i n to N o r t h u m
berlan d supplied him with a plausible ca su s eel/2
A ccordi n gly in March 1 3 3 3 he gathered a great army
a n d marched for the border
Balliol a n d his frie n ds the
”
D isinherited joined him with their retainers a n d siege
was laid to Berwick For ten weeks the strong harbour
t own held out but at last food grew scarce within the
walls and the garrison o ffered to surrender if not relieved
by the m onth of July and gave hostages for the perfor
Si g
mance of their promise Before the appoi n ted
of B
W ’k
day a small body o ftroops u n der Sir William
’
Keith slipped between the besiegers li n es a n d succeeded
I n e n t e ri
n
g the place though they could do n othi n g to
d n ve o f
f the English
They brought news however that
the regent was at hand with the whole armed force o f
’
Scotland at his back The governor held that Keith s
a ppearance relieved him from his obligation t o ope n the
g ates an d held o u t when the fixed period had elapsed
The English king sa w the matt er otherwise and when
e ntr ance was still refused him cruelly hung the hostages
I n front of the castle gate
S ome ten days later the army of succour came in sight
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B
A TT L E
OF H
A L ID ON H I LL
21
.
m a formidable army
D ouglas had brought with hi
Of
men and the English wer e forced to C hoose
whether they would fight or raise the S iege Edward left
part o f his army in his lines to blockade the town and
took post with the rest on Halidon H ill a rising groun d
three miles north o f Berwick which com mands the ro a d
from D u n bar and Edinburgh I t wa s a good posi t ion
with a marshy botto m before it and a line of wood along
its bro w
The king drew up his army in thr ee corps
at the head of the S lope : he himself took the centre
his brother John o f Eltham the right Edward B al liol
the left I n each division the men a t arm s sent their
horses away an d s tood o n foot in a solid body in the
middle while t wo wings o farcher s stretched out o n each
flank of them This was the same array that the D is
”
n
inherited had used a t D u ppli
and we cannot doubt
that the English king Chose it on the advice o f Balliol
and his friends the victors in the earlier fight
This order o f battle proved as effective o n the second
occasion as o n the first The Scots were forced t o attack
under pain of seeing B erwick succumb in a few days :
accordingly the regent formed his host in three hea vy
n an d
colum n s j ust as D onald of Mar had done at D u ppli
lau n ched them against the English positio n They were
much delayed by the marsh but waded through it and
began to asce n d the Opposite S lope
B ut the arrow
shower h ea t so fiercely upon them that it took them a
long time to climb the hill each party tha t B a t t l f
H a nd“ H i
“
forced its way to the head o f the column
bei n g shot down ere it could close O nly at o n e o r two
points did the Scots succeed in reaching the brow and
getting to hand strokes with the English m e n a t arm s
They were repelled o n each occasion fo r t heir order was
lost and the main body never reached the ba ttle front
At last they recoiled back to the marsh the E ngl i
sh fol
lowing them a n d making great sla ughter o f the fugitives
The regent was slain as were also the Earls o f Carri c k
Me n teit h Lennox St ra t h e rn a n d Sutherland with ten
thousand o f their followers T his disaster came u po n
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E
2 2
NG LAND AND
TH E H
’
UND R E D Y E AR S WA R
.
them because they had neglected the wise precepts o f
R obert Bruce a n d attacked a strong position well lined
with archers to whose missiles they had nothi n g to o p
pose [July 1 9
Berwick surrendered next day and S i n ce n o Scott i sh
army was a n y longer in the field Edward was able to
march into the Lowlands unopposed and replaced his
fic a
dependa n t Balliol on the thro n e A permanent pa c i
tion might perhaps have followed but for the E n glish
’
ki n g s greed : he bade Balliol S ign a treaty cedi n g to him
not o n ly Berwick but all the B order S hires of Scotland as
1
fa r as Edinburgh
The Scots could not tolerate the par
tition of their realm and rose again to drive o u t their n e w
master Balliol had to fly to Berwick and seek E n glish
aid o n ce more ; it was given him with an unsparing hand
a n d he was twice able to reconquer the whole land as
far as Perth [ 1 3 3 4
Balliol was still maintaining a precarious hold upon the
a new series of complications began
t/
to arise which were destined to draw English attention
a way from the Scottish war
Philip of France had never
ceased to give trouble o n the frontier of the English
possessions in A quitaine
He n o w began
T r u bl
W’
m F ra c
to send aid at first with some pretence o f
secrecy but soon with perfect openness to the patriotic
n Scotland
party i
French men a t arms crossed the N orth
Sea to fight aga i nst Balliol and French privateers cruised
alo n g the eastern coast o f England capturing merchant
‘
vessels and gradually making trade impossible D avid
Bruce dwelt at the court of Paris a n d sent his partisans
/ ih the N orth promises o fcontinued aid from his ally A t
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parties
o f French in Jer sey
and t h e I sle of Wight
{/ I t was obvious that if Edward conti n ued to bestow all
"
Viz
i
n es
.
.
,
r
t h e t h ee
Lo t h
.
,
.
ia
n s,
Be
rwick R x burg h P bl
,
o
,
ee
e s,
S lkirk
e
,
an
d Dum
TH E F
R E N C H WA R
BE
GI N S
2
.
3
l
a n d he might ere l o n
f
att
ntion
on
c
d
h
r
i
m
e
f
l
i
e
g
i
o
t
‘
aff
aél ge d in the rear F fi BTr
A ccordingly Edward se t to work to face the prospect /
o f war with France and began to sen d ambassadors to
‘
the Emperor L ewis o f Bavaria and the princes of the
N etherlands to secure alliances with them agai n st King
i
Philip B y t
di
e s he bought the
aid of the D u
h
s
M
fi
’W
“
W
MM
M
w
H
w
i
.
,
,
,
.
with their ruler Louis Count o fFlanders a devoted vassal
a n d supporter o fthe French king
The Flemings had no
wish to make war on England with which they transacted
an immense trade buying the fine English wool and
making it i n to cloth which they sold all over N orthern
‘
Europe When Cou n t Louis seized and imprisoned all
the English merchants he could lay hands o n ( O ct 1 3
his subj ects were so enraged with him for stirri n g up war
that they entered into correspondence with K ing Edward
and offered to aid h i
m even agai n st their o w n feudal lord
The lead in the risi n g was taken by Jacob van A rtevelde
the famous brewer o f G hent a wealthy citizen who had
turned demagogue and ruled the guilds o fhis native town
with a despotic sway by means of his ready tongue and
’
his stro n g will The count s power in Flanders was small
compared with that of his turbulent subj ect
E mboldened by the k n owledge that he would not lack
allies o n the Conti n ent Edward began to treat the French
king much as Philip had been treati n g him for the last
four years He ave S helter to R obert Cou n t of A rtois
a Fre n ch prince of the royal house who had been dr i ven
i nto exile by his cousin and began to gather together a
fleet in order to pay back the late pirat i cal raids o n th e
English coast I n O ctober 1 3 3 7 he made war i
n evi
t a b l e b/
by layin g formal claim to the crown o f France an d de
n o u n ci
n
Phili as a usur er I t is said that he took
t li
is step at t he i nst i gat i on o fthe Flemings who told him
that they had sworn allegiance t o the King of France
and that if he assumed the title it would o f course be
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
E
24
NG LAND AND
TH E H
’
UND R E D Y EA R S WA R
.
due to him a n d n o t to the representative of the line of
Valois
’
‘
n ted
Edward
s
claim
was
a
very
poor
one
He
represe
/
that his mother wa s sister to Charles IV the last k i n g o f
the elder li n e a n d that he therefore should have succeede d
.
.
.
,
,
F R E NC H
TH E
PH L
I
12
PH L IV
I
1 2
1314
85 —
PH L V
I
1
3
IP
14
—
16
IP
.
J a a qu
th
Ch arl
o
nn
es
e
Ba
0
111
—1 2 85
.
.
.
IV
CH A R L E S
.
1 32 2- 2
.
N avarr
ki g
d
een o f
,
IP
.
.
LO U I S !
1 3 1 6- 2 2
.
7
SU CC E S S I ON
”
n
,
8
arl c u t
b ll
E dw d I I
Val i
P H L VI
E dward I I I
Ch
.
I sa
.
e
az
ar
I
1
e
n
of
o s
e.
N a varr
o
.
.
of
es
IP
1
.
8
3
5o
T
J H—N
O
.
.
.
.
3 50 6 4
.
to the thro n e in 1 3 2 8 rather t han Philip who was but
cousin to King Charles But there was no i n stance in
French history of right to the crown being
E d w a rd
th
tra n smitted by a female and the peers of
W
France had ruled that the nearest male heir
should succeed
There being no precedent to guide
n the Salic
them they based their decision o n a text i
Law a code of the a n cie n t Fra n ks w h ich laid down t h at
la n ded property should go to the male representative o f
n France
the house The case had n ever before arisen i
n the
for S i n ce the house of Capet came to the thro n e i
r o t h ce n tury every ki n g had left so n s behi n d him
Uh
doubtedly the Fre n ch h a d the best right to decide who
should reign over them a n d their voice h a d u n animously
b ee n give n i
n favour of Philip
E dward had practically
surre n dered his claim when in 1 3 2 9 he had done homage
to his cousi n for the duchy o A quita ine ; it was absurd
g
to exhume it eight years later M oreover eve n if it were
gra n ted that rights might pass through a female his case
’
was a bad o n e For his mother s broth ers ha d daughters
whose title was better than t hat o f their aunt O n E d
,
.
’
s
e
,
c rO
n
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
2
6
E
NG LAND AND
TH E H
’
UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
’
Lancaster was se n t over to Fla n ders to raise t h e king s
He came ashore o n
Sh allie s
W i
Fla d r
Cadzand where he fou n d the
troops of the Flemish cou n t prepared to oppose him
though the majority of the people of the la n d welcomed
’
the advent of the i n vaders Derb y bea t o ff t hg cou n t s
m en a t arms with e a se f
o r t h e y could make n OT ea d
‘
against the E n gl i sh archers ; they fled in all directions
’
leaving their leader G uy the count s bastard brother a
’
priso n er i
n the earl s hands
so soon as he
/ Edward himself was n o t ab
had hoped for he fo un d ln m sel funable easily to collect
the mo n ey n eeded for rai
ame nt
si
n g a dar g e army
Parli
granted him the means of pr oc ur i
a
great
sum
by
the
ng
expedie n t of permitting him to buy
sa ck s ofw ool
at ,g 3 a sack from the wool growers and to sell it abroad
at the best profit that he could make while other exporters
o f the commodity
if natives were to be taxed forty
shilli n gs a sack and if foreigners sixty shillings I n
“
additio n t h e barons and knights gave him a tax o f a
”
”
“
fiftee n th a n d the tow n and clergy o n e o f a te n th on
1
their property
te
The se lfii
e ral y o t es were s a pm m g u i
’
insufficient for the king s thriftless hand Edward sailed
in July 1 3 3 8 from O rwell with 1 6 0 0 men a t arms a n d
a rc h er s I but their maintenance was o n ly a small
part of his expenses He took into his pay all the pri n ces
o fthe N etherlands who were far more a n xious to get the
English money than to set their troops in the field He
also went to Coblenz a n d -wasted vast sums in a mag
ni
fic en t conference with t h eEmperor Lew i
S t h e Bavaria n
who gra n ted him in return for cash the empty title o f
V icar general of the Empire for the parts west of the
R hi n e Edward soon fou n d that this dig n ity gave him n o
more power than he had before and he had t he g rea t e st
f
fic u lg jn i
di
s ot her
h e D uke of Brabant a i
id h i
n di
ci
nt
i
allies to join him with t hEi
cou
d
not
get
iWW
E
l
H
them mustered till the spri n g of the following year ; mean
,
‘
n
ar
.
e s
n
,
,
.
a
h
-
-
h
,
,
,
.
'
,
.
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
r
w
m
.
-
,
-
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
-
.
,
r
L
-
la r ra t w r m ad by t h Pa rliam
by a
bruary 3 3 8
1
Th e
tte g
t h t o fFe
n s
,
e e
1
.
e
e
S pt D t
en t o f
e
-
o
.
1
3 37
,
t he
f rm e r
o
F
R E N C H RAID S
27
.
with his court a n d hi
s a rm y la y a LA n t werp
o
ura
t
C
h
mone
pia m 9
g
’
The king s en o rc d idleness seemed all the more ex
asperating when news came that King Philip had gathered
a great fleet of No rmag 3 11 d ficard ships strengthened
by a squadron hTre d from t f
i
E G enoese an d
Fr
Th
ch
h
had s e n t them forth to ravage the south coast v
s
tg é
t
of England They la n ded at Southampton
”
“
on a Sunday when all the pe o p e w
mass and
assed on to
while
h e,
,
w
w
.
”
L
‘
'
n
.
,
.
'
,
’
,
en
e
ra
a
°u
e
e
°as
l
°
.
,
e
i
ri
n
h
b
o
u
g
g
villages Then they
h their lunder
uite un moleste d This expedition deserves memory o r
t e act that the Fre n ch fleet carried the first cannon
which the E n glish had ever seen ; they were little pieces
“
described as iron pots throwing iro n bolts by the force
”
of gunpowder
and did nothi n g e f
fective
B ut their
appearance marks the first beginnings o f a n e w stage in
the art o fwar [ Late
q
.
,
,
.
.
siege
ched
through the Cambr esis an d V ermandois ravaging the
land Ki
n st t h em E d w a d i
o
u
t
Philip
came
agai
ng
d
F ra c e
v
a
with an army as large:a
wn
u t he
n
r
.
es
n
,
sailed I t was
to n o purpose that Edward drew up his army and offered
battle more than once ; the French would n o t leave their
position and could not be attacked in it A t last when
his provisio n s were exhausted a n d his foreign allies began
.
.
,
/
Mean while all the parliamentary grants were spe n t and
’
the king fou n d himself in dire poverty He wrote u r e n t l
to ask for mor e money for he was alre a dy
i
n
,
.
,
2
8
E
NG LAND AND
TH E
H
’
UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
debt
sum
fourtee n th ce n tury He had even paw n ed his crown of
flo r i
ns
ate
to
the
A
rchbishop
of
Trier
for
He
s
se m o re fu n ds i
n the
w a s forced to come h om e t o ra i
‘
spri
ng o fi gg ojan d obtai n ed the very l i era l grant from
“
parliame n t of the n i n th lamb the n inth fleece a n d the
”
But this
n i n th sheaf for the t w o years next to come
m wi
t h o u t co n ditions ; he was
was n o t conceded to h i
made to s wear to redress m any grievances such g u he
fli
rs f M o r e o ve r he
s anm
extortions of his Sh eri
yo
m
’
“
ta D
was made to pro mi
se n e ve r aga i n to raise a
gg g L
126
a n arb it r a ry tax on the
lay
"fl
i
n t h g r oy al -d e m e s n e ‘
Havi n g o n ce more some money in his purse Edward
resolved to set out again for Flanders B ut he received
n ews
which turn ed o u t to be quite correct IKE The
Fr en c h fleet wh i
Eh had ravaged the south coast in the
previous year was again at sea and inte n ded to i n tercept
his passage I t wa s necessary at a ll c ost s to gai n com
l
ma n d o f the n arrow seas and all the ports of E ri
an d
g
were ordered to equip vessels and send them to the har
n Suff
bour o f O rwell i
olk from which the king was to
sail
On June 2 2 n d 1 3 4 0 n early 2 0 0 ships small a n d
great weighed anchor for Fla n ders The Fre n ch were
n o t met o n the open water but whe n the Flemish coast
drew n ear it was see n that a perfect forest o fmasts lay in
the port of Sluys The e n emy was waiting there with a
fleet about the same i
rr fi i
fffi b er a s t ha t o f K i
fig E HWa rd
— i
t was said there were 1 9 0 sail— but 1 9 o f them were
“
so gr eat that the like of them had never before bee n
see n
These appear to have been the G enoese vessels
which were true ships of war and not mere armed mer
c h a n t m e n like the rest of the two fleets
The e n emy wa s moored in three lines with sh i
l
i
a
d
p
close t o sh i
p and barricades buil t across them so t hat it
was i m possible to force a passage betwee n
B at t l
f
S l uy
them But Edward by feigning to fly i
n
d u ce d them to cast off and pursue him
He then turned
,
.
.
w
"
c
,
,
.
__
,
’
‘
‘
‘
,
fl
“
.
.
“
,
.
H
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
'
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
'
‘
‘
”
.
,
,
.
'
,
,
‘
e
o
s
”
.
,
,
.
A
B TT
LE
OF
SL U YS
29
.
and plunged in among the hostile ships The battle was a
confused medley without any m an oeuvring fo r the fleets
lay wedged together broadside to broadside and most of
the work was done by boarding The E n glish archers
gradually shot down the hostile crossbowme n w h o could
Then the knights
n o t stan d firm against them for lo n g
clambered from ship to S hip and swept the decks o f the
enemy Edward himsel fwa s in the thickest o fthe fight
and wo n the admiration o f all men by his audacious
courage B y the afternoon the French fleet was c o m
—
o f the ships were capture d
crushed
two
thirds
l
l
t
e
e
y
p
and more than
men were drowned o r S lain This
sh a n n a ls
great fight the second naval victor in the E n gli
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
t
WW
.
,
,
'i
e n ch
mO
do mi
to
n
di
sput e the
w
For the rest of the war the English
went where they would and always made the sea their
base of attack [ 2 4 t h J un e
But splendid as was the victory o f S luys i
t had but a
sea s
.
,
,
.
,
of
me
k
the
it did not give King Edwa rd any help in
pro secuting h i
s plans for overrunni n g N orthern France
at the head of his N etherlandish allie s Soon after his
arrival in Flanders he mustered them 2111 11 1 6 8 t héri
it o
.
"
‘
‘
u
'
,
reduce C a rfibTayin h i
t er lyi
n
before
s da st expe di
ti
on ? A f
g
it fo r t wo months he found that his cash was all spent
and that his allies were melting away rom 1m
Can
w hile King Philip had appeared at the head S e c o d fru i t
o fa large a r my and was watch i ng the leaguer l
c am p aig
m F ra c
from a dist a nce though b e utterly refused to
offer any oppo rtunity for a battle E dward found that
he could do n othing ; the rains o fautumn were beginning ’
v
no more money ca me in from Eng land and vexatious
news h a d arrived that the French were winnin g castle
‘
‘
,
,
.
n
n
ess
,
n
e“
,
.
,
,
E
o
3
NG L AND AND
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
TH E
.
spirits and conscious o fhis helplessness the king stooped
to propose a truce to his enemy Philip who h a d secret
intelligence that T o u rn a y was suffering terribly from
fami n e and might surre n der at a n y moment gladly llS
I
te n ed to the offer a n d an armistice t o— last for ni n e mo n ths
ui
wa s Si
i
t ai
i
i
e
t OS c O
tl a IRiai
d Aq
g n ed
m
n
i
s
b
E
d
m
n aeafim
d
m
Sep
a
a
a
r
w
p
p
i
m n
[
n great wrath blami n
returned to England i
eve
y
ne
o
g
rather than himself for the failure o fhis campa i
gn
e n t t h a t he r ea che d London the king gave
T he m o n i
vent to his wrath by the wholesale dismissal o r arrest of
his ministers whom he u n j ustly accused of havi n g wrecked
his plan of campaign by embezzli n g or dissipating the
money which Parliame n t had voted him He deprived
his chancellor R obert Stratford Bishop o f Chichester
of the seals put the treasurer No rt h b u rgh Bishop o fLich
field in custody a n d imprisoned Stonor the chief j ustice
with some o fhis colleagues the chief clerk of the Chancery
the mayor of London and many more B ut A rchbishop
’
Stratford ( t h e ch an c ello r s b ro t her) bo r e th e brunt of his
wrath
having
been
practically
acting
as
prime
;
E d w a rd
r l w it h
m i
ni
st erj on so m e y e ar sr he wa st h e pe rso n b n
g"t fm d
It
“f
i
ftim Edward laid most o f the blame
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
“
'
'
m
\‘
,
r
o.
”
‘
‘r
-
,
.
.
,
‘
,
.
‘
“
‘
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
_
.
s
‘
uar
r
e
a
’
.
was attempted to bring him to trial for maladministration
”
“
but he claimed the right to be j udged only by his peers
the barons and bishops o fthe House o fLords St ra tford
wi
th g eneral su pp ort an d Edward was co mpel led to
yield when a
ds reported in favou r
,
,
.
“
,
-
n future be appointed in
m in isters sh o uld i
Pa rli
am
en t an d
.
E
’
D WARD S D E A L I NG S WI T H P AR L IA ME N T
31
.
ed
two
m o st im p ort an t
w
means o f ch eckin g the k i ng 5 rash act i ons : they were to
hand in t he appointing of his ministers and in the
W
Edward
had
auditing of his revenues [ May
Bri
t
vat efl
o t e st t at h é
ty g o m ke a pri
the shamefu l du mi
ci
afd not hold himself b o un d by h i
s w or d a n d E d w
dg
“
some months later openly declared that he t qh y t o
P
h m
t
had dissembled as he was j ustified in doing
in allowing the pretended statute to be sealed for that
time for all acts done in prejudice o f ii
s royal prerogative
J
were null an d void
O
ct
[
/
For t wo years after this scandalous trick Edward did
not dare to call a Parliament Meanwhile the war lan
u
i
h
mainly
for
want
of
money
but
also
because
the
s
e
d
g
Emperor Lewis and most o f the other useless allies of
England dropped away and made separate truces with
’
France O n the Scottish border things went from bad to
worse ; Stirling and E di
nburgh fell into t h e h a n ds o f the
’
patriots in 1 3 4 1 and Ba lli
o l s hold on his uneasy throne
was so completely lost that he had to take up his permanent
residence in England
“
I t would n o w have b een be st t o make peace with bo t h
j
n
ac kn owl edg e t hat the Wat sva st
F ra n cfi W
d
fl
f
l
e
i
AY
B
ut
r
n
r
s
e
e
e
S
h
t
dl
a
e
x
w
d
e
s
d
E
u
a
fi
g
W
i g
and h e was j ust about to be presented with a new Oppo r
t y o f vexi n g King Philip
t uni
t t er w
r C i v il W r i
A bi
a
fi
f‘i
tt
w
o fsucc ssion broke o u t in Brittan
the
sec n d
e
y
e o t e renc crown ; its cause had
m ost i mp ortant
some similarity to the dispute which was already raging
between Philip and Edward for th e crown of Fra n ce
m e d b/
When D uke Joh n I I I died in 1 3 4 1 the duchy was Cla i
’
both by his eldest brother s daughter Jeanne Countess of
Blois as nearest of kin and by his younger brother
T he re was
John of Montfort as nearest heir male
so m e i
ro n yi
n t h e fa ct t ha t Ki n g Philip who se c r o w n h a d
c ome to h i
f m a lé OT Ch ar les I ! r su p ported the
m
éi
.
w
w
r
,
.
"F
'
_
,
,
r
ar
rea
ar
er
en
a
,
,
,
”
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
‘
,
.
-
v
'
/
.
,
.
g
q
a
n
an
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
‘
‘
“
-
,
u
E
32
NG L AND AND
Countess
a
f
em
WA
.
of
a le ,
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
TH E
Bl ois while Edward
,
W
,
I
be came the advocate of M o n t fo rt
he d
.
,
‘wh & was
S a li
c L a w?
oc t fin e o ft h e
fi rst the party of the countess had the best of the
A ided by French troops they took
C ivil war in Brittany
N antes the capital o fthe duchy and made prisoner John
o f Mo n tfort w h o had shut himself up within its walls
’
o r t s wife
But the courageous Jeanne de N evers
on tf
maintained the cause of her captive spouse and held out
ll Sh e was relieved by
in the strong castle of Hen n ebont t i
the ar rival o f E n glish troops u n der Sir Walter Ma n n y a
great mercenary captai n from Hai n ault wh o was one of
the most trusted o fficers of King Edward Shortly after
wa nds the king himself arrived with a considerable army
a n d cl e
ef
f Bri
t t a n y of the F re n ch a n d the par
W
atI d WESf
ti
Sa n s OfB lo i
sT But h e failed to take N antes and R e n n es
3 5 d ail T h e
n ed i
th e duch y re m a i
n the
hands of the enemy
T II e C
a success fo r neither party
and wa s ended by a truce which might have tur ned i n t o
a peace but for the inveterate personal hostility between
Philip and Edward [Jan
I t was
T ru c f
“
y
di fficult too to come t o a satisfactory con
c l u si
o n about the Breton matter as neither claima n t had
got possession o f the whole duchy Philip contrary t o
his agreement kept Montfort in prison till he escaped in
But the truce lasted
5 and got back to Hennebont
V
T
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
c/
‘
’
'
-
f
"
’
,
“
,
"
"
‘
_ “
_
m
a
w
.
"
‘
‘
T
,
e
or
ea
.
.
,
:
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
1
TH E BR E TON S U CCE SSI ON
.
AR H R
T
1
J H II I
O
1
N
1
2
3
41
.
G
u y o fP e n t h
i
é ve
30 5
—1 2
J
,
.
J
.
.
ea n n e2
U
Ch a r le s Co
,
u
o h n of
claim a
n
nt
l i
clai m a t 3 4 —6 4
l a i t Auray
s
1
1
n a
1
.
t
—
45
.
.
,
n
1
,
I
6
3 4 99
J a
N vr
e
n n e of
e
J H N IV
clai m a t
—
3 4 5 6 4 duk
O
,
,
36 4
341
1
o fB o s,
n
M o n t fo r t :
-
e
e s
.
E
34
NG L AND AND
’
H UNDR E D Y E A R S WA R
TH E
.
peace with France could be procured a n d the king re
solved to recomme n ce the series o f i n vasion s which had
.
hitherto been so fruitles s This time he did not make
the N etherla n ds his base ; his allies in that direction h a d
proved faithless a n d his chief supporter Jacob van A rte
velde had lately bee n murdered in a riot Though the
Flemish town s still co n tinued attached to E n gland n early
all the neighbouring states had made agreements with
King Philip No r was Brittany chosen as the starting
n t o f the attack : Edward had determined to aim at
r pOi
the heart o fFran ce by landing in N ormandy and striki n g
‘
n t Henry of Lancaster Earl
at
Paris
He
se
E d w a rd
i v ad
Of D erb
N r m a dy
S own
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
.
/
,
.
n
,
es
o
n
.
“
hi
command
roved
as
good
p
a sOldi
gr in G uyenne as he h ad al ready s hown himself at
the b attle of Cadzand and gave the enemy a sou
i
n
A
u
r
h
2
at
b
o
c
e
O
ct
He
dr
w
dow
to
e
n
e
g
3
(
’
the south a great French army under Philip s son John
which was still engaged in operations o n the G aro n ne
when Edward made his great assault on the lands around
the Seine
“ O n July 1 1 1 3 4 6 the king landed at Cape La Hogue
with a n ar m y enti
relyfi o m p o se d o f native E n g l i
sh f
an d
therefore much smaller than the host OF C o n fe dera t es
—
h
a
d
t
k
n
ii Flan de rs i
whi ch
a e th e fie ld i
n 1 3 3 8 and 1 3 4 1
English
v I t i n cluded about 4 0 0 0 men a t arms
archers 6 0 0 0 Welsh light troops and also a small c o n
t i nge n t o f I rish The landing in N ormandy was quite
u n e xpe c t e d z 'Edward had concealed his purpose
and
everyone had thought that the army was intended to aid
1
the Earl o fD erby in G uyenne The French were wholly
u n prepared for an assault in this quarter and Edward
was able to ma"rch through N ormandy for many days
Wifi
fi iu t m e e t i
n
t h IIl l ICh OppOsi
wi
i
n ; he ravage d the
t
O
i
co u n
L
m de an
s
ook
pen
e
v
r
u
r
V
é
a
l
r
fl
a
O
e
B
w
n
s
a
t
o
l
t
g
To grfes t a re n t a n a n d E t Lo o n e a f
ter t h e other A t
C ae n he first met with a h o st i
f
e f
o r c e b u t easily routed
the N orman militia and too k Eri
so n e r th e i
f l é a der s the
.
’
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
u
-
.
-
-
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
‘
“
_
f
'
,
‘
“
,
,
.
,
.
w
fl
,
u
n g
N
,
‘
,
E
D WARD
MAR C H E S ON
ARI S
35
.
Counts of Tancarville an d Eu the Chamberlain and
n he
Constable of France After plu n de r
struck at R ouen b u t co m
ch i
t for the French
Then
h ad h f
ofe n all the bridges o f the lower Seine
Edward t urned his i
n v asion into a hazardou s ad v enture :
he sent h i
s fleet home to England loaded with the spoils
o f N orm andy and marched on Paris
keeping south o f
i
the Seine This wa s a a i
é
f
for
the
French
c
fi
S
i
V
e
fi
had n o w begun to asse m ble in great force and S ince
Edward had not fortified for himself any post in N or
mandy he had no place of refuge or frien dly territory
nearer than G uyenne o r Flanders o n to which he could
retire Paris wa s far t o o strong to be taken by a sudden
'
a t t a c k a n d this was so self evident that it seems probable
that the E nglish king was merely carrying o u t a chivalrous
adve n ture when he marched to beard King Philip in his
capital N 0 Opposition of importance was met with o n
the way but when the invaders drew n ear the T h m a c h
P a ri
southern gates o f Paris they heard that King
Philip had collected
m e n o r more at St D enis
’
a n d had e v en been j oined by part of his son s army fro m
ME
G uyenne
W
W
n c e n t ra t e
C rossed N ormand
i
his
ri
c
o
i
h
v
a
t
o
r
u
e
d
e
m
a
d
y
p
W
,
.
‘
P
w
w
w
,
,
w
i
w
m
.
,
,
‘
.
,
,
,
.
-
,
.
r
e
,
°n
s
,
.
w
W
-
t
h e h r o ke n Bridge
r
l en
P
a ri
s and
Poissy ten m i
L
"
by t h e force of his a r c h eryT T h en
the army hastily repaired the ruined arches with planks
a n d succeeded in crossing before King Philip and his
host could come up
/
Edward n o w
ed the Frenc hL
’
5 hastily a day s march in his rear
They
kept their distance till the English vanguard reached the
Somme : here E dward found all the bridges broken an d
the militia of Picardy drawn up to oppose h im on the
’
of
‘
,
,
‘
‘
,
.
