Background to forest financing in Low Forest Cover Countries
(LFCCs)
First macro-level paper
Prepared by Indufor for the United Nations Forum on Forests
Helsinki
20 August 2010
The views presented in this document are those of the consultant and do not necessary reflect
the views of the United Nations.
DISCLAIMER
Indufor makes its best effort to provide accurate and complete information while executing the
assignment. Indufor assumes no liability or responsibility for any outcome of the assignment.
Copyright © 2010 by Indufor Oy
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including, but not limited to, photocopying, recording or otherwise.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
1.
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
3
1.1
3
3
4
5
1.2
Background
1.1.1
Sustainable forest management
1.1.2
Background of the assignment
Approach and methodology
2.
BASIC FACTS ABOUT THE COUNTRY GROUP
3.
FORESTS AND THEIR ROLE IN SOCIETY
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.
Forest production, industry and trade
Contribution of forests to national economies
Status of forest management
7
9
11
11
12
POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS
14
4.1
4.2
4.3
14
14
4.4
4.5
4.6
Poverty reduction strategies
Forest policy framework
Forest policies, national forest programmes and other forest
strategies
Institutions and organizations and level of centralization of forest
administration
Inter-sectoral linkages
Key challenges for financing of SFM
17
18
19
20
LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex 1
Annex 2
Annex 3
Annex 4
Annex 5
Annex 6
Annex 7
Annex 8
Annex 9
Annex 10
Annex 11
Annex 12
Annex 13
Geographic and climatic conditions
Basic socioeconomic data by country
Forest land and other wooded areas
Forest processing in LFCCs
Industrial roundwood exports and imports in LFCCs
Sawnwood exports and imports in LFCCs
Other wood product exports and imports in LFCCs
Indicators of forest management sustainability
Role of forests in Poverty Reduction Strategies and national
development policies and strategies
Forest sector policy framework
Key issues of national forest policies
Forest sector institutions and organizations in LFCCs
List of reference documents
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
39
48
52
56
72
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1
Approach
6
LIST OF BOXES
Box 3.1
Box 4.1
A success story of forest development -- Uruguay
Contribution of forests to poverty reduction in Bangladesh
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16
i
ABBREVIATIONS
AFF
ANONG
CBD
CIFOR
DWAF
FAO
FAOSTAT
ForestSTAT
FRA
GDP
GEF
GM
ha
HDI
ICRAF
IFF
IFS
IIF
IPF
JNF
JSDCBD
KKL
LDC
LFCC
m
3
m
MAAR
mm
MoNP
n/a
NBSAP
NDP
NFAP
NFP
NFPF
NGO
n.s.
NWFP
PES
PRSP
REDD
REDD+
SFM
SIDS
SLM
SWAp
UN
UNCCD
UNCED
UNDP
UNEP
UNFCCC
UNFF
USD
yr
African Forest Forum
National Association of NGOs
Convention on Biological Diversity
Centre for International Forestry Research
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FAO’s statistical database
FAO’s statistical database on forest information
Forest resource assessment (of FAO)
Gross domestic product
Global Environment Facility
Global Mechanism
hectare
Human Development Index
World Agroforestry Centre
Intergovernmental Forum on Forests
Integrated Financing Strategies
Integrated Investment Frameworks
Intergovernmental Panel on Forests
Jewish National Fund
The Jordanian Society for Desertification Control and Badia Development
Keren Kayemeth Le’Israel
Least Developed Country
Low Forest Cover Country
meter
cubic meter
Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform
millimeter
Ministry of Nature Protection
not available
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan
National Development Plan
National Forestry Action Programme
National Forest Programme
National Forest Programme Facility
Non-governmental Organization
not significant, indicating a very small value
Non-wood Forest Product
Payment for Environmental Services
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and
maintenance of carbon stocks in forest, particularly through SFM
Sustainable Forest Management
Small Island Developing States
sustainable Land Management
Sector-wide Approach
United Nations
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Environmental Programme
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United Nations Forum of Forest
United States Dollar
year
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Sustainable forest management (SFM) aims to maintain and enhance the economic, social
and environmental values of all types of forests now and in the future. SFM has suffered from
declining financing over the last two decades. At the same time, loss of forest cover is of
major global concern, increasingly so due to the linkages of forests to climate change
mitigation and adaptation.
Social and economic considerations drive land use and forest management decisions. The
most common impetus for land use change is conversion from a less profitable option, such
as forest/forestry, to more profitable one, such as agriculture or animal husbandry. The
difference in profitability is real, at least in the short term, but often agricultural subsidies or
other policies that favour agricultural expansion cause this profit disparity. In addition, some
costs of land conversion are hidden. Environmental costs of logging, deforestation and forest
degradation are not included in the real costs of forest logging and conversion. Moreover,
forest values, such as non-wood forest products (NWFPs) and environmental services, are
not included in the real forest value.
Two effective means for reducing deforestation exist: (a) regulatory control of land use
change, and (b) increasing the profitability of forestry compared to alternative land use
options. The latter calls for both the elimination of agricultural subsidies in areas where the
policy maker wishes to slow down the deforestation rate and more comprehensive forest
valuation mechanisms, which could also generate financing for forests.
This study focuses on forty-nine selected low forest cover countries (LFCCs), meaning
countries with less than 10 per cent of their land under forest. Although the forest cover of
LFCCs is not significant on a global scale, the forests and trees are extremely important to the
well-being of the inhabitants of these countries, as forests combat against desertification and
provide fuelwood, NWFPs and environmental services in watershed management.
LFCCs are a heterogeneous group concerning size, population and economy. In many
LFCCs, semiarid, arid or desert climates cause low forest cover. The main forest produce in
nearly all LFCCs is wood fuel and charcoal; exceptions are developed countries and countries
that have other easily available energy resources. Forest resources per capita in LFCCs are
extremely low, and population pressure on the scarce resources is high. The main
deforestation driver in LFCCs is agriculture. The rate of deforestation is alarming, especially in
many of the least developed and developing LFCCs. LFCCs like Uruguay and South Africa,
on the other hand, demonstrate that a favourable political and investment environment can
generate substantial financing for the forest sector and can transform a low forest cover
country (LFCC) into a forest-industry country.
An important barrier to SFM in LFCCs is the lack of coordination among sectors. Forest
policies, strategies and legislation are not sufficiently coordinated with other land-use and
natural resource-related policies and legislation. This, together with common inter-sectoral
competition at policy level, often causes those other sectors’ needs and liabilities to supplant
forest issues.
Even though forests and trees are very important from a poverty-reduction point of view as a
source of energy and NWFPs, as a buffer against famine and as a provider of environmental
services (e.g., erosion control, water services), they are not properly included in national
politics. In the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) including forest elements, two
common issues emphasized as a forest sector role in poverty reduction are energy and
combating desertification and soil degradation.
Over half of the LFCCs covered do not have a forest policy or strategy. In countries where a
forest policy and legal framework do exist, the legislation is often outdated, and law
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enforcement is insufficient or non-existent. Existing forest policies and strategies include an
objective to maintain and (usually) to expand the forest area through SFM, afforestation
and/or reforestation and forest conservation. Usually erosion control and energy production
are the main objectives of reforestation and afforestation activities. In countries that do not
have a forest policy, forests may be included in agricultural or environmental policies,
strategies and legislation.
