Special Publication, No. 10
Volcanic, Geothermal,
and Ore-Forming Fluids:
Rulers and Witnesses of Processes
Within the Earth
Editors
S.F. Simmons and I. Graham
SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC.
Special Publications of the Society of Economic Geologists
Special Publication, No. 10
Volcanic, Geothermal, and Ore-Forming Fluids:
Rulers and Witnesses of Processes within the Earth
S.F. Simmons and I. Graham, Editors
First Edition, 2003
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Giggenbach volcano (30° 02.16'S /178° 43.20' W) is a submarine composite volcano from the Kermadec arc (see de Ronde et al., this
volume, Fig. 2, labeled G, inset, p. 96). The volcano, located ~35 km northwest of Macauley Island of the Kermadec group of islands
(northeast of New Zealand), was discovered during the April 2002 research voyage by R/V Tangaroa. The volcano has a basal diameter of
~9 to 10 km at a water depth of ~1,450 m with the crest shoaling to 65 m. A small cone occurs in the center of the summit crater. The few
rock samples recovered from the flanks and summit area are aphyric dacite and pumice. Hydrothermal plume mapping during the May
2002 NZAPLUME II cruise revealed intense venting near the summit and possibly deeper down the anks of the volcano, around 400 m
depth. Numerous vent-related animals and mineralized samples were recovered in dredges over the summit vent area.
The 3-dimensional image of Giggenbach volcano was obtained from the EM300 multibeam system onboard the R/V Tangaroa. This view
is backlit from the north and supplied by the National Institute of Atmospheric and Water Research (NIWA) of New Zealand. Naming the
volcano after Werner Giggenbach was Cornel de Ronde’s idea; Ian Wright of NIWA provided technical assistance.
Volcanic, Geothermal, and Ore-Forming Fluids:
Rulers and Witnesses of Processes within the Earth
STUART F. SIMMONS AND IAN GRAHAM, EDITORS
SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NUMBER 10
Preface
WERNER F. GIGGENBACH had an outstanding career as a geochemist. He made major advances in
understanding the nature and origin of magmatic and hydrothermal fluids, and apart from their
great scientific value, these proved very significant for monitoring active volcanoes, exploring
geothermal resources, and understanding alteration and mineralizing processes in epithermal
and porphyry environments. This volume pays tribute to the legacy of his work.
At the time of his death, Werner Giggenbach had been awarded a grant from the Marsden
Fund of the Royal Society of New Zealand entitled “Understanding Crustal Fluids: Rulers and
Witnesses of Processes Deep within the Earth.” With the help of the Royal Society of New
Zealand and Peter Englert (formerly of the Institute of Geological Nuclear Science), these
funds were redirected to support visits by several of the contributing authors, who continued
Werner’s research and finalized some of his unpublished work. The sponsorship, which contributed to the production of this volume, not only recognized Werner’s work but also supported the work of others whom he influenced.
We thank Jeff Hedenquist and Scott Wood, who represented the Society of Economic Geologists and the Geochemical Society, respectively, the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences,
and the University of Auckland for their support throughout the period in which the volume
was coming together. We also thank the referees listed below for their detailed and timely
reviews. Finally, we commend the authors for their efforts and contributions.
STUART F. SIMMONS
IAN GRAHAM
Reviewers
Greg Arehart
Antonio Arribas
Hu Barnes
Paul Barton
Kevin Brown
Patrick Browne
Tom Bullen
Bob Fournier
Jim Franklin
Chris Gammons
Bruce Gemmell
Fraser Goff
Jeff Hedenquist
David John
Jake Lowenstern
John Lupton
Marino Martini
Mike McKibben
Bruce Mountain
Koichiro Nagamine
Jeremy Richards
Iain Samson
Yuji Sano
Jeff Seewald
Hiroshi Shinohara
Neil Sturchio
Yuri Taran
Alfred Truesdell
Jenny Webster
Noel White
iii
SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC.
Special Publication Number 10
Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii
Stuart F. Simmons and Ian Graham
Chapter 6
Submarine Hydrothermal Venting
Related to Volcanic Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Cornel E. J. de Ronde, Gary J. Massoth,
Edward T. Baker, and John E. Lupton
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii
Jeffrey W. Hedenquist and Stuart F. Simmons
Published Papers by Werner F. Giggenbach . . . . . . . . . .ix
Erebus—Almost (Reprint) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
Werner F. Giggenbach
Chapter 7
Potential Reaction Pathways of Hg in Some
New Zealand Hydrothermal Environments . . . . . . .111
B. W. Christenson and E. K. Mroczek
Chapter 1
SEG Distinguished Lecture: Magma Degassing
and Mineral Deposition in Hydrothermal Systems
along Convergent Plate Boundaries (Reprint) . . . . . .1
Werner F. Giggenbach
Chapter 8
The Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements
and Yttrium in Geothermal Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Scott A. Wood
Chapter 2
Formation of Acid Volcanic Brines through
Interaction of Magmatic Gases, Seawater,
and Rock within the White Island VolcanicHydrothermal System, New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Werner F. Giggenbach, Hiroshi Shinohara,
Minoru Kusakabe, and Takeshi Ohba
Chapter 9
Origin of Iodine and 129I in Volcanic and
Geothermal Fluids from the North Island
of New Zealand: Implications for Subduction
Zone Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Udo Fehn and Glen T. Snyder
Chapter 3
Melt Inclusion Study of the Embryonic Porphyry
Copper System at White Island, New Zealand . . . . .41
M. H. Rapien, R. J. Bodnar, S. F. Simmons,
C. S. Szabo, C. P. Wood, and S. R. Sutton
Chapter 10
Lithium Isotope Geochemistry of the
Yellowstone Hydrothermal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Neil C. Sturchio and Lui-Heung Chan
Chapter 11
The Origins of Reservoir Liquids
and Vapors from The Geysers
Geothermal Field, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Jacob B. Lowenstern and Cathy J. Janik
Chapter 4
Geochemistry of Light Hydrocarbons
in Subduction-Related Volcanic and
Hydrothermal Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Yuri A. Taran and Werner F. Giggenbach
Chapter 12
Fluid-Rock Interaction at the MagmaticHydrothermal Interface of the Mount Cagua
Geothermal System, Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Agnes G. Reyes, Rodney Grapes,
and Vicente C. Clemente
Chapter 5
Helium Isotope Ratios and Geochemistry
of Volcanic Fluids from the Norikura
Volcanic Chain, Central Japan: Implications
for Crustal Structures and Seismicity . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Minoru Kusakabe, Michiko Ohwada, Hiroshi Satake,
Keisuke Nagao, and Ichiro Kawasaki
v
Table of Contents
continued
Chapter 13
Spatial and Temporal Relationships between
Hydrothermal Alteration Assemblages at the
Palinpinon Geothermal Field, Philippines—
Implications for Porphyry and Epithermal
Ore Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
Andrew J. Rae, David R. Cooke, David Phillips,
Chris Yeats, Chris Ryan, and Danilo Hermoso
Chapter 15
Sulfidation State of Fluids in Active and
Extinct Hydrothermal Systems: Transitions
from Porphyry to Epithermal Environments . . . . . .285
Marco T. Einaudi, Jeffrey W. Hedenquist,
and E. Esra Inan
Chapter 16
Linkages between Volcanotectonic Settings,
Ore-Fluid Compositions, and Epithermal
Precious Metal Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315
Richard H. Sillitoe and Jeffrey W. Hedenquist
Chapter 14
Geology, Mineralization, and Hydrothermal
Evolution of the Ladolam Gold Deposit,
Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247
Graham D. Carman
vi