W
.
,
,
36
E
NG L AND AND
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
TH E
.
further S ide He made three attempts to cross at various
n e ve rv one
points near A miens but was foiled i
Mean
while the pursuers were in close contact with his rear and
it seemed that he might be caught between the French:
army and the pea t bogs o fthe impassable Somme Thi n gs
were looking desperate when a peasant pointed o u t to the
u e the lowest
king a dangerous ford named B la n ch eta q
’
on the river s course below A b beville and near the sea
Here the stream was tidal and at low water the ford was
ope n for four hours at a time A body o f Picard levies
was waiting o n the further bank and the passage was
deep but there was no other chance o f savi n g the army
so the king bade his men a t arms enter the water a n d
a g f force their way over Meanwhile the archers
Pa
3 m m
kept up a long ra n ge fire across the stream to
gall the militia o n the oppos i te bank A fter hard fighting
the English horseme n drove o ffthe Picards and the whole
army waded after them across the Somme Ki n g Philip
came up just in time to find the tide rising and the river
once more impassable
’
n e d a day s start o f the pursuers
Edward had t h us a ai
t/ a
i
id had the open roa d
e
marched on as far a s t h e —viuag e c fi Crec y and t hen u n
—
—
h
expectedly bade his a r m y a lt a n d a nn o u n ce d hi
s i
n t en
‘
“
tion o foffering battle
He was now in his own rightful
inheritance the cou n ty o f Ponthieu and wa s ready to
”
fight and t o take w h at fortune G od S hould send him
The fact was that he had found an admirable position in
front of Crecy and that even if bea ten he had a safe
retreat on Flanders
The host was dra wn up on the h illside j ust east o f
Crecy its right flan k covered by the brook o f the Maye
a n d by a thick forest while its left rested o n the orchard s
of the village o fWadicourt There was a valley i
n front
beyond which lay the rising grou n d over which the French
army would appear The Engl i
sh were ar rayed in three
corps two in the front li n e the third i
The
n reserve
southern wing was put nominally u n der the charge o fthe
young Edward Pri n ce o f Wales a lad o f sixteen n o w
.
.
,
,
-
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
ss
e o
0
-
.
:
-
.
,
.
.
,
x
fi
,
. .
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
A
L
B TT E O F C
R E CY
37
.
taking his first S ight o f war : he was placed under the
care of the Earls o f Warwick a n d O xford t wo expe ri
The northern or left wing was under the
e n c e d soldiers
E arls o f N orthampton and Arundel The king himself
stood behind at the t o p of the hill with the reserve
corps I n each division the men a t arms had sent their
horses to the rear and stood o n foot in a solid mass
after the manner of D u ppli
n an d Halidon
The archers
formed wings thro w n o u t on each side o f the central
,
.
.
,
,
-
-
.
,
,
.
,
l Va l /z er { 6' Ren t a l !
:6 .
clumps o f S pears an d leaning forward o n the flanks SO
as to partly e n circle a n enemy who should charge directly
at the men a t arms
King Philip ha d marched from A bbeville under the /
impression t h at t h e E n glish were in full flight for
Flanders Hence it wa s no small surprise to him to
\
fin d them drawn up in line o fbattle o n the hill by Crecy
His army was strung o u t over many miles of road and
the rear wa s only j ust setting o u t from A bbe vill e when
the van was already almost in contact with the English
A t first he came t o the wise resolve t o defer the battle
till the next day but the fiery barons in t he front refused
,
-
-
.
.
.
,
.
,
38
E
NG LAND AND
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
TH E
.
halt and pushed in so Close to the hostile positio n
’
t fighting became inevitable Forced by his vassals
want of discipli n e to attack before he had i n te n ded Philip
‘
drew up his army as best he could His front line was
formed by 6 0 0 0 crossbowmen mainly G e n oese m er c e n
aries who were bidden to drive back the English archers
Behind them rode a great mass of men a t arms u n der the
Counts of A len con a n d Flanders : the other co n ti n gents
were gradually coming up and taking ground to t h e rear
in successive li n es
The G enoese marched up to the foot o f the E n glish
slope and bega n to let fly but the momen t that they
“
started the e n gagement the archers took o n e step fo r
ward drew the arrows back to the ear and S hot so fast
”
and so thick that it seemed as if it were snowing
Their
aim wa s accurate and their discharge five o r six times as
rapid as that o f the clumsy c rc ssb o w which required to
be wound up after every discharge I n a few minutes
the G enoese were hopelessly routed and fled back towards
their o wn main body The Count o f A len con who had
no experience of the English archery cursed them fo r
cowards and in his rage bade his men a t arms ride over
’
them and make straigh t for the enemy s front This act
was as mad as it was cruel Th e horsemen trod down
many o fthe wretched infantry but were h a m
B at t l o f
C
y
pered by the crowd and could only p ush
through in small broken parties toward t h e E n glish
Whe n they came in range they soon found that they had
erred in despising t h eir enemy : the archers S hot down
well nigh every one who came near t h em O nly a very
f
e w of the French got to close quarters and charged in
o n the dismounted knights of the Prince o f Wales a n d
the Earl of N orthampto n : Alen con and Lewis o fFlanders
were both slain Angered but not cowed by this u n fo r
t u n a t e opening o f the battle King Philip launched each
o f hi
s corps as it reached the field against the English
l i ne : all had the same fate as the fir st comers B ut the
French noblesse was brave and obstinate and their fruit
less attacks did not ce a se til l night fall O nly once did a
,
.
,
.
,
,
-
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
-
-
,
,
.
.
e
r ec
,
o
,
.
-
.
,
.
,
,
,
-
.
,
.
C
R E CY : L OSS E S
OF TH E F
R ENCH
39
.
’
large body succeed in closing with the Prince o fWales s
corps King Edward was asked for succour but refused
“
to bid the reserve Charge Observing that the boy must
”
win his spurs
His action w as j ustified for the French
were beaten off with out it being necessary to engage the
rear division
A t dusk the French fell into hopeless disorder an d i
/
melted away from the field Edward would not allow
any pursuit lest his little army might get br oken up in the
dark N ext morning the extent o f the victory could be
gauged : there lay dead i
n front o f the English line at
least ten thousand men o f whom no less than 1 55 2 were
counts barons and knights The most n otable among
the dead was John Ki n g o f Bohemia a n ally of France
who though he wa s almost blind had insisted on leading
a c h arge at the head o f the knights of his household
H e an d they were found all dead together in front of the
’
Prince of Wales s standard
The D uke o f Lorrain e
and ten counts were slain with half the baronage of
N orthern France ‘
Such was the result o f the rash attempt of t h e French “
chivalry to ride down the dismounted men —a t arms o f
King Edward flanked by the deadly archery o f the Eng
lish yeomanry
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
-
,
.
r
i
seamen
were
p
and pirates and h a d often ravaged Kent and
,
va t e e r s
,
Sussex
While Edward lay before Calais news reached him of
a second victory almost as important as that which he
had himself w o n
King D avid of Scotland had taken
advant age of the absence o f the English host to invade
“
the northern counties The Scots we are told thought
that no one was left in England save millers an d mass
p riests and ho p ed to fi nd the border ill guarded T hey
.
.
.
,
,
”
,
-
.
E
40
NG LAND AND
’
H UNDR E D Y E A R S WA R
TH E
.
forced their way n early as far as D urham till they were
’
lle s Cross by the militia of the northern coun
met at N evi
ties
headed
by
the
Lords
Percy
and
N
eville
B at t l
f
N v i ll
and by Edward Balliol their former sovereign
cm
who had n o w practically relapsed i n to the con
1
dition of an E n glish baron
Here Ki n g D avid suffered
a sangui n ary defeat ; once more the archers were too
m uch for the Scottish pikeme n and the tragedy o f Hali
d o n Hill was repeated ( O ct i7 t h
D avid himself
was taken prisoner with many o f his nobles and was
retai n ed in captivity for t en years He was n o t u n kindly
treated but one of his companions Joh n Earl o f Men
th a f
t ei
o r m e r partisa n o f Balliol wh o had betrayed his
master and was specially obnoxious t o the E n glish was
beheaded as a traitor— a piece of illogical and u n n e ces
sary cruelty si n ce half the Scottish nobility might have
fallen under the same accusation
’
A fter Crecy King Edward s arms were successful in all
w
n o w become Earl of
f D erb
directions
Earl o—
—— L (
Lancaster by hm
éFS Hg at liJ t h ru st the French o u t o f
h o m aL D a gwo r t h placed in comm and in
o fCh a rles of Bl oi
B
sa L R oc he
ar i e n an in the n orth the siege o f Calais
C ap t u r
f
Calai
K i n g Phi
lip collected a n
a rmy and came up to endeavour to raise the leaguer but
with the memory o f Crecy before him he dared not
attack the E n glish lines and after his departure t h e place
was starved out and yielded on terms ( A ug 3
King Edward permitted those o f the burghers who
would do him homage to retain their houses but drove
o u t the large maj ority who preferred to abide by their
French allegiance
Their place was filled up by the
immigration of several thousand English merchants and
,
e
e
,
o
’
e s
,
,
ss'
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
'
,
,
,
.
“
.
‘
W
e
s
,
o
_
,
/
\
,
‘
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
l rd fBar ard Ca t l d t h r N r t h C u t r y t at
Th
f
fr d
t ry t h a t E dward i t
v f t h b urg
wh
d d t ha g
th
lv
vic t i m i b h al f ft h Wh l t w
l y par d
d t h at th y w r
t Qu
Ph ilip p a i t rc i
m
i v ti
B t t h l ad r
t b ar f t
r d r d t h m l v t t h ki g m rcy
d ca m
d wi
th
h lt
r u d t h ir ck
a ig t h a t t h y w r Wh ll y i h i h a d t par
la y H c pr babl y t h t ry E dward m d t h m h t ag b t t r a t d
t h m ki dly
1
H e was
2
e s o
e m se
a
o
o
a
es a s
s
’
or S
e
s
e e
e is
e
o
n
se
n
e
en
.
s
n
een
en
n
.
e
es
ne
o
n
e
n e
o
e an
en
e
o
e
s, a s
s
o
se
n
o e
se e
an
s
S
n
e
en
n
on
.
e
a
e
e
e
e oo
ou
n
o
e e
e
u
.
os
o o
e e
s
e
e e on
e
an
e
e sse s,
e
n, an
o
es .
es
n
en o
’
n
e s o
o
e
.
e
o
e ss o n ,
o
s
n
e s,
e s
“
su r
an
s
o S
u
e
e
e
E
42
NG L AND AND
TH E
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
to be particularly favourable to the spread of the pl a gue
’
The king s daughter Joanna died o f it on the eve o f her
betrothal to D on Pedro of Castile — a fortunate release for
her as he was a cruel and reckless prince and actually
murdered the French lady Blanche o f Bourbon whom
he wedded in her stead Two A rchbis h ops o f Ca n ter
bury fell victims to it J ohn de U fford and the sch olastic
“
n e Whom m e n called
philosopher Thomas B ra dwa r di
the
’
‘
T h e clergy indeed owing to their
doa or p r ofu m z u s
fered even more tha n other
duties at the death bed su f
classes
Some t wo thirds of the livings o f the diocese
o f N orwich cha n ged hands during the twelvemont h as
’
is S hown by t h e bishop s register I n Yorkshire the mor
tality t h ough somewhat lower yet carried off more than
a half of the parish priests G rass grew in the market
place o f Bristol L ondon buried some
corpses
in the n e w cemetery of thirteen acres in extent w h ich
was co n secrated on ground belonging to the Hospital of
St Bartholomew in Spi
t a lfield s The cattle strayed through
the corn and found none to drive them away Ships
were drive n ashore o n the coast o fthe N orth Sea with all
their crews lyi n g dead o n board O n the whole it is
probable that there was n o t much exaggeration in the
contemporary estimate which calculated that England lost
a full half o f her population during the terrible thirteen
mo n ths during which the Black D eath raged A ll de
scription of local records such as manor rolls and the
like seem to bear o u t the statement
The social and political results o fthe Black D eath were
naturally tremendous and wide spread I t seems to h ave
generated selfish indifference and demoralization and its
most prominent consequence was the outbreak o fa crisis
in the relations o f the land owning and the labouri n g
classes
8
0 large a number of the agricultural
R
u lt f
th
B l ack
class had been swept away that the lords o f
D e at h
the manors could
get their lands tilled for
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
”
,
.
-
,
-
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
-
.
,
-
es
.
s o
e
,
’
n ot
,
the survivors demanded wages that seemed extortionate
to their employers The latter fell back o n their ancient
right to demand the unpaid labour o ftheir v illeins during
.
CO
N S E Q U E N CE S
OF T H E B
LAC K D E ATH
43
.
a certain nu mber o f days in every year This practice
had been dropping into disuse for many generations for
the landholders had been co mmuting forced labour for
money and so allowing their peasants to become rent
paying tenants rather than serfs The attempt to enforce
this half obsolete practice led to numberless dis p utes
Many villeins absconded others formed themselves into
’
secret leagues to resist the lords claims I t was to n o
purpose that Parliament in the interest of the landhold
ers passed statutes enabling the j ustices o f the peace t o
fix the rate of wages in each district and providing fo r
the punishment o f the labourer who should ask o r the
employer wh o S hould offer more than this maximum
The laws o f political economy could not be evaded and
selfish legislation only embittered but could not settle the
“
dispute This unwise Statute o fLabourers ( 1 3 5 2 ) was
o n e o f the m ain causes of the violent seditions among
the agricultural classes which were to break o u t thirty
years after
.
,
,
.
-
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
”
.
.
C HAPTE R I V
F
R OM
.
A C K D E A T H TO T H E P E A C E
B R ET IGN Y
1 3 49—
1 360
TH E B L
,
OF
.
I t was mainly owing to the frightful calamity
(
y
th e y
B lack D eath which fell with equal se v erity on Franc e
and England that the war languished fo r the seve n years
which followed the ap p earance o f the plague For t h e
greater part o f the time there was a truce between the
t wo countries
The suspension of arms negotiated in
J une 1 3 4 8 was periodical renewed with an occasional
short interval of hostilities T he armistice did not always
prevent hostile encounters : while it was prevailing King
Philip late in the year 1 3 4 9 made a desperate attempt
to recover Calais by treachery He o f
fered A lmerigo da
Pavia a mercenary captain who held a position o f trust
in the garrison a great sum
gold crowns to admit
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
of
E
44
NG L AND AND
’
H UNDRED Y E AR S WA R
TH E
.
French troops within the castle by night B ut the I talian
met cra ft with craft a n d revealed the scheme to Ki n g
E dward who hastily crossed from D over with 9 0 0 men
fair
Part of the Fren ch
a n d took personal charge o fthe a f
were allowed to enter when the king and his men —a t arms
fell upon them a n d after a sha rp fight captured o r slew
the whole bo dy ( D ec 3 1
2
2
months
after
this
King
Philip
died
A
ugust
f
e
w
A
L
(
but the succession of his son John to the French
crown made no Change in international politics for the
make no pe rm an e n peace with
n e w monarch would
’
E n gla n d and continued his father s policy B efore he
had been a week o n the throne there was heavy fighting
in the N arrow Seas A great squadron o fBiscaya n S h ips
passed up the Channel committing m any depredatio n s o n
English commerce Ki n g Philip had interested the King
o f Castile in his cause and had induce d him to send out
his kinsman Charles Cou n t o f La Cerda at the head o f
this fleet whose aims were half warlike half commercial
for after passing the straits it put into the Flemish ports
a n d loaded itself with mercha n dise
A s it steered home
wards King Edward put out from Sandwich with some
s hips which he had hastily collected
and fell upon it
The English were outnumbered and their vessels were
much smaller than those of the enemy A t first it seemed
that
they
were
likely
to
fare
ill
Both
the
S
fig h t
’
w it h t h
king s S hip and that o f his so n Edward
S p m ’d s
Prince o f Wales were sunk by the e n emies
with whom they had grappled ; but the crews clambered
up from their sinking craft a n d carried the Spaniards by
boarding A fter much desperate fighting the strangers
made off leaving twe n ty—four o ftheir vessels i
n the h a nds
o fthe English
This fight generally known by the n ame
o f E s a n o ls su r M er
took place o ff Winchelsea o n
p g
Aug 2 9 I 3 5 0
period
before
the
renewed
outbreak
o f open war
The
W i th France was not unimportant in constitutional history
Besides the unwise
l a éog r er g j o which we
hav e already alluded and the S t a t u t e of P r owsor s w hich
.
,
,
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-
,
,
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,
,
,
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,
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,
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,
,
,
,
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,
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.
,
,
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ea
.
_
e
a
a
,
’
,
,
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,
,
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,
-
,
.
,
.
.
W
.
'
,
,
R E N E WA L
OF TH E F
R E N C H WAR
45
.
resulted fro m the long quarrel with the pope which had
Opened in 1 3 4 4 several other important pieces o f legis
la tion belong to the years 1 3 5 0 1 3 5 5 A mong them
re S t ap l e which provided that wool
were the S t a t u re of t i
leather an d fleeces tin and lead the most important
English exports should only be sold in certain towns
2
1
ten within the realm four in I reland and t w o Calais
and Bruges without it The main object of this statute
designating the staple towns was to facilitate p fi m t y
i
l
m
t
i
m
g
the le vying of the duties o n wool which could
’
be more easily collected if the ki n g s o fficers had to keep
their eyes on a small number o f places only But it
harmed the small trading town s for the benefit o f the
greater ones and put a dangerous monopoly in the hands
“
Merchants o f the Staple
who were the only
o f the
person s licensed to t ra flic in the designated places
A nother important step was the passing of the S t a t u t e
which defined more accurately than o f o ld
of Tr ea so m
—
fences fell under the head of treason
a n ecessary
what o f
piece of work for the j udges o f late had been trying to
extend the meaning o f the word so as to get more profit
from c o n fisc a t i
o n s for the king
’
The last o f the series of truces which a d follow ed the V
p
Black D eath ran o u t o n April I st I 3 5 5 I n t h e sum mer
of that year the English once more in vaded France
h Opi
n g to have the aid not only O f their o l d friends the
Montfort party in Brittany but also o f Charles th e Bad
King of N avarre wh ose broad estates in N ormandy were
convenie n tly placed for the rec eivi n g o fEnglish succours
B ut the great armament which Edward was to ha v e taken
to N ormandy was beaten back by storms and Charles o f
N avarre h a d to make peace with his cousin K i o h n
n
in order to avoid destruction A se e s a d n n d J ’R w a l f
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
ar
a
en
ar
e
,
.
,
”
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
W
,
.
“
E n gli
Sh
s m a li
or
’
d
'
a rm
h
a
d
y
en e
d espa t ch e d
o
t h e F re n
w an
ch
to Bordea ux under the Prince o fW ales who
had now reac he d his twenty sixth ye a r and was intrusted
Wi th indepe n dent command
,
“
-
,
.
L d
W c h Y rk
1
on
on
.
i
,
o
,
,
ri t l C a
Ca rm ar t h
B
s o
e
,
nte
en
.
rbury
,
ic
r E x t r Li c l N wc a t l
2 D ubli
C rk D r g h da Wa t r f rd
Ch h est e
n,
e e
,
o
,
,
o
n
e
o n,
,
s
e
e
o
.
e,
N or
46
E
NG L AND AND
TH E
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
harrying the cou n tryside a s
far as N arbonne and Carcassonne both of which places
he plundered till he almost reached the Mediterranean
This foray cut deeper i n to France than any English i n va
sio n before or after But it had no result u t plunder
h
and served no political or strategical purpose Mea n while
the king had reorganized his storm shattered host and
passed the seas to Calais in the late autumn But as he
was ravagi n g Picardy news was brought him that the Scots
had taken Berwick by surprise and e n tered N orthumber
land Much angered by the news Edward abandoned
his enterprise and returned to his o w n realm t o chastise
the n orthern enemy
Though winter had
t
Bu
dl m
C
come he crossed the border and ravaged
the Marches and Lothian as far as Edinburgh with great
cruelty So systematically did he set fire to all places
great and small that the Scots remembered his invasion
”
“
—
as the Burnt Candlemas
Candlemas day ( Feb 2 )
having fallen into the midst o f his destructive march
N o open opposition in the field was o ffered him but his
foraging parties were cut o ff and his retreat to Berwick
much harassed by the Lowlanders
”
I
n
the
summer
f
1
6
the
Black
Prince
who
had
o
V
35
ear n ed the confidence o f his followers by his successful
raid into Languedoc resolved to repeat his incursion of
the previous year and started from Bordeaux with an
army o f some 3 5 0 0 men a t arms and 4 0 0 0 o r 5 0 0 0 i
h
fa n t ry o f whom rather more than half were English the
rest of the force being composed o f the feudal levies o f
G uyenne This t iie he did not strike at southern but
p
at central France ; he passed through the Limousin
A uvergne and Berry plundering far and wide till he
came to the Loire Apparently it was his purpose t o
c o operate with a smaller army under his you n ger brother
John o f G au n t which had started from England on
June I st to land in Brittany But this secondary expedi
,
.
,
,
.
.
-
,
.
,
.
,
rn
an
.
aso
e
,
,
,
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.
.
,
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.
!
,
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-
-
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,
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,
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-
,
,
.
TH E B L
’
A C K P RIN C E S RAID
47
.
tion completely miscarried though it was j oined by so me
disco n tented N orman barons the partisans of the King
of N avarre i
’
Edward s o wn march met with no check till he had /
marched along the Loire almost as far as T ours Then
he heard that Ki n g John with all the levies of northern
m
and ce n tral Fra n ce was coming against h i
and had
crossed the river at Blois with the intention o f getti n g
between the i n vaders and their base at Bordeaux The
’
prince s army was n o t a fifth o f the strength Th m a rc h
t ° m im “
of that o f t h e French and was clogged with
a vast wagon train loaded with plunder He did n o t
therefore inte n d to fight but made the best o f his way
homewards The two hosts lost touch o f each other for
ct i
a spa c e b u t suddenly met again near P o i
where
e rs
their lines of march crossed each other Finding himself
so close to the enemy that he could n o t get off without
sacrificing all his booty E dward halted and drew u p his
.
men on the hillside by the village o f Maupertuis with a
hedge coveri n g his front the river Mi
a u sso n to his left
h
and a thick wood behind him He expected to be i
st a n t ly at t acked but King J ohn wasted a day in recon
n oi
t ri
n
the
English
position
and
in
sending
in
r
O
l
o
sa
s
g
p p
that his e n emies S hould surre n der o n terms These were
o f course
declined
N ext day the prince thought he
might succeed in slipping off to the rear without a fight
an d had moved his baggage and his vanguard across the
Mi
a u sso n
when the French were seen advanci n g in four
li n es to assault the position
T he English hastily got
back into line of battle and the fighting soon began
King John remembering the effect of the E nglish
arrows at Crecy o n the French cavalry had made the
greater part of his men a t arms dismount an d march o n
foot in serried columns O nly his vanguard chosen from
the best knights in the army were bidden to keep on their
horses and ride in rapidly o n the E n glish archery as a
kind o f forlorn hope ; the rest came up on foot in three
lines each composed of 4 0 0 0 or 6 0 0 0 men headed r e
spe c t i
vely by the D auphin the D uke o f O rleans and the
,
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,
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e
e
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'
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48
E
NG L AND AND
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
TH E
.
king himself The devoted squadrons in fro n t were led
’
by Clermont and D A u dreh e m the t wo Marshals o f
France
’
The Black Prince s force was n o w about 6 00 0 stron g ;
’
it was drawn up as his father s host had been at Crecy
with t wo corps forming a fro n t line and a third in reserve
The northern wing was headed by the Earls of Suffol k
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
and Salisbury the southern by the Earls o fWarwick and
O xford They had lined the hedge with their archers
while the men a t arms stood behind t o support them : in
the reserve was the prince himself and the best of his
lly the Captal de Buch
G ascon vassals J ean de Gra i
When the two marshals charged up to the hedge with
th eir mou n ted m en almost the whole body were shot
dow n by the bowmen before they could get to hand
’
s t rokes But the D auphin s corps coming up just as the
horsemen were disposed o f succeeded in closing with the
E n glish and waged a fierce struggle all alo n g the li n e :
the prince had to send forwa rd some o fhis reser v e before
,
.
,
-
-
,
,
,
.
,
.
E
o
5
NG L AND AN D
TH E H
’
UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
lay captive in London France was without a head and
civil troubles broke o u t o n every S ide The D auphin as
regent was u n able to keep up t h e royal authority and
n a seditious rising o fthe mob o f
nearly perished himself i
Paris who S lew the Marshals of N ormandy and Cham
pagne before his very face The mercenaries who had
served King John being no lo n ger paid their hire turned
n great bands all over the
ba n dits and went plundering i
countryside Worst of all the oppressed peasantry driven
wild by the misery of the times burst out
Th
l a cqu “
into an anarchic revolt against all constituted
authority and in ma n y regions burnt every castle an d
manor and S lew every man and wom an o f gentle blood
I t was only by a desper
o n whom they could lay ha n ds
n putting
ate struggle that the 7 20Z2/esse fi n ally succeeded i
them down This bloody revolt is generally called the
225 9 226 7 7 2 from
2077 27726
a r zzes B a n /
the
usual
nickname
o
f
f g
[
the French peasa n t While the land was suffering fro m
all th ese woes no opposition could be offered to the Eng
lis h who ranged at their will through the land and gained
possessio n of many towns and castles I n S hort the years
1 3 6
8
were
the
most
miserable
that
France
had
known
7
5
S i e the o l d V iking invasions of the ninth century
Edward I I I might perhaps have made further conquests
if he had not consented to make a truce of t wo years
with his prisoner King John fo r he wished t o give him
an opportunity o f comi n g to terms and making a d e fin i
tive peace John who n aturally detested the restrai n ts
o f captivity wa s eager to get free and would have sub
scribed to almost any conditions
hen a treag fl a s
n e?
to E n lg nd N or m a ndy L ApjgpL Ma i
ih é ld
a n ds which Henry I I h ai
in France t w o hundred years be fore h e was quite ready
-e xorbita n t dema n d and set his seal to it
M am
But his son the D auphin Charle s and t h e States general
very properly refused their assent ( May 1
I t wa s
i
n the desper at e st a t e t o which
worth
while
even
not
France was reduced to buy back an i n differe n t ki n g at
the cost of so ma n y fair provinces The E n glish h a d
,
,
.
,
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,
.
,
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,
,
e
,
er
:
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,
,
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-
,
-
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,
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,
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,
,
W
,
.
m
fl
M
‘
‘
.
,
.
,
-
,
_
,
,
.
_
E
D WARD I II I N N OR TH E RN
.
FR
AN C E
SI
.
gained no secure foothold save Calais in northern
France and it was p reposterous to requ i re the cess i on
had proved altogether unable to
o f regions where th e
y
establish themselves
,
To put pressure on t h e regent Edward I I I determined V
‘
to launch a newin xad m g a rm yin t o f ra n c e His military
dn gathered around his standard m any thousa n ds
fé pfifati
added to the strong
o f veteran mercenaries and these
English host which he brought over to Calais composed
an army double o r treble the S ize o fthat which had fough t
0
at Crecy
W
strong but this figure I S
course a gross exaggerat i on
I i
I
0
and
In 3 9 3 6
3
marched through Picardy and Champagne wasting t h e
.
He laid S iege to the town
i nte
m selfa n o m t e d
R w d
i
f
in it s cathedral where the k i ngs o f France
i va i
F ra c“
had been wont to celebrate their coronation
,
,
,
.
.
.
m
y
“
,
,
,
.
,
-
W
.
‘
'
,
,
,
e
en e
n
,
s on
o
n
for many centuries
.
the
se ason an d t he w ea th er h e i
ext h e
hf
a vo u ra
ng i
bl
i
announced his resolve to march into t h e fertile lands
about the Loire and there to rest his army deferring the
siege of Paris till the summer should have returned
Meanwhile the D auphin had forbidden his followers to”
n the open and
make a n y attempt to meet the English i
had contented himself with holding the walled towns
fering so frightfully that he an d
But the country was su f
his counsellors resolved to make o n e more attempt to
obtain terms from King Edward
C h a Lt re S and there was S igned
an end t o the first st a ge o f
it ,
’
r
-
'
,
,
.
,
.
W
.
a
,
'
granted were more
lenient than those which he had d em a n d
in , the pre
g
/
9
ceding year but they were still very hea vy
e consented
to give up his claim to the French throne an o re6 n
w
,
g
.
,
5
2
E
B r et i
gnx
lost by
N G L AND AND
TH E
’
H U NDR E D Y E AR S WAR
.
‘
f
Ai
i
i
n cl udi n g the parts w h i
c h h a d been
r
t
a
m
é
j
f
‘
John a n d I fénfy I I L, an d if was t O b e g ra n t a l
'
'
’
-‘
m
G“
him as a free state, not as lan d owi n g feudal ho m age
to the Fre n ch crow n T he E n g li
sh ki n g was already in
possession o f G uyenne and Ga SCOn y f h e n o w added to
o rt i
on
Po i
tou A u n i
A
n goumois
the
nt
sM Sa i
e
p ri
g
i
m o u si
n
d e s the
Perigord Quercy and R o
si
feudal superiority over the cou n ts of Foix a n d A rmagnac
N or wa s this all : in the north Po n thieu the o ld heritage
to
.
w
*
,
,
,
W
,
,
,
.
,
T H E PE
A CE
OF B
R ETIGN Y
53
.
Eleanor of Castille was restored to him and the tract
round Calais was enlarged so as to include the whole o f
the small cou n ty of Gu i
ing John was
sn es
of
,
,
.
n st a l m e n t s
spread over six years The Br ton succession
e
w as to be settled by equitable arbitration
Probably the French were wise in accepting th e treaty :/
they needed peace at any price in order to save the realm
from the frightful anarchy in w hich it was plunged O n
the other ha n d it is certain that Edward would hav e
done better to moderate his claims H e o nly p pg n e d
st territorial cessions which h é é ia ct e d som e
of
.
.
.
,
,
.