Institutional, socio-economic and financial constraints hamper implementation of SFM in
LFCCs. Two factors that have constrained past efforts include (a) a single-sector or projectdependent approach to the problem, unable to capture and therefore address the crosssectoral nature of forest degradation, and (b) a lack of coordination and cooperation among
different sectoral branches in the government and among development partners. Forest
degradation requires longer-term engagement than what individual projects and institutions
are often able to provide.
Forests are not a national priority in most LFCCs where agriculture, food production and food
security are of first concern. The forest sector is often seen as a backward, non-dynamic and
corrupt niche sector. Also, forests are not linked effectively with other relevant sectors in
policy and administrative levels; they are instead managed separately without proper
coordination with other sectors.
The majority of LFCCs have signed and ratified international agreements or declarations
related to forestry (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD),
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change – (UNFCCC) and Millennium Development Declaration). A will exists to take action in
these areas in LFCCs. What is missing is financing and the national capacity to coordinate
activities under and among separate programmes. Both financial and technical support are
needed.
One key theme for LFCCs is inter-sectoral programming and coordination. Forests,
desertification, biodiversity and climate change adaptation are very much interrelated in
LFCCs, but countries have not been able to generate overall integrated policies, strategies
and action plans linking the concerned sectors properly. Even when integrated action plans do
exist, another challenge is to create successful cooperation and coordination between
authorities in plan implementation. Integrated approaches would support governments in
raising and allocating funding towards these sectors and would be likely to generate more
sustainable results. Countries could also benefit more from regional cooperation.
Valuable lessons in developing sectoral coordination and financing could be taken from other
sectoral mechanisms developed under, for example, the United Nations. The UNCCD and
institutions like the Global Mechanism (GM) have worked to develop national-level Integrated
Financing Strategies (IFS) and related Integrated Investment Frameworks (IIF) for leveraging
national, bilateral and multilateral resources for sustainable land management (SLM).
A more detailed analysis of the status of SFM financing and its linkages to other sectors is
given in the macro 2 report “Financing forests and sustainable forest management in Low
Forest Cover Countries”.
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1.
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
1.1
Background
1.1.1
Sustainable forest management
In recent years, debate on climate change as well as on climate change mitigation and
adaptation has drawn the attention of the global community towards forests and SFM. The
role of forests in sustainable development is acknowledged, especially forests’ role in climate
change policies. At the same time, the multitude of interests and stakeholders involved in
forest management make the subject challenging to (a) find common ground concerning
policies, strategies and methodologies for their management, and (b) channel financing into
SFM activities.
One universally agreed upon definition of SFM does not exist, but definitions of SFM supplied
by various international organizations and used in regional and global processes are similar,
varying mainly in their wording. The UNFF Non-legally Binding Instrument on All Types of
Forests describes SFM as follows: “Sustainable forest management, as a dynamic and
evolving concept, aims to maintain and enhance the economic, social and environmental
values of all types of forests, for the benefit of present and future generations”. Another
common definition of SFM is “the stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way,
and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and
their potential to fulfil, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social
functions at local, national and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other
1
ecosystems” .
In 1992, the Non-legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus
on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forest of the
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also referred to as
the "Forest Principles", defined a new paradigm for forest management. The set of 15 Forest
Principles supports the overall objective of contributing to the management, conservation and
sustainable development of forests and their multiple functions and uses. (In this regard, the
concept of SFM complements the CBD ecosystem approach, because both hold sustainability
as a tenet.) According to the Forest Principles definition, SFM incorporates the following key
sustainability concepts: (a) stewardship; (b) enabling environment; (c) continuous flow of
goods and services without undermining the resource base; (d) maintenance of ecosystem
functioning and biodiversity; (e) maintenance of economic, social, and cultural functions; (f)
benefit-sharing; and (g) stakeholder participation in decision-making.
In short, SFM means that forest-related activities should not damage the forest to the extent
that its capacity to deliver products and services - such as timber, water and biodiversity
conservation - is significantly reduced. SFM should also aim to balance the needs of different
forest users so that its benefits and costs are shared equitably.
This study treats the forest sector in its broad sense, covering all activities related to forests
and trees; this study also covers trees outside forests, agroforestry and wooded land areas.
One caveat is that information on these non-conventional forest resources is limited and
scattered.
1
This definition was agreed upon at the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe
in 1993.
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1.1.2
Background of the assignment
In October 2009, the Member States of the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) adopted
a decision on means of implementation of SFM during a special session of the ninth session
of UNFF. The decision launched two initiatives to catalyze funding for SFM. For the first
initiative, the Forum established an intergovernmental Ad Hoc Expert Group, which analyses
existing financing strategies for SFM and explores ways to improve access to funds, including
the option of establishing a voluntary global forest fund. The second initiative is a “facilitative
process” on forest financing to assist countries in mobilizing funding from all sources. The
facilitative process addresses the special needs of countries that have faced a 20-year decline
in forest financing. Specifically, these include, among others, Low Forest Cover Countries
(LFCCs) and Small Islands Developing States (SIDS).
The assignment “Facilitating Financing for Sustainable Forest Management in Small Island
Developing States (SIDS) and Low Forest Cover Countries (LFCCs): Component I – An
Analysis and Assessment of Current Financing Flows and Gaps in Financing” has various
complementary objectives. The assignment aims to improve the understanding of SFM and
related financing policies and mechanisms for SFM in SIDS and LFCCs. With this increased
understanding of country context of SFM financing, the financing gaps and opportunities as
well as the necessary elements for an enabling environment can be identified. The
assignment will also identify new, innovative and additional financing sources to meet the
financing demands and to develop capacity and awareness among forest stakeholders.
Supporting the process of “Facilitating Financing for Sustainable Forest Management in Small
Island Developing States (SIDS) and Low Forest Cover Countries (LFCCs)” continues the
efforts of the United Nation´s Forum on Forests to systematically develop the SFM objectives
as defined in the Global Objectives on Forests.
Global forest forums (e.g., Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF), Intergovernmental
Forum on Forests (IFF), United Nations Forum of Forests (UNFF)) accept SFM as a goal in
forest development. Various studies have demonstrated that unsustainable management
(e.g., “cut and run” harvesting of natural forests) is much more profitable than SFM in
comparable forests in the short term. Studies have further shown that, when practicing SFM in
natural tropical forests, particularly in the tropics, average returns on investment remain
clearly below normally expected business returns. However, well-managed fast-growing
plantations can be attractive investments. Furthermore, the potential of additional income from
non-traditional forest goods and services, such as income from payments for environmental
services (PES) from carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation and watershed protection
are not yet taken into account in forest valuation. This is despite the fact that that they can
significantly increase the profitability of SFM, and thus be an important element of forest
financing. The environmental costs of deforestation and degradation are neither reflected in
national statistics nor linked to harvesting.
Available statistical data indicates that vast majority of investment flows/financing to the forest
sector, and presumably also to SFM, come from the private sector. Public sector financing
has an important catalytic role, but its volume is clearly minor compared to private sector
financing. The role of private sector financing in developing countries and countries in
transition is expected to grow further, but this depends on incentives and policy approaches
that have yet to be developed.
