41st A n n u a l Frequency C o n t r o l symposium - 1 9 8 7
COMPACT AND SIMPLE x 3 (9 t o 27 GHt)PLL FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER
USING HARMONICPHASE DETECTION
J o r d iB e r e n g u e r ,J a v i e rB a r aa n dA d o l f o
Comeron.
D e p a r t a m e n t od eE l e c t r o f i s i c a .
E.T.S. IngenierosdeTelecomunicaciondeBarcelona
U n i v e r s i d a d P o l i t e c n i c a deCataluRa
Apartado30002,08080-Barcelona,Spain.
I nt h i sp a p e r
we p r e s e n t a x3
P.L.L.
frequency
m u l t i p l i e fro l l o w i n gt h i st e c h n i q u ew h i c ha l l o w st o
VC0
t o a 9 GHz r e f e r e n c e i, n
p h a s e - l o c k a 27 GHz
s i m p l e andcompactarrangement.
SUMMARY
F r e q u e n cmy u l t i p l i c a t i oti nhme i c r o w a v e
and
m i l l i m e t e r - w a v er a n g ec a nb ep e r f o r m e di nc o m p a c tf o r m
VC0 phase
u s i n gh a r m o n i cp h a s ed e t e c t o r s ,i nw h i c ht h e
i sd i r e c t l y
compared t o a m u l t i p l eo ft h er e f e r e n c e
f r e q u e n c yi n t e r n a l l yg e n e r a t e di nt h e
same d e v i c e . I n
tphai sp e r
we
p r e s e n t a P.L.L.
x3
frequency
m u l t i p l i e rf o l l o w i n gt h i st e c h n i q u et h a tp h a s e - l o c k s
a
27 GHz Gunn d i o d e VC0 t o a 9 GHz r e f e r e n c ei,n
a
simple
compact
and arrangement.
The Gunn
diode
it.
f r e q u e n c yi sc o n t r o l l e dv i at h ev o l t a g ea p p l i e dt o
The p h adseet e cut osi sre d
a
balanced
mixer,
m i c r o s t r i hp y b r i rdi n g
and
implemented with a 90'
9 GHz r e f e r e n c e
S c h o t t k yd i o d e s a, n dd e s i g n e da t h e
frequency.
This
system
can
be employed
through
the
m i c r o w a vaenm
d i l l i m e t e r - w a vrea n g etosob t a ilno w
o r d e ro d d - i n d e xf r e q u e n c ym u l t i p l i c a t i o n s .
a
THEORY OF THE HARMONIC PHASE DETECTOR
HYBRIDRING
A -180' --
Thephase d e t e c t o r f u n c t i o n c a n
beperformedby
b a l a n c emdi xwe irt h
DC c o u p l e d I F p o rtIthn. e
m i c r o w a vrea n gteh iiusss u a l liym p l e m e n t e d
with
m i c r o s t r i p 90' o r 180' h y b r i d and S c h o t t kdyi o d e s .
(Figure 2).
a
a
DETECTOR
9GHz
INTRODUCTION
Lir
The e x p a n s i o no fs a t e l l i t ec o m m u n i c a t i o ns y s t e m s
demands
f roer c e i v ewr sigt ho os de n s i t i v i t y
d y n a m i cr a n g eT. h i so f t e nr e q u i r e sd e s i g n si n v o l v i n g
c o h e r e ndt e t e c t i o na n dt h eu s eolfo c aol s c i l l a t o r s
/l/.
w i t hh i g hs p e c t r a lp u r i t y
and
FILTER
.",
I,,,
8 '
j
x3 ( 9 t o 2 7 GHz) PLL frequenF i g . 2 - B l o c kd i a g r a mo f
c y m u l t i p l Pr, w i t h a m i c r o s t r i p h y b r i d s t r u c t u r e a s
phasedetector.
The d e s i g no fl o wp h a s en o i s eo s c i l l a t o r s
i n the
microwave
millimeter-wave
and
range
u si su a l l y
implemented
phase-locking
by
a V o l t a gCeo n t r o l l e d
O s c i l l a t o r (VCO) t o a s p e c t r a l l yp u r er e f e r e n c es i g n a l
/2/
/3/.