’
‘
,
conten t ed w ith t h e a nc ient En glish
in
G uyenne where the towns and most ofLhep oblgS w ere
a ec t e d to the hou se o f Plantagen et i his h ol d o n
m ere any W
sai
thm
EakEhe d ra t her t h a n strength
ene d by thfl Wa ddi
ih S Thus t h e treat y bore w i t hin
t
itself the seeds of future t ro u bfé fh tifi fnr t h e Em inen t i
appear e d to put a s plen di
d a n d succ essful con cl usi
on to
the lo n g war which had been ragi
ng S ince
Fo r the moment the general aspect o f a f
fairs seemed
satisfactory for the Scottish war had also been brought
to a close E dward B al liol who had no son had ceded
his rights o n the Scottish crow n to t h e Englis h monarch
in 1 3 5 6 and in the followi n g year Edward I I I T a t y w i t h
acknowledged his prisoner D avid I I as right S c t l a d
ful king o fScotland and set him free on condition of h i
s
1
n
n
payi g a ra som o f
marks which pa yment wa s
to be spread over ten years ( Oct 1 3
The long
disputed town o f Berwick remained in the hands o f th e
En glish but no attempt was made to insist on th e cession
o fthe Eastern L owlands which had been made by Balliol
in 1 3 3 3 A ltogether this treaty was a far more statesma n
like achievement than that o fB retigny On the o n e hand
b een
-
r
,
N
.
‘
’
'
_
a
‘
,
‘
,
.
,
,
,
.
re
o
n
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
8d
.
,
54
E
NG L AND AND
TH E
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
Scotland obtained a much needed repose after her lo n g
n ope n war with
troubles a n d was not again engaged i
E n gland for nearly thirty years Border affrays between
the moss troopers of the two countries could not be wholly
prevented but led t o no serious conflict Edward on th e
other hand was freed from the danger o fScottish attacks
o n his rear duri n g his subsequent wars wi t h France
But
the frie n dly feeling which had prevailed between the t wo
n t h e thirtee n th century before the invasions of
nations i
Edward I could n ot be renewed after sixty years o f
almost continuous war
-
,
.
-
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
C H A PTE R
FR OM
V
P E AC E OF B R E T IGN Y TO T H E R E N E WA L
FR E N C H WAR
E NG L AND UND E R E D WARD
S P ANI S H WA R 1 3 6 0—1 3 6 9
TH E
TH E
TH E
.
.
OF
III
.
.
7
The Peace o f Bretigny forms the high wa t eimark o f
’
King Edward s prosperity He had still seventeen years
to reig n but they were to be a period o fgrowing troubles
and gradual declin e corresponding to the decay o f the
’
ki n g s own vi
gour and health I n 1 3 6 0 Edward had
reached the age of forty eight but he was already begin
ni n g to show signs of the wear and tear o f his busy life :
men grew old ere their time in those hard days He was
n o w the father o f a very large family — h e had eleven
children o fwhom fi v e sons and three daughters survived
On e of his main desires was to strengthen the crown by
marryi n g his sons to the heiresses of the gr eat baronial
families so a s to concentrate as much of the feudal strength
o f E n gland as he could in the hands o f the royal family
His eldest son and heir E dward Prince of Wales had
reached
the
age
of
thirty
before
he
entered
F a m i ly p li c y
E dw
d
i nto wedlock he c h ose as 11 15 Wi fe a lady o f
fiI
his o wn age his cousin Joan na Countess of
Kent who inherited the estates of her father Earl Edmund
the victim o f Mortimer
She was a widow havi n g
-
.
,
.
.
-
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
o
.
ar
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
TH E F
A M I LY
OF E
D WARD I I I
55
.
previously married Sir John Holland by whom she had
two sons destined to be prominent figures in the next
’
reig n The Black Prince s marriage seems to have been
“
—
his wife had been known as the
o n e of incli n atio n
”
fair maid o f Kent and all authorities unite to sing her
praises The matches into which his younger brothers
’
entered seem to have been of their father s maki n g rather
than their own several o f them were wedded before
they were well out o f their boyhood Lionel the seco n d
survivi n g son of the king was married to Elizabeth d e
Burgh the greatest heiress in I reland who held in her
A fter her early death he
o w n right the county o fU lster
espoused as his second wife Yolande V isconti daughter
John o fG aunt the next brother
o fthe Lord o f Milan
made the most wealthy match o fthe whole fa m ily 3 when
o n ly nineteen he married Blanche o f Lancaster the
heiress o fHenry o fLancaster the victor o fCadzand a n d
A u b er o c h e
She wa s in her o wn right Countess o f Lan
caster D erby Lincoln and Leicester and the estates
which she brought to her husband were the broadest
heritage in England Edmund of La n gley the fourth
surviving son of Edward
married as his first wife a
’
Spanish princess as his second his eldest brother s step
daughter Joan na Holland
Lastly Thomas o f W ood
stock the youngest of the princes obtain ed as his bride
Elea n or B ohun o n e of the t w o c o heiresses o fthe ancient
ferent times Edward con
earldom of Hereford A t di f
ferred o n each of his sons the title o f du
hitherto unknown in England The Prince o fWales
made D uke o f Cornwall Lionel D uke o f Clarence J
D uke of Lancaster Edmund D uke o fYork a n d Thomas
D uke o fG loucester
O f the three daughters of Edward I I I who reached
adult years Mary marrie d John V the Mo n tfort claima n t
to the duchy of Brittany Margaret was wedded to John
Hasti n gs Earl o f Pembroke and I sabella to I n g e lra m
de Coucy a French baron who served her father as a
great captain o f mercenaries : he was created Earl o f
Bedford
,
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6
5
E
’
NG L AND AND T H E H UNDR E D
Y EA R s
WA R
.
’
D uri n g Edward s own lifetime the conce n tration o f so
many o f the richest fie fs in the hands o f his sons u n
doubtedly stre n gthened the crown a n d e n feebled the
baro n age to a correspo n di n g extent B ut he does n o t
seem to have reflected that he was leaving a n u n enviab le
future to his successor destined to have to deal with
uncles
and
cousins
who
were
n o t o n ly very
R
ul t f
Ed y d
powerful terr i tor i al nobles but also pr i n ces of
f m ly
the blood with possible claim s on the crow n
I n endowing his you n ger so n s with such enor mous power
he was contributi n g his part towards making the Wars of
the R oses possible I t was the excessive strength of the
house o fLancaster which proved the rui n of R ichard I I
n a later ge n eration it was the over great n ess of the
an d i
heir o f the u nited li n es of York Clarence and Mortimer
which brought down the house of La n caster to its bloody
end Edward does not seem in the least to have foresee n
that though his own sons would obey a n d support him the
patriarch of their race yet his grandsons would have n o
’
such feelings of loyalty to his eldest son s heir
Meanwhile these da n gers were still in the far future
and Edward seemed in I 3 6 0 the most successful sovereign
His fame as a soldier was spread all over
o f his age
Europe a n d the English who before his time enj oyed no
special
military
repute
became
the
models
M i l i t a ry w
w
ft h
of all Western Chri
ste n dom
The sold i ers
g"g p
‘i
tra i ned in 11 1 5 wars Sir John Chandos K n o lle s
Ma n ny Thomas a n d William Felton and the G asco n
Jean de Grailly the Captal de B uch were reckoned the
best k n ights of their day Sir Joh n Hawkwood who had
rise n from the ra n ks to become a captain of adventurers
passed on into I taly with his ba n d a n d carried the bala n ce
o f power in the pe n i n sula with him
as he served o n e
”
“
st a te or another with the famous White Compan y
This asce n de n cy o f the E n glish in the field implied the
predomi n ance of i n fantry as the chief power in war to
the detriment o f the feudal chivalry which had ruled
Europe for the last five ce n turies I n the n e w system
n
whose first victories had been seen at D u ppli
and
.
,
s
es
v ar
o
’
s
,
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a
l
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5
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58
E
NG L AND AND T H E
H
’
UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
rapidly duri n g the reig n that Edward first o f all E n glish
1
ki n gs was a lfle t o i
n t ro d uc e a g ol d curre n cy into t h e
realm Before his time the silver penny had b ee n tfie
la s m o n e t a ry u n it but he succeeded in issuing wi t h
general approval a large gold coin called the R ose n oble
o n e of Which exchanged for eighty pence
This broad
han dsome piece secured such general acceptance that it
n the N etherlands a n d western
circulated freely i
G er
many and many o f the lords a n d towns o f the Lo w
Countries took to striking money exactly imitating th e
noble in type and size
is closely con
,
,
h
m
r
.
'
,
-
,
,
.
,
.
all conti n ental goods at the home po rt s ir o m foreign
shi ps D ow n to the fourteenth century the greater part of
t he sea —
borne merchandise which E n gland consumed was
brought her by the I talian s o r the traders of the Ha n se
atic league Edward very properly e n couraged his sub
ec
t
s
to sail abroad themselves so as to get rid of the
j
”
“
middleman a n d the charges which he exacted for
transporti n g commodities to England
To
Th
"
S t a pl
compete with the powerful foreign tradi n g
societies the native merchants were bound together in
“
the Company of the Staple whose i n stitution we have
already had occasio n to n otice Though mo n opolies are
generally harmful yet in this case it was almost necessary
to secure strength by combination as the individual
trader would have bee n helpless if he tried to oppose
himself to the interests of the corporatio n s o faliens Whose
markets he was invading By the end of the ce n tury the
limits of English seafaring trade were Lisbon and Ham
.
.
,
e
“
.
e
”
,
.
,
,
.
ry I I I h d t ri d t i t r duc a g ld
i t i rcula t i b t h i ubj c t r fu d t t ak
fa
m
f uc h h i g h v alu
d th i u h d t
1
n
o
H en
.
o C
co
on
o
s
,
a
e
u
s s
o
n
e
e, a n
s
o
“
e
se
e
e
ss
o
en n
e i
o
e
th
w
r
p— y
b m g appar
t
b W i t h d raw
a
o
”
,
o
e
e
n
.
20
en t
s
ly e r
i
ly i
p c
en
e,
n n o n ee
d
GR OWT H
OF E
NG L I S H
T
RAD E
.
burg ; into the Mediterranean it did not yet penetrate
and the Baltic was almost entirely in the ha n ds of th e
’
“
zealous Hanseatic l eague But Chaucer s typical shi p
”
man as it will be remembered knew all haven s
,
.
,
,
( c
Fro m Go t hla n d t o t h e Ca pe
ii
o fF n st err e
i from north western Spain to the coast
t e
.
”
,
of
Sweden
Manufactures were developing no less than trade
-
.
.
i
t ed
nv
W
t he
wearing o f any but English cloth by all
perso n s save the royal family Weaving was not the o n ly
n the fourteenth century
craft which took a n ew start i
from the introduction o f foreign teachers 3 metal work
Wa s much improved and the use o f glass in domestic
architecture grew much more com mon
The influence of the Black D eath on trade and prices
deserves notice
I t n o t only raised the wages of the
h despite of the Statute o fLabourers
agricultural classes— i
— but i n creased the selling value of all ma n ufactured
goods While corn and other n atural products of th e
soil remained at their o l d level o f price and w hile sheep
and oxen rose only slightly in value all R u l t o f
th i ngs produced by sk i lled manual labour t h B l a c k
D at h
cost fro m 0 to 6 0 per cent more than they
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
es
s
e
e
4
“
did before the great plague This came o f course from
the fact that the artisans had been seriously reduced in
n umbers so that the survivors were able to demand much
higher prices for their handiwork Since the cost o ffood
remained the same as it had been before the labouring
classes were able to buy it o fbetter quality and in greater
quantity than o fold and their sta n dard of comfort a ppr e
ci
a bl
n t up
we
The merchant profited as much o r more
y
from the enhanced selling value of his wares as he lost
through having to pay higher wages to the artisans w h o
manufactured them O n the other ha n d the capitalist
.
,
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,
6o
E
NG L AND AND T HE H U ND R E D
’
Y E A R s WA R
.
la n d—owner w a s i
n
a worse positio n than in the days
before the Black D eath since his farm produce cost
more in the item of labour a n d yet sold for much the
same mo n ey that it had in the first half o f the ce n tury,
He n ce two te n de n cies had their rise : the la n dhold er
who had bee n wont to cultivate a large part o f his estate
“
—
i
n demesne
himself as a home farm under a bailiff
as
—
the term the n w a s either abando n ed the practice and
let t h e demes n e land at a re n t to te n ant farmers or tried
Fo r a greater
to turn his arable fields into pasture
profit was to be had from rearing sheep for their wool
the great staple product of England than by growing a n y
sort of cor n These changes however were o n ly begin
’
ni n g to make themselves felt in Ki n g Edward s time it
takes ma n y years to turn a simple race o f conservative
habits i n to n e w methods of life a n d husbandry
The actual loss of populatio n by the Black D eath took
ma n y generatio n s to repair 3 it seems to have bee n felt
far more i
The southern
n some districts than in others
and eastern cou n ties suffered more in proportio n t h a n
n consequence somewhat
the wester n a n d probably lost i
o f the enormous superiority in wealth and importa n ce
which they had hitherto possessed They still remained
however the prepo n derant part of the realm
N i n e years were desti n ed to elapse between the c o n
c l u si
o n of the Treaty o f Bretigny a n d the renewal of th e
war with Fra n ce They were o n the whole a time of
peace and prosperity for Englan d a n d as is generally
S t at ut r
the case duri n g such periods th ere is little of
P
m
m
n the domestic a n nals
i m porta n ce to record i
duri n g their course The i n termittent quarrel with the
papacy which had been going on for ma n y years caused
the re n ewal of the Statute o fProvisors and the c o n fir m a
tion of a Stat u te of P r wm zm z r e so called because by
it persons who took appeals to the pope at Avig n on were
warn ed beforeha n d
that they made them
’
selves liable to be brought before the ki n g s courts for
showing contempt of his exclusive right of j urisdiction in
England ( I 3 6
The writs addressed against such offen
,
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”
-
,
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,
,
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,
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,
e
r ee
u n
9
,
°
.
,
'
,
S TATU TE
OF P R ZE M U N I R E
6
.
1
'
d ers began With the words p r m m mzr e fa cza s a n d he n ce
cam e the name of the statute Some curious legislation
against the weari n g o f clothi n g too good for their con
ditio n by the lower and middle classes bears witness to
their growth in prosperity since the Black D eath Like all
”
“
sumptuary laws it had n o effect a n d had soon to be
aba n do n ed I t is perhaps worth noting also that in 1 3 6 2
E n glish was made the o fficial la n guage o f the law courts
w here N orma n French had hitherto prevailed
The foreign affairs of the realm are of m o re importa n ce “
a n d from the first made it evide n t that the Treaty o f
fic a
B retig n y was to be a truce a n d not a permanen t pa c i
tio n
I ts terms were n ever fully carried out King John
failed to raise his enormous ra n som and when he foun d
that it could not be collected loyally returned D a t h fJ h
f F ra c
to E n gla n d and surrendered his person si n ce
he had failed to keep his promise He died at the palace
I 3 6 4 When
o f the Savoy in the Stra n d o n A pril 8 th
he had passed away his son Charles V a very crafty and
unscrupulous pri n ce refused to listen t o any comp l aints
as to the n o n observa n ce o f the treaty B ut he was as
yet t o o busy in pacifying his o w n realm to stir against
the E n glish He was not even firmly set upon the throne
till the claims o fhis turbule n t cousin Charles the Bad o f
N avarre were cr ushed by the defeat o f
herel and
disposed of by a treaty sig n ed in May 1 3 6 5
n l/
The Breton war of succession which had been ra g i
g
ever since I 3 4 1 at last reached its termination in 1 3 6 4
The you n ger John of Montfort the ally o f the English
at last succeeded in Wi n n i n g complete posse ssion of his
duchy by slaying his rival C h arles o f Blois at the battle
o fA uray a fight gained by the valour and tactical skill
o f Sir John Chandos a n d the other English kn i
ghts who
‘
served under his banner ( September 2 9
n which E n gland was i n tere s ted was
But a n other war i
to lead to less h appy results I t was t h e work o fE dward
t h e Black Pri n ce Wh o had been ruli n g i
A quitaine
n
almost as a n i n de p ende n t prince si n ce his father handed
it over to him a n d gave him the ducal title in 1 3 6 2
To
'
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,
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-
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-
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o
e
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°
n
o
n
e"
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62
E
NG L AND AND
TH E H
UN D R E D
’
Y EAR s
WA R
.
his court at Bordeaux there came as a suppliant an exiled
Spanish prince Pedro King of Castile whom his sub
”
“
surnamed
the
Cruel
He
was
a
c
t
s
e
p am t h
j
Cr d
stern a n d high handed pri n ce whose harsh
—
and Wicked rule h e had murdered his wife a n d o n e of
his half brothers amo n g cou n tless other victims — had
drive n the Castilians into revolt The i n surrectio n had
been headed by his bastard brother He n ry Count o f
T ra st a m a ra who had called in to his aid a great host o f
n a famous
Fre n ch mercenaries led by Bertra n d d u Gu e sc li
Breto n captai n o f adventurers Henry with the help o f
these allies easily expelled Pedro from his realm and had
himself crown ed as king ( I 3 6 6 ) The exile urged on the
Black Pri n ce that his situation in A quitaine would be
perilous if he let the neighbouring Spanish lands pass
under the co n trol of a depe n dant o f the Fre n ch
He
promised to repay all the expenses o f the war if Edward
would restore him to his thro n e a n d to bi n d himself the
closer to the English offered to leave his t w o daughters
’
Constance and I sabel in the Black Prince s hands as
hostages A fter some hesitation Edward resolved to give
the ki n g his aid 3 the political advantages o f the move
influe n ced him much but he was moved even more by a
chivalrous impulse He h ated the idea o fturning away a
suppliant and loving war for its o w n sake he was burni n g
to add n ew laurels to those o f Po i
ct i
e r s and Espagnols
sur Mer
’
A ccordingly he accepted Pedro s offer : a n d the nobles
o fA quitaine were bidden to prepare for a Spanish war in
the
next
spring
John
o fG aunt brought over
P ri c E d
w ard i v a d s a small contingent from England
but th e
ca t‘
l
bulk o fthe army o f invasion was made up o f
,
,
,
e
e
.
u
-
,
-
.
,
,
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,
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,
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,
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,
-
.
n
.
e
_
n
s
e
,
e‘
the G ascon 7 206 16 5 5 6 and the vetera n mercenaries w h o
’
flocked in from all quarters to j oin the pri n ce s ban n er
So great was his warlike fame in Europe t h at more
adventurers came to pro ffer him their aid tha n he could
possibly feed o r pay He had to send away thousands
o f t h em after having picked out the best of the men a t
arms to serve him
Thus his army was composed of
,
.
.
-
,
.
TH E
BL
A C K P RIN CE I N S P AI N
63
.
none but choice troops and far exceeded in military
value the Spanish feudal levies against wh ich it was to
be pitted
Edward crossed the Pyrenees by the pass o f R onces
valles —
famous in history and in song for the defeat o f
the E mperor Charles the G reat in 7 7 8 and for the death
o fCount R oland the hero o fthe oldest legend o fchivalry
Charles the Bad gave him a free passage through N avarre
and he did not see the enemy till he reached the hills
above V ittoria where Wellington was to win the crown
victory
of
the
Peninsular
War
four
and
a
half
centuries
i
n
g
later Henry o f Tra st a m a ra and his French allies had
raised a great host which blocked the passes over the
hills of Alava B ut the prince outgeneralled them slipped
round their fla n k and crossing the Ebro entered O ld
Castile The Spaniards hurried back to place themselves
’
between Edward s host an d B urgos the capital of the
realm The shock between the t w o armies took place
in a broad level plain between the towns o f N ajera
and N avarette The result was never for a s m f
“
wa
”
moment do u btful : though the Castilians were
somewhat superior in nu mbers they were mostly ra w
tr 00ps ; moreover they were accustomed to the skirmish
ing tactics o f the Moors not to facing the embattled line
o f dismounted men a t —
arm s flanked by archery
The
great masses of light horsemen armed with buckler and
j avelin which formed the most numerous part of D on
’
He n ry s host broke and fled away in utter rout a fe w
minutes after they came un der the deadly shower o f
arrows The French auxiliaries who had sent away their
horses and fought o n foot ( as at Po i
were sur
ct i
e r s)
rounded an d slain o r captured to the last m a n
Th e
bastard who had tried in vain to rally his s cattered
horsemen fled away in haste and escaped into France
A
pril
3
(
Thus D on Pedro recovered his kingdo m at a single
blow : he celebrated the victory by beheading such o fthe
priso n ers as fell into his hands to the utter disgust o f
his chivalrous ally Edward marched with him as far as
,
.
,
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,
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,
,
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,
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a
e o
a
re
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:
64
E
NG LAND AND T H E
H
’
UND R E D
Y EA R s
WA R
.
B urgos and replaced him in his palace but dissensions
at once began between them Pedro could n o t o r would
not repay the vast sums which the prince had spent in
raisi n g a n d payi n g his army The E n glish host was kept
cantoned rou n d Burgos all through the summer su ffer
n
severely
from
the
unaccustomed
heat
and
from
a
i
g
lack of supplies Sickness broke o u t among them a n d
Edward himself was prostrated by an attack o f fever
Meanwhile the Castilian king had gone away to A n dalusia
a n d sent evasive letters i n stead of remittances of mo n ey
n high disgust marched back unpaid
A t last the prince i
to A quitaine leavi n g his faithless ally to shift for himself
By displaying again his old cruelty and recklessness Pe drp
soon provoked a seco n d rebellion of his subj ects He n ry
of T ra st a m a ra returned defeated him in battle and
finally took him prisoner The bastard then settled the
succession question by brutally murdering his brother
with his o wn hands ( March I 3 6 9)
victory
of
N
avarette
was
t
e
e
g
m
W
g h
that an implacable enemy o f Efig laHdWé sfi ow fi r m
t
.
,
.
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,
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.
.
,
.
,
,
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,
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,
,
.
.
,
w
TR AW
Aq
ultam
W
of
M
T
-
W W
C
Aq
ui
fa i
ne
th
wa s o verE Lh elm ed wi
fl c u rr e d in restoring D on P edro
d ebt i
M
the
rm o u s
The
M
to pay what he owed sold his
ai
silver pi
t e sur rendere d to his followers the ra n soms o f
his Fre n ch a n d
a n d tried t o m a ke up
the bala n ce by ra i
But
h
i
n g m o n e y fio m h s sub e ct s
si
s
j
proposal to
o n every ho u s e i
n A quitaine a hearth
tax of o n e franc provoke d bitter Oppo sition The Poitevins
a n d other newly annexed vassals o f the duchy were
thoroughly disco n te n ted and disloyal and took the first
opportunity o fwithstanding their m aster The estates o f
A quitaine refused to vote the impost and whe n Edward
persevered in his plan a body of barons headed by the
their inte n tion
e°
.
m
_
”
.
,
,
.
.
.
-
,
.
,
,
,
to the term s of the Treaty of B ret i
g n y by wh ich
A qu i ta i n e had been freed for ever from all feudal depe n
de n ce o n the French crown The G ascon n obles there
“
t ra ry
,
.
“
66
E
’
NG L AND AN D T H E H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
being guided by a single leader : King Edward never
again took the field : though only in his fift y eighth year
he wa s worn out as much in mi n d as in body
Th ki g
d
li
The directio n of affairs ought to have passed
‘
to his eldest son a man in the prime o f life verging o n
his fortieth year But the Black Prince had never r e
covered from the effects o f the fever which had stricke n
him down during his Spanish campaign Fo r the rest of
‘
his life he was a co n firmed invalid and every exertio n
which he made was immediately followed by a relapse
which sent him back to his sick bed Fo r the first two
years o f the wa r he endeavoured to stay at the helm but
the want of vigour and combination which attended the
moveme n ts of the E n glish troops showed that he was n o t
himself When he finally was obliged to retire from the
scene o faction in I 3 7 0 the main part o fthe responsibility
fell to his next surviving b ro t h erL J ph n of G a
a n d ambitious but not a
rl n c e
capable p
a n d was never a bl e to c ommand the same
-
,
n
e
ec
ne
s
.
o
I
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-
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,
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,
m
.
m
‘
.
stil l kept his court at
n u e d to defend A quitaine
on ti
with moderate success
But Sir John Chandos the
’
r ih t hand m a n was killed in a petty skirmish
r
i
n
c
e
S
p
g
in Poitou on D ecember 3 I st I 3 6 9 and after his death
things took a turn for the worse I n I 3 7 0 the French
struck deep i n to the duchy o f A quitai n e a n d captured
first t h e strong town of A iguillon in Agenois a n d then the
important city o f Limoges who se citizens treacherously
opened their gates to the invaders
The
C a pt u r
f
Li
m
E
prince took the field for the last time to recover
Limoges though he wa s so weak that he could not sit
his war horse and had to be borne o n a litter He took
the place after an obstinate defence by throwing down
part of the wall by a mi n e filled with gunpowder When
his men entered the breach he bade them cut down
everyone they met fo r he was much e n raged with his
rebellious subj ects Thus his hitherto spotless career
,
.
w
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e o
O
.
CS
,
-
.
,
,
.
,
\
.
S AC K
OF
L I MOG E S
67
.
s u llied by a massacre in its last moments ( October
Three months later his health grew so m uch
I
worse that he took ship for England expecting every
moment to be his last B ut he survived the passage and
li n gered on for more than five years at his castle o fB erk
hampstead a helpless invalid unable t o take any p art
either in war o r domestic governance
"
With the departure of the prince things in France w en V
fro m bad to worse The French could n o t be kept back
‘
fro m overrunning A quitaine though t w o considerable
expeditions had been sent o u t fro m Calais to endeavour
to d i
stract them fro m their prey B ut by the orders of
their ki n g the nobles of northern France utterly refused
battle S hut themselves up in their castles and allowed
the E n glish to march past the m unmolested These
unchivalrous but effective tactics caused J ohn of Gaunt
in I 3 6 9 a n d Sir R obert K n o lles in 1 3 7 0 to march
across Picardy Without e ffecting anything of note for
they had no leisure to engage in sieges and they could
n o r get the battle that they desired
But i
wa s
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
’
i
m l av
H
Earl of Pembroke t h e
s
e crosse d
g
Bay of Biscay safely but as he dre w n ear La R ochelle
the port for which h e was aiming fou n d his p ath beset
’
by a large Spanish fleet Henry of Tra st a m a ra was bent
on
revenging N avarette and he had j ust D f t o ff
L
R
O h ll
found another reason for taking strong mea
sures against the E n g li
and his
younger broth
— 2 wedded the two daughters and heiresses of
7
Pedro the Cruel wh o had been d welling as hostages at
Bordeau x e v er since their father br ok e his word in I 3 6 7
I n virtue o f this marriage Joh n gave himself o u t as the
rightful king o fCastile
Henry was much enrage d and
had sent forth to aid the French all the ships that he
could gather together A fierce fight en sued off La V
ki
ng
,
so n
-
.
,
,
-
,
.
,
e ea
a
C
e
e
,
.
.
.
,
68
E
NG L AND AND
TH E
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
The d efence o f Aq u it ai
n e n o w that the army of suc
c o uT h a d been destroyed fell upon the sh o u l d e rS o f th e
,
'
'
‘
'
,
distinguishe d hi
m se lf a t P oI ct i
e rs S i x
tee n years before;
He made a gallant fight but W
ES Tit t e rly u n a e to stem
*
'
’
'
,
too small and t h e discontented people 6 fthe land would
him no help Po i
N iort an d La R ochelle
ct i
e rs
“ g ive
fell into the hands o f the enemy betrayed by their
citizens and with them went almost the whole of Poitou
‘
Sai n tonge and the A ngoumois A t last the Captal was
surprised and taken prisoner i
n a skirmish near Soubise
nd with him departed the last hope o f mai n taining the
E n glish dominion north o f the G aronne A bout the
f
same time
ai
t hw
e f
p
KT
i
u c h y o ve rr n
H
t
Q
s
Q
Q
E E M M ¢M
w
W
p
by the~ French whose f
orc es were led by his own born
l
reaf Cofi a f
i
subj ect the
n wh o
zf
er e B ef
uesc
a
n
t
d
i
w
fl
r
g
‘
had n o w bee n made Constable of France ( 1 3 7 2 —7
I
n
I
En
land
made
her
last
effort
to
turn
the
V
373
g
—
f
o r t u n e 0I war
wa s senij
oVer the wate r
with 3 0 0 0 men a t arms a n d 6 0 0 0
CaTaTS he
was joined b y a great bod of mercena r ies raised in the
y
N etherlands and G ermany We fi am g g ri u rpri
se that
he
lances to serve against
Thus a formidable army was mustered but
w the French
it was led by an incompetent general and was direc t ed
‘
o n the w rong lines
I t would have been better to start
from B ordeaux and clear Perigord an d Saintonge o f th e
enemy instead o fstarting o n a mere destructive raid into
northern
Fra
n ce
The
experience
of I 3 6 9
J h of
Ga
t
a t and
1
had
already
shown
that
such
0
g
7
3
m a ch
operatio n s had no effect against a ki n g like
Charles V who did not intend t o fight and could n o t
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
W
.
“
—
,
,
T
i
b
' fi
T
,
,
__
a
‘
0
U
‘
‘
'
.
-
'
-
-
_
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
o
.
n
un
r
’
s
re
'
.
,
,
J OH N
GAUN T INVAD E S
OF
F
RAN C E
69
.
be stirred t o indiscretion even by seeing the barns and
cottages o f his subjects blazing up o n every side Joh m /
o fG au n t was allowed to push his way across Picardy an d
far as the Loire : the Fre n ch hung about
cut o f
f his stragglers but would not offer
he moved on into Berri a n d went o n
‘
n d o n his way to Bordeaux
T he autumn
had n o w set in and among the rugged mountain s o f
.
,
,
.