Loss of forest cover is a major global concern, and there are various direct and indirect
reasons for deforestation. Land use and forest management decisions are driven by social
and economic considerations. According to many studies, the most common reason for
deforestation is the land use change from a less profitable option (forest/forestry) to more
profitable use, such as agriculture or animal husbandry. The difference in profitability is real,
at least in the short term, but this difference is often caused by agricultural subsidies or other
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policies that favour agricultural expansion. Consequently, there are at least two effective ways
to reduce deforestation: (a) regulatory control of land use change and (b) increasing the
profitability of forestry compared to alternative land use options. The latter includes the
elimination of agricultural subsidies in areas where the policy maker wishes to slow down the
deforestation rate.
Currently under discussion in climate change negotiations, Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and Forest Degradation in developing countries (known as the REDD+
mechanism) specifically addresses this issue by providing additional income to forest
conservation and SFM, thus increasing the profitability of keeping land under forest cover.
Other factors contribute to market imperfections. The externalities of forest management do
not usually enter into the profitability calculations of the landowner, as global and local
environmental services are not compensated to them. Another example is the distorted
competition in the market place due to unscrupulous operators who do not respect regulations
and thereby succeed in cutting their costs. This problem, compounded with widespread
corruption related to weak forest governance in many countries, makes it difficult or even
impossible for responsible operators to cover their costs of SFM.
Available statistical data indicates that the vast majority of investment flows/financing to the
forest sector, and presumably to SFM, come from the private sector (see macro 2 report
entitled “Financing forests and sustainable forest management in Low Forest Cover
Countries” for further details). Public sector financing plays an important catalytic role, but its
volume is clearly minor compared with private sector financing. The role of private sector
financing in developing countries and countries in transition is expected to grow further.
1.2
Approach and methodology
These studies thoroughly map out various existing and potential financing sources for SFM
projects in LFCCs and SIDS at country- regional- and local levels. Financing patterns and
modalities are observed in conjunction with three types of financing sources: foreign, domestic
and innovative. Innovative financing mechanisms have been under intensive development,
including PES, REDD/REDD+ SWAps, (Sector-wide Approaches) bundling, etc. At the same
time, the information will be analysed using a step-wise analysis process (see Figure 1.1).
This two-pronged approach of presentation and analysis provides a view of the current
financing patterns and levels, the related environment, the gaps to overcome and the potential
for increased mobilization of adequate and predictable financing for SFM.
Additionally, as other sectors such as the agriculture, environment, energy and transport
sectors greatly impact the forest sector, as and SFM financing can take place under other
sectors, the inter-sectoral linkages are studied and the corresponding implications for SFM
financing observed.
The purpose of this first macro-level study is to collect and analyse socio-economical,
institutional and policy framework characteristics. This study pays special attention to the
capacity of this grouping of forty-nine LFCC countries to manage their forests sustainably, as
well as to their ability to provide and attract financing for forests. The present study sets the
scene and provides the background for the actual paper on forest financing paper, which will
follow this study.
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Figure 1.1
Approach
Data for this study have been collected mainly through Internet sources from government,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and United Nation
organizations. FAO Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2005 and FAO ForestSTAT (FAO’s
statistical database on forest information) have been the major sources of the statistical data
to ensure that the huge volumes of data would be comparable. However, FAO FRA is based
on countries’ own reporting, and resources to provide updated information vary from country
to country. Forest inventories, if ever carried out, are outdated in nearly all LFCCs, and they
do not cover, for instance, NWFPs, which in many cases are major products of forests.
Forest-relevant information on cross-sectoral issues is particularly difficult to obtain, including
forest-related statistics on agriculture, energy, transport and environment sectors.
A financing survey for the countries included in this study has been conducted, but
unfortunately, the response rate has been very low. Therefore, information has been collected
mostly from secondary sources. The survey included a request to provide the latest policies
and strategies related to the forest sector, but in the absence of responses, policies and
strategies have been researched using the Internet.
Additionally, four case studies have been prepared in select LFCC countries (Jordan,
Kyrgyzstan, Mali and Uruguay). These case studies provide better access to recent, detailed
information. Detailed results of these case studies are presented in separate reports. In
addition, case study information has been incorporated into the macro-level studies.
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2.
BASIC FACTS ABOUT THE COUNTRY GROUP
According to the FAO definition for low forest cover countries, LFCCs are countries with less
than 10 per cent of their land under forest. Fifty-five LFCCs were reported in the FAO global
Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) 2005. This study covers the forty-eight independent
LFCC countries that are also UN Member States. In addition, a Mali case study is included, as
Mali’s forest cover decreased from 10.7 to 10.3 per cent between 2000 and 2005 according to
FAO statistics. This study thus covers 49 countries.
Although the forest cover of LFCCs is not significant on a global scale, the forests and trees
are extremely important to the well-being of inhabitants of these countries. In many LFCCs,
the rural people are highly dependent on the forest for products, such as fuelwood, and
NWFPs, such as fodder. In addition, the forests and trees provide important watershed and
other ecosystem services. Low rainfall is common in LFCC countries, and population pressure
is high, especially in the areas with the most rainfall and forest cover; thus, the pressure on
the environment and forests is great. According to current estimates, in most LFCCs, climate
change will increase periodic droughts, which will affect not only the local people but also the
forests on which they depend.
Many of the LFCCs do not receive external support for SFM. This is in spite of the fact that the
service provisions for maintaining biodiversity, protection of watersheds and adaptation to
climate change are critical in most of the countries. Many LFCCs are among the developing
countries, so their internal revenue generation and allocation of funds to SFM is often limited.
The majority of LFCC countries are located in Africa, Central Asia and the Middle East. Only
four Caribbean countries, three from South East Asia, two from the Pacific region and one
each from Oceania, South America and Europe are included in the group. 15 out of 49
countries included in this study are considered among the least developed countries. As could
be expected, semiarid, arid or desert climates cause low forest cover in many LFCC
countries: 7 countries principally have an arid climate and 21 countries a desert one (covering
the entire country or a large proportion of the land area).
Despite the regularly harsh climatic conditions, arable land cover is often large in LFCCs,
even in arid and desert climates. Agricultural expansion is then clearly the major cause of
deforestation, especially in countries like Bangladesh, Barbados and other countries under
heavy population pressure. In Bangladesh, arable land covers 55 per cent of the land area. In
Barbados, Burundi, Malta and Togo, arable land cover covers over 30 per cent. Haiti and
Pakistan have arable land cover of over 20 per cent. Land cover in Iraq, Ireland, Israel,
Lesotho, Maldives, Niger, South Africa, Tunisia and Uzbekistan exceeds the world average of
10.8 per cent.
In LFCC countries with desert climate, such as in the Syrian Arab Republic and Pakistan, the
amount of arable land cover with irrigated agricultural is considerable. One LFCC sub-group
comprises volcanic and coral islands, where the soil is unsuitable for agriculture (e.g., Iceland
and Nauru) and arable land is minimal or non-existent. Annex 1 provides a summary of
geographic and climatic conditions.