( i n d i r e cst y n t h e s i sb yp h a s el o c k e dl o o p s )
T h i s t e c h n i q u eo f t e nc a l l sf o rf r e q u e n c ym u l t i p l i e r s ,
where t h leo c k e od s c i l l a t ofrr e q u e n c y
i s a certain
m u l t i p l eo f
a m o rset a b lfer e q u e n c y ,
and the
phase
d e t e c t i oi ns
made al ot w ef rre q u e n cayf t e r
downc o n v e r t i ntgh e
VCO's h i gfhr e q u e n cbyy
means o f a
/4/.
harmonicmixerorregenerativefrequencydividers
T h i ss t r u c t u r eh a st h ep r o p e r t yo fb e h a v i n g
h y b r i da to d dm u l t i p l e so ft h ef r e q u e n c ya tw h i c ht h e
l e n g t h so tf h el i n e sc o n n e c t i n gt h ep o r t sa r e
Although
a
b a n d w irdetdhu c t i o n
and a
d e g r a d a t i o no tf h eh y b r i da r ei n v o l v e d t, h e yd on o t
a f f e c tt h eh a r m o n i cp h a s ed e t e c t i o na b i l i t y .
as
a
X/4.
certain
As a r e s u l t , a p h a s ed e t e c t orre a l i z e dw i t h
a
b a l a n c setdr u c t uur sei n g
a 1 8h0y" b rriidn( ogr
e q u i v a l e cnubatps)enteodr f o r m
a
frequency
m u l t i p l i c a t i o nb y
anodd
f a c t o r i n a s e t - u pl i k et h a t
sketched i n F i g u r e 1.
I n d i r e cf rt e q u e n cm
y u l t i p l i c a t i obnsym aol ld d
m u l t i p l e sc a nb ep e r f o r m e di n
a very
compact
manner
usingharmonicphasecomparators,
i n whichthephase
o f t h e VC0 i s d i r e c t l y compared t o t h e m u l t i p l e o f t h e
r e f e r e n c ef r e q u e n c yg e n e r a t e di n t e r n a l l yi nt h e
same
d e v i c e /5/ ( F i g u r e 1).
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
A x 3f r e q u e n c ym u l t i p il e rb e t w e e n
9 and 27 GHz
u s i n g a h a r m o n i cp h a s ed e t e c t o rf o l l o w i n gt h es e t - u p
b u i l t . It i s p a r t o f
a coherent
o fF i g u r e 2 hasbeen
r e c e i vsiynsgdt e m
spitgrhofneoperadg a t i o n
experimentsonthe
12, 20 and 30 GHz beaconsonboard
o ft h eE u r o p e a n
SpaceAgencyOlympus
S a t e l l i t e , t o be
launched
by
1988.
The
27 GHz o u t p ui ets m p l o y e d
as
l o c a ol s c i l l a t o fr o tr h ef i r s m
t i x e ir nt h e3 0
GHz
channelchain.
F i g . 1 - Blockdiagram of small odd m u l t i p l e s P.L.L.
f r e q u e n c y mu1 t i p 1 i e r u s i n g h a r m o n i c
phase d e t e c t o r .
CH2427-3/87/0000-492
$1.00
C 1987
IEEE
492
The phase d e t e c t o r uses a m i c r o s t r h
i py b r i d
s t r u c t u r el i k et h a t
shown i nF i g u r e 2 made i n 0.01"
Cu-clad 217 and d e s i g n eadt h
te
9 GHz fundamental
frequency. A p a i ro f
AsGa Schottky
diodes
i n a Tpackage p r o v i d e f o r t h e n o n l i n e a r f u n c t i o n .
The 27 GHz
VC0
c o n s i s t s o f a c a v i t y mounted Gunn
diode. The frequency i cs o n t r o l l e d
bvya r y i ntgh e
d i o d eb i a sv o l t a g e .F i g u r e
3a shows t h e VC0 frequency
27.03 GHz versusthed.c.bias
i n c r e m e n tr e f e r r e dt o
v o l t a g e and F i g u r e 3b shows t h er i p p l ei nt h e
VC0
o u t p u t power l e v e l .
PHASE
0
4 0 [-
100
OIFFERENCF
(dog)
3cu
200
FREOLENLY 9 0
-
Fig. 5
Harmonic phase d e t e c t o r
versus 9 GHz p o r t phase s h i f t .
ciil
D. C. o u t p u t v01 tag? ,
HARMONIC PHASE DETECTOR
OT
F i g . 3 - 27.03 GHz V.C.O. a)Frequencyincrenentversus
b i a sv o l t a 9 .
b ) Output power levelversusbiasvoltag?.