,
way from cold and over fatigue
At last they reached
n
B ordeaux ra g ge d and fam i
she d a ft er h a vi
accomplished
g
n o useful end whatever : they had inflicted untold misery
On the peasantry of c en fra l France but had brought no
pressure to bear o n Charles V n o r even retaken o n e o f
the lost towns of northern A quitaine
I n A pril I 3 7 4
Lancaster d i
sb a n d e d t h e remnant s o f hm
nc
he
t fsi
e
them a n dm e t u rn e d to England
T h e failure o f his ill managed expeditio n was followe d
by the loss of the greater part o f G uyenne and G ascony
’
T he inhabitants felt that the king o f England s last bolt
was shot a n d t ha t jh e re was n o o bjec t in fighting any
longer f
a l o st
O
ne
after
another
all
the
town
s
u se
r
q
ia
EIOrT
t
h
e
G aronne and D ordogne gave themselves u p t o
g
the French after feeble and perfunctory resistances B y
the e n d o f 1 3 7 4 all that was left to King Edward was t h e
cities o f Bordeaux and Bayonne and the narrow S lip o f
G ascon coast land connecti n g the m : all the inlan d was
”
gone That the two great seaports still held o u t wa s
mai n ly due to the fact that their trading interests were
closely bound up with the English connection an d that
they knew that they were getting better and more orderly
govern ment from their actual lord than would T h E g li h
i
“ G uy
be granted them by Charles V I t must be
remembered too that they had been in the hands o f the
Pla n tagenets ever since Henry I I had married Eleanor
o f A quitaine two
hundred years before and had n o
historical n or sentimental ties with the house of Valois
Considering the utter ruin o f the English cause i
n v
-
.
-
_
,
_
_
'
'
,
.
,
.
,
,
‘
,
.
J
‘
-
.
-
'
,
_
.
w
fi
.
,
-
.
,
e
n
s
en n e:
.
.
,
.
E
7o
’
NG LAND AND T HE H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
A quitaine Edward I I I must be considered t o have been
fortunate when in the Ju n e of the following year ( I j
he succeeded in co n cluding a suspension o f h o sti
l tis
with the e n emy The truce was for a year but it was
re n ewed for a second twelvemonth in J une I 3 7 6 a n d
actually lasted for the whole o f the short remainder of
’
s
the old king s reign ‘
The five years duri n g which A quitaine was gradually
m
n to the hands o fthe French were very importa n t
a
s
I
s
p
g
in the constitutio n al history o f
Al LI h rOI I gh
their course a bitter struggle was going o n in Parliament
cau sed by the discontent o fthe nation at the unfortunat e
i ssue o f the war I ts first S ign was an outbreak against
’
n
i
the ki
m
i
n
t
r
in
I
1
I
t
was
easy
to
attribute
s
s
e
s
g
37
the successes o f the French to the incapacity o f the men
whom the king had chosen to carry on the administration :
of these the most i m portant were two prelates William
of Wykeham bishop of Wi n chester the chancellor ; and
Thomas o f Brantingham bishop of Exeter the treasurer
B oth were able and disinterested m en : Wykeham wh o
’
had first attracted Edward s attention by his skill as an
architect had been found an honest and capable states
m an
and has left a good name behi n d him as the
founder o f Winchester College the first great public
school and of the sister foundation o f N ew Col lege Ox
ford I t was Wholly unjust to lay the bla m e o fthe losses
in A quitaine on the chancellor and treasurer ;
T r u bl
i
P ’
li m m t
they were really due to military causes — the
want o f a single competent general i
and the
n chief
squandering of men and money o n the unwise raids into
northern France But t h e Pa rl i
m
n t attributed them to
e
a
t he incapacity o f ecclesi a st ics t o ru le in ti
me o frwa r a n d
petitioned the king to dismiss them an d t o m eplag jh e m
hpf
by laymen
Edward yielded a n d Si
e
r Rob e r t l
p
was made chancellor while Sir R ichard Scrope a follow"er
o fJohn o fGaunt took o ver t h e ch a r e o fthe t r
e
a
s
r
u
y
g
The n e w administration proved far more u n fortu n ate
than that which it had suppla n ted John o f G aunt had
n o w become the true ruling power in the realm : his elder
,
.
ig
,
.
,
.
,
.
'
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
o
a
es
a
n
'
-
-
,
.
x
.
,
,
.
,
_
_
W
,
,
,
'
s
.
THE
“
G OOD P AR L IA ME N T
”
I
7
.
brother w as on his sick bed and his father was falling
into his dotage
E dward I I I had lost his wise an d
faithful wife Philippa o f Hainault in I 3 6 9 and shortly
after fell into the ha n ds of a worthless adventuress D ame
A lice Pe rrers I n his foolish fondness for her he allowed
her to tamper with matters of state and all who wished
to advance themselves about the court came C rr p t i o
“ th “ ”
to her with bribes
She even contrived to
interfere with the administration of j ustice and to frighten
John of G aunt left his father in
o r corrupt the judges
the hands of this harpy and assumed complete control
of foreig n affairs I t was on him that the responsibility
—
—
for the disasters o f r 3 7 3 4 5 must be laid A fter the
loss of G uyenne he was forced to face Parliament with
a lamentable report o f money w asted Opportunities let
slip and provinces lost to the French
”
“
O n the meeting o f the G ood Parliament o f r 3 7 6
the stor m of national discontent which had been brewing
’
for the last three years burst upon Lancaster s head H e
w as accused j ustly enough o f incapacity but men added
unfounded accusations such as the charge o f plotting
’
to seize the throne at his father s death to T h G d
P a li a m
t
the exclusio n of his invalid brother and of
’
the little prince R ichard the Black Prince s nine year o l d
son I t was even whispered that he h a d planned to get
the boy poisoned J ohn himself was too highly placed
f
o r the Parliament to dare to attack hi m openly but a
vigorous assault was made o n his friends and associates
Peter de la Mare the speaker of the House of Com mons
boldly declared that the nation was ready to help the
king in his distress but that they must first remove fro m
about his person those who were making their private
profit out o f his misfortunes The three chief offenders
pointed out were the Chamberlain William Lord Latimer
’
R ichard Lyons the king s financial agent and D ame
A lice P erre rs The t wo first named had been guilty of
’
disgraceful frauds ; they had bought up the king s debts
fro m poor men who despaired of ever seei n g their money
at half their nominal amount or less and had then paid
-
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
u
o
n
u
e
:
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
oo
e
,
en
r
,
-
-
,
.
.
,
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,
,
,
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,
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
,
7
E
2
NG L AND AND
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WAR
,
TH E
.
themselves in full from the treasury O n o n e occasion
8 i)
they had le n t the ki n g
marks
ster
a n d got out Ofhi m an acknowledgment for
li n g Latimer had extorted a great bribe from the D u ke
’
o fBritta n y E n gland s faithful ally and had the n betrayed
him by selling his castles of St Sauveur and Becherel to
the French
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
D ame A lice the
Commons accused her of breaking the la w which forbade
wome n to meddle with the admi n istration o f j ustice and
obtained against her an award o f ba n ishment She was
’
made to swear that she would never return to the king s
prese n ce a n oath which Sh e very soon broke
-the Prince o fWales
WW
died ( June 8
Parl i
ament petitioned the ki n g that
his little grandson R ichard should be at once recognized
as heir to the crown a n d that a standing council should
be appointed to carry o n the government Edward him
self was no longer capable o f work and it was felt that
J oh n of G aunt must be prevented from engrossing all the
royal powers into his ha n ds A ccordi n gly the king con
se n ted that Parliame n t should nomi n ate n ine persons as
members of the cou n cil of whom at least four were to be
always about his person A t the same time he promi sed
to co n sider favourably the dema n ds contained in a vast
list of I 4 0 p etitio n s dealing with all man n er o fadmi n istra
e va n c e s
w
h
i
W
tive g ri
c
h
h
n
la
i
d
f
r
him
T
O
n
m
t
o
s
b
e
O
e
e
m
l
fi
o ft h e m o st important of t h e
the
S
o n e that Parliaments should be a n nual the other that the
sheriffs and other royal officers ShOu ld n ot in te rfe re with
the election o f knights o f the shire but always allow the
”
“
retur n of the perso n s whom the better folk of the county
should n ominate
On the 6 t h of July the Parliament dispersed havi n g
a s it fondly supposed crushed Lancaster and provided
,
,
.
W
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
‘
‘
‘
.
‘
‘
,
,
-
.
,
,
,
H
E
74
’
NG LAND AND T HE H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
conscious that he must soon be overthrown unless he
could manage to enlist a certain amount o f popular
sympathy on his side The truce with France being still
run n i n g he could n o t appeal to warlike sentiments bu t
there was one strong current o fopinion which he thought
that he might direct i n to channels favourable to himself
This was the anti papal feeling which was as strong
now as in the days when the Statutes of Provisors and
Pr aemunire had been passed T he court of
Am h x i r
f li g
A vig n on was going from bad to worse a n d
its shameless demands and exactio n s deeply irritated
every patriotic Englishman
But a great part o f the
clergy now as always though t themselves bound to side
with the papacy and the English Church was itself full
o f abuses and scandals which did n o t tend to grow less
Bishops who neglected their dioceses a n d were m ore at
n spiritual work had
home in war and diplomacy than i
always existed but in the fourteenth century their numbers
were greater than ever since the baronage had taken of
late to putting their younger sons i n to the church an d
pressing them forward for promotion I n earlier centuries
this had been rare in the fourtee n th it was very common
Three o f the seven A rchbishops o f Canterbury between
1 3 4 8 and 1 4 0 0 were sons o r brothers o f peers
The
E v i l t a t o f average o f episcopal piety and unworldlines s
th
hm h
was not improved by the change A mong
the b en eficed clergy there wa s a good deal o f n o n resi
dence an appreciable amount of simony a n d a certai n
proportion of evil living The abbeys and friaries were
worse : all accounts agree that the monastic bodies were
inferior to the secular priests in zeal a n d moral worth I t
is said that the hasty filli
n g u p o f the depleted ranks of
the clergy with unqualified and unsatisfactory persons
after the Black D eath had a permanent effect in lowering
the moral tone o f the whole body A t the same time
the church was richer than ever : it was believed that a
third of the la n d and wealth o f the realm were in clerical
hands
The clergy always gave liberal grants in con
v ocation for n ational purposes but this did not satisfy
.
,
.
-
,
c er ca
ee
n
.
:
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
'
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
s
e
'
e C
C
.
-
,
,
-
.
.
-
.
.
,
J OH N WY C L I FFE
75
.
men who complained that their land escaped all feudal
taxation and so did n o t p ay its fair share towards filling
the treasury
m
The feeli n g that something ought to be done to i
p rove t h e i n ternal condition o f the church as well as to
check the encroachments o f the pope had long been
prevalent and wa s shared by many who were themselves
clerics A mong those who were foremost in calling for
radical measures o f reform wa s John Wycliffe ( sometime
Master of Balliol College ) a learned O xford W y c l i ff
doctor of divinity
He had first made his
mark as a deep thinker in philosophy and theology but
was driven into politics by his indig n ation at the corrupt
state o f the church and the papacy
He came to t h e
conclusion that most o f the clerical scandals o f the day
had their roots in the over great wealth and power of the
church and held that the best way to reform it would be
to compel the clergy to return to the apostolic poverty o f
the early centuries Against the papacy as the source
of all other evils he was particularly keen
He had
bee n first introduced to public affairs as a member o f a
deputation sent to Bruges in 1 3 7 4 to negotiate terms o f
agreement between the English Church and the pope
The evil impression which the papal del ega tes then made
Ere long w e find him protesting
o n him he never forgot
in the strongest terms against the spiritual authority
which the pope claimed t o exercise over the whole
ch u rch and asserti n g that it was blasphemous fo r him
’
to pose as G od s vicegerent o n earth and the mediator
“
between Christ and the individual Christian
A ll men
he said employi n g a familiar metaphor drawn from the
“
feudal system are tenants i
n chief under G od r e s o n
p
sible directly to h im for their souls and their manner
o flife ; the pop e is like an intruder who tries to push in
”
as a mesne tenant between G od and man
Then he
added that spiritual authority could only be W y l ifi
t am i g
wielded by a righteous man and that no
obedience wa s due to the orders o fa spiritual ruler w h ose
life was not in consonance w i
th the word o fChrist N ot
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
e.
.
,
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-
,
,
.
.
,
.
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,
,
”
.
,
,
-
-
,
,
-
.
’
c
e
e s
n
,
.
:
76
E
NG L AND AND
TH E H
’
UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
nly the pope but a large number of the English prelates
might fairly be said to come under this condemnation
A t a later date Wycliffe added to his attack on the gover
nors of the church an attack on some o fthe characteri st ic
doctrines of R ome notably on that o fTransubstantiation
in the Euc h arist
This later de velopment however had not begun in
I 37 7
and it was o n ly as preaching insubordination and
resista n ce to R ome that Wycli ffe was at this time arraigned
a n d tried
by Bishop Courtenay o f London a strong
’
opponent o f John of G au n t The duke s only sympathy
with Wycliffe came from the fact that they both desired
to repress the overgrown power of the ecclesiastical
authorities the o n e from political and personal motives
the other o n religious and theoretical grou n ds With
’
Wycliffe s spiritual fervour Lancaster had n othi n g i
n com
mon but he resolved to support him because they owned
the same enemies a n d because there wa s always po pu
l a ri
t y to be gained by opposi n g R ome
Accordingly when Wycliffe was brought before the
’
bishop in St Paul s for trial ( February 1 3 7 7 ) the duke
came in person and threatened Courtenay
T ri a l
w y d ifi
in such stormy language that after an u m
seemly altercatio n the assembly broke up in disorder
’
and Wycliffe we n t free A mob o f the bishop s friends
’
and followers we n t n ext day and sacked John s palace o f
the Savoy Though much enraged he dared n o t proceed
to more violent measures against Courtenay a n d con
tented himself with maki n g his fat h er suspend for a time
some o fthe privileges of the city o fLondon
Thus the poli t ical strife o f the Court party and the
Constitutional party had become complicated with the
religious dispute between the R eformers and the R oman
i
z ers
H o w much further matters would have go n e b a d
J ohn of G au n t retai n ed his u n limited power a n d authority
we ca n not say for the aspect of affairs was wholly cha n ged
a
few mo n ths later by the death of the old king Edward
V
‘
died on June 2 I 3 7 7 at his p alace of Sheen When his
last moments were near his servants stole all they could
o
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
or
,
e
'
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
D E ATH
OF E
D WARD II I
.
and fle d The shameless A lice P errers is said to have
stripped the v ery rings from his ha n ds when she sa w h i
m
fall into unconscious n ess O f all the numerous D a t h f
E dw a rd m
train that he had fed only o n e poor priest wa s
present to mi n ister the o ffices o f the church as he dre w
his last breath This miserable death bed was but t h e
natural termination o fa life spent in the pursuit of selfish
p leasure a n d ambition Such a king was bound to bree d
a race o fheartless courtiers and thankless dependants
.
,
o
e
.
o
-
.
.
.
VI I
C HA PT E R
RI CH ARD II
.
TH E
Y E AR S
OF
.
T HE M I N ORI Y
T
1 37
.
—
7 1 3 88
.
The accession to the throne o f the late king s grand V
son R ichard I I a bright promising lad of eleven put an
end to the domination o f J ohn of G aunt T he Princes s
o fWales and the friends o f her deceased husba n d who
had brought up the young king had never been allied to
Lancaster and had viewed his movements with suspicion
He had no longer the power to use the royal name for
his o wn profit as he had done for the last fe w years
Facing the situation with more wisdom than might have
been expected the duke made no attempt to hold o n t o
.
the helm but yielded with a good grace and entered
i nto a formal reconciliation with Wykeham and the othe r
chiefs of the constitutional party Peter de la Mare wa s
released from prison the Londoners were pardo n ed for
their riot of the preceding February and it was agreed
that o ld enmities should be forgotte n
The governa c e
a
o f the realm was placed in the hands o f a c o u n c i
l i
n
which both the parties were fairly represented The firs t
parliament of the n ew reign passed two important piece s
o f constitutional legislation : o n e provided that during a
’
ni
minority the king s n 1i
hould
be
c
sen
by
st e rs
h
e
s
ho
—t
t 0 houses ; the other wa s t o I h E Effect that Ell act s
passe
y Parliament could be set aside only by the con
s ent o f Parliament
This second point wa s o n e which
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NG L AND AND
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’
UNDR E D Y E A R S WA R
.
to be fully established for three hundred years
A s late as the time of James I I kings still claimed to
have a dispe n si n g power which overrode the statute
wa s
n ot
.
.
)
1
b
ok
.
Though the da n ger o fdomestic troubles was for a ti m e
at an end the condition of politics was yet far from satis
Charles V o f Fra n ce had refused
Th Fr
c h factory
to renew the truce which ran o u t in the sum
’
“
mer o f I 3 7 7 and the Hu n dred Years War had o n ce
more passed i n to a n acute stag e Th e campaig n s which
~
si
ve as
followed
er so di
sa st r ou s n 0r so deg i
—
those o f I 3 7 3 7 5 but their results were o n the whole
—
n
i
m
r
u n favourable
othi
g
of
was
lost
the
o
t
a
n
ce
N
whole inlan d h a d
fi O t h e h an dS of th e
Frenc h and th e grasp o f the E n glish o n the coast towns
was ver
,
e
en
.
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,
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n
C
il
m
e
-
,
-
a
_
_
W
,
.
‘
’
‘
,
uncle
Thomas o fWoodstock landed at Calai s a n d cut its way
and the Orlea n o i
s to Brit
’
tany I t was a mere repetition o f La n caster s march in
I 3 7 3 : o n ce n io rfi h é m
o p e n b a t t le a n d
co n tented themselves with defe n ding their walled towns
and cutti n g off the foragers and stragglers of the i n vadi n g
host Earl Thomas reached V annes without a n y over
whelmi n g disaster but with a n army t o o much harassed
and worn down to accomplish the delivery of Brittany
from the Fre n ch Joh n V the faithful ally o f England
si n ce his accessio n i
n 1 34
n don
was
at
last
driven
t
o
aba
5
the alliance and make peace with t h e enemy He was
n return
recog n ized as duke by the Fre n ch government i
for his submissio n and at last recovered the whole o f
his domi n io n s ( I 3 SO )
The abortive expedition to Britta n y had bee n very
"
cos i
ly and Fa
w a S n e c essa ry to pay the
y
n a rr ea r
t ro op s;wh OSe wages were Six m o n t h s i
A ccord
«
i
n
l
n
n
o
the
cha
c
llor
Sudbury
S
i
m
o
f
e
T h p 11 t x
g y
f 38 ’
A rchbishop of Canterbury laid before the
Parliament of N orthampton projects for the raisi n g of a
,
,
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e
°
0
- a
,
e
1
,
,
WA T
T
’
YL E R S R E BE LL I ON
79
.
The method finally adopted fo r col
it
a
Poll
tax
o n the whole of the inhabita n ts
n
w
a
s
l ec t i
g
t ee n : it w a s graduated
o f the realm a b ove fl t e fi ge p f fif
m
upwards from o n e shilling paid by the poor to £ 3 i
posed o n the richest individuals
ed very heavily
f the explosion
o n the labouring
o f a discontent which h a d been brewing ever since the
social troubles that had followed the Black D eath an d
the Statute o f Labourers The Peasant R evolt o r Wat
’
Tyler s R ebellion as it is so m eti
m es c alled was n o t t h e
though
r
m
—
bitterly resente d Wa s b u t t h e occasion and not th e cause
o fthe rising— j ust as the greased cartridges in 1 8 5 7 were
The origins o f the
n o t the cause o f the I n dian Mutiny
trouble were many and varied much in different places
I n London and the towns the discontent was largely
sum
of
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,
it
They laid the blame
o u t much distinction o f persons a n d pa r t i
es
save that
John o f G aunt was specially singled o u t as responsible
for the prese n t unhappy situation I n the Shi
res o n the
other h a n d t h e explosion was mainly the C a u
f
result of so c 1a l causes and espec i ally o f the t h P a a t
R va “
grievances o fvilleinage We have had already
occasion to remark that t h e Statute o f Labourers had
estranged the landholders from their peasants
Th e
attempt to enforce the ancient dues o fcompulsory labour
from the servile te n a n ts had led to much bad blood :
everyo n e wished to hold his lan d at a moderate mo ney
rent and not to be compelled to give forced labour for l
’
his lord s demesne farms W h erever the ow n er of a
manor insisted o n carryi n g o n the old system disco n tent
was rife I n many parts the peasa n try had entered into
secret clubs and combinatio n s to resist their masters and
these s c ties seem to have had much to do with the
o rga n i
z ati
o rfo ft h e rising
B ut this grievance alone does
not su ffice to explain the revolt : its outbreak was as violent
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s es o
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80
E
NG L AND AND
TH E
’
H UNDR E D Y E A R S WA R
.
n any
in Ke n t where villeinage no lo n ger existed as i
other shire There was a bitter feeling abroad against
the tyra n nical w la w s against the t ol ls a n d market
which raised the price o f provisions against the
whole tribe o f l awyers whose subtilties and legal fictio n s
were thought to prevent the poor man from obtaining
j ustice I n some parts too the rising was stro n gly a n ti
clerical : it was very violent in places like St Albans and
n ts o f the church had
St
Edmunds
where
the
tena
Bi
i
i
y
tried in va i
n t o get from t h eir abbots the charters a n d
privileges which most other small towns enj oyed V ery
important also ( though it has sometimes been exaggerated )
was the influence o fWyg li
ej
s de n u n ciation o f the clergy
f
f
duri n g the last ten years His teaching had filtered down
to the lower strata of societ y i
n a form which took the
shape o f socialism He had preached that obedience
was n o t due to spiritual superiors o fevil life and that it
was expedient that the church should be deprived o f th e
over great wealth which was corrupti n g her He had
”
“
founded an order of poor priests who we n t about the
country spreading his doctrines and in the mouths of
his more fanatical disciples his teaching took an almost
a narchical turn
They denounced all obedience t o u n
righteous governors lay o r clerical and spoke as if
poverty was the only virtue and riches the sole source of
evil The most violent lan guage of this kind was used
by a wan dering priest named J p h n Ball who was well
known all over the southern S hires
He was not a
f
fit e since he had been i
n trouble for his teachi n g
W yc li
’
lo n g before Wycliffe s name had been heard outside
O xford but his addresses pressed to their logical extre m e
all the ideas which underlay the n ew doctrine His
famous text :
Wh en A da m del v ed a n d E ve S a n
p
Wh o w as t h en t h e g en t le m a n ?
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was the prelude to sermons urging that all men must be
made equal a n d all property forcibly divided i n to equal
shares
For the most part however the men who
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82
E
NG L AND AND
TH E H
UN D R E D Y E AR S WAR
,
.
The gates of L ondon were shut agai n st them by the
Mayor Walworth but there was n o other attempt to resist
them for the governme n t had been taken by surprise
But o n Ju n e 1 2 the
a n d had no time to collect troops
n su r
mob of the city rose and opened t h e gates t o the i
ge n ts They spread themselves through the streets not
i n dulgi n g in general plunder but sacking
Th
r b l
d
i L
a n d bur n ing the Savoy the palace of John
of G aunt and slaying many foreig n merc h ants and certain
perso n s agai n st whom they had special grievances The
young king who had retired into the Tower tried to parley
with them The demands which they sent him were n o t
so wild as might have been expected : they asked for a
free pardon for the abolition o f all villeinage for the
removal of ma n y taxes and tolls and for a permission
to all who had formerly held land on a servile tenure
to become instead free tenants o f their farms at the rent
d o f fourpence an acre
I t is evident that the maj ority
had not bee n led away by the teaching o f John Ball and
his fellows Seeing that their terms were not altogether
impossible the young king who displayed admirable
courage a n d coolness though he was but fifteen years
—
of age bade them meet him at
En d then a great
open space and there discu ss their grievances The
W
majority
came
to
the
colloquy
but
hile
it
;
M u rd r f
A rc h b i h p
was going on Wat Tyler a n d Joh n Ball with
s db
“
’
about 4 0 0 riotous followers burst into the
Tower and there murdered the A rchbishop Simon of
Sudbury who was specially hated as the framer of the
poll tax a n d with him Sir R obert Hales t h e treasurer
a n d John Legge the chief collector of the t a x
While this dreadful scene was going o n the young ki n g
had bee n addressing the main body o f the i n surgents at
Mile End A fter some discussio n he agreed to grant
their demands and thirty clerks were set at o n ce to work
to draw o u t charters granting free pardo n s and the aboli
t i on o f villeinage for the i n habita n ts o f each town o r
hundred That eve n i n g t h e majority of the i n surgents
we n t quietly home havi n g as they thought obtained
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T
YL E R S L AI N : T H E R E A CTI ON
83
.
their desires ( June
B ut Tyler and many thousand s
o f the rougher and wilder sort remained behind : som e
of them were fanatics and others were scenting more
plunder an d bloodshed
N ext day the king summoned T yler and his followers
to meet him at Sm i
l
i
g ld trusting to make terms wit h
fj
them as he had W
i th their fellows
B ut the insurgen t
chief had gone too far to feel himself safe an d was se t
on keeping up the tumult lest he should be ca lled t o
j ustice fo r the murders of Sudbury and Hales He bore
himself i n solently at the meeting and began wranglin g
’
and insulting the king s attendants
This so excited
W illiam Walworth the mayor that he drew a cutlas s
from under his gown and hewed down the rebel fro m
’
nis horse
Thereupon o n e of the king s K i g R i c h a r d
m i
t
S
t hfi ld
squires ran in an d struck him dead as he
lay R ichard and his whole party were within an a c e
o f perishing
seeing their leader fall
f
o r the multitude
be n t their bows and were about to let fly B ut the
courageous young king rode forward among them cryin g
that he himself would n o w be their leader an d woul d
see that j ustice was done to them They hesitated a
moment and then won by his noble bearing followe d
him to I slington where in the open fi eld he distribute d
to them charters like those which had bee n given to their
fellows o n the previous day They then dispersed an d
“
he was able to ride back to his mother swearing that
he had this day w o n back hi s heritage and the real m o f
”
England which was lost ( June
When the insurgents had gone home the knights a n d
nobles flocked into London with thousands of armed
retainers The land holding classes were very wroth that
their villeins had been freed without their consent a n d
said that R ichard had given away what was not his o wn
I n spite o f the free pardon that had been R a c t i
d
r ve g
granted many scores o f the leaders of the
rebels in Kent and the home counties were seized an d
”
“
hung A mo ng them were John Ball and Jack Straw
w ho had been c a ptain of the E sse x men I n N orfol k
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84
E
’
NG L AN D AND T HE H UNDR E D
YE A R s
WA R
.
t he
warlike bishop D espenser took arms a n d put do wn
t h e easte r n i n surgents slaying their leader the priest John
\
Vra we
A fe w mo n ths later Parliament met and voted
that all the charters issued by t h e ki n g were n ull an d
thout the sa n c t fo n
v oid because they had b ee n issued wi
O fthe t w o hou se s
R ichard made some att e m pt to keep
hi
s promise to the i n surgents and tri ed to get his a b oli
t ion of villeinage confirmed but the voice of Lords a n d
Commons wa s given unanimously against him an d he
h a d to yield
The only grace that he obtai n ed was that
in Jan uary I 3 8 2 o n the occasion o fhis m arriage to A nne
o f Bohemia the young daughter of the Emperor Charles
IV a general amnesty was published for the survivin g
insurgent s B ut all their promi n ent leaders had already
perished N e vertheless it must not be forgotten that
in one wa y the risi n g had not b een without successful
results ; the lan do wning classes had bee n so thoroughly
frighte n ed by the outbreak that they dealt mo re cautiously
with the peasants for the future ; for the next ce n tury
v ill einage wa s silently disappeari n g as the lords allowed
their men to commut e labour for money re n t s and to
becom e free tenan ts The grievances o f villei n age were
never ag ain the cause o f insurrection for they gradu al ly
disappear e d I n the next century we S hall see that the
n ma n y features
great popular rising o fJack Cade which i
recalls that ofWat T yler was politi
cal and not social in
u
i
t s aims and ends
R ichard was n o w in his sixt eenth year and had shown
that he possessed both courage ready wi
t a n d a heart
tha t could sympathize with his subjects But he was
not allowed to assume co n trol o f the administratio n ; all
through his reign he was the victim of a tribe o fambitious
uncles and cousins who were determined to keep him in
the background as much as possible J ohn
Th m a
f
Gl
t
o f G au n t wa s n o w not the o n ly source o f
trouble ; his youngest brother Thomas of Woods t ock
who had become D uke of G loucester was a far worse
—
man domi n eeri n g arrogan t selfish and given to all
n t r iu e s
an
manner o f i
H
e
and
Lancaster
fell
out
d
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4
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DE
V E RE
A ND
LA
DE
L
PO E
85
.
th eir quarrels a llowed the k in g some li b erty ; but in 1 3 8 5
the elder duke disappea red for some time from t h e scene
1
B y his marriage wi t h Const an ce o f Castile he had a claim
n the hope
o n the inherit ance of Pedro the Cruel and i
n Spai
of making himself a r uler i
n he went over s ea s with
all the followers he could raise He alli
e d himse l f w ith
n g ofPortugal and at fir st conquer ed
his son i
n la w t h e Ki
many tow n s in the northern provinces of Castile But his
army wasted away : the Castilian s hated the mem or y o f
D o n Pedro too much to subm it to his heir a n d after lo n g
struggles ( 1 3 8 5—8 9) J oh n w as to retu rn to En glan d di
s
appoi n ted and gr o wn o ld before h i
s t ime
D u ring his absence R ichard had reached t h e age o f
twe n ty a n d at la st a ssu rn ed the governan c e of his r ealm
His chosen min isters were Michael de la Pole an d
R obert de V er e Earl of O xford The for mer R i c h d
m i it r
was a m a n Of a n ew family : his father had
bee n a wealthy mercha n t of H ull but he himself took to
war and politics rose to the front by his ability an d was
n o w in his middle age made chancellor and afterwards
Ear l of Suffolk D e V ere o n the other hand held o n e of
n E n gland : he was a you n g man Of
the oldest earldom s i
the same age as the king an d had become his favourite
companion To raise him to a positio n above the rest o f
the baro n s R icha rd made him M a r quis o f D ublin an d
D uke of I reland A fter these t wo frien ds the ki
ng placed
most confidence in his hal f bro t hers ( the sons o f th e
Princess of Wales by her first m arriage ) Thom as Ho
ll a n d
Earl of Ke n t and John Holla n d wh o wa s aft er Wards
made Earl o fHuntingdon
D e la Pole and D e V ere could n o t i
n any sense be
”
“
called favourites in the Objectionable sen se o f the
term The ex p erience of o n e and the an cient nobility o f
the other made them pers ons whom it was quite fitting that
the king should choose as his m in i
sters I t may be that
M ichael wa s somewhat avaricious and R obert somewhat
’
v ain and light headed but we have only their enemies
w ord for the accu sa tion
T heir r ule was certainly n o
1 S
pag 6 8
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86
E
’
NG L AND AND T H E H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
worse than that o ftheir predecessors ; the plot w hich was
made against them must accordingly be attributed to
j ealousy and ambition a n d not to patriotism Thomas
o f G loucester who was set o n holding the chief powe r
under his nephew the king drew into a conspiracy certain
discontented nobles the chief o fwhom were the Earls o f
A rundel Warwick and N otti n gham and the young
He n ry o f Bolingbroke the eldest son o f the D uke of
La n caster
I n the Parliament o f 1 3 8 6 G loucester a n d his frien d s
made a great stir against the ministers accusing them o f
’
embezzling the king s money mismanaging the war with
Fra n ce ( which still dragged o n its weary length ) and
refusing to carry o n the govern ment accordi n g t o the
advice o f the council and the t wo houses D e la Pole
was impeached and declared guilty though the accusa
tions were wholly unfair But the moment that the Parlia
me n t had dispersed the king gave him his pardo n and
r estored him to the o f
fice o fchancellor
’
This action of R ichard s gave the conspirators the
’
A t G loucester s call
O pportunity which they desired
t hey took arms and called o u t their retainers ; marching
o n London they found no o n e to Oppose them and seized
“
T hey called themselves the Lords A ppe l
t h e town
”
“
la n t
because they
appealed ( accused ) o f treason
’
S uffolk O xford and certain other o f the king s advisers
R
ichard
bade
his
followers
take
arms
and
R i i g of
L rd
th
D e V ere gathered some levies in the western
A pp l l a t
counties
Bi
i
t at R adcot Bridge on the
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o
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e
s
n
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U pper T hames near Lechlade he was beset by a far
greater host which the i n surgent barons had sent o u t
’
agai n st him A fter a brief skirmish the ki n g s men sur
re n dered D e V ere escaping with di
fli
c u l t y by swimmi n g
his horse across the river He fled to France where he
was soon afterwards j oined by D e la Pole wh o had also
succeeded in getting away in safety from E n gland But
’
the greater part of R ichard s minor partisans did not leave
the realm : they had not foreseen the merciless character
o f the Lords A ppellant
G loucester had determined to
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T H E L ORD S A PP E LL AN T
87
.
break the spirit o f th e king and to deal so harshly w i
th
his i n struments that no man S hould ever dare to serve
him again
”
“
I n February I 3 88 met the Merciless Parliament
which was wholly dominated by the Lords Appellant
who had taken care to pack the Co mmons with their ad
h eren t s
G loucester behaved to his nephew with studied
i n solence : he brought o u t the docu ments which related
to the deposition of Edward
read them to the king
before the assembly and openly told him that there were
good reasons for treating him as his great grandfather
had been treated But for once he should be spared
and placed for the future in th e hands o fstrong and wise
counsellors The Parliament then proceeded to impeach
’
the king s ministers : Suffolk and O xford had crossed the
seas so had N eville archbishop o f York who also was
cited as an offender B ut there were at hand T h M rci
Tresilia n the chief j ustice Sir Simon B urley l P a rli a
m
"
an old friend of the Black Prince who had
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been the king s tutor in his boyhood a n d N icholas B ram
ber an ex mayor o fLondon all promi n ent servants of the
unfortunate R ichard A fter the mere mockery o f a trial
Tresilian a n d Bramber were hu n g and B urley beheaded
’
Three k n ights o fthe king s household named Beauchamp
B er n ers an d Salisbury were subsequently arrested tried
and executed T he Parliament then voted liberal sup
plies for the expenses o f govern ment from which the
Lords A ppellants were not ashamed to take
“
to compensate them for the trouble and expense to
”
which they had been put
Finally the king wa s made
to renew his coro n ation oath before the A rchbishop o f
’
Canterbury in St Paul s cathedral a n d after assisting at
”
“
the cere mony the
M erciless Parliament
dispersed
June
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88
E
NG L AND AND
TH E
’
H UNDRE D Y E AR S WA R
CH A PTE R VI I I
RI C H ARD II
.