LFCCs are a heterogeneous group in their size, population and economy. There are vast
countries such as Iran and Pakistan; at the other end of the spectrum are tiny countries such
as Kiribati, Malta, Nauru and Tonga. Singapore, the Maldives, Malta, Bahrain and Bangladesh
are among the most densely populated countries of the world; among the least populated
(having a population density from two to eight people per km2) are Mongolia, Iceland,
Mauritania, Namibia, Libya, Kazakhstan and Chad. In the sparsely populated countries, the
population is often concentrated in climatically more favourable areas and along coastline or
rivers, the same areas where forests are normally located. Forest area per capita is below one
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ha in all LFCCs except Mongolia and Namibia, where the area is over three ha per capita (see
Annex 8).
In the LFCCs of Central Asia and Africa, ethnic variation is large in general. Often the majority
of the population is indigenous, but due to ethnic diversity, tensions between different groups
commonly exist. For example, in Iraq, the Kurdish population has suffered serious
discrimination for decades. Control over natural resources, including forests, is frequently one
potential and unfortunately common cause of ethnic clashes.
Political turmoil is currently taking or has recently taken place in about 12 of the 49 LFCCs
studied. In many of these, the political situation is still strained, with ethnic or religious
tensions factoring into the situation. Political conflicts reduce donor support to the forest
sector, primarily because of security concerns but also for political reasons. In post-conflict
situations, the forest sector is not commonly among the top priority sectors for receiving
national budget allocations, nor for receiving post-conflict donor support (e.g., reconstruction
of damaged infrastructure). The effects of political conflicts on forest financing are further
analysed in the macro 2 study entitled “Financing forests and sustainable forest management
in Low Forest Cover Countries”.
LFCC countries differ widely in their placement rankings in the human development index
(HDI). Fifteen countries on the list of LFCCs are classified as least developed countries, and
their HDI is very low. In Afghanistan, Burundi, Chad, Mali and Niger, the index is below 0.4.
LFCCs in Europe and Singapore represent the other extreme, having an index close to or
above 0.95. Israel and oil producer countries of the Arabian Peninsula also have high HDIs of
around 0.9.
Annex 2 summarizes key socio-economic figures by country.
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3.
FORESTS AND THEIR ROLE IN SOCIETY
Although forest cover in LFCCs is low, forest area can still be significant. Chad, Iran, Mali and
Mongolia have forest areas of over 10 million hectares; South Africa over 9 million hectares.
The following countries have large forest areas, the size of which is provided in parentheses:
Kazakhstan (3,337,000 ha), Kenya (3,522,000 ha), Morocco (4,364,000 ha), Namibia
(7,661,000 ha), Saudi Arabia (2,728,000 ha) and Turkmenistan (4,127,000). Typically, these
forests are concentrated in a part of the country that has more favourable climatic conditions.
Annex 3 includes the area of other wooded land in LFCCs, as such land has great
significance when considering financing based on environmental services and, for example,
combating desertification. Other wooded land is also an important source of fuelwood and
NWFPs, as well as being important for animal husbandry. Other wooded land may have been
previously classified as forest, but had later degraded to the extent that it is no longer
categorized in that way.
The global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 provides statistics on varying deforestation
rates. According to FRA 2005, the deforestation rate in Afghanistan, Burundi, the Comoros,
Mauritania, Niger, Pakistan and Togo is alarmingly high. Chad, Haiti, Kazakhstan, Kenya,
Mali, Mongolia and Namibia also suffer from deforestation, but with a less than 1 per cent
annual rate. In several North African and Middle Eastern countries, the trend is the opposite:
ambitious afforestation and reforestation programmes have increased the forested area in
Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia and United Arab
Emirates. In addition, Iceland, Ireland, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Uruguay (see Box 3.1 for details)
and Uzbekistan have been able to increase their forest area.
FRA 2005 also provides statistics for land area increases and decreases under the category
“other wooded land”. In Bangladesh, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan, the area of
other wooded land has increased considerably. However, the decrease of other wooded land
area in Algeria, Iraq, Lesotho, Mongolia, Niger and Tunisia has been alarming and seems to
indicate an urgent need for actions to combat desertification in those countries. As previously
discussed, in LFCCs the amount of arable land is high compared to the amount of forest
cover, suggesting that agricultural expansion is a major driver of deforestation in LFCCs.
Data on the contribution of forest (and other wooded land) to national economies are very
limited. Statistics on industrial wood processing, exports and imports are available from FAO
statistics, but information on other forest products and services (e.g., NWFPs and
environmental services) is practically non-existent in these countries, and at best are
fragmentary and inaccurate. Earlier studies conducted by various authors on NWFPs, forestrelated PES, etc. have not covered LFCCs, or the authors present the data in a way that does
not allow for drawing any LFCC-specific conclusions. In addition, agroforestry data and
information on trees outside forests is particularly reported under the agricultural sector and is
mostly impossible to extract barring a detailed, theme-specific case study.
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Box 3.1
A success story of forest development -- Uruguay
Uruguay is an exceptional case among LFCCs as an example of how public funding with a
supportive legislative framework may generate private funding for sustainable forestry. The country
has been able to increase its forest cover in less than 20 years from 683,000 hectares to 1,722,000
hectares, or from 4 per cent to 9.5 per cent. The area of both native forest and planted forests has
increased. Several favourable factors, such as good climatic conditions, low population density and
pressure, a stable political environment, clear and well-organized land ownership and availability of
a qualified labour force have supported the development of forestry in Uruguay.
The Government of Uruguay has consistently developed policies and legislation to encourage and
support afforestation activities and, later on, investments in forest industry development. The
process was initiated in the late 1980s with the Forest Law, which identified and classified lands
suitable for agriculture and cattle breeding or for forestry and afforestation. The initial aim was to
diversify agricultural sector production and to create additional income for rural population through
export-oriented wood production. Governmental subsidies supported the Forest Law: the
Government granted tax-exemptions for native forest under management and financed a credit
programme for afforestation activities with a World Bank loan (the programme was closed in 2001).
General investment promotion legislation complemented these subsidies.
During the economic crisis in early 2000, the
ownership structure of the newly afforested
areas changed when private owners sold
their plantations to forest companies. A
favourable business environment has
attracted some large international investors in
the country, and several large-scale forest
sector investment projects have been
implemented recently or are currently under
development. The amount of forest products
and the extent of value added have steadily
increased during the last five years and will
continue to increase as the plantations
mature and the capacity of forest industry
increases due to investments.
Forest sector orientation towards international markets has been a basis for the development of
SFM practices in the country. Currently, the majority of plantation areas are under FSC (Forest
Stewardship Council) certification, and any new afforestation project needs to commit to following a
national Code of Good Management Practices.
So far, the forest development has been timber production- and industry-oriented, but currently
Uruguay is also developing energy policies to increase the share of wood-based renewable energy
in its energy portfolio. In addition, Uruguay is developing the National Protected Area System with
the support of the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Uruguay has also developed a national
mechanism for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects, but thus far carbon credits have
been generated only through the voluntary markets.