The s e t - u p employed f o rt h ec h a r a c t e r i z a t i o no f
theharmonicphasedetector
i s sketched i nF i g u r e 4 .
The DC o u t p u tv o l t a g eo ft h eh a r m o n i c
phase d e t e c t o r
was recordedversusthe
phase s h i f ti n t r o d u c e d on t h e
9 GHz p o r (t F i g u r e
5 ) . F o r a 9 GHz power o f - 2 dBm
harmonic
phase
and a 27 GHz power o f 0 dBm the
d e t e c t o r s l o p e was 2.65 mV/'.
Fig. 6 - Harmcn i c phase d e t e c t o rr e t u r n
a t the 9 GHz mrt.
loss measured
The r e t u r n l o s s a t t h e
phase d e t e c t o r 9 GHz p o r t
pumped
w i t h a +4 dBm 27 GHz s i g n a l has
when i t was
a l s o beenmeasured
(Figure6).
The i s o l a t i o no b t a i n e d
between b o t h p o r t s i s shown i n F i g u r e 7.
CONCLUSIONS
F i g u r e 8 shows t h e improvement otfh e
27 GHz
o s c i l l a t osrp e c t r aplu r i t y
when l o c k euds i nt gh i s
t e c h n i q ut oe
a more s t a b l e 9 GHz frequency.
The
P.L.L. noise
bandwidth
i s 21 KHz, w i t h a damping
c o e f f i c i e n t o f 1.14 and a 5 KHz l o o p filter resonance
frequency. The h o l d - i nr a n g e i s 6 MHz.
A very compact x3 frequency mu1t i p 1 i e r f r o m 9 t o
presented. I t i s based on P.L.L.
techniqueswithharmonic
phase d e t e c t i o nt h a tc a nb e
employed through
the
microwave
and m i l l i m e t e r - w a v e
ranges otbot al oi nrwdoedrd - i n dfer ex q u e n c y
multiplications.
27 GHz has
been
493
the
I n t h ec o h e r e n tr e c e i v e rf i n a lc o n f i g u r a t i o n ,t h e
i
l begeneratedby
a FET VCO, i t s e l f
9 GHz f r e q u e n c y w
u l t i m a t e l lyo c k e tdo
a 5 MHz q u a r tszt a n d a r dt h, e
in this
q u a r t zo s c i l l a t o rs t a b i l i t yb e i n gt r a n s f e r r e d
way t o
27 GHz VCO.
HARMONIC
a-
PHASE DETECTOR
6 --
REFERENCES
[l].W. P . Robins,
"Phase
Noise
PeterPeregrinus,1982.
[2].-
i nS i g n aSl o u r c e s " .
R.G. D a v i s , M.J. Lazarus,"PhaseLocking
o f mmWave Two-Port Gunn O s c i l l a t o r By B i a sT u n i n g " .
MicrowaveJournal,June1986,pp.103-107.
30
[ 3 ] . - V . Manassewitsch,
"Frequency
Synthesizers
Theory
and D e s i g n " .J o h nW i l e y
[4].-
[5].-
B
& Sons, 1980.
K . Honjo, M. Madihian,
"Novel
Design
Approach
f o r X-Band GaAs Monolithic
Analog
1/4
Frequency
Fig.
on
MTT-34, no.
4,
A p r iml r t s ,
D i v i d e r " . I E E E Trans
1986,pp.436-441.
7
10
.2/dlv
F r e q u e n c y (GHz)
- Harmonic phase d e t e c t o irs o l a t i o nb e t w e n
rreasured a t 9 GHz.
F.M. Gardner,"PhaselockTechniques".JohnWiley
& Sons,1979.
l*
- _
-1-
- t - l - + - F - l - + - l - i - t I 'OdB'I
I
l
I
I
l
TO .21.03
(a)
Fig. 8
spanand
W
(b)
.- 27
~~z.v.C.0.spectrum. a ) F r e er u n n i n g .b )L o c k e d .( N o t et h ed i f f e r e n c ei nf r e q u e n c y
r e s o l u t i o nb a n d w i d t hb e t w e e na )a n db ) ) .
494
- - -
I
-
l'mzR