.
.
1 3 88—1 3 99
.
I
/
Lords Appellant were very much deceived if they
’
imagined that their coup d él a iwas likely to reduce King
R icha rd to a per manent state o f depen dence
He was
fl e r and devoted the whole o fthe rest o f
no coward or t ri
hi
s life to an elaborate scheme of ve n gean ce a gainst the
m e n who had slain h i
s frie n ds and inflicted such deep
hu m iliation on himself Warned of the s trength of Glo u
’
c est e r s par ty by the events of 1 3 8 8 he was resolved to
spend years if necessary in prepari n g for a n e w struggle :
the next time he would have a rmed orce at h i
s back
and wo u ld n o t be caught unprepared
o f the Lords A ppellant lasted n o
t / T he government
‘
more than a year I t was n o t more fortunate or capable
than that which it had superseded fo r G loucester soon
showed that he was an i
n tri
guer and n o t a statesman
No r was he even co n sistent i
n his policy : though he had
bee
n an advocate o f vigorous war with France
»
he n o w concluded a truce with the you n g Ki n g Charles
‘
VI Fra nce was a t the time in a condition n o t u n like
that o f England for Charles was the victim of a tribe of
n much the sam e
domi n eering un c les who dealt with him i
way that L anc as ter an d Gl oucester de al t with R ichar d I I
He made n o objection to t h e lo n g nee de d suspension o f
hostilities
n
1
t
I
M
a
8
t
King
R
ichard
foun
d
it
possible
ak e
o
/
L
y 3 9
the govern a nce of the real m out o ft h e ha n ds of the Lords
Appella n ts
He surprised th ose who were present at the
council by sudde n ly aski n g his u n cle G loucester w h a
was his o w n age The duke a n swered that he was n o w
in his twenty third year To this R ichard replied that
si n ce he had so long passed his maj ority he was old
e n ough to govern his o w n realm a n d that he w ould
choose his o w n ministers He formally thanked the
Lords Appella n ts for their services but said that he had
T he
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E
0
9
NG L AND AND
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
TH E
.
the Wycli
f
fit e s o r Lollards as they were n o w beginning
to be called T he reaction which followed the Pe a sant
R evolt had only checked their rise for a short time The
king himself neither identified himself with them nor
took any o f the measures against them which the clergy
e n deavoured to press on him His wife A nne had been
distinctly favourable to them and her foreign servants
and followers took back to their native la n d the teachi n gs
nspire John Huss
o f Wycliffe which were destined to i
the great Bohemian reformer Some o f the baronage
among whom the Earl of Salisbury was the m ost promin
ent person and a great number o fthe wealthier members
o fthe citizen class were open supporters of the Wyc li
f
fit e
movement The trend o f the times was in their favour
for the Papacy was daily growing more scandalous The
”
“
G reat Schism had now begun ; and instead of o n e bad
pope at A vignon there were n o w two rival pontiffs o n e at
A vignon and o n e at R ome who had excommu n icated each
other an d were endeavouring to stir up the states o f
’
Europe to a general religious war Wycliffe s teaching
had n o w become doctrinal as well as political I n his
o l d age he had preached against the invocation o fsaints
the superstitious adoration o f relics and images the
S piritual efficacy of pilgrimages and the R eal Presence in
the Eucharist H e persisted in his o l d denunciation o f
the over great wealth of the clergy and the influence o f
his
followers
in
the
Parliament
is
sho
wn by
T h L ll a rd
their repeated attempts to introduce legisla
n ts
tion c o n fisca t i
monastic
lands
and
church
endowme
n
g
for the benefit o fthe state R ichard refused to c o u n t en
ance these proposals but he was equally firm in refusing
to allow the bishops to persecute the Lollards Wycliffe
has died i
after havi n g acco m plished his
n peace
great work o ftran slating the Bible i n to the English tongue
His followers in the next generation were destined to fall
upon more troublous times
’
A mong other characteristic instances o fKi n g R ichard s
w ise and careful governance o f his realm may be men
ti
o n e d his endeavour to introduce better order into I re
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.
K IN G RI C H ARD I N I R E L AND
1
9
.
land w hich his p redecessors had systematically neglected
for t wo hundred years The English influence i
n the
sister island had been greatly reduced duri n g the reign
by the repeated invasions of Edward
o f Edward I I
Bruce who had drawn many o f the native septs into
rebellion The Scots were finally driven o u t but the
havoc they had wrought was never re p aired
S t at o f
’
I
r
el a d
a n d the area over which the king s authority
reached was permanently decreased Many o f the tribal
chiefs o f the north fell o ff from their allegiance and
what wa s more dangerous still many o f the A nglo N or
man settlers drifted into close alliance with the rebels
“
adopted Celtic names and became more I rish than the
I rish themselves
The assimilatio n of the new and the
o l d inhabitants would have been advantageou s both for
themselves and for England if it had tended towards
peace and union : but its sole effect was to increase tribal
civil war and to diminish the central power of the govern
ment Even the P a le the district round D ublin which
had been most thickly colonized by the English began
to fall i n to disorder I t wa s in vain that in 1 3 6 6 Ki n g
Edward I I I caused th e S t a t u t e os lkm ny to be passed
forbidding the A nglo I rish fro m mixing and marrying
with the natives and adopting Celtic customs Such
laws can never be kept when the tendency of the times
is against them and the statute raised much bad blood
between the settlers and the natives without having any
fect in restoring the power o fthe king
permanent e f
I n 1 3 9 4 R ichard we n t over to I reland to try the effect
o fhis personal presence in setti n g the la n d i
n order : none
o f his predecessors since King J ohn had visited it
His
arr ival was not without effect : many of the R ih d i
I
r
l
a
d
native chiefs did him homage and the Lords
o f the Pale were for a space more obedient
He held a
parliament o f the whole land at D ublin and then went
home after appointing his heir apparent R oger Earl o f
March Lord D eputy o fthe island
B y 1 3 9 6 R ichard felt himself firmly established on the “
throne and knew that he w as liked and trusted by the
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ar
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E
2
9
NG L A ND AND
TH E H
’
UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
aj ority o f the nation He felt that it would be n o
lo n ger possible for a few powerful baro n s to rise agai n s t
him a n d cr us h him as they ha d in I 3 8 8 A ccordi n gly
he thought that it was time for him to take in ha n d t h e
punishme n t Of his o ld enemies the Lo rds A ppellant a
He had eve n go n e to the pains of dividing them by
showi n g special favour to Thomas Mowbray the Earl o f
N otti n gham and Henry Earl of D er by the t wo who had
n the rising of 1
8
Hi
s
v b e e n least deeply implicated i
3 8
re al en mity was directed against Gl oucester A rundel a n d
‘
Warwick I t must be confessed th at the duke gave h i
s
n ephew every opportun ity a n d provocatio n that he could
have desired He had intri gued ag ain st the Frenc h
peace insulted the ki n g on his mar riage refused to kee p
the government of I rela n d when it was give n him a n d
caused his partisans in Parliame n t to make ma n y perverse
’
and un n ecessary complai n ts against R ichard s household
sters I t was even said that he was plotti n g a
a n d min i
second re bellion wi
th the obj ect of again seizing supre me
power
v ’I n
1 3 7
n ly struck down his enemies
R
ichard
sudde
9
Warwick wa s arrested at a ba n quet while G loucester was
‘
ca ptured by the king himself He rode o u t to P lashy i
n
’
Essex the d u ke s fa vourite residence and perso n ally laid
“
han ds o n him tell i
ng him that he should have the same
mercy that he had sho wn to B urley ni n e years before
A ru n del surrendered on promise o f a fair trial before
his peers R ichard the n summoned a Parliament a n d
a nnou n ced h i
s inte n tion of trying his three prisoners
n
for treason Copying their own procedure i
R i c h rd
r v g
“
1 3 8 8 he h a d them
appe al ed by a n umber
“
o fthe barons of his o w n party
A m o n g the n e w Lords
’
Appella n t were i n cluded the king s half brothers Ke n t
a n d Hunti n gdo n Mowbray E ar l of N ott i
n g h am E dmun d
o f York Earl of R utla n d an d Scrope a kinsman of the
W iled Suffolk A run del and War wick were duly im
peached before their peers both for their o ld doi n gs
and for the n ew treason laid to their c h arge B oth were
’
co n dem n ed an d A ru n del was beheaded but Warwick s
m
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TH E
’
K I NG S R EV E NG E
93
.
entence wa s commuted to imprisonment for li fe in the
I sle of Man
G loucester did not appear for t rial but his
I t see ms clear
d eath wa s reported to the Parliam e nt
n his prison
rd had him secretly put to death i
t hat R ic
a t Calais because he was determi n ed n o t to spare him
shra
n k from the idea o fordering the public execution
e
t
y
o fsuch a near ki n s m an
Thus the king had secured h is long—d eferred vengeance
fo r the evil doi n gs o fthe Merciless Parliament He could
n o t however recall his exiled friends Suffolk an d O xford
S i n ce both o fthem had died some ti m e back D u ring the
t hree years which he had yet to reign he did not delegate h is
a uthority to any ministers of such power and influence as
D e la Pole and D e V ere but carried out a purely personal
f
overn
ment
using
as
his
instrumen
t
s
men
o
n
o
import
g
ance who could be trusted to obey his orde rs The chief
’
folk s kinsman S crope whom he made
o f them were Su f
Earl of Wilts and B ushey the s p eaker o f the House o f
Commo n s
I n this last period o f his reign R ichard displayed
distinctly unconstitutional tendencies which gradually
e stra n ged from him the popular sympathy which he had
gained by his good governance betwe e n 1 3 8 9 a n d 1 3 9 6
His conduct wa s not yet exactly tyrannical but it made
men fear that he might some day grow more R i c h a rd
”
“
violent
He raised som e benevolences
a u t c r at i c
ru
l
o r forced loa n s
from rich men whom he
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wished to keep in h is dependence He made persons
who m he dist rusted S ig n blank charters which h e could
fill up at his pleasure with whatever terms he liked if
they should happen to displease him U nlike the kings
his predecessors he always kept a large guard of archers
a bout him
But most ominous of all was an i n novation
n t h e year 1
which he invented i
3 9 8 ; he g o t Parliament
to delegate its powers to a standing committee of ten
peers t wo bishops a n d si
x c ommoners whose con sent
to a statute o r a tax was to have the same power as a
parliame n tary vote o f approval This was a most dan
r
n
f
o
ero
s
device
it
was
obviously
easy
for
the
king
g
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E
94
NG L AND AND T H E
H
’
UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
to dominate such a small body and to wring from it
the approva l of thi n gs which the two houses themselves
would n o t have been likely to grant A ll these moves
’
o n R ichard s part were menaces to the constitution but
he cannot be accused o f having actually misgoverned
the realm He refrai n ed from oppressio n because he
hoped to keep the people o n his side
But he h a d
already made enemies o f a great part of the baronage
and o f the clergy whom he had refused to aid in their
attempts to attack the Lollards The mass of the nation
were n o t yet estranged from him but they were seriously
disturbed by his recent autocratic tendencies
’
/ The actual cause o f R ichard s fall came from a matter
The t wo surviving Lords A ppellant
o fpersonal revenge
Mowbray an d Henry of Lancaster fell into a quarrel
and
accused
each
other
R
ichard
o f treason
E x il
f
l
m d allowed
v
them to c hallenge each other to a
y
y
g lm g i
f 1: j udicial duel but when they appeared to
;
fight it o u t in the lists at Coventry he suddenly declared
that the combat should not proceed but that both should
—
be banished the realm Mowbray for life Henry of Lan
caster for ten years This was regarded as a very hard
decision for one of the t w o must surely have been in the
right B ut there can be little doubt that R ichard was
n
merely c a rryi
o u t to its final stag e his vengeance for th e
acts o f 1 3 8 8 He had n o w punished all the murderers
o fBurley and Tresilian
A year later John of G aunt died at the age of sixty one
The vast L ancaster estates and the ducal title fell to his
ba n ished so n ; but R ichard very unj ustly refused to hand
them over to him o r to allow him to draw their revenues
taki n g them into his o wn possession A s Henry had not
bee n declared a traitor or properly convicted of any mis
doing there was obviously no j ustification fo r this action
I t turned the exile into an Open enemy who was deter
?
mined to risk anything to get reveng e
/
I n 1 3 9 9 his opportunity came
The Earl o f March
the Lord D eputy of I relan d was slai n in a skirmish by
I rish rebels and R ichard hastily crossed to I reland to
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R E BE L L I ON
OF
H E NR Y
OF L
AN C A S T E R
95
.
restore order H e was engaged in a difficult campaign
amongst the Wicklow mountains when he received the
surprising news that Henry of Lancaster had landed at
R a ve n spu r in Yorkshire having in his company A rch
bishop A run del the brother o fthe deceased Lord A ppel
la n t and a fe w other exiles He proclaimed B li g b r k
that he had only come to sue for his duchy l a d i
E g la d
o fL ancaster and had no treasonable design s
o f the
July
He
w
soon
j
oined
by
thousands
a
s
(
retainers o f his father and by many o f the northern
barons The charge of the realm had been gi v en during
’
’
the king s absence to Edmund D uke o f York R ichard s
last surviving uncle a simple and unenterprising o ld man
H e gathered an army together but foolishly disbanded it
when Lancaster vowed that he had no treasonable design
and only wished to appeal to a free Parliament and to
drive away evil councillors from the king
Th ur H e n ry found himself unopposed and had the
realm at his feet for R ichard was detained at D ublin by
persiste n t easterly winds which prevented him fro m cross
ing the I rish Channel He soon S howed the bent o f his
plans by seizi n g and executing without fair R i c h a rd
’
i
ll fm t ‘
m
trial the ki n g s c h ief ministers Scrope Earl
of Wiltshire B ushey a n d G reen ’ This roused som e o f
’
R ichard s faithful adherents to take arms and the Earl
of Salisbury got together a n army in Wales t o meet his
master o n his expected arrival
B ut by an unlucky
chance the weather still kept R ichard storm bound in
I rela n d a n d he only reached Milford Haven two days
’
after Salisbury s host had disbanded itself and gone home
in despair
The king had arrived almost alone trusting to fin d
his friends in arms and ready to aid him He was soon
surrounded by a force which Lancaster had sent against
him under Percy the Earl of N ort h umberland O n a
false assurance sworn by the earl that nothing treason
able was d esigned against his crown o r person R ichard
surrendered himself
He was at once hurried up to
London where a Parliament had been hastily called
.
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6
9
E
NG L AND AND
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WAR
TH E
.
together
Havi n g now got his cousi n i n to his ha n ds
He n ry showed that he aimed n o t at changi n g the min istry
but at seizing the thro n e The Parliament
R ic h a r d
d p
d
voted that R ic h ard had forfeited his crown
by breaking his coronation oath and governi n g u n
righ teously O n thirty three separate charges some o f
n exaggerated lan uage
them absurd a n d all couched i
g
he was declared to have deser ved deposition R ichard
much broken in S pirit yielded and conse n ted to abdicate
whereupon his cousin stepped forward an d laid claim to
the crow n The deposed monar ch was sent t o Pontefract
Castle wh ich he was never to leave al ive
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C H A PTE R
HE
NR Y
IV
.
I!
.
I 3 99—1 4 1 3
.
D own to the moment o f his accession Hen ry o f Lan
aided by a n extraordinary series of
c aster had been
’
The ki
n I reland the feeble action
c hances
ng s absence i
o fthe D uke o fE l k the prolonged easterly winds which
had kept R ichard from returning to Englan d the supine
n ess shown by his chief partisa n s were circumstances o n
which Henry could not have counted when he la n ded a t
I f events had fallen o u t otherwise it is prob
R a ve n spu r
a b l e that he would not have dared to seize the throne
but would have stopped S hort at his original programme
o fclaimi n g j ustice for himself
a
r the mome n t that the usurpation was complete the
’
inherent weakness of the n ew ruler s positio n began to
d isplay itself
He was in reality no more than the king
o f a party ; his only true supporte rs were the baronial
factio n which had been attached to the Lords A ppellant
a n d the churchmen
headed by A rchbishop A ru n delfwh o
had resolved to make him t h eir i n strume n t for the sup
r
i
n
ess
o
n
W
c
l
i
f
fi
of
the
The
support
of
other
partisa
s
t
e
s
p
y
could o n ly be bought by e n couragi n g a lively sense o f
favours to come
Meanwhile the deposed ki n g had also
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8
9
E
’
NG L AND AND T H E H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
nephew Thomas Holland Earl o fKent ; M ontague Earl
f
o
Salisbury
the
best
known
the Lollards ;
f
o
f
l
u
R b
rh é H l l d
and
Lord
D
espenser
U
nder
cover
of a
g
tournament they collected several thousand armed men
and suddenly marched o n Windsor intending to c a tch
the king unawares Henry escaped by a lucky chance
h e had p my h a fl a n ho m w s pa re — and fled to London
‘
a r e b e summo ned t e c itizens to arms
h
The Hollands an d their friends finding that their first
blow had failed resolved to disperse in order to gather
'
together greater forces the main body began to retire
westward where they hoped to raise the numerous friends
v o f King R ichard in Wales and the W elsh border
This
delay was their ruin : the king pursued t em in haste and
they broke up without a pitched battle K ent and Salis
bury were slain in a skirmish at Cirencester Huntingdon
was caught and beheaded in Essex D espenser at Bristol
both without any form of trial
Four minor chiefs were
13
hung drawn and quartered in L ondon
D
ec
99
(
Jan 1 4 0 0 )
/ This ill concerted rebellion caused the death of the
unfortunate King R ichard : to pre v ent further rebellion
in his behalf Henry secretly caused him to be starved to
death in Pontefract Castle ‘His agony is said to have
—
endured
fifteen
days
a
n
Feb
His
f
M u rd
(J
R i c h a rd 1 1 corpse was publicly exposed but the mystery
o fhis death caused some people to believe that the body
shown was not his and for many years after rumours o f
his survival were current A n impostor who took his
’
name lived all through Henry s reign at the court o f
Scotland
The main event o f note in the following year m arks
’
Henry s anxiety to secure his unsteady throne by givi n g
guarantees for his fidelity to the church party A t the
suggestion o fA rchbishop A rundel he induced the Par
l
i
a m e n t to pass the infamous statute D e 17 6 7
P
c fi n
’
f
et zm Co m éu r m a o which condemned to death
imd
by fire convicted heretics
N o delay was
made in commencing the persecution o f the Lollards
,
,
e
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er s e
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o
8
o
’
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,
OWE
N G L E ND OWE R
99
.
before a month wa s o u t they counted their fi rst
martyr William Sa wt rey a chaplain o f London w ho was
burnt after steadfastly refusing to recant ( Feb
T he persecution went o n intermittently fo r the next
twenty years
Though th e y obliged the king by countenancing his
assault o n the followers o fW ycliffe the Parliament took
a very high ton e with him in dealing with legislation and
fi nance They endeavoured to bind him down in the
matter o fexpenses and repeatedly propounded t o him a
theo ry that n o grants o f money ought to be made to the
crown till all grievances petitioned against by the houses
had been previously redressed Henry temporized and
procrastinated putting o f
f the e v il day when he might be
obliged to make this great constitutional concession
’
fect in checking
R ichard s de ath had some temporary e f
rebellions for it wa s diffi cult to make the child Edmund
o f March the head o f a political cause and to gather a
party round his name Moreo v er the long uncertainty
’
as to the deposed king s death kept men from recognizing
his heir The next troubles which Henry had t o face /
were connected not with plots to change the E glish
n
succession but with a national rebellion in Wales For
a full century the principality had been undisturbed by
civil strife and W elsh troops had served E dward I I I
faithfully in all his wars Bu t n o w a chief o fgenius arose
in the person of O wen o f Ghm d wr de e t o r Glen do wer a s
an d
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e
r
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7 . a s s
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9
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u
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R eb e n i
on of
G en d o w e r
His countrymen l
had never been partisans o f L ancaster and readily took
‘
arms when he called on t hem to resist the usurper Owen
’
made some pretence o frising in R ichard s behalf but he
wa s r e a ll y fig ting for his o wn hand , to restore Wel sh W
h
independence the rebellion wa s national and had nothing
to do with English dynastic matters W hen Glendower
descended from his hills it was n o t to rally partisans in
England but to ravage the border S hires up to the gates
o f Shrewsbury and W orcester
Henry sent army a ft er v ’
army against the rebels but he could never cat ch them :‘
,
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,
‘
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,
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,
E
1 00
’
NG L AND AND T HE H UND R E D Y EAR S WAR
.
’
they retired to the mou n tains till the invader s food was
exhausted and turned to harass his rear guard when he
departed W hen a larger expedition led by t h e kin g
himself m arched into W ales it met with such bad weather
and su ffered so severely that the English complained
that O wen was a wizard and had leagued himself with the
powers o fthe air to di
sc o m fit his foes
M The Welsh rebellio n gave no signs o f spreading into
England but other troubles arose to touch Henry more
nearly T he French king armed to avenge his dethroned
son i
n la w a n d threatened invasion : N orman privateers
ravaged many of the towns o fthe southern coast A t th e
same time the S cots under the Earl o f D ouglas crossed
fered
the Border and advanced into England They su f
ldg; Hi
howe v er a crushing defeat o n H o m i
ll at the
hands o f H enry Percy son o f t h em l of N orthumber
la n d and D ouglas himself was taken pri oner with many
s
other Scottish nobles ( 1 4 t h Sept
Thi s victory however was destined to have dangerous
consequences The ki n g demanded that the captives
should be made over to him since he wa s desirous of
filling his depleted exchequer with their ransoms But
the Perci
es had looked upon the money as their own
N orthum
R b nf
f and bitterly resented the order
’
th
P r i
e
berland had been Henry s chief supporter at
his usurpation and thought that nothing could be de n ied
him When peremptorily sum moned to obey h e resolved
to re fu se and hastily planned a rebellion for hi
s power
was so great in the N orth that he could put into the
fiel d a whole army o f his own reta iners The risin g was
a mere outburst o f feudal anarchy the Percy clan being
its sole authors N orthumberland placed his gallant and
reckless so n Henry whom men called Hotspur at the
head o f his followers ; he released his prisoner D ougla s
who consented to espouse his cause and he called in his
b rother Thomas Percy Earl o f Worcester to his aid
They sent messengers to O wen Glendower to secure his
c o operation and resolved to use the name of the li
ttle
E arl o f M arch to co v e r their rebellion
T hey th en for
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e
e
on
e c
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o
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E
1 02
NG L AND AND
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
,
TH E
.
seeing r ebellion afoot the o ld Earl of N orth um ber
land took arms i
n his o wn county to aid them
A ll three
Haders agreed to recog n ize Edmund o fMarch as ki n g
’
‘
/ Bu t Henry s fortune was still strong
His lieute n ant
the Earl of Westmoreland broke the back o f the risi n g
by capturing the A rchbishop and the Earl Ma rsh a l ‘
by a
villainous piece o fill faith Having invited them t o meet
him under a flag o f truce he seized them when they
n
ame
to
the
conference
a
put
them
in
c
d
Sc
p
m
R b l li
chai n s Henry hurried northward and on
his arrival at York ordered both the prisoners to be
executed They received no trial before their peers but
were hurriedly condemned by an extemporized court and
beheaded an hour after ( June 8
The death of
Scrope caused wide spread horror and dismay N o arch
bishop save B ecket had ever been put t o death for with
standing his ki n g and the northern clergy and people
saluted Scrope as a martyr Henry fell grievously ill a
f
e w days after and was ne v er a hale man for the rest of
his life : the epileptic fits and leprosy which gradually
’
grew upon him were universally regarded as Heaven s
’
v engeance for the archbishop s c ruel end
W W
the cause o f rebellion did n o t prosper;
’
’
the king s artillery blew No rt h u m b erla n d s castles to pieces
in a few discharges and the old earl had to flee into Scot
land where he lurked for three years aiting for another
w
opportunity for a blo w at his enemy B efore it came
other troubles had been v exing H enry His parliaments
m
with which he dared not quarrel had learnt to treat h i
with scant respect I n 1 4 0 6 they demanded and obtai n ed
from him the right to audit his accounts and made him
cut down the expenses of his household ; in 1 4 0 7 h e had
to acknowledge that the Commons had the sole right of
i n itiati n g money grants He was also made to promise
to do nothing without first taking advice of his council
The weakness of his position is best understood by t h e
fact that he allowed Parliament to deal with him in such
a ma n ner : no king whose throne was safe would have
tolerated such interference
an d
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.
R E L ATI ON S WI T H
F
RAN CE
1 03
.
m
I n 1 4 0 7 the foreign relations of the crown slightly i
pro v ed The danger o finvasion fro m France had hitherto
been very real : twice great French fleets had been col
lec t e d in the Channel and though they had not landed
an army on the coast of Kent yet flying squadrons had
sacked many south country ports and once a considerable
body o ftroops had been sent to aid G lendower in W ales
The soul of the o p position to Henry IV had been L ouis
’
D uke o f Orleans the king s brother but in N o v ember
1 40 7
he was murdered by the secret contrivance o f his
cousin the D uke o fBurgundy His death wa s the cause
o f the outbreak o f a long civil war between the party o f
nobles who had previously followed him and the partisan s
Engrossed in domestic quarrels the French
o fBurgundy
had no longer any leisure to dream o finvading Englan d :
their king Charles VI was utterly unable t o keep his
realm together for he had become subject to fits o f
melancholy madness which came o n him every summer
and often disabled him for four an d five months at a time
Soon instead o f France dreaming of molesting England
it was England which thought of interferi n g in faction
ridden France
I n 1 4 0 8 Henry wa s able to suppress the last o f the/
many i n surrections which were raised against him The
o l d Earl o f N orthumberlan d
Lord Ba rdo lf and th e
W elsh bishop o f Bangor slipped over the Border and
raised a considerable force but they were met and
crushed at the battle o f Bramham Moor by Sir T homas
R okeby sheri ff o Yorkshire Both the rebel N o rt h u m b e
f
l
a
d
l
a
i
peers were slain This wa s the last trouble
which came from the direction o f Scotland where King
Henry had o f late secured much influence over the
’
government Fo r King R obert s son and heir Prince
James was taken at sea as he w as crossing to France
and the D uke of A lbany who ruled in his
’
brother s behalf and wished to keep all the power for
himself made a secret agreement by which Henry under
took to hold the young prince a captive while the duke
co venanted in return not to molest England
.
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n
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n
E
1 04
NG L AND
A ND
TH E
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WAR
.