Forests have been generating income and employment for the country as a whole and for its rural
areas. However, the forest ownership structure has changed from the original small- holder
majority, and mechanisms should be developed to increase private small holders’ opportunities to
invest in and create income from SFM. An additional source of income for forest owners could be
the integration of environmental services into the forest products palette, an option which should be
further studied and developed.
Source: CONSUR 2010
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3.1
Forest production, industry and trade
For this study, sources of information for production and processing data are FAO ForesSTAT
and FRA 2005. According to FAO statistics, the annual processing figures are considerably
higher than removals, using figures given in the FRA 2005. Based on comparisons and
2
according to an analysis of the FAO , the FAOSTAT (FAO’s statistical database) figures seem
to be more realistic and reliable. FRA 2005 figures have only been used in this study for
NWFPs. In FAOSTAT, figures are only available for forest products processing, not for total
removals. Information on the production of goods and services from forest areas by other
sectors (such as agriculture or environment sectors) is not available in existing statistical
sources or in earlier studies in a form that would allow for the extraction of data for LFCCs.
Specific detailed country-level studies would be required to obtain this information.
The main forest produce in nearly all LFCCs is wood fuel and charcoal. Exceptions to this are
developed countries (Iceland, Ireland, Malta, Singapore) and countries which have other
resources of energy easily available (e.g. oil producers) combined with very small forest
resources (Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Oman, Qatar, Saudi-Arabia, and the United Arab
Emirates). In the Comoros, Kiribati, Lesotho, the Maldives, Namibia, Niger, Oman, Qatar,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Yemen, wood energy is virtually the only forest produce.
Of the LFCC countries, 27 out of the 49 have sawn wood processing. Four produce less than
3
10,000 m annually (Chad, Egypt, Niger and Syria). Twenty countries process wood-based
3
panels; considerable volumes of these (over 100,000 m ) are produced in Iran, Ireland, Israel,
Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, Tunisia and Uruguay. Twenty-nine countries report pulp
and paper production. Iran, Pakistan, South Africa and Uruguay produce over 1 million tons. It
should be noted that the processing figures do not specify the roundwood source, and
Singapore, which processes and exports significant volumes of forest products, operates
completely with imported raw material.
NWFPs were reported in only a few countries (FRA 2005). According to FRA 2005, at least in
Bangladesh, Pakistan and Tunisia, NWFPs form an important part of forest sector products as
food, fodder and raw materials. It is obvious that especially in the least developed countries,
the NWFPs are an essential part of forest produce in addition to wood fuel, but data and
information on their volumes and values is difficult to collect on a national scale. Annex 5
contains a summary table on processing by country.
As could be expected, the majority of LFCCs are net importers of forest products, and their
trade balance is negative in large margins. Exceptions are Uruguay and South Africa.
Uruguay is a net exporter of all forest products. South Africa is a net exporter of industrial
roundwood and pulp and paper, but a net importer of sawn wood. Afghanistan and Togo are
also sawn wood net exporters, though the volumes are minor (see Annex 6).
3.2
Contribution of forests to national economies
The contribution of forests to the national economies is not generally readily available in
national accounts or in other public domain statistics. This is because the sector is considered
marginal in LFCCs and is usually included under agricultural sector statistics, where forest
specific information cannot be disaggregated. On the other hand, the agricultural sector is
often the main productive sector in the least developed LFCCs. Agriculture competes for
scarce land (and water) resources with forestry. However, in a number of LFCCs, the
contribution of forests to national economies can be indirectly significant; i.e., through
watershed protection, tourism, windbreak and other services. However, such information is
not available in statistics, and only qualitative information can be provided from the case study
2
FAO 2006. FAO FRA 2005 and FAOSTAT – Comparing Estimates on Wood Removals.
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countries. As an example, forests provide significant inputs for animal husbandry (fodder,
shade) and also agriculture (wind breaks and reduction of sand movements).
Among developing and especially the least developed LFCCs, fuel wood is often the main
source of energy available to the majority of population (see Annex 4 for fuel wood and
charcoal processing). Gross domestic products (GDPs) do not include many of the forest
products, and even those products that are recognized are often produced and traded in the
informal sector and are therefore not included in official statistics. NWFPs are one such group
of products lacking information.
South Africa and Uruguay are two exceptions among LFCCs: both countries have developed
their forest sector and forest industry in a systematic manner based on forest plantations. In
South Africa, forestry is considered to be one of the key growth sectors. Plantations cover
about 1.3 million ha of South Africa’s land surface, and production from these plantations
amounted in 2006 to more than 22 million m3 of commercial roundwood. The forest sector
employs close to 170,000 people and contributes over USD 2 billion to the South African
economy. The role of plantations in providing wood-based products and services is likely to
increase in the future as their management sustainability is easier to achieve in economic
terms. As a caveat, this can occur only if the social and environmental aspects are first
properly taken into account in the establishment phase and also in the management, a critical
point for LFCCs with limited land resources and growing population.
In Uruguay, the work accomplished for forestry development in the last 20 years is now
beginning to bear fruit, as the plantations are maturing. Uruguay has nearly 1 million hectares
of planted forests, and in a rather small economy, the significance of the forest sector as an
employer is increasing (currently there are nearly 12,000 employees in forest management),
being especially important in rural areas. Thus far, the sector contribution in national economy
has been reported under agricultural sector, but the exports of forest products have increased
in recent years considerably from USD 100 000 in 2003 to USD 950 000 in 2008.
3.3
Status of forest management
A majority of the LFCCs have over 50 per cent of their forests under state ownership (Togo,
Uruguay and Yemen are exceptions). However, the management responsibility is unclear in
many cases. In developing countries, the governments rarely have sufficient resources to
provide technical support and monitor forest management when the management
responsibility is given or contracted out to a community or a private entity. Although forest
policies and legal frameworks exist in many countries, the legislation is often outdated, and
law enforcement is insufficient or non-existent.
The change in growing stock is not reported for all LFCCs. However, in Afghanistan,
Bangladesh, Chad, the Comoros, Haiti. Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, Namibia, Niger,
Pakistan and Tajikistan, the growing stock is decreasing rapidly – the most alarming
decreases are in Mongolia and Pakistan. In the sub-group with high deforestation, a major
challenge is harsh environmental and climate conditions combined with high population
pressure and dependence on wood-based energy. Forest resources per capita are typically
very small in all LFCCs. In countries where cattle grazing relies on natural pastures,
overgrazing often hinders the natural regeneration of forests. These factors, together with the
lacking expertise and resources, make it very difficult to stop deforestation. Due to scarce
water resources and the climatic conditions, the reforestation of already deforested or
degraded areas is challenging. As already mentioned in chapter 3, many North African and
Middle Eastern countries have been able to increase their forest area in recent years. This is
visible in their growing stock, which has been especially increasing in Algeria, Iran and
Morocco (see Annex 8).
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Information on the status of biodiversity conservation of forests in LFCCs is difficult to obtain.
However, FRA 2005 statistics show the proportion of protection and conservation of forest
areas as a percentage of total forest area per country (see Annex 8). This ratio of
protection/conservation to total forested area can be used as a rough proxy for understanding
the level of forest biodiversity conservation, though one problem is that protection and
conservation areas in developing LFCCs often suffer from encroachment and other illegal
practices. According to FAO FRA 2005, the designated purpose of forest in many countries is
to be multifunctional, covering production, protection and social services. However, the role of
forests in watershed management and erosion control is predominant, because when the
majority of LFCCs reported their designated forest function, more forest area was reported
under protection and conservation (thus requiring the use of forests in watershed
management and erosion control) than under productive functions.