Thus Henry was freed from the danger o n the side
both o f France and of Scotland and had only the Welsh
rebellion left o n his hands
B u t he had fa llen into
wretched health and from 1 4 0 9 to 1 4 1 1 w as almost a
chronic invalid M ost of the functions Of government
m by his promising you n g son
w ere discharged for h i
When o n ly
H enry o f Monmouth the Prince of Wales
’
a bo y he had fought at his father s side at Shrewsbury
a n d in W ales ; n o w as a young man o f twe n ty he was
already a hard working statesman a n d soldier There
seems little room in his busy life for t hose
H m y p i
’W a l s
curious tales o f youthful riot and debauchery
a n d consorting with disreputable companions which pO u
p
l a r tradition associated with his name and which the
genius o f Shakespeare has immortalized The greater
’
f
n
o
n
art
Henry
s
time
spent
hard
soldieri
g in
a
i
w
s
p
’
Wales where he was constan tly chasing Gle n do we r s
rebel bands at first with small success B ut as the years
rolled o n t h e final triumph Ofthe great guerilla chief grew
less and less probable since the house o f Lancast er was
rowing
more
firmly
established
in
England
A
t
last
his
g
followers began to desert him an d Prince Henry was
able t o pacify the greater part o f the country t hough
down to the day o f his death G lendower was never
w holly subdued
’
I t is in the end o f the period of Henry o fMonmouth s
administration in behalf of his father ( Sept —D ec 1 4 1 1 )
t hat the first English interference in France since the
peace o f I 3 9 3 falls The quarrel of the Burgundian and
O rleanist factions being at its height Henry intervened
in behalf o f the former and sent a small force across the
C hannel which helped the Burgundians to a victory over
their enemies at St Cloud
B ut this policy wa s not
’
destined to be c ar ried any further I n 1 4 1 2 the ki n g s
health grew better for a S hort time and he was able to
take a greater share in public business He seems to
have somewhat resented the way in which hi
s eldest so n
had mo n opolized the conduct o faffairs during his illness
and showed his displeasure by relega t i n g the Prince o f
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e
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,
1 06
V
E
NG L AND AND
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
,
TH E
.
'
i
e
t
left
no
room
i
n
his
heart
for
mercy
to
heretics
p y
His
most unjustifiable renewal of the French war and his per
o n of the Lollards mark the unsympathetic sid
of
se c u t i
e
his character But he was well loved by the maj ority o f
his subjects : a ruler able orderly and conscientious,
with a strong hand and an infinite capacity for w ork was
a great boon to the nation
’
Henry s first acts after his accession were wise an d
graceful He released the young Earl o f March and
restored him t o his estates though there was obviously
some danger in setting at liberty a possible rival He
gave back the earldom o fN ottingham to J ohn Mowbray
brother of the Thomas Mowbray who had fallen with
Scrope in 1 4 0 5 He brought the body o f R ic h ard I I
t o London and had it interred in state beside that o f his
”
“
wife the good Queen A nne
B ut soon after Henry
s h owed that one section of his subj ects must expect no
f
He authorized A rchbishop A ru ndel
a vo u r from him
to proceed with greater vigour against the unfortunate
‘
Lollards T he most noted member o f the sect was n o w
Sir John O ldcastle Lord Cobham who had been an able
and trusted lieutenant o fthe king during the W elsh wars
O ldcastle when brought to trial made a v i
gorous defence
denouncing the e fficacy o f penances and pilgrimages the
w orship o fimages the ambition and ill living of the pope
and the greed of the friars H e was p ronou n ced a heretic
and sent back to the Tower but escaped from it before
the day fixed fo r his execution
I t seems that in despair for their future some o f the
’
Lollards n o w engaged in a plot t o seize the king s person
and force him to take O ldcastle as his chief minister
’
I t was their design to muster armed men in St Martin s
Fields by night and make a sudden dash at the palace
R i i g f t h e o fW estminster B ut the design was betrayed
and Henry occupying the trysting place b e
forehand caught o r scattered each band as it arrived
N early sixty Lollards we re executed the chief being a
knight named Sir John A cton But O ldcastle got away
and hid himself o n the Welsh border I t was not till
.
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t/
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s
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.
H E N R Y D E C LA R E S WA R
ON F
RAN CE
1 07
.
some years later that he was captured and executed as
both heretic and traitor
W hen once firmly set upon his throne King H enry
p roceeded to turn his attention t o foreign politics Like
many other sovereigns in di fferent
e had formed
.
.
the old attacks o n Fran
if only they could be carried
m
m
to a fon un a t a c o n clu si
on
Channel seemed to promise an easy task for the invader :
the Burgundian and A rmagnac faction s were waging open
war upon each other throughout the land The king wa s
a hopeless lunatic ; his son the dauphin L ouis was a
dissipated lad o f seventeen w ho had estranged half the
people of the land by becoming a h o t partisan o f the
A rmagnacs The prospect o f a war with Englan d wa s
regarded with dismay by the French and w hen Henry
began to tamper with the B urgundians and to s p eak o f
’
renewing the o l d claims o f Edward
the dauphin s
advisers seemed almost panic stricken Before a blow
.
.
,
,
,
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,
-
.
H y
c l aim
F a c
en r
’
s
on
r
n
e
.
The
B re
tigny would have been brought back into being save that
Poitou and S aintonge were to remain French
’
B ut Hen ry was bent on war for war s sake an d had
no intention o f accepting these liberal o ffers I n
after many m onths o f negotiation he broke Off all rela
tions with France and began to make preparations for
‘
invading N ormandy N o language can be t o o strong to
use in the condemnation o f his greed and ambition : for
the political gain o f the moment he condemned E n g la n d
,
,
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,
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,
,
.
x
‘
1 08
E
NG L AND AND
H UND RED Y E AR S WA R
TH E
.
t was admirably equipped and
Southampton : i
composed of picked men but its numbers were not large
O nly 2 5 0 0 m en a t arms and 7 0 0 0 archers were assembled
They took with them the largest train of artillery that E n g
‘
land had yet seen The host was o n the eve o f sail i
ng
when the kingdom was startled by the news that a dan
’
conspiracy
against
the
king
s
li
f
e
had
been
dis
r
o
u
e
s
g
covered I t had be en formed by R ichard o f York Earl
’
1
the king s cousin H e had married the
o f Cambridge
s ister of the Earl o f M arch and had planned to place his
n la w o n the throne and rule under his name
brother i
March himself a harmless and unenterprisi n g young m a n
had no part in the plot : t h e chief accomplices of Cam
bridge were L ord Scrope a kinsman o f the archbishop
who had been e x ecuted in 1 4 0 5 an d Sir Thomas G rey
They
kept
their
counsel
so
ill
that
the
king
Pl t
f
R i c h a rd
f
got wind o f their designs and arrested them
c m b dg
before they were ready to s trike Full proof
o f their treason being produced all three were executed
This plot was a purely dynastic business
( 5 A ug
the legitimate continuation o f the many movements in
favour o f the house o f March w hich had disturbed t h e
reign of Henry IV
t/
I n the middle o fAugust the army crossed the Channel
a n d landed near H a rfle u r to wh ich it laid
The
help
fro m wi
tho
had m u st e red a la rg e
I va i o f army at R ouen The English su ffered more
F ra c
from the summer heat and from camp fever
A fter a siege
“ t han from the missiles o f their enemies
o f five weeks the artillery o f the besiegers had so s h aken
the walls that the garrison surrendered ( Sept 2 2
A good foothold in N ormandy had been secured but
meanwhile t h e season was growing l a te and the army was
dwindling away When 1 2 0 0 men ha d be e n told o ff to
g ar rison H a rfleur and the numerous sick and wounded
t e re d a t
“
.
,
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o
o
o
n
a
,
e'
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,
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,
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,
.
’
,
n
s on
n
.
e
(
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
S c d
at h r w
1
g
om
e on
e
.
d m u d D uk f Y rk w h h d b
w d ad b t hi ld r br t h r ur i v d
so n o f E
as n o
e
n
,
u
e o
,
s e
e
o
o
o
,
e
s
v
a
e
,
ee n r e g e n t
and
wa s h o
n
i
ldi
ng
1
3 9
t
e
.
Hi
s
duk
e
E
1 10
NG LAND AND
TH E H
’
UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
‘
.
The masses o f dismounted knights lurched heavily on in
their wake but were brought to a stand by the i r fa t l gfie
and by the deep clay in which they sank almost to the i r
,
,
,
knees
B at t l
They halted in exhaustion some distance in front
o fthe English line
Seeing their plight King
f
Agi c u t
Henry made his men advance and pausing
at a convenient distance from the mass bade his bowmen
let fly into it for some minutes and then to close The
French line of battle, already riddled by the arrow shower
was easily routed by the impact o fthe charge : the knights
w ere rolled helplessly into heaps and slain o r made pri
so n e rs by the lightly armed bowmen who proved far more
effecti v e than the men a t arms o n such ground The
moment that the first line was disposed of He n ry pushed
o n against the seco n d which made a somewhat better
resistance but was finally broken up and slaughtered like
.
e o
n
o
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r
,
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,
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,
,
,
L OSS E S
OF T H E F
R E N CH
III
.
the first T he third line melted from the field without
fi ghting save a fe w o f its chiefs who refused to fly and
went forward to certain death W hile they were being
disposed o f an alarm was raised that the English camp
wa s being at t acked from the rear and the king ordered
his men to S lay their cap tives an d turn back for a n ew
fi ght
B ut the diversion was caused only by bands o f
marauders who fled when they sa w the king moving upon
them so that the slaughter o f the prisoners which had
been begun proved wholly unnecessary and was stopped
When the field was searched by the victors they found
among the slain the Constable and three dukes B rabant
Bar and A len con with seven counts n inety barons and
fi ve or si x thousand men a t arms numbers greater than
these o f the whole English army Fifteen hundred pri
ved among them the young D uke
so n e rs of rank still sur v i
o f O rleans and the Counts o fV end ome Eu and R iche
’
mont
The Engl i
sh loss wa s tri
fling ; though two great peers
had fallen Edmund D uke o f York and M ichael Earl
only thirteen men a t arms and a hundred
o f Suffolk
/
archers had p erished with them The hea v y armour Of
v
the French seems t o ha v e been as-fatal to their power.
f
o f striking e f
ecti v e blows as to their ability to move in
the sodden plough land The arrows pierced their mail “
with ease while in the close fighting they seem to have
been at an equal disad vantage and were dashed down
helplessly by
bare
arms o f the
.
,
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,
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-
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-
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,
,
xh
a usted that h e /
fi g
use o f the victory and was
obliged to march on to Calais and thence take S hip t o
‘
London H e was received with a s p lendid triu m phal
procession but his v ictory had been more sho w y than
’
M
R
H enry s army
wa
sm
afl a n d so
-e
,
.
,
E
1 12
NG L AND AND
TH E H
’
UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
frui
tful and the possession o f H ar fleu r was the only
tangible benefit which had resulted from his campaign
The A rm a gnac party had not been crushed even by the
carnage at A gincourt and there was some fear that the
B urgundian s might be driven into opposing England by
a tardy revival o f patriotic spirit H a rfleu r was beset by
the French for the whole of the next year an d h a d a
narrow escape o ffalli n g back into their hands
For the greater part o f 1 4 1 6 Henry was busied with
n egotiations with the E mperor Sigismund who visited
England full of great plans for restoring peace to Chris
“
t e n do m by putti
ng an end to th e G reat Schism which
had been rend i
ng the church in twain since 1 3 7 8
Henry gladly lent him self to this scheme which had
taken shape at the Council o f Constance Two popes
having been deposed and a third forc e d to
Th C
i
l
‘C
t a ce
resign a universally acknowledged pontiff was
secured in the person o f Martin V
B ut t h e
council is bet ter remembered for the burn ing o f John
Huss the great B ohemian reformer an d the spiritual heir
o f Wycliffe than for its abortive attempt to reform the
’
debased papa c y I n return fo r Henry s assistance in
matters ecclesiastical Sigismun d endeavoured to negotiate
a peace with France o n terms favourable to England
B ut the A rmagnacs would not listen to the exorbitant
f
r
claims of the vi
n ee ur
ct og oi
A gi
u ke
d
t
held a l o p fl wi
n g t o pr ofit by h i
sfort unes
lli
s enemie s mi
ra i
fend the national spirit o f France by an
b fit a f
d to o f
Open a lli
a n ee w i t h En gl and
T he war had therefore to
co n t i nue
,
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,
,
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,
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,
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,
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euh e
e
0
n
on s
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-
,
'
?
r
,
,
'
‘
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.
not to
execute a plunderi n g raid but to con quer the land piec e
meal : o n e after the other he took
i
i
B
ayeux
x
e
u
Ie s
A len go n and Mo rt a i
n
t
h
e
cutti
n
g
a
ug
ca
tle
out
of
e
n
h
e
g
d u chy i
n whi
c h h e e st a b l i sh ed a solid bas e for fur the
operation s . T he A rma gnacs and Burgundians were
fighting hard round Pari
s and p aid n o attention to the
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1 14
p
ll
f
g
{
E
'
I
NG L AND AND
TH E H
UNDR E D
’
Y EA R s
WA R
.
e upon the duke and hewed him down as he knelt
before his cousin
This
brutal
and
m
se n se l ess mn gd er had the natural
g
'
"
I
:
he p ggti
dukeg yo u n s o n , Phi
li
p , an d a lff
sah
L
l
E
n li
i
nd
d
f
B
fgi
i
f
f
over
to
the
g
a
d
fi
cIy at once
s
e
h
s
g
A bf
r
Charl es Sh Oul d
France ;
SW
O rg t h at
u r d éf
e r as heir t o f
he
Ra t h er t t fan a d m o wi
ec
’
throne they would accept Henry s ill founded claim and
’
V t a ke him as their ruler
A ll the cities o f nort hern
a n fw
France where the B u rg u n di
fi fi g ff
er e str
? be came
u
i
frf
fish an d o pen e d i
r g a t ea t o t he
e n dl y I W
t h ei
«
O n May 2 0 1 4 2 0 Henry e n tered
invader
T r at y f
Tr y
Troyes with the young duke Philip at his
right hand and there met the Q ueen Of Fran ce her
i n sane spouse a n d her daughter Catharine whose hand
m
had been o ffered to h i
as far back as 1 4 1 4 The
u n fortu n ate Charles VI was made to give his co n sent to
.
1.
e
g
c
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a
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e
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es
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.
hi
rn t h e righ t of succession to the t h ron e o n his
n J une 2
on
h
D wn d e at h ft o t h e exc l u si
e dauphin
O
pf
l
n order
igli
t he E r
T
rC
n a rrl ed the Pr i
sE k mg f
E
S
s Catharine , i
to gi
ve himself some better cla m t 6 t h e c r o w n t h a n the
’
m ad kin g s bequest ] A fter turni n g h i
s arm s against those
t o wn s i
n t h e neigh bourhood which still held o u t for the
a
v
e
g
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A rmagnacs and reduci n g them Henry brought his bride
a n d his father i
n law to Paris
where he celebrated his
Christmas festivities in great state
n the spring he returned to E n gland and made
Early i
a progress round the whole land with his wife to rece i
ve
the homage and congratulations o fhis admiri n g subj ects
N o ki n g of England had ever wrought such feats of arms
a n d it seemed that he had carried t o a successful end the
great war which had cost his predecessors so much fruit
less expe n se o f life and wealth Parliament ratified all
the provis i
on s of the Treaty of Troyes with alacrity n o t
n oti n g we may suspect the danger which accompa n ied
it that Englan d m ight ere long become a mere provi n ce
”
“
o fFrance
for t h e greater ever draws the less
But it
was not lo n g before a jarri n g note was struck to mar the
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D E ATH
OF
H E NR Y
v
1 15
.
universal harmony I n A pril 1 4 2 2 news came t o Eng
la n d of a disaster o n the Loire The king had sent his
eldest brother Thomas D uke of Clarence to chase the
D auphi n ois out o f A nj ou and Maine but the enemy
had received a large reinforcement from Scotlan d under
the Earl o f Buchan and fo r the first time B a t h e o f
B
a
ge
since A gincourt turned to fight in the open
R ecklessly pursuing with his archers far to the rear
Clarence ran into an ambush at Baug é ( March 2 1
an d was there surrounded and slain ; his companions the
I
so n e rs
Earls of So merset and Huntingdo n were taken pri
The news o f this defeat soon drew the king b ack to
France ( June
He marched south and drove the
D auphinois back to Orleans and beyond the L oire
then he turned to reduce their fe w remaining strong
n central France
holds i
N one of them gave him m uch
trouble save M eaux whose garrison made a resistance
o f unparalleled obstinacy
Henry formed the siege in
O ctober and the town did not yield till M ay ; S i g f
all through a winter o f perpetual rain he lay M a x
before its walls obstinately refusing to draw back from his
flooded trenches H e and his army were smitten with a
terrible plague of ague and dysentery which thin n ed
t h eir ranks eve faster than starvation diminished th ose
o f the garrison
W hen spring came the town yielded
and Henry showing the stern cruelty which n ot u n fre
quently disfigured his action hung the governor an d four
o fhis companions
He then turned back towards Paris
and ere lo n g his wife and the infant son whom she had
lately borne him rejoined him B ut men sa w that he
/
w a s no lo ng er hi
m sei
f: the hand o f death
Th hi g
was upon him for the chills o f his winter d a t h
camp had stricken him with an exhaustion fro m which
he could not rally He
V incennes near Paris a
prostration through the
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1 16
E
N GL AND AND
TH E H
’
UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
C H A PTE R
HE
N RY
VI
! I
T H E M IN ORI TY AND
.
1 4 2 2 —1 4 50
.
.
TH E F
R E N C H WA R
I
.
.
The death of Henry V was followed in a few weeks by
n la w Charles VI
that of hi
s imbecile father i
O
ct
2
thus
(
the crowns of England and France both fell accordi n g to
the provisio n s o fthe Treaty of Troyes to the sickly child
He n ry o f Wi n dsor I t might have been expected that
the domi n a t ion of the E n glish across the Cha n n el would
disappear when the strong perso n ality o f the co n queror
wa s removed and the power whi ch he had wielded passed
“
into many hands But the D auphin Charles the Ki n g
as men n o w called him was both unpopular
o f Bourges
and apathetic ; his councillors and captains were i n ca
a b l e and they could make no profit out of the Opportu n i t y
p
which was offered them A s long as the you n g D uke of
’
B urgu n dy remembered his father s murder and remained
the ally o f the English the n ationalist party was unable
ake any head agai n st the i n vaders
He n ry V had left two survivi n g brothers : John D uk e
the elder o f the pair was made rege n t of
o f Bedford
France an office which he discharged with great e n ergy
and ability doing his best to carry o n the war
B d f rd
d
Gl
t
li
at
wi t h very i n adequate resources and c o n c i
’
i
n g Philip of Burgu n dy to the best o f his power
To
bi n d him yet more closely to the E n glish allia n ce John
’
wedded the d u e s sister the Pri n cess A n ne Humphrey
of G loucester was a very differe n t character from his steady
n t quar
and hard worki n g b r t h er : h e was fli
petula
h
t
g y
r e l so m e a n d selfish though his aff
able ma n n ers his pa
tro n age o flearn ed men a n d his cultivation of all the arts
“
o fpopularity w o n him the n ame of
the good D uke Hum
n
h
re
n umerous partisans
from
his
G
loucester
had
bee
p y
’
regent of E n glan d at his brother s death but the Lords
o f the Council and the Parliament feared his reckles s
ambition so much that they would only allow him to con
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1 18
E
’
NG L AND AND T HE H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
Burgundy had no desire to see G loucester established as
a neighbour to his county o f Flanders a n d j oined John
of Brabant in overrunning Hainault
He might e ve n
have br o ken away from the English alliance if he had
not been turned aside by the soft words o fhis brother i
n
G loucester meanwhile proved himself an
la w Bedfor d
’
indifferent champion o f his wife s claims : he fled back
to E n gland while she fell into the hands o fD uke Philip
and was thrown into priso n
I n stead o f pursuing the
quarrel further Humphrey very meanly ack n owledged that
his marri a ge had been invalid and consoled himself by
marryi n g Eleanor C obham a Kentish lady wh o had taken
his fickle fancy
’
A ft er escaping the dangers to which his reckless brother s
conduct had exposed him Bedford was ere lo n g to be con
r o n t e d by a far more f
/ f
fic u l t y Slowly push
o rm i
f
da l e j
gg
ing his operations southward e arrived at the gates of
‘
O rleans the last French stronghold n orth of the Loire
To besiege this important strategical point the whole
available field army o fthe R egent was sent forward u n der
’
—
the Earl o f Salisbury the son of R ichard I I S Lollard
en d
So limited how ever were the resources of the
w fr i
English that the expedition did n o t exceed 4 0 0 0 men
Yet weak as was the attack the defe n ce was
Si g
f
O rl a s
weaker still and Salisbury was able to blockade
‘
the place by erecti n g a number of forts ( éa szi
lles as they
were called ) watching all its gates : he was unable with
his inadequate numbers to erect a complete line of cir
c u m va lla t i
on
The French made several feeble attempts
|
to save O rleans o f which the best known was that foiled
“
at the Battle of the Herrings
A small rein forceme n t
fro m Paris guarding a convoy largely composed of salt
“
”
fish and other Lenten stuff was attacked n ear R ouvray
’
by the D auphin s forces but parked its wagons in a
square and easily beat Off the French by the force of
archery ( Feb 1 2
N evertheless O rleans held out
i
stoutly a i
H SzflISBu ry soon after was killed by a ca n n on
ball as he was reconnoitri n g its walls
”
“
A fter the Battle of the Herrings Charles seemed to
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THE
M AI D O F O R LE AN S
1 19
.
have resigned himself to the prospect o f losi n g O rlea n s :
but in the early spring o f1 4 2 9 a n e w factor appeared in the
wa r and the fortune o fthe English at last began to wane
Patriotic hearts all over France were deeply stirred by the
fact that for fifteen years a foreign e n emy had been able
to overrun and plunder the whole land owing to the bitter
civil strife which divided its inhabitants into t w o hostile
camps T he English were insignifica n t in numbers and
could not for a moment have maintained themselves but
for the fact that a disloyal French faction gave them active
aid while the apathetic maj ority stood aside and allowed
the D auphinois and the Burgu n dia n s to fight o u t their
disreputable blood feud to a miserable end Meanwhile
the country side lay desolate the towns were sinking into
decay a n d the land groaned for a deliverer from the i
n
termi n able w a r Help came from an unexpected quarter :
’
Jeanne D A rc a you n g country girl fro m D omr emy on
the borders o f Lorraine had bee n from her youth a
dreamer o f dreams and a seer of visions While her
mind was brooding over the misery of her country she
was visited by a series o f ecstatic trances in J a o fA
which Sh e believed that her patron sai n ts the
V irgin St Michael and St Catharine appe ared to her and
bade her
all French
men and
A fter
court at Chinon and presented herself before the apa
thetic prince bidding him bestir himself and drive o u t
the English by means o fthe divi n e aid which she brought
him Her visions promised her t h at Sh e should relieve
O rleans and lead Charles to R heims there to crown him
king Convinced by some secret token which J eanne
revealed to him o r perhaps moved only by motives of
policy the D auphin gave his sanction to her mission and
sent her forth with an expedition which was about to
attempt to succour the beleaguered garrison o f O rleans
h
l
t
a
r
m
r
She assumed kn i
o
u
girt
a
sword
which
o
n
g
y
w as said to have been discovered by a miracle in the
church of St Catharine at Fierbois and bore a white
.
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E
120
NG L AND AND
TH E H
’
UND R E D Y E A R S WA R
.
ba n n er
The French leaders were at first inclined to
treat her as a mere impostor or fa n atic but the soldiery
eagerly accepted her as an emissary of Heave n a n d went
forth with a co n fide n ce whic h kt hey had not shown since
‘
n court Y She e n tered O rlea n s in safety
a
r
A
gi
n
w
J
O rl a
and then led a series of sorties
( April
agai n st the E n glish forts which lay around it headi n g the
stormi n g parties in person Such was the enthusiasm
with which the garriso n followed her that her e n terprises
were successful a n d the besiegers seei n g their li n e broken
w ere compelled to raise the leaguer and retire i n to their
n earest stro n gholds
Jargeau a n d Beaugency
R apidly
followi n g them up Jean n e captured bo t h places and the n
defeated in the open field at Patay ( June 1 8 ) the wrecks
o fthe beaten army st r e n g h e n e d by a rei n forceme n t from
Paris under Lord Talbot
J
This series o f asto n ishing successes gave the Fre n ch
the confide n ce which they had so lo n g lacked while the
English amazed at defeats which they could not under
sta n d declared that Jean n e was a witch and an emissary
”
“
‘
Before her day wrote a contemporary
o f the devil
“
chro n icler two hundred E n glish would drive five hun
dr ed French before them ; but now two hundred French
”
would beat and chase four hundred E n glish
For the
’
fut ure the offensive wa s always taken by the D aup h in s
troops a n d the invaders would only fight o n the defe n sive
A fter the victory of Patay the Maid escorted Charles to
R heims as she had promised an d there saw him crowned
King o f Fra n ce ( July 1 7 ,
A fter this triumph she
begged leave to w it ra w ome but her presen ce was
co n sidered too valuable and she was begged to stay with
the army Yieldi n g to the request Sh e then advised an
i n stan t attack on Paris : it was carried o u t but with such
slackness and mismanagement that it failed Jea n n e her
self was wounded as S h e urged o n the troops to the storm
a n d her prestige suffered somewhat from the repulse
But
meanwhile Se n lis Beauvais Lao n and Soisso n s surren
’
dered to the n ew king and as a result o fJeanne s appear
ance all Champagne and most o f the I sle de France had
.
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122
’
NG L AND AND T H E H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
he represented the cause o f French independence and
that it was a sin to fight against him in the ranks of the
invader Bedford did his best to struggle against fate a n d
his military tale n ts availed for some years to stem the
tide but he felt himself that he was only postponi n g the
inevitable The fatal blow was struck when at last Philip
’
o fB urgundy consented to forget his father s murder and
‘
to make peace with the murderer A t the
Th p a c
“ Am
Congress o f A rras he threw up his long
alliance with E n gland and reconciled himself to Charles
f
1
0
o
Sept
Four
days
later
the
R
egent
John
(
Bedford died at R ouen worn o u t by his long campaign
ing Fo r twelve years he had hardly been given a
’
moment s rest a n d he saw that the rui n o f the cause
which he had so lo n g maintained was at h a n d
B
e df
o r d had n o t bee n
buried
seven
months
when
J
M P a ri
s
f
n
the
last
refuge
o
the
English
in
ce
tral France
,
”
3
fell into the hands o f the enemy ] The burghers once
such hot partisans o f B urgundy and England Opened
the gates to the besiegers and Lord Willoughby with his
s mall garrison had to fly in haste ( A pril
N othi n g
was n o w left to the English but their o l d foot h old in the
duchy of G uienne around the ever loyal B ordeaux and
in the north N ormandy and part of Maine I t is there
fore most extraordinary to find that in these limited regions
they were able to maintain themselves fo r no less t han
sixteen years more
The chief heroes o f this last and most hopele ss stage
’
o f the Hu n dred Years War were John Lord Talbot and
R ichard D uke of York The latter was the son o f t h at
R ichard Earl o f Cambridge who had conspired against
Henry V in 1 4 1 5 He had succeeded to the duchy o f
York when a young boy o n the death o f his childless
uncle D uke Edmund at Agi n cour t But he became a
much more important personage in 1 4 2 5 whe n his other
uncle Edmund Mortimer Earl o f March died a n d left
him his heir
Through his mother A nne M ortimer
’
R ichard now represented the eldest line of E dward I I I S
descenda n ts He wa s twice appointed to the command
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RI C H ARD
OF
Y OR K I N N OR M AND Y
123
.
in France and held it from 1 4 3 5 to 1 4 3 7 and again from
to 1 4 4 5
He kept a tight hold o n N ormandy
1 44 1
beating off assault after assault upon th e duchy an d often
pushing raids almost to the gates o f Paris
Ri ch a d
fY
k
He even recovered from the French in 1 4 3 7
the important fortress o fPontoise one o fth e keys o f the
Seine a n d it was maintained till 1 4 4 1 being four times
relieved a n d reprovisioned by the i n defatigable Talbot
When York was recalled fro m France in 1 4 4 5 and re
placed by Edmund Beaufort D uke o f Somerset a com
mander of a much lower stamp the power o f resistance
n
N ormandy seemed to collapse and
o f the English i
place after place began to fall into the hands of the
enemy
M eanwhile the internal a ffairs of England present little
that is of importance A long struggle went o n between
Humphrey o f G loucester representing the extreme war
party and Beaufort n o w a Cardinal who led those wh o
were in favour o f coming t o an agree ment with France
and sacrificing the untenable claim to the French throne
in return for some territorial concessions
G loucester
gradually lost ground more especially after 1 4 4 1 when
his wife Elea n or Cobham was pro se qu t e d fo r u sing
’
sorcery to compass the k ing s death an d rightly o r
wrongly con dem n ed t o imprison me n t for life Her hus
ban d made no attempt to defend her but whether from
cowardice o r from consciousness t h at she was guilty it
is impossible to tell
The temporary discredit o fthe war party led t o seriou s
negotiations with France in 1 4 4 4 The king had n o w
attained his maj ority and men trusted that a n e w era
would commence when he took over the conduct o f
affairs from the hands o f the council H e himself was
set on peace and it was hoped that the T h T ru c
~
° fT
agreement m ight be sealed by his marriage
with a French princess U nfortunately however the son
o f the heroic Henry V
and the grandson o f the politic
Henry IV turned o u t to be the weakest sovereign that
ever sat upon the English throne A gentle pious i
n
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E
124
NG L AND AND
TH E
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
.
capable young man he was full o f good w ishes but
lacked the stre n gth to put them into practice He was
f
fide n t that he was always ready to d efe r
so modest and di
to the opinion o fthe nearest adviser ; but the next person
that had his ear could as easily turn him fro m his first
purpose O ne unfortunate heritage from his ancestors
S howed itself in him long ere he reached middle age — a
touch o f the melan choly madness of his grandfather
Charles VI o f France When it fell upon
C h a ra ct r f
H
ry V L
him he had to be placed i
n retirement an d
the cloud did not pass from his brain for many mo n ths
He was entirely well meani n g and his people loved his
pious and simple character but they were at the same
time driven to despair by the hopeless inc apacity which
he S howed for affairs o fstate U sually he was merely the
mouthpiece of those behin d the thron e
’
The full extent o fHenry s weakness was not yet known
/ whe n in 1 4 4 4 he a lb w ed h i
ni
s m i
st e r William de la Pole
Earl of Suffolk a pa rt i
sa n pf C ar dinal Beaufort t o S i
g
the Truce of T o u rsh By this agreement the English
retained their foothold about Bordeaux and in the duchy
o f N ormandy but gave up their fortresses in Maine and
o ther outlyi n g regions
A t the same time the king re
c ei
ve d the hand o f Margaret Of A nj ou
a c o u sm o f
Charles VI I daughter of R ene D uke of A njou and
The terms which Suffolk had
t itular King of N aples
obtai n ed were very u n favourable ; in return for the ceded
stro n gholds Engla n d should have g o t somethi n g more
than a n uncertai n truce and a dowerless bride for her
k in g |
When the details of the Truce o f Tours were divulged
G loucester agai n raised his head and began to clamour
a gainst the cession of Mai n e
He found plenty o f sup
port from the enemies of Suffolk an d the B eauforts a n d
was able to make himself most u n pleasant to the young
n
ee
Margaret wa s a woman of stro n g passions and
u
c o n siderable ability who soo n lear n ed h o w to domineer
o ver her meek husba n d and was quite reckless in usi n g
her power ‘She threw herself vehemently into E n gli
sh
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,
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126
E
’
NG LAND AND T H E H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
of
added to foreign war and the Wars
close at hand
,
.
the R oses w ere
.
C H A PTE R
WAR S
TH E
OF
! II
T HE R OS E S
.
1 4 50- 1 4 6 4
.
.
D own to the moment of the loss of N ormandy the
misfortunes o f the French war had provoked no more
’
than a certain amount o fclamorous criticism o fthe ki n g s
ministers The burden of the war had not been very
heavily felt ; it had been largely maintained with French
money and the parliamentary grants in aid had not been
extravagant The drain of men h a d been considerable
but it had fallen e n tirely on volunteers and mercenaries
The hope of co n queri n g all France had lo n g been aban
do u ed and as lo n g as a broad foothold was kept beyo n d
the Channel the details o f the struggle had not been
minutely i n vestigated I t was generally thought that a
good deal of mismanagement an d maladministration was
going o n and grumbli n g never ceased but there had as
yet been no great explosion o f popular wrath T h e fact
that the opposition was headed by a discredited a n d
reckless busybody like Humphrey o fG loucester had also
availed somewhat to weaken its criticism o fthe ministers
No w however matters were changed The great D uchy
o f N orma n dy had been lost in a f
e w months and this
disaster fell like a thunder clap on the nation Moreover
the disco
n able and popular leader
in R icha
en now bega n to remem
’
ber) was very
Since G loucester s death
’
the duke w a s
the blood and the ki n g s
n earest kinsman
Moreover Henry had n o w
R ih
d f
Y
k
bee n five years wedded and
had no o ff
f he continued childless R i
spring : i
ould inherit
ch a r
his crown For this reason both York himself and his
admirers were much incensed that in S pite o f his well
known ability he was excluded as far as possible from
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er
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,
Y OR K I S T
TH E
F
A C T I ON
127
.
public affairs ; indeed he had o f late been sent into a
kind o f honourable banishment by being made Lord
deputy of I reland ( 1 4 4 8 ) for a term o ften years I n the
unhappy sister island he proved to be one of the fe w
successful governors who m England has e n trusted with
the unenviable post He and his house were ever after
very popular in I reland
N or wa s R ichard powerful by reason of his
hy
alone : his
among the baronage was very c o n
’
elf through his father s marriage with
si
d e ra b l e
A nn e Mortimer sister of the last Earl o fMarch was o n e
in the realm He had wedded
o f the greatest baronial hou se
Her brother R ichard N eville
Earl of Salisbury and her n eph ew
”
“
1
o fW arwick
n g maker
f
the
famous
ki
a
o
Th
(
N
v
ill
e
later day ) were always the trusty partisans o f
the duke Three other N eville peers the Lords A ber
a
n
n
n
r
Latimer
and
firmly
adhered
to
the
v
e
u
c
b
e
a
F
o
g
y
g
family politics o f their race A nother faithful frien d was
J ohn Mowbray D uke o f N orfolk : he was the nephew o f
’
YW
i
ce l y N eville but h is opposition to th e ki n g s
mi n isters was probably due rather to an ancient blood
feud with the house o f Lancaster ; fo r h i
s uncle wa s the
Mowbray who had been beheaded at York in 1 4 0 5 an d
his grandfather was the unfortu n ate opponent o f Henry
I V in the lists at Coventry Three o r four other houses
o fminor note were allied with the N e vi
lles and Mowbrays
and the whole group constituted a faction o f formidable
strength The baronage o fEngland had been dwin dling
in numbers for a century and more : there were n o w not
more than thirty or forty lay peers in the House of Lords
Each o f the titles o f the year 1 4 5 0 represented three o r
four o f the o ld baronies o f the time o f the E dwards
H ence a compact group of a dozen peers n o w comprised
a third of the whole baronage o f England T he estates
Th
ld r N v ill h d arri d A lic h ir
ht
f Sali bury g
dd
f
th
L llar d arl w h f ll i 4
T h y u g r R ic h ard h d w dd
A
h ir
fWarwick
d h d btai d h
g r a t h ri t a g i t h w t r M idl a ds
d
th
u t h W l h b rd r
.
-
.
W
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,
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W
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e
e
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s
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,
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.
1
e
e
an
e e
o
e
e
e ss o
on
e
e
o
,
e so
m
a
e
n
e
an
a
o
e s
o
e
1
e,
00
.
ne
.
e
er
e
o
e
e ss o
n
s
,
e
e
a
e
n
e
au
ra n
e
es e n
e
er o
n n e,
n
12
8
E
NG LAND AND
TH E
H
’
UNDR E D Y E A R S WA R
.
Mortimer Mowbray and N eville were scattered thickly
n almost every
all over England a n d gave rallyi n g points i
county for the partisans o fYork
There is n o proof whatever t hat D uke R ichard h a d
n treasonable schemes before he had
personally dabbled i
’
been banished to I reland by the king s ministers His
’
conduct all through He n ry s minority h a d bee n loyal a n d
correct I t seems that he was first roused to action by
the clamours of the n ation a n d o n ly moved when public
Opi n io n demanded that he should take his proper place
n
the state and exert the i
nflue n ce to which he was
i
e n titled as first pri n ce o f the blood Had King Henry
been a man o fability who could rule his mi n isters i n stead
o f being ruled by them there seems no reason to thi n k
that D uke R ichard would have stirred A ll through his
life he was a m a n o f cautious a n d moderate measures :
but he would have bee n more than human if he had r e
ra i
f
n e d fro m usi n g his stre n gth when he was shouldered
aside and ig n ored by the faction led by the Beauforts
Suffolk and Q ueen Margaret
The loss of N orma n dy was followed by the first po pu
lar outbreak in Engla n d which had been see n for more
’
tha n a ge n eratio n
I t was directed agai n st the ki n g s
mi n isters a n d advisers a n d appeared all over the southern
S hires
A lready before Formigny had bee n fought a
mob o f muti n ous soldiers had sto n ed to death Bishop
M o l eyn s the keeper o f the Privy Seal at Portsmouth
i
n
Jan
Two
months
later
such
a
bitter
outcry
(
Parliame n t was raised agai n st Suffolk that
S u ff l k
m u rd r d
after he had been impeached the timid kin g
ordered him to leave the realm for the present He took
S hip for Fla n ders but was waylaid o n the high seas by
some vessels from Lo n do n a n d wa s murdered by the
sailors Who was at the bottom o fthis act o fpiracy was
never discovered ( May 2
I f the Q uee n and Somerset hoped that the u n pOpu
’
l a ri
t y of the mi n istry might e n d with Suffolk s fall they
were soon u n deceived The populace was still u n satisfied
I n the mo n th o fJune troubles broke out in many places :
of
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E
1 30
NG L AND AND
’
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
TH E
.
upon A quitaine w h ich the government h a d wholly neg
l ec t e d duri n g the domestic troubles
The G asco n s did
their best but o n e after another all their cities fell before
n
the French artillery
Bordeaux yielded i
June and
Bayon n e in O ctober without having received any succour
n ed u n co n q
from E n gland O nly Calais n o w r e m a i
u e re d
o f all the broad domain which Henry VI h a d inherited
o n the Continent
The loss o fA quitaine at last drove York to desperation
R aising his o wn retainers and those o f the N evilles and
Mowbrays he marched o n London
The king at the
head o f a larger force faced him at D artford in Kent
a n d there at a co n ference Henry promised to dismiss his
present advisers a n d ch ange his methods o f governance
But when York had disbanded his army Somerset a p
’
r e d again at the king s right hand and D uke R ichard
ea
p
found that he had been tricked ( March 1 4 5
He was
arrested and o n ly released after pledging himself never
again to take arms This promise he kept under circum
r o vo c a t i
o n for three years ( 1 4 5 2
hw
’
the last campaign o f the Hundred Years
War was about to begin The G ascons sincerely attached
t o the English co n nection and Oppressed by their n e w
French governors burst o u t into insurrection in the sum
mer of 1 4 5 2
To aid them Lord Talbot n o w Earl o f
Shrewsbury came over from England at the he a d of
four or five thousand men A ided by the insurgents he
reco vered Bordeaux and all the lands arou n d it and
—
l
he
d his own
1
2
during
the
winter
of
B at t l
f
45
3
llm
C
ti
with ease But when summer came round
the whole national levy of France marched into A qui
taine and laid siege to Castillon Hurrying up to rescue
it the brave o ld earl resolved to storm the French lines
o fcircumvallation
Forming his men I n a deep column
contrary to the English custom he launched them at the
entrenchments But the hostile artillery blew the head
o f the mass to piec es Talbot himself was slain and after
a hard stru ggle the English and G ascons were cut to
pieces ( July 1 7 1 4 5
This battle settled the fate o f
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w
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1
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e o
as
'
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M A D N E S S O F H E N R Y VI
I
.
3
1
A quitaine ,
for Somerset could n o t o r would n o t send out
further succours and Bordeaux capitulated in O ctober
‘
after holding o u t gallantly for ten weeks
Af
e w days after the battle o f Castillon and long before
it could be known in England King Henry fell for the
first time into a fit o f madness the result ( it is said ) o fa
sudden fright Fo r eighteen months he remained in a
state of melancholy apathy o r rathe r idiocy and was
unable to discharge the simplest functions of royalty
This was in many ways the best thing for Engla n d that
could have happened and many years o f trouble would
have been avoided if he h ad never recovered A fter a
space Parliament met and appointed D uke R ic h ard Pro
tector of the realm while Somerset was sent Th k i g
m
d
n
to the Tower B ut some three months after
her husband had gone mad the Queen after nine years
o f childless wedlock gave birth to a son a circumstance
which changed the aspect of politics by cutting York o u t
o f the line of succession to t h e throne
He behaved
h owever with correctness and moderation acknowledged
the infant prince as heir to the crown and did homage to
him He acted as regent for more than a year and did
his best to bring the internal affairs o f t h e kingdom into
order : for the French war nothing could be done : w ith
the second fall of Bordeaux all hope of retaining a foot «
hold in Aquitaine had vanished
—
1
A bout mid winter 4 5 4 5 King Henry suddenly re
covered his senses The moment that he was c o n va l es
cent his wife induced him to release Some rset fro m
prison and a few w eeks later York and his friends were
dismissed from all their offices which were given back
to the Beauforts and their partisans A parliament was
then summoned to meet at Leicester which was to reverse
all the acts o fthe Protectorate No w at last D uke R ichard
lost his temper and took arms at the head o fhis faction
after issuing a manifesto which denounced Somerset not
only as a minister o f tried incapacity but as a perj ured
traitor The king with a consi derable armed following
w as moving from London towards the Midlands when
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n
e
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’
s
es s °
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’
E N GL AND A ND T H E H U NDR E D Y E AR S W AR
r3 2
.
the duke and his partisans fell upon him at St A lbans :
there was a short but sharp fray in the streets which
ended in the victory o f the Yorkists due m ainly to t h e
har d fighting o fthe younger R ichard N ev i
ll e
Fi
r st b ttl
‘S r A l b
the Earl o fWarwick who first broke through
the Lancastrian barricades Somerset was slain and with
him several peers of his faction : the king fell into t h e
hands o fthe victors ( May 2 2 1 4 5
This insignificant skirmish in which neither side h a d
more than 2 0 0 0 men present cost the lives of only a few
scores o f fighting men B ut it was to be the prelude o f
a wa r of the m ost desperate and bloody kind which wa s
to mow down half the baronage o f England I t came t o
“
be known as the War o f the R oses from the whit e
rose which was the badge o f th e house o fYork and t h e
red rose which was afterwards assumed as the token o f
the house o fLancaster
A t first it seemed possible that the battle of St A lban s
might lead to a mere cha n ge of ministry much desire d
by the maj ority o fthe nation D uke R ichard treated t h e
captive king with all respect and merely reinstated him
self and his friends in power The excitement o f t h e
battle had thrown Henry back into his melancholy mad
ness in which he lay for some months incapable o f all
’
action The duke s term o fpower however lasted littl e
more than a year : in O ctober 1 4 5 6 the king having
recovered his senses once m ore fell under the influenc e
o f his wife who now put herself openly forward as hea d
o f the Loyalist faction in place o f Somerset
By h er
advice the Yorkists were removed from o ffice
Three years of unrest and bickering followed ( 1 4 5 6 —5 9 )
before matters again came to a head Each party mean
while was preparing for the inevitable strife : the bloo d
shed at St A lbans had made reconciliation impossible
and it was felt that the next struggle must lead to t h e
extermination o f o n e party o r the other D uke R ichar d
saw that it would not avail him to attain once more to
office if he was always liable to be dismissed from it a t
’
the queen s pleasure : when forced to take arms again h e
.
,
,
a
e
,
ans°
0
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”
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E NG L AND
1 34
’
T HE H UNDR E D Y E AR S W AR
A ND
.
insurgents lay T heir armies faced each other at Ludford
across the flooded Teme and a battle on a large scale
’
seemed
imminent
:
but
the
duke
s
partis
ns
f
a
Th R
t
L df d
sa w that they were much outnumbered and
many o f them felt scruples at resisting their sovereign
when he personally led his army to attack them : this time
it wa s no question of opposing a Suffolk o r a Somerset ;
’
the king himself and not merely the king s n ame was
arrayed against them When H enry and his host passed
the Teme and advanced o n the Yorkist camp the i
n
su rg e n t s melted away before his face without fighting
and the Lancastrians were v ictoriou s without striking a
blow D uke R ichard escaped to I reland w here he found
a warm welcome : the t w o N eville earls escaped in a fish
ing smack to Calais where the garrison was devoted to
Warwick who had long been their govern or ( O ctober
14 9
5 )
”
“
The
R out of Ludford
placed t h e queen in a
triump h ant position : the Yorkists had put themselves
in the wrong by their armed rebellion and it would hav e
be n easy to crush them in their two l a st strongholds
But Margaret showed herself an incompetent ruler :
nstead of making a vigorous attempt to end the war she
i
se t to work to proscribe and punish her enemies before
they were completely disposed o f The duke and his
chi ef followers were attainted their lands were c o n fis
ca t e d some of their minor adherents were executed but
no assault in strength was made o n C alais or o n I reland
The Yorkist party had time to recover from its panic and
’
the nation wa s shoc ked by the queen s violent actions
the most unwise o f them was that she had allowed the
open town o f N ewbury to be sacked merely because it
belonged to the duke
I n June 1 4 6 0 Warwick who showed himself through
out the leading spirit in the Yorkist ra nks landed at
B t tl o f
Sandwich with a few hundred followers from
N n h m pt m
Calais The Kentishmen at once rose in
arms to aid him : the Londoners opened their g ates to
him though a R oyalist garrison maintained itself in the
.
,
ou
e
or
u
o
o
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-
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e
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a
e
°
a
°
.
,
B
A TT L E
N O RT H A M PT O N
OF
1 35
.
a cousin of York
er
Tower 3 and A rchbishop Bo u rch i
brought the levies o fthe eastern counties to his aid The
Queen taken by surprise had called together her parti
sans fro m the Mid l and shires at N orthampton where
they palisaded a strong entrenched camp But Warwick
hurried forward fro m London stormed the fortifications
an d routed the Lancastrians
King Henry was taken
prisoner while the captains o f his host the D uke o f
Buckingham and the Earl o f Shrewsbury were slain
July
The
Queen
and
her
young
son
escaped
I 46 0
I
O
(
)
to the N orth where they took refuge with the Earl o f
N orthumberland
D uke R ichard arrived from I reland too late t o take
’
part in his nephew s victory and found the greater part
o f the realm at his feet
He called together a parlia
ment in which hot disputes broke o u t among h is parti
san s as to the wa y in which the governance of the real m
sh ould be arranged T wice already the plan of retaining
King Henry on the throne and making York Protector
’
had been tried and had failed Many o f the duke s
advisers were o f O pinion that he might n o w set aside
Henry and declare himself king : there was no doubt
that fro m the point o f view o f strict hereditary right the
heir o f the house of March an d Clarence had a better
title than the heir o fLa n caster R ichard him self leaned
to this alternative but Warwick and the N evilles were
for a less v iolent change They thought that R ichard
should be proclaimed Protector for life and heir t o the
throne while Henry should be allowed to reign in name
so long as he lived Personally the pious king was not
unpopular and no one w ished him ill but it was meces
sary to disinherit his young son Edward in o rder that
Queen Margaret might never again interfere in politics
T his alternative was ultimately adopted : it bears a strong
resemblance to the scheme formulated at t h e Treaty of
Troyes in respect to the crown of France
York being named Protector for life had n o w to
subdue the parts of the real m w here his title was not
acknowledged He sent against Wales where the t wo
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r36
E N GL
AN D
’
Y EA R s
T HE H UNDR E D
AND
1
W AR
.
Tudors Jasper and O wen step brother and step father of
King Henry were in arms his eldest son Edward Earl
a young man o f eighteen w h o had seen
o f March
first service in the field at N orthampton He himself
and his brother—i
n la w R ichard N eville Earl o fSalisbury
marched into the N orth There the Lancastrian interest
was very strong : indeed the Yorkists had little influence
north o f the Humber save in the N eville estates in the
N orth R iding The Queen the young D uke o fSomerset
and the Pe rc i
e s had raised a considerable army and were
bent on fighting York undervaluing their numbers and
overestimating the extent to which they had been de
moralized by the defeat of N orthampton rashly engaged
with them at Wakefield though his forces
B ttl
f
W k fi ld
amounted to only a third of theirs He was
surrounded and cut to pieces with the whole of his army :
’
the Earl of Salisbury an d Edmund o f York R ichard s
second son a lad of si
xt eee n were captured and put t o
death in cold blood by the victors Their heads with
that o f the duke himself were struck o ff and placed o n
spikes over the gate of York ( D ec 3 0
This murder of prisoners and mutilation of the dead
was by far the worst outrage w h ich had yet happened i
n
the struggle I t embittered the civil war into a blood
feud and made the heirs of York and Salisbury pitiless
for the future Hitherto they had given quarter but n o w
they had the death and dishonour of their fathers to
avenge A change for the worse is at once visible in
their action
A fter the victory of Wakefield the Lancast rians flocked
in from all sides to join the Queen and she was able to
march on London at the head of a formidable host
The task o f opposing her fell o n Warwick who by the
deaths o f his father and uncle had become the undis
u
t
e
d
f
head
his party Edward o f March being as yet
o
p
young and little known Warwick arrayed the Yorkists
S
y rs ft r t h d th f H r y V h i w id w C th ri f F r
h d w dd d O w
T d r pl i W lsh g tl
tw
s s by h i
H
E d d d J sp r w r
d E rls fR ih
d d P b r k b y th r h lf
b r th r t h k ig T h f r r w h d id y g w t h f t h r fH ry V I I
-
-
,
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a
a
e
o
e
e
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o
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,
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,
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,
.
1
om e
a
e
m un
o
e
ea
a
e
en
an
e
e
e
a
n
e
.
u
o
ea
,
a
e e m a
,
e
o m e
en
o
e
,
a n
e
a
o
o
e
s
.
en
c
ou n
o
em a n
m on
,
as
,
a
o
er
.
em
an
e
a
e
ne
a
o
o
a n ce ,
o
m
on
ei
e
en
a
.
,
r38
E
’
N GLAN D AND T HE H UNDR E D
YEAR s
WAR
.
hitherto they had been but l ukewarm but smarting unde r
their losses they turned out in great force to j oin Edward
T he
E d w r d I V o f March and R ichard o f Warwick
m
d Ki g
former before starting on the campaign was
saluted by his followers as king under the name o f Ed
ward I V He claimed the crown as heir of Lionel of
Clarence ignoring the Lancastrian usurpation and dated
his reign from March 1 4 6 1 though his title did not re
c ei
Thus with
ve Parliamentary sanction till N ovember
him triumphed the cause o f hereditary right as O pposed
to that theory of election by the nation represented in
Parliament under which the Lancastrian house had held
s he throne
A llowing only a few days o f rest to their army War
wick and King Edward followed the Lancastrians towards
York gathering up on their way numerous levies from
the Eastern and Midland shires O n March 2 8 t h the
enemy was found lying behind the river A ire
A fter
driving in his rearguard by a skirmish at Ferrybridge the
’
Yorkists crossed the stream and came u pon the Queen s
host drawn up o n the hillside of Towton
N ext day
2
1
1
Palm
Sunday
March
the
bloodiest
6
B ttl
f
4
(
9
)
T Wt
battle o f the Wars of the R oses was fought
Both sides were in great force and contemporary writers
thought that as many as
Lancastrians and 4
Yorkists were engaged —fig u re s that cannot be trusted
for a moment I n a blinding snow storm the Yorkists
climbed the hillside and ranged themselves opposite their
foes : after a preliminary discharge o f arrows the hosts
clashed together all along the line and remained locked
together for many hours o f close fighting with sword and
axe Towards evening a flank attack made by t h e D uke
’
of N orfolk settled the result o fthe battle and the Queen s
army turned to fly Besides those who fell in the pursuit
great numbers were drowned in the flooded stream o fthe
Cock which lay j ust behind their position The slaughter
wa s very great especially among the barons and knights
who could not easily fly in their heavy mail The Earl
o f N orthumberland and four other peers were slain : the
,
a
a
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,
n
e
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e o
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,
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T R I UMPH
E D W ARD
OF
IV
I 39
.
Earls o f D e v on and Wiltshire and a great number of
knights and squires captured in the pursuit were b e
headed in revenge for the slaying o fSalisbury and Prince
Edmu n d after Wakefield
The Queen with her husband and her young so n fled
fro m Y ork into Scotland the moment that the result o f
the battle was known With the m went the young D uke
of Somerset almost the only Lancastrian o f note who
escaped fro m the field alive
The party was crushed
beyond hope of recovery and thoug h its desperate parti
sans held o u t fo r nearly three years more in Wales and
o n the Scottish border they were ne v er able to shake the
power o f the n ew king I ndeed England south of the
Tees was free fro m civi l war fro m the day of Towton
onwards
The lingering st ruggle in N orthumberland was only
’
sustained by t wo supports the Queen s untiring energy
and the desperate hatred for the N evilles w h ich filled the
hearts of the Pe rc i
e s and the other nobles o f the n orth
Margaret bought aid fro m Scotland by ceding Berwick
to King James
she crossed to France and wrung
money and auxiliaries from the stin gy Louis ! I by pro
m i
si
n
to
give
over
Calais
to
him
all
her
efforts
B
u
t
g
came to nought : the great N orth umbrian fortresses of
A lnwick and Ba m b o ro u g h were taken by the Earl of
Warwick
By the aid o f her French T h t r g g l
h
i
t
e N rth
troops she recovered them for a moment but
this success was only to lead to a second disaster : War
wick returned and blew the great northern strongholds to
pieces with his artillery ( I 4 6 3 ) T he Scots grew tired of
the war : King Louis would give no more aid when he
found that Calais was n o t likely to come into his hands
The final desperate rally o fthe northern Lancastrian s was
crushed at th e fights of Hedgeley Moor (A pril I 5 ) and
Hexham ( May I 3 t h
A fte r this last victory the
’
f
e w survi v ing chiefs o f the loyalists fell into Warwick s
hands an d when he had beheaded the D uke o fSomerset
and the Lords R OOS and Hungerford the long resistance
collapsed for lack o f leaders A t last there was n o man
,
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e
n
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u
e
o
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E N GL
1 4o
’
A N D AND T HE H UNDR E D
Y E AR s
WAR
.
left in England who did not b o w his head before King
E dward and h i
King
s great vicegerent R ichard N eville
Henry himself wandering hopelessly in di
s
R m y v1
so r
Pri
guise through the realm that had once been
his own was captured and consigned to the Tower where
he lingered for six years in pious melancholy
.
,
e
a
,
.
ne
,
,
.
C H A PTE R
!
III
.
R I CH ARD T H E K I NG M A KE R AND E D WA RD T HE
-
1 4 6 4- 1 4 8 3
KI NG
.
.
While the struggle with the last survivors o f the Lan
c a st ri
a n faction was still in progress
the governance o f
England had been in the hands o f the N eville clan
”
“
R ichard of Warwick
the King m aker the head of the
house and by far its most able representative had been
’
continually in the field as the leader of King Edward s
’
armies G eorge N eville A rchbishop o f York ( Warwick s
brother ) was chancellor John N eville Lord Montague
’
( another brother ) was regarded as the king s confidential
councillor ; he had also commanded at Hexham and
Hedgeley Moor William N eville Lord Fa lc o n b erg had
been made Earl of Kent for his services at Towton and
several other members o f the family were high in place
about the king
The house and its connections had
formed the backbone o f the Yorkist party and its mem
bers thought themselves entitled to good payment for
t h eir services I f Edward I V had been a weak ruler
ll es might ha ve continued all
the domination o f the N evi
through his reign But the young king was far from
being a nonentity : he was able obstinate selfish and
ungrateful the last o f men to suffe r himself to be made
’
the tool of his mother s relations A s long as th e Lan
c a st ri
a n s still made head against him he was content to
use the services o f Warwick and his brothers but n o w
that his throne was safe he intended to rule after his own
,
.
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,
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’
E NG L AND AND T H E H UNDR E D
I 42
Y EA R s
W AR
.
clan Fo r the same reason he created a n u mber o f ne w
peers to counterbalance the N eville family group in the
House o f Lords
For t wo years there was no open
breach bet ween Edward and Warwick but in J une 1 4 6 7
the
king
dismissed
G
eorge
N
eville
the
chan
E dw rd
l w i
t h c e llo r
openly disavowed Warwick and his
q
th
N v ‘n
policy and put himself entirely in the hands
.
,
.
,
,
,
a
u a rre s
,
o
e
,
es '
e
,
O f his n ew friends His change o f views was co m pleted
by the formation o f an alliance w ith the D uke of B ur
gundy to whom he ga v e his sister Margaret in marriage
To break so rudely and O penly with the N evilles was
unwise : the family was powerful in nearly every part o f
England and Warwick had been fo r so long the fig u r e
head o f the Yorkist p ar ty that most of its older members
looked to him an d not to the king for guidance More
over the Woodvilles were making themselves hated for
their pride and shameless greed A typical instance o f
their conduct was the marriage o fyoung John Woodville
’
the queen s brother to the D owager D uchess o f N orfolk
who was o ld enough to ha ve been his grandmother but
possessed wealth enough to tempt him into the match
N oting the unpopularity which was gathering around
Edward Warwick began to make quiet preparations for
resuming his old position even though he m ight h ave to
use force in the process He enlisted in his cause the
’
king s brother G eorge D uke of Clarence an ambitious
a n d discontented young man by giving him the hand o f
his eldest daughter I sabel N eville o n whom ( since the
great earl had no male issue ) the larger half o f his vast
e states would some day devolve
I n July 1 4 6 9 thinking matters ripe for his interference
Warwick set his followers to work
His nephew Sir
t z h u gh and his cousin Sir Henry N eville took
Henry Fi
arms in Yorkshire with a programme much like that
which the Lords A ppellant had used against R ichard
I I o r the early Yorkists against Suffolk and Somerset
The king must be freed from unworthy favourites and
provided with a respectable and responsible ministry
zl e replaced in his former dependence on the house of
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R IS I NG
OF
“
R O BI N
OF
R E D E S DA L E
”
r4 3
N eville
This rising is often called the rebellion o f
”
“
R obin o f R edesdale
an assumed name adopted by
one o f its leaders Sir John Conyers War R bi o f
wick had passed the word around among his R d d l s
b lm
fr iends and adherents to support the rising
but did not appear himself Soon the rebel army swelled
to formidable proportions moved south and routed the
roops which t h e ki
n
sent
against
it
under
the
Earls
o
f
g
1
Pembroke and D evon at E dg e co t Field near Banbury
Edward after the battle sa w h is army disperse and fel l
into the hands o fthe rebels Warwick and Clarence then
appeared upon the scene and ass u m ed the custody o fthe
’
king s person Edward was treated with formal courtesy
but placed for a time in safe keeping at M iddleham
Castle a N e v ille stronghold in Y orkshire His favourites
’
fared much worse : the queen s father R ivers her brothe r
John Woodville and the Earls o f D evon and Pembroke
’
were all beheaded by the rebels with Warwick s full
approval G reedy upstarts as they w ere they did not
deserve to die without a trial and their bloody end
shocked the whole Y orkist party
A fter keeping th e king t wo months under restraint
—Sept
A
u
Warwick
released
him
thinking
that
g
(
he had been taught the necessary lesson ari
d would fo r
the future refrain fro m O ffending the N eville clan A s
’
a matter o f fact Edward s spirit w as not broken and his
only thought was to re v enge himself o n the earl and
Clarence Six months later he got his opportunity : a
Lancastrian insurrection broke o u t in Lincolnshire in
March 1 4 7 0 and to suppress it the king T h L i l m
gathered a large army whose l eaders were h ir ri i g
carefully chosen fro m among the enemies o fthe N evilles
A fter dispersing the rebels near Stamford in a fight often
“
called Lose Coat field
the king suddenly w heeled
about an d marched against Warw ick and Clarence who
.