Another proxy for the status of SFM in production forests is the amount of certified forest
areas. Certified forest areas are found only in countries that have export-oriented forest
processing. South Africa and Uruguay have approximately 1 million ha of certified forests, and
Ireland, Kenya and Morocco each have a few thousand hectares of certified forests.
Information on national codes of forest management practices and similar guidelines is
scattered, but at least Iran, Ireland, Lesotho, Mauritania, Niger and Uruguay have national
SFM guidelines.
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4.
POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS
4.1
Poverty reduction strategies
The PRSPs of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burundi, the Comoros, Djibouti, Haiti, Kenya,
Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, the Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia and Niger have clear elements
concerning the role of forests in the Poverty Reduction Strategy (see Annex 9). Chad,
Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Yemen either have minor references to forestry, or have not
mentioned the forest sector at all in their PRSPs. Two common issues emphasized in the
forest sector role in poverty reduction are energy and combating desertification and soil
degradation. PRSPs tend to generally cover watershed management, and the main theme is
“integrated watershed management”. Several countries (including Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
Burundi, Kyrgyzstan and Mali) also recognize forest sector potential for income generation
directly through forest sector employment, or through small-scale industry development and
community forestry. The Comoros, Haiti, the Maldives and Mali emphasize the indirect
contribution of the forest sector to ensuring productivity in other sectors, such as the
agriculture sector, with agroforestry. Mongolia and Niger (with its Arabic gum) highlight the
potential of the NWFPs and NWFP processing. Togo is the only country that has recognized
forest and climate change financing potential in its PRSP.
For the countries that do not have a PRSP, other national strategies have been analysed
when available. Iceland, Ireland, Namibia, Tonga and Turkmenistan include forests in their
national development strategies, listing afforestation and reforestation as activities for erosion
control and watershed management, and also as part of their climate change strategy.
Barbados, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Malta, Nauru, Oman, Qatar, the United Arab
Emirates and Uruguay do not mention forests in their national development or
macroeconomic strategies. This is particularly surprising in the case of Uruguay, but one
explanation could be the general macroeconomic focus of their economic strategy. Generally,
forests are included in national development strategies in only the few LFCCs that already
have some tradition of forest sector activities (afforestation and reforestation). Even though
the financial contribution of forests is marginal, the environmental and social benefits that
forests contribute to national well-being are too often dismissed in national development
contexts.
4.2
Forest policy framework
Twenty-two of the LFCCs included in this study have a forest policy document (Afghanistan,
Algeria, Bangladesh, Burundi, Iceland, Ireland, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Mali, Mongolia,
Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Pakistan, South Africa, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan,
Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uruguay and Uzbekistan). In four countries, a policy is under
preparation or undergoing the consultation process (Iraq, the Maldives, Tonga and Yemen). In
the case of Chad, Djibouti and Togo, recent information has been unavailable. Generally,
countries that have a forest policy document have also established a strategy for the policy
implementation. Only Syria and Turkmenistan have thus far not established a clear strategy
for policy implementation. Saudi Arabia has several programmes that combined together
could be considered a forest strategy, but a clear policy that guides the general forest sector
development is missing.
Fourteen African and Asian countries (Burundi, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Mali, Mongolia,
Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Pakistan, South Africa, Tunisia, Uzbekistan and Yemen) have
received or are currently receiving support for their national forest programme (NFP)
preparation and/or implementation from the FAO National Forest Programme Facility (NFPF).
In addition, Ireland has a completed NFP, and Iraq is in the process of developing its NFP.
Forest legislation is in force in twenty-two countries in this study (Bangladesh, Burundi, Haiti,
Iceland, Iraq, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia,
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Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Syria, Tajikistan, Tonga,
Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uruguay and Uzbekistan). In the majority of these countries, the
legislation was passed in the 1990s or in the first half of the 2000s decade. Afghanistan and
Algeria are in the process of developing and approving new forest legislation. In Libya’s case,
no up-to-date information has been available. Haiti, Iraq, Mauritania and Saudi Arabia have
forest legislation, but none of these countries has a clear forest policy or strategy.
Annex 10 presents a summary of forest policies, strategies and legislation in LFCC countries.
In the twenty-two LFCCs that do have forest legislation, the problem often lies in law
enforcement, as most of the developing and least developed LFCCs suffer from insufficient
capacity to monitor the forest sector. Another issue is the lack of coordination between
sectors: forest policies, strategies and legislation are not sufficiently coordinated with other
land use- and natural resource-related policies and legislation. This, together with common
inter-sectoral competition at the policy level, often causes those other sectors’ needs and
liabilities to supplant forest issues.
In the countries that do not have a forest policy and/or legislation, forests may be included in
other relevant sectoral policies and legislation, but unfortunately the scope of and resources
for this study do not allow for analysis of other sectors’ legislation. However, the same
problem of insufficient law enforcement capacity prevails regardless of the sectoral legislation.
Forests and forests as an environmental issue are a niche in LFCCs, and scarce country
resources are instead targeted to address more urgent needs in poverty reduction and
agriculture.
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Box 4.1
Contribution of forests to poverty reduction in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is one of the LFCCs where forests are well integrated into the poverty reduction and
development strategies of the country.
The national PRSP of Bangladesh acknowledges the role of forests in the poverty reduction potential of
the country. Forestry is presented as one of the critical sectors for pro-poor economic growth.
The forest development programme aims at large-scale afforestation, conservation of forests, increase
in timber supplies, and conservation of biodiversity and wildlife. The main objectives of the twenty-year
Forestry Master Plan (1995-2015) and the National Forestry Policy are to promote production-oriented
and participatory forest development, so that at least 20 per cent of the country’s land is covered under
the afforestation programme through the coordinated efforts of the Government, NGOs, the private
sector and the local people. The main areas of intervention include expansion of forests in depleted
hills and khas3 land, tree plantation in rural areas on private land and along the roadsides, railway
tracks, embankment slopes and courtyards of rural organizations, the last item to be achieved with the
help of community participation of the poor.
Forests are also included in the strategy for
nature conservation. Two issues garner
forest-related attention: (a) biodiversity and
(b) afforestation and tree plantation.
Bangladesh has identified the main causes of
forest depletion to be (a) lack of a
conservation approach, (b) low priority
accorded to biodiversity conservation, (c)
encroachment by outsiders, (d) inadequate
participation of people and civil society, (e)
lack of law and order and inadequate legal
support, (f) corruption and pressure from the
local elites,
(g) poor management and administration, (h) lack of proper monitoring and accountability, and (i)
absence of incentives for Forest Department employees.The integration of environmental issues
across all policies, including macroeconomic policies, is striven for in order to address environmental
issues relevant to the conservation of nature.