,
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o
n
e
re
a
es
n
e
e
‘
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e
S
h ee
e
s n
,
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,
-
,
,
Th es e m en a re n o t o f co u rs e t h e La nca st ri an E a rls J a sp e r T u do r a n d J o h n
C o rt e a y b t Y o rkists (n a m e d H e r be rt a n d S ta ffo rd) t o w h o m t h e ti tle s o ft h e
o th r s h a d b e e
give
{
Lo s e C o a t fie l d w a s so ca lle d fro m t he hast e in wh ich t h e reb els cast off
t heir ca ss o cks in o rde r t o fly t h e qu icke r
1
,
u
n
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u
e
n
n
.
-
,
.
I
E NG L AND AND T HE H UNDR E D Y E AR S W AR
,
44
.
were coming from Coventry to join him with a small
force He was resolved to treat them just as they had
1
treated him in the preceding year : having caught them
unprepared he
England and finall y
h and flee to France
forced them to e
March
(
The gr eat earl had fallen so easily because he ha d not
been granted time to call together his numerous adherents :
’
if the king had lingered Warwick s expulsion would have
He was n o w
W m ie k i cost him much hea v y fighting
xi
l
master of his real m agai
n but not for long
His enemy was bent o n revenge and had made up his
mind to forget all his o ld grudges against Margaret o f
A nj ou and the Lancastrians A t the court o f Louis ! I
the earl met the exiled queen and made his peace w ith
her They agreed to j oin their forces in order to crush
Edward I V and Warwick undertook to replace Henry
V I on the throne : as a pledge o f reconciliation his
younger daughter A nne N eville was betrothed to Prince
Edward the heir o f the Lancastrian house Warwick
soon set to work to use all his powers o f intrigue : his
emissaries overran the whole o f England bidding his
partisans t o be prepared for a rising in the autumn ;
while Queen Margaret sent similar warnings to the sur
vi
vo rs of her party
I n September the plot had been prepared : Lord Fitz
hugh a brother i
n law o fWarwick got up an unimportant
’
rising in the N orth to attract the king s attention
Edward
took the bait and when he had reached York the earl
slipped across the Channel and raised his banner in D evon
shire a district where the Lancastrian party was strong
When the signal was given the retainers o f the N evilles
rose in arms in every shire and the king had to turn
southward : he had o nly reached N ottingham when he
’
found that Warwick s brother Montague had led over to
the enemy the whole o fthe levies o fthe Midlands which
1 S m
th i k th t W rw i k w r lly i m pli t d i t h Li l shir risi g
d t h k g st t d
t
t i b t i t s s m r l ik l y t h t h w
t th
If h h d b
rg iig t h b s i ss h w l d t h v b
g ht
p
d t h l d rs ft h r b lli w r
s t ri s
ll ld L
p r d
.
,
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n
a
e
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e
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-
-
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,
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,
,
o
an
e
e
e
a e
,
n
m
a
a
a e
a
e en
o
an
e
ea
so
a
an z
n
e
o
c
e
m e,
e
e
e
u
e
ca e
ea
as
ne
on
e em
u
e
e e a
ou
o
no
a
e
o e
a
an ca
e
an
een
.
e
ca u
n
e
n co n
e
n
as n o
un
re
,
.
’
E NG LAND AN D T H E H UNDR E D Y E AR S W AR
1 46
.
across the Trent and to reach Leicester where a consider
It
Th m
m o f able body of his partisans j oined him
K i g E d w m seemed probable however that he would soon
be crushed by numbers fo r hostile forces began to clos e
around him on all sides and Warwick himself advanced
to Coventry which had been appointed as the mustering
place of his host From this rather desperate position
Edward was rescued by the treachery of his brother
G eorge of Clarence The duke had been commissioned
’
to raise the western Midlands in King Henry s name :
but when he approached Coventry h e swerved aside and
joined the invaders with seven o r eight thousand men
This made Edward so strong that Warwick could not
fight h i
m till he had received reinforcements
While the
earl wa s waiting his adversary m ade a desperate dash for
London an d was admitted within its walls by a sudden
rising of his partisans ( A pril 1 1
B ut Warwick was
n o w close at his h eels with a ll his host and till he was
beaten o ffnothing had really been secured A ccordingly
the Yorkists marched out and met their pur
B ttl o f
B r
t
suers at Barnet where o n April 1 4 a desperate
battle took place I t was fought in a dense fog a cir
c u m st a n c e which proved fatal to the great earl for two
corps of his army mistook each other for enemies and
came to blows When they recognized each other each
thought the other had deserted to the ki ng and both
“
cried treachery and fled The remainder of the King
’
maker s men stood their ground but were overwhelmed
by numbers and cut to pieces Warwick himself and his
brother Montague were both left dead upon the field
O n the very day of Barnet Queen Margaret and her
son landed at Weymouth and put themselves at the head
of an army which t h e Beauforts had gathered in Somerset
’
and D evon Hearing o fWarwick s defeat and death they
resolved to make their way towards Wales a great Lan
ca st ri
a n stronghold
But by a forced march King Edward
threw himself across their path and forced
B ttl
f
T w k s b r y them to fight at Tewkesbury with the u n fo rd
able Severn at their backs A fter a hard struggle the Lan
,
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e
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n
a
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a
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n e
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a
e
e o
e
u
°
.
B
ATT L E
T EWKE S BUR Y
OF
i
I 47
.
we re beaten from their position and all wh o
could not fly fast were slain captured o r driven into t h e
river The young Prince Edward was killed as he cried
“
in vain for quarter and called o n the name of his brothe r
”
Clarence : with him fell the Earl of D evon and Lord
Wenlock Edmund the last D uke o f Somerset o f t h e
B eaufort line was captured and executed with ten other
prisoners of rank ( May 4
Queen Margaret als o
’
fell into the victor s hands : her life wa s spared but wit h
a perfectly gratuitous cruelty Edward ordered her harmles s
h usban d to be secretly put to death in the Towe r
No w
that his only son was dead Henry was n o M d e r f
H
y
V
I
longer valuable as a hostage and was made
away with His murderer gave o u t that he died o fpu re
displeasure and melancholy
So ended in o n e common disaster the dynasty o f Lan
caster and the great house of N eville The male line o f
J ohn o f G aunt was extinct : the female line was only
represented by the King o f Portugal and the Queen o f
Castile wh o descended from two Ofhis daughters and by
the Lady Margaret Beaufort the last of the Somersets
She had a son by her first husband Edmund T udor Earl
o f R ichmond and this young boy was o n e day to reig n
under the name o f Henry V I I
The vast estates o f
Warwick were divided between his t wo daug h ters t h e
D uchess of Clarence and the Princess A nne t h e wido w
of Prince Edward The latter was forced to marry t h e
’
king s youngest brother R ichard D uke of G loucester so
that all the broad N eville Montacute and B eaucham p
l ands passed into the hands o fthe royal family
Edward had yet twelve years to reign : they contras t
strongly with the troublous times between 1 4 6 0 an d 1 4 7 1
for their annals are lacking in interest and incident Th e
king was strong handed enough to rule as he pleased an d
might have beco me a tyrant had he been more restless
and energetic But habits o f sloth grew upon h im an d
he wasted much o f his time o n pleasures lawful a n d
unlawful and on riotous living Before he w as forty h e
had ruined his constitution and h ad gro w n grossly c or
c a st r a n s
,
,
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ur
o
en r
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.
E NG L AND
r4 8
’
T HE H UN D R E D Y EAR S W AR
AND
.
and unwieldy His rule was far more autocratic
than tha t of the Lancastrian house : between 1 4 7 8 and
1 4 8 3 he did n o t call Parliament toge t her an d he often
“
indul g ed in the unconstitutional practice Of raising b e
”
n e vo le n c es
o r forced loans not sanctioned by parlia
mentary authority
But h e can hardly be called an
O ppressive ruler : his arbitrary acts did not a ffect the bulk
o fhis subjects and his financial exac t ion s were moderate
for he was much wealthier than his predecessors owing
to the vast amounts of confiscated land belonging to the
fo llo wers of Lancaster and Warwick which had fallen into
his ha nds A fter 1 4 7 5 he had another source of revenue
n
T r ty f
I n alliance with Charles o f B urgundy he i
P
q ig y
v aded France and ad vanced as far as Peronne
in Picardy B ut the wily Louis ! I offered to buy him
f by paying down a great su m o f money and guaran
of
teeing him an annual pension as long as peace should
endure Edward threw over his ally and greed ily closed
1
h
n
with the O ffer By the Treaty o f Pe c q
ui
t
A ug
g y ( 3
1 4 7 5 ) he received
gold crowns in ready money
more as a ransom for the unfortunate Margaret
o fA nj ou and the
f
uarantees
o
r the payment o f
g
crowns per annum as long as he should live He at once
r etired from France and for the rest o f his life was paid
the subsidy with great regulari t y
The main anxiety o f Edward during these years arose
from the discontent o f his brother G eorg e o f Clarence
The tr eachery of the duke in the years 1 4 6 9—7 0 could
never be forgotten and the k ing always viewed him with
suspicion Clarence did his best to j ustify these doubts :
hi
s be haviour was captious
insolent and overbearing
I n 1 4 7 7 he provoked Edward t o grea t wrath by putting
to death o n his o wn authority and without a proper trial
a lad y named A n ka ret Twyn d o w whom he accused o f
having caused by sorcery the death o fhis wife the D uche ss
I sabel O n another occasion he t ried to m arry Margaret
’
the heiress o f Burgundy without Edward s leave
In
1 4 7 8 the brothers had a violent quarrel about the arrest
’
a n d execution o fsome of Clarence s followers for trea son
l
nt
u
e
p
.
,
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ea
e°
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o
u
n
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I
’
E NG L A ND AN D T H E H UNDR E D Y E AR S WAR
0
5
.
The country was n o t unprosperous unde r his hand in
spite of all the wars and rumours o f wars which h a d
passed over it The nobles and their retainers had b ee n
thinned by the sword and axe but the storm had passed
far above the heads o fthe maj ority of the nation Taxa
tion was light trade and commerce w ere not unprosperous :
England in short has seen much worse days under much
better kings
,
.
,
.
,
.
C H A PTE R
R I CH ARD
111
! IV
.
1 4 8 3 —1 4 8 5
.
.
Edward
been the father o fa large family ; but
h e ack b ee n éu t o f
f at so early an age that the t wo sons
a n d five daughters whom he left behind him were all v ery
oung
Elizabeth
his
eldest
child
was
only
seventeen
;
y
Edward Prince of Wales his heir was five years younger ;
R ichard of York his second so n but nine I t was o b vi
o u s that several years o f regency must elapse before the
oung
king
could
take
up
the
reins
of
government
y
Edward I V had made no arrangements on his death bed
f
o r nominating a regent but there were only t wo possible
ersons
w
ho
could
be
thought
f
for
the
post
O
ne
was
o
p
the queen dowager the other R ichard of G loucester the
first prince of the blood I t wa s at once seen that trouble
’
would come of their rivalry : Eli z abeth s success would
mean danger to G loucester for her kindred the G reys
a n d Woodvilles were o l d enemies o f the duke
But the
g ame seemed at first to be in her hands for her son was
a t Ludlow under charge o fhis uncle A nthony Woodville
’
Earl R ivers the chief of the clan The queen s kindred
’
“
h eld the young king s person and
possession is nine
”
points of the law
A less wily and resolute adversary
than R ichard of G loucester would have yielded the game ;
but the duke was a man o f a cunning and ambition u n
s uspected e v en by those who kne w him best
He had
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G L O U CE S T E R S E I Z E S
K I NG
TH E
I
.
I
S
hitherto been known only as a good soldier a capable
administrator and a most faithful servant o f R i h rd f
the late king U nlike his brother G eorge o f
Clarence he w as a prince of a sober and cautious de
m ea n o u r and made public pretensions to piety which his
private life did not altogether bear out N o o n e dreamed
that he would prove the most unscrupulous man o f his
unscrupulous house and that he was prepared t o wade
to power through streams o f innocent blood R ichard
was often pictured by Tudor writers as a sort o fdeformed
and unnatural monster : they said that he was dwa rfish
hump backed and hideous B ut though his left arm and
shoulder were smaller than his right and his stature rather
small his exterior was not unpleasing : none o f the line
’
of York were wanting in good looks and R ichard s worst
drawback was the shifty and su Spi
ci
o u s glance which all
his portraits display He had only reached the age of
thirty O ne when his brother died but his ability had
never been doubted since the day when as a lad o f eigh
teen he commanded the Yorkist right wing at Barnet and
Tewkesbury
When the funeral o fEdward I V had taken plac e Lord
R i v ers proceeded to bring the young k ing up to London
T here it was intended that his coronation should take
place and that the council should nominate a regent or
a protector to carry o n the business of the realm When
the royal cort ege arrived at Stoney Stratford it was met
by the D uke of G loucester and his friend and supporter
Henry D uke o f B uckingham the lineal representative
o f Thomas of Woodstock and the younger line o f E d
’
w ard I I I s descendants l R ivers must ha v e noted w it h
some alarm that the t wo dukes had brought with th em
T’
armed retainers in numbers that were w h olly u n n ec essa ry
for the occasion B ut he did n o t suspect h o w near was
the blow that he dreaded : o n the next day as the cava l
’
cade was starting again for London G loucester s retainers
’
laid hands on R i v ers and o n Sir R ichard G rey the queen s
sec o n d so n and t h rew them into bonds
A
pril
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E
1 52
N GL AN D
’
T H E H UN DR E D Y E AR S W AR
A ND
.
’
T hey w ere hastily sent up to the duke s northern strong
t h e young king
hold
while
o f Middleham
R ic h a rd
i
the
was taken o n to the capital by his unc le
“ g
Queen Elizabeth sa w that her cause was
ruined
a n d took sa nctuary at Westmin ster : her eldest
son t h e Marquis of D orset and her brothe r Edward
Woodville fled to France
G loucester meanwhile on ar riving at London dismissed
nted partisa ns of his o wn to their
th e m inisters and appo i
pl aces H e then summoned Parliament t o meet pro
posing ( as men thought ) to ha ve his nephew duly crowned
an d hims elf appointed protector B ut soo n an incident
occur red w hich sh owed that his design s were not so
simple as had been supposed There were in the council
many m a gnates who were glad to see the Wood v illes
driven away but wished fo r n o further change Th e
chief o f them was Lord Hastings an old and faithful
friend of Edwar d I V G loucester seems t o have spen t
some days in sounding these men to see h o w far they
w ere ready to follow him When he was clea r u pon the
point he arranged a dramatic scene The council h a d
met in the Tower and the duke seemed all smiles wh en
suddenly he withdre w for a moment and then returning
wi
th a changed counte n ance began to declare t hat he had
ng
discovered a plot a gainst his l ife Sor cery was b e i
pra ctised ag ainst him he said and he asked what should
be done to those implicated i
n t he m atter— the queen
’
dowager Jane Shore ( the late kin g s favourite )
M rd
f
H
fi g
and certa in others whom he would n o t n ame
Hastings much su rprised and somewhat alar med faltered
“
that If they h a d so done they were worthy o f heinous
”
“
punishm ent
I tell thee they fla w done it and tha t
”
ll pr ove on t h y body traitor ! t hundered t h e duke
I wi
He struck the table a rm ed men rushed i
and Hastings
n
wa s d ragged down to the courtyar d an d beheaded o n a
lo g
A t t h e same time Lord Stanley R o t h era m A rch
bishop o f York an d M or ton Bishop o f E l y were taken
int o custody ( J u ne 1 3 I 4 8
’
Havi
ng purged the c ouncil o f the young king s true
,
s e z es
n
.
'
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
u
er o
as
n
,
,
,
s
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,
,
,
,
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,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
I
E N GLAN D
54
A ND T HE H UNDR E D
’
Y E AR s
W AR
.
w ere requested to give their consent ; it implored Glo u
c e st er to assume the crown as the only true representative
To their eternal disgrace the assembly
o fthe royal house
bowed before the display o f arms in the streets and not
a voice was raised t o refuse the petition G loucester
after some hypocritical show o fhesitation assented to the
request contained in it : next day he was proclaimed
king and o n July 6 t h was crowned under the name o f
R ichard I I I
The moment that he was certain o f success the new
king had sent orders to the N orth for the execution o f
his enemies R ivers and G rey : they were dead before he
was crowned But their faction was n o t extinguished : it
had only been taken unprepared by th e extreme swiftness
with which R ichard had acted Before he had been a
month o n the throne a conspiracy was already o n foot to
overthrow him and restore Edward V I ts chiefs were
Thomas G rey Marquis of D orset Lionel Woodville Bishop
o fSalisbury and Thomas St Leger who had married the
’
king s sister A nne R ichard got wind o f the conspiracy
n
and thought to frustrate it with ease by the most a b o m i
able Ofexpedients He hastily sent word from Warwick
where he chanced to be at the moment to order the
secret murder O f the young princes in the Tower The
wicked deed was done o n o r about the 9t h o fA ugust
1 48
the
boys
were
smothered
and
their
bodies
hur
:
3
ri
e d ly interred under a staircase where they
M rd r of
th
Pr i c s
were found nearly two hundred years after
when some repairs were in progress in 1 6 7 4 I t was
soon known that the princes were dead : the feeling
throughout the country was o n e o f horror : m any atro
cities had been committed during the Wars o fthe R oses
but not o n e that could vie with this I t m a y be said
that R ichard ruined himself by it : n o man whose heart
and mind retained any regard for righteousness could
serve the tyrant faithfully for the future
U surpation
was o n e thing the gratuitous murder o f innocent children
another From this moment onward R ichard felt that
’
every man s hand was against him : not e v en those o n
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
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,
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,
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,
,
u
e
e
,
n
e
,
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,
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.
,
.
R EB E LL I ON AND D E A T H
OF B
U C K I NG H A M
1
.
55
whom h e had heaped the most lavis h gifts could be
trusted
The best proof o fthis wa s that t h e conspiracy far fro m
being crushed by the crime in the Tower gathered force
fro m it and was j oined by many who had hitherto held
aloof Chief o fthese was the D uke of B uckingham w h o
’
had hitherto acted as R ichard s right hand man T hough
he had been given all that he asked he cast in his lot with
the rebel s not urging his own claim to the throne ( which
’
was not much worse than R ichard s ) but consenting to
back that of another For the con spirators hearing o f
the death o fEdward V had resolved to rise in the names
o f the houses o f York and Lancaster c ombined
Eliza
beth the eldest daughter O f Edward I V might marry
Henry Tudor son o f Margaret Countess o f R ichmond
and hei r of the Beauforts His Lancastrian claim was
a poor o n e but the only o n e that could be brought
forward : n o o n e thought o f urging that o f the distant
1
Queen of Spain
I n O ctober 1 4 8 3 the insurrection broke o u t B ucking
ham raising the Welsh border while D orset St Leger
and the Courtenays mustered their retainers in D evon
and other leaders unfurled their banner s at Salisbury and
Maidstone
The Earl O f R ichmond with so me m erc e n
aries hired in Brittany was t o lan d at Plymouth and head
the rising Fo r the last time in his life luck favoured
n a i and prolonged downpour o f
R ichard : an e xt ra o rdi
y
rain checked the communication o f the rebels and so
swelled the Severn that Buckingham could not cross it to
j oin his friends R ichmond wa s beaten back by storms
and was unable to land The king mean B ki h a m s
mg
while with such levies as he could raise r b ll io
struck right and left at his foes B ucking
’
ham s Welshmen dispersed an d he himself was captured
and executed ( N ov
His failure awed the rebels
in the south who made n o stand against R ichard : St
Leger was caught and beheaded by his brother i
n law :
the rest O f the leaders escaped to France
R ich
1 S
t bl
d 6
p g s 6
.
,
,
,
,
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-
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ee
a
e s on
a
e
1
0 an
1
1.
-
’
E NG L AND A ND T H E H UND RE D Y E AR S W AR
1 56
.
m ond returned to Brittany without h a ving set h i
s foot
ashore
The failure o fthis first movement gave the king a sho rt
resp ite o feighteen m onth s They were a time of trouble
for everyone knew tha t the attempt would be repeated at
the earliest opportunity
R ichard lived in a s tate of
miserable suspicion kn o w ing that there was treacher y
around him but generally unable to strike fo r want o f
full knowledg e When he could lay ha nds o n a foe h e
made away w ith him even descen ding so fa r as to h an g
n b o ur n
the unfortunate Co lli
a Wilts hire squire w hose
g
O ffence w a s that he had composed the r hym e
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
Th e Ca t , t h e Ra t , a n d L o v el t h e D o g
R ul e a l l E n g lan d u n de r t h e H o g
’
i
n w hich R ichard s ministers William Catesby Sir R ich ar d
,
’
R at cli ffe and Francis Lord Lovel as well as the king s
personal badge of the White Boar were held up to scorn
The Parliament met early in 1 4 8 4 and a considerable
parade o f benevolent and constitutional legislation was
’
made But R ichard s p osition was too uncertain to allow
him to carry o u t any re al reforms : having for example
allowed Benevolences to be formally abolished he was
a fe w months later in s uch dire need o f m oney th at he
had to have recourse to t hem again in spite of his ha nd
some promises Perpetual alarms o f rebellion and t h e
need to retain his supporters in good te m pe r by lavi
sh
gifts conspired to keep his pocket always empty
’
I n A pril 1 4 8 4 the king s position was n otably weake n e d
by the death o f his only child Edward whom he had
n
created Prince of Wales Compelled to name an heir i
his stead R ichard select ed his nephew John de la Pole
1
Earl O f Lincoln the son o f his eldest sister He could
’
n o t fal l back on Claren ce s son a mor e natu ral choice as
t o do so would have falsified his o w n claim to the crown
’
which depended o n Clarence s a ttainder
N ot quite a
’
year after Prince Edward s death his mother Queen A nn e
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
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,
,
,
,
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,
,
.
,
,
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,
.
,
I t m a y b e o fit e re st t o po i t o t th a t this h eir —
a ppa r e n t t o t h e E n g lis h t hro n e
was t h e g r ea t gr a n d s o n o ft h e p oe t Chau cer
1
n
n
u
-
.
1
’
E NG L AND AND T HE H UNDR E D Y E AR S WAR
58
.
long a fatal blow wa s struck by t wo o l d Yorkists Lord
Stanley and his b rother Sir William who had pledged
themselves to aid the invader Coming on the field wi
th
fresh levies from Cheshire and Lancashire they attacked
’
the royalists in the flank King R ichard s army at once
“
broke up with shouts o f Treason !
Seeing himself b e
t ra ye d the usurper refused to fly and setting his face
’
towards R ichmond s banner cut his way as
B ttl o f
’
w
B
th
far as his adversary s person before he was
borne down and hewn t o pieces With him fell the D uke
“
o fN orfolk Lord Ferrers and Sir R ichard R atcliffe
the
’
R at o f poor C o lli
O f the victorious
n g b o u rn s rhyme
army less than a hundred men fell o f the vanquished n o
very great number more — the whole matter had been
settled by treason and not by hard fighting ( A ug 2 2
1 48
R ichard had climbed to power by treachery and
by treachery he met with a righteous retribution His
body stark naked and pierced by half a dozen wounds
was thrown across a horse and sent back for burial to
Leicester the place from which he had gone forth in royal
state o n the previous day
Thus ended the Wars of the R oses o n e of the most
sordid an d depressing epochs in t h e history of England
They had begun in a justifiable attempt to d i
S pl a c e a
corrupt and incapable ministry : but soon they had become
a mere blood feud between the great baronial houses A
yet worse stage had been reached in the struggle between
Warwick and Edward I V when the personal dislike
between a selfish an d ungrateful king and an arrogant
and unscrupulous subject kept the realm disturbed for
year after year
T hey closed in the most disgraceful
scene of all : peers and people had accepted a blood
thirsty and hypocritical usurper as king in a moment o f
unworthy panic and only got rid of him by deliberate
treachery o n the battle fie ld
England has su f
fered more misery in other periods
the Wars of the R oses passed lightly above the heads of
citizens and peasants and were only fatal to the quarrel
some baronage But she has seldom or never been in a
,
,
.
,
.
”
,
,
a
°S
e
°r
°
.
,
,
,
”
.
,
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,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
-
.
.
,
.
,
-
.
,
.
N AT I O NA L D E MO RA L I Z AT IO N
I
.
59
worse moral state than in the years 1 4 5 5 8 5 T he co n
stant and violent changes of rulers the unending chain o f
attainders and executions the easy swearing o fallegiance
to o n e king and another the enormous part played by
treachery and bad faith in politics had swept away all the
o l d traditions o fconstitutional order and good governance
To restore the realm t o a healthy state there w as n eeded
the hard discipline o f a century o f rule by the strong
handed h ouse o fT udor
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
160
E NG LAND AN D
HU N D R E D
TH E
’
E AR S W AR
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E
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H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
TH E
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war wi t h R ic h rd I I 7 8
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1 66
NG LAND AND
E
H UNDR E D Y E AR S WA R
,
TH E
i m pri d by J h
fG au t 7 3 ; r l a d 7 7
f H ry
Marg ar t f A j u qu
VI 4 ; l ad La ca t ria fac t i
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5
34 ; h
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36
37 ;
fli
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ward I V 4 7 ; r l a d 48
M au x t ak by H ry V
5
M l y
Bi h p m urd r f
8
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t ri
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44 ;
lai t Bar t 46
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Bri t t a y 3 ; i m pri
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M t f rt J h ( ) f
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M r t i m r R g r h i u urp t i
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h i u f r t u a t Sc t t i h w ar
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N a var t t b at t l f 6 3
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Warwick M t a g u Sal i bury
N v ill G rg rc h bi h p d ch a
ll
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4
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fWal
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4 4 ; m a rri
4 7 ; di
57
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d at h 4 8
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N rf l k Th m a P la t a g t E a rl f
pp
M rt i r
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a L rd A pp lla t 86 ; fav ur d by
R ic h ard I I 9 ; x il d 94
N rf l k J h M wbray D uk f a
part i a f Y rk 7 ; pr t t
T wt
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N rm a dy i v ad d b E dward
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f 7 4 9 ;a t t ack d
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p
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quarr
f wi t h E dward I I I 3
7
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f R ic h ard I I wi t h
7 3 ; d ali g
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fE dward IV w i t h
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97
8 ; fR ic h ard I II wi t h
56
P ar im t t h G d 7
P arlia m t t h M rcil 87
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P a a t R v l t t h 7 9—
83
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L R ch ll
6 7 68
P m br k J a p r T ud r E arl f
La ca t ria l ad r
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57
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t at u t
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IND E !
S c t t i h ca m paig 49 ; h i
m urd r
Ha ti g
h ara c t r
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cr
w
t
: m urd r
;
5
3
5
ph w 5 4 ; h i r ig 5 5—5 7 ;
h
lai t B w rt h 5 8
R iv r R ich ard L rd fa v ur d by
E d wa rd IV 4 ; b h ad d by r b l
43
R i v r A t h y L rd i m pri d by
R ich ard I I I 5 ; b h ad d 5 4
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6
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9 ; t h ir
h i t ry
46
3
R u t ak by H ry V 3
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S a li bury Willia m M t a c t
f fri d fE dw a rd
3
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f pr
t
t P it i
48
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a L llard 9 ; upp rt R ich ard I I
lai t C ir c t r 9 8
95
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kill d t i g fOrl a
8
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part i a f Y rk 7 ; v ic t ri u t
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t Fra c
t Wak fi ld
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36
Willia m m art yr 99
S wt
S ch i m t h G r a t 9 ; d f
Sc t la d fir t war fE dward I II wi t h
; E dward Balli l i
9
7
9;
c d war fE dward I I I wi t h
p a c wit h 5 3 d ali g
39 4
fH
ry IV wi t h 3 ; aid M
ar t fA j u 3 9 ; w ar fE dward
gV wi t h 49
S r p Willia m
Wil t h ir E arl
g
Scr p R ich a rd arch bi h p r b lli
d d at h f
Scr p H ry L rd c pir ag ai t
H ry V 8
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S h r w bury J h Talb t E arl of h i
ca m paig i Fra c
; lai
t C a t i ll
3
Si im d m p r r h i d a li g w i th
ury V
Sluy ba t t l f 8 9
S m r t E d m u d B au f rt D uk f
h i ca m p a i g i Fra c
3; mi
t
f
t St
g v r m
3 ; lai
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m
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S t a t f rd A rch bi h p h iquarr l w i t h
E dward
3
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p ll t x 7 8 ; m urd r d by i t r
8
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m i i t r
f R c h ard I I
m
85 ; i
p ach d d x il d 86
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f
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124
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t t e of
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9
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t h K i g m ak r
7 ; h i x pl i t
t S t A lba
E g la d
3 ; i va d
t N
t ham pt
3 4 ; v ic t i u
35 ;
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37
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b
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4 ; t ir
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44 ; j m t h L
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44
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168
E
N GL AN D AN D
Wh i t e Co m pa y t h e 5 6
Wil t sh ire Willia m Scro p e
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Y rk E dward
D uk f r g t f
R ich ard I I 95
Y rk E d ward
D uk f lai t
Ag i c ur t
Y rk R i ch ard D uk f h i Fr c h
ca m paig
th
3 ; l ad
p
p it i
8
5
9 ; Pr t c t r
x p ll d fr m E g la d 3 4 ;
3 ;
r t ur v ict ri u 3 5 la i t Wak
fi ld 3 6
Y rk R ic h ard
D uk f im
pri d 5 3 ; m urd r d 5 4
h
William d l a b i g Ca r
Z
ph illy 6
o
i i t r f R ich ard I I 93 ; x
u t d 95
W rc t r Th m a P rcy E arl f
r b lli f
Wycl i ff J h h i t ac h i g 7 5 ; t ri d
b y B ih p C ur t ay 7 6 ; pr ad f
h i d c t ri
L llar d
9 ;
Wyk h a m Wi llia m f ch a c ll r f
E dward I I I
7 ; h i t ru g g l wi t h
J h f G au t 7 3 7 7 ; r t r d t
c h a c ll r h ip 89
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P a u l -L o u is C o u r i
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C o t h 18
Let t r es d e
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P U P I L S EN GLI S H GR A MMAR
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LE SS ON S ON E N GLI S H FOR DE
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GI NNE RS
Cl o t h
b ard
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H AN D BOOK OF E NGL I S H COM
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