Strategic goals identified in the PRSP include the following:
• Reducing the rate of deforestation
• Conserving biodiversity of the country, for example with the development of a co-management
model on afforestation
• Ensuring the full participation of women in economic activities
• Ensuring the sustainable livelihood of the poor, for example by establishing clear property
rights of ownership and by implementing licensing systems for the use of water bodies or for
the harvesting of forests
Although forestry accounts for barely 2 per cent of Bangladesh GDP, its importance is increasing: it
has grown at around 4 per cent annually over the 1990s. Officially, forestry covers about 2.5 million
hectares or 17 per cent of the total land area. However, if one considers the encroachment into
reserved forest areas, clearing of forestland for cultivation and felling of trees, the actual area under
forestry is far less than the official estimates. Fortunately, growth in social and community forestry as a
result of a vigorous campaign for tree plantation has already made a significant contribution. A very
concrete improvement has been the availability of fuelwood: the estimated per capita consumption of
timber and fuel wood is only 0.01 m3 and 0.07 m3 respectively -- perhaps one of the lowest levels of
consumption in the world. The supply is inadequate even to meet the low level of consumption. In
2002, the per capita demand for timber and fuel wood was calculated to be 3.2 and 8.7 million m3, thus
yielding an estimated deficit of 62 per cent and 60 per cent respectively. Afforestation campaigns have
already improved the availability of fuelwood. Trees outside forests have become increasingly
important in providing wood and NWFPs.
3
Public land
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4.3
Forest policies, national forest programmes and other forest strategies
Forest policies, NFPs and forest strategy papers available for the countries included in this
study were analysed in detail to find the main commonalities and diversity of policies and
strategies. In some cases, a policy document was not available, so the analysis is based on
secondary sources. The FAO NFPF is an important source of support to the LFCCs in their
NFP development and implementation, as 15 countries are receiving support from the Facility.
Annex 11 lists the major themes in LFCC forest policies by country.
All forest policies and strategies include an objective to maintain and usually to expand the
forest area through SFM, afforestation and/or reforestation and forest conservation.
Frequently erosion control and energy production are the main objectives of reforestation and
afforestation activities. Uruguay, South Africa and (in part) Mali are focusing on industrial
wood production. Forest fire prevention is an important element of SFM and forest protection
in many LFCCs. Institutional reforms are also commonly found among the forest policy
objectives, and these reform goals usually strive for decentralization of forest administration
and management. An essential part of all the institutional reform processes is increasing the
role of local communities and the private sector in forest management.
Legal reforms or amendments are listed as policy objectives in Afghanistan, Algeria,
Bangladesh, Kenya, Mali and Uzbekistan. Legislative reforms for forestry have already been
carried out in Mongolia and Namibia.
Increasing the role of local communities and the private sector is a policy objective requiring
capacity building both at the grassroots level and among forest professionals and
administration. This is reflected in the forest policies of Afghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh,
Burundi, Ireland, Kyrgyzstan, Mali, Mongolia, Namibia, Pakistan, South Africa, Tunisia and
Uzbekistan. In Uruguay and South Africa (in part), capacity building focuses on research and
technology development.
Although information on LFCC forest resources is mostly outdated, and recent inventory
information is not available at national level, improved forest sector information management
is among the policy objectives only in Kyrgyzstan, Mali, South Africa and Uruguay. Burundi,
Kyrgyzstan, South Africa, Bangladesh and Ireland have included improved communication in
their policies in the form of awareness raising campaigns. Very few policies describe
investment programmes, but both Kenya and Mongolia aim to implement incentive
programmes: Kenya for SFM and Mongolia for reforestation and afforestation. In Kyrgyzstan,
the policy does not include actual investment programmes; rather it aims to improve the
efficiency of the forest financing system. In Mali, the focus is on creating an enabling
environment for forest investments. In Ireland, the policy aim is to enhance private sector
forestry and forest production. Mali also recognizes the potential of the donor community in
providing financial support for forests.
The level of integration of other sector policies into forest policies and vice versa varies
among the countries. Agriculture is the non-forest sector most often mentioned in forest
policies. For example, in Bangladesh, Burundi, Morocco and Tunisia, there are strong
linkages between forestry and agriculture in the form of agroforestry, silvopastoral systems
and maintenance of agricultural land productivity. Analysis of other sector policies and how
forests are included could not be made due to the low response rate in the survey and limited
time for this study.
The forest policies and strategies of Namibia, Bangladesh and Uruguay raise the potential for
tourism and recreation. The forest policies and strategies of Least Developed Country (LDC)
LFCCs often mention energy, as wood fuel is usually the main source of household energy.
Uruguay is currently integrating the forest industry into energy policies to increase the share of
wood-based energy in its energy portfolio.
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Related policies and strategies (including those for environment, biodiversity, agriculture,
desertification, climate change, infrastructure, energy, transport and tourism) would be
important to review in more detail to analyse further inter-sectoral linkages. However, due to
the low response rate of the survey carried out to collect information and documents on these
policies, and due to the limited time and resources of the present study, a detailed analysis of
other policies and strategies could not be included.
The majority of LFCCs in this study have signed, and many have also ratified, the UNCCD.
Through this convention and National Action Plans developed for the mechanism, LFCCs
have analysed the role of forests and forestry in combating desertification and evaluated the
significance of forest degradation and deforestation as drivers for desertification and soil
degradation. Similarly, in their national communications and adaptation strategies for the
UNFCCC, countries have evaluated the role of forests in the context of climate change, and in
the case of LFCCs, particularly the role of forests in climate change adaptation. National
Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) developed under the CBD should be
included in further studies, as forests are a key ecosystem in biodiversity conservation. In the
macro 2 study, financing generated with the support of these conventions is included in the
sustainable forest financing analysis.
4.4
Institutions and organizations and level of centralization of forest administration
The subordinate nature of forests and the forest sector to agriculture is visible also in the
organization of forest administration in many LFCCs. The ministry responsible for forests is
usually the one responsible for agriculture or environment. In most cases there is, under the
ministry, a forest department or directorate that is responsible for policy implementation. In
some cases, production forestry and conservation are under different departments or even
ministries (e.g. Israel, the Maldives and Uruguay). However, ministries and departments
responsible for forests should have excellent communication and a cooperative relationship
with the other authorities responsible for sectors linked to forests (agriculture, environment,
water, irrigation, energy, land administration, tourism and transport), but this is not the case in
many countries. For example, in the case study countries, it seems to be common that instead
of cooperation and coordination, ministries are unfortunately competing against each other,
especially if the available resources are very limited. Synergies that could be gained through
inter-sectoral cooperation in the quest for finance and the organization of activities are lost.
Extension services are often organized through separate programmes and are not available
on a regular basis. Of the case study countries, only Uruguay has good coordination and
communication between different line ministries. In Kyrgyzstan and Mali, coordination is poor
or non-existent, not only among ministries, but also among different departments under the
same ministry.
NGOs are major actors in forest management and protection in many LFCCs, often serving to
link forests with other sectors (agriculture, rural development, watershed management,
biodiversity, energy). NGOs in LFCCs rarely have forests as their primary pursuit, but forests
are often linked to another primary target. For example, there have been, until very recently,
no forest NGOs in Jordan except the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, to which
the government has given a mandate to establish and manage protected areas, including
protected forest areas. However, there are several well-organized NGOs focusing on the
environment, nature conservation and combating desertification, and they have a good
working relationship with governmental organizations. In Mali, local and international NGOs
are implementing internationally funded development projects and programmes with linkages
to forests. In Kyrgyzstan, a total of over 11,000 NGOs includes a large number of
environmentally-orientated NGOs active in forest issues. The Uruguayan Non-governmental
organization (NGO) sector is rather weak and fragmented: some national environmental
NGOs exist, and they have also participated in the preparation of the criteria and indicators for
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SFM, but they do not contribute to forest financing. In Uruguay, the NGOs are organized
under the National Association of NGOs (ANONG).
In most countries, there are research organizations conducting research in forests and
forestry. Often these institutes focus on agriculture or the environment, but many countries
also have organizations specialized only in forests. Data on the resources and financing of
these forest-focused organizations is unfortunately not available. Similarly, forestry training up
to the university level is available in most LFCCs, although the most advanced training is often
obtained abroad. In addition to national research organizations, international organizations are
doing research in LFCCs, the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and the Centre for
International Forestry Research (CIFOR) being two examples of this (see Annex 12).
The private sector role varies among countries. Of the case study countries, in Mali, the
decentralization process has transferred administration and management responsibility to the
local level and village organizations. Fuel wood and charcoal represent over 90 per cent of
country’s household energy supply. Otherwise, forest production activities are few: village
organizations are allowed to collect wood and process charcoal, and there are a few pit
sawyers and artisanal furniture manufactures. In Uruguay, the private sector is well organized
and plays a key role in providing funding and resources to the forest sector (see the macro 2
study and Uruguay case study for further details). In Kyrgyzstan, long-term leases of public
forest land to families or the private sector are important in forest management and provide a
major source of funding for forest administration.
Forests are still owned by the state in the majority of LFCCs (see Annex 8 for ownership).
Forest administration has been centralized, but forest authorities’ resources to carry out their
duties have been limited. The recent trend has been towards more decentralized forest
administration and management. Forest policies commonly state as an aim local community
involvement in forest management through joint forest management, community forestry
schemes or forest land leases (see the Kyrgyzstan case study for an example of this). Also,
overall government decentralization programmes have supported development towards locallevel administration.
Institutional, socio-economic, and financial constraints hamper implementation of SFM in
LFCCs. Some of the factors that have hindered past efforts include a single-sector or projectdependent approach to the problem, which has resulted in (a) an inability to capture and
therefore address the cross-sectoral nature of forest degradation, and (b) a lack of
coordination and cooperation among different sectoral branches in the government and
among development partners. Forest degradation requires a longer-term engagement than
individual projects and institutions are often able to provide.
4.5
Inter-sectoral linkages
SFM recognizes the multidimensional role of forests in society. Other sectors outside the
forest sector with major impacts on forests and the forest sector are agriculture, environment,
water, energy, mining, climate change, public infrastructure and transport sectors, and these
should be coordinated with forest policies, strategies and activities. However, this is not the
case in many LFCCs, as, for example, institutional barriers prevent communication and
coordination between sectors. The forest sector as such does not exist politically or
economically; in LFCCs, the most important sector is usually agriculture, or in a forest context,
sometimes the environment. Food production and food security are national priorities; thus,
agriculture often competes with forests over scarce land resources. On the other hand, forests
are a prerequisite for sustainable agriculture and animal husbandry, as they protect
agricultural lands from erosion and desertification and provide fodder and shelter for cattle.
Agroforestry is a practice often mentioned in national poverty reduction and development
strategies as a means of increasing and diversifying agricultural production and income base
as well as conserving soil from degradation (see section 4.1). In LFCCs, trees outside forests,
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
19
such as those in agroforestry systems and other wooded lands are particularly important in
providing wood, NWFPs and environmental services.
Another key sector interconnected with forests is energy, because in many LFCCs (except
countries with hydrocarbon resources), wood energy is the main source of household energy.
All these important aspects could be controlled with efficient land use policies and legislation,
but an effective cross-sectoral approach is lacking in most cases, especially in developing
LFCCs. Of the case study countries, Uruguay has been able to allocate lands and resources
to forest development without compromising agricultural sector activities, by implementing
policy and legislation guiding land use. As another example, Namibia is also aiming towards
integrated SLM through a pilot partnership that involves all relevant ministries. Finally, an
integrated Livelihood Approach has been tested in Namibia and Kenya in natural resource
management at project and programme levels.
PRSPs are important documents in developing LFCCs, as they reflect national priorities.
Considering the significance of forests in watershed management, and considering the
climatic conditions in LFCCs, surprisingly few countries mention forest in the context of
watershed management in their PRSPs. In addition, environmental and biodiversity issues
linked to forests are absent in many PRSPs and national strategies. This could again reflect a
lack of inter-sectoral coordination.
Forests in LFCCs cannot contribute much to climate change mitigation on a global scale, but
they are of uttermost importance in national-level climate change adaptation strategies. Also,
climate change seems to be viewed too much as an independent phenomenon in most
LFCCs, although climate change will inevitably affect the poorest population dependent on
natural resources and agriculture the most. Despite this, climate change strategies are not
linked to poverty reduction virtually at all. One reason is of course that climate change
strategies are recent documents in many LFCCs or still under development, yet it could be
expected that climate change would be at least mentioned in the PRSPs (see Annex 9).
All the aforementioned themes are important from the poverty reduction point of view, and
forests serve in many ways the poorest population in particular, who oftentimes rely on forest
services and products. However, lack of political attention has resulted in forests’ not being
integrated into national policymaking and strategy formulation. This is also reflected at a
grassroots level.
4.6
Key challenges for financing of SFM
The second macro-level paper “Financing for sustainable forest management in LFCCs” will
discuss in more detail the current status and challenges for the financing of SFM, but in order
to provide background information, certain critical barriers can already be identified. LFCCs
are a heterogeneous group politically, geographically and economically. Forests are not a
national priority in the LFCCs in which agriculture, food production and food security are most
urgent. The forest sector is often viewed as a backward, non-dynamic and corrupted niche
sector, and forests are not linked effectively with other relevant sectors in policy and
administration. Only half of the LFCCs in this study have a forest policy or strategy, and the
public sector capacity to develop and implement forest policies, strategies and legislation is
often extremely limited. Forest policies are often sectorally restricted with no clear connections
to other relevant policies. In many LFCCs, people view forests mainly as protecting the
environment, but their role is not fully understood, for example, in an agricultural context.
Forest activities are mainly implemented through projects or programmes, often as a byproduct of agricultural projects and activities that have no institutional or economical
sustainability after the project ends.
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
20
The majority of LFCCs have signed and ratified international agreements or declarations
related to forestry, including the UNCCD, CBD, UNFCCC and Millennium Development
Declaration. There is a will to take action in LFCCs, but what is missing is financing and
national capacity to coordinate activities within one or among separate programmes. Both
financial and technical supports are needed, and one key theme is inter-sectoral programming
and coordination. Forests, desertification, biodiversity and climate change adaptation are very
much interconnected in LFCCs, but countries have not been able to generate overall
integrated policies, strategies and action plans linking these sectors properly. Even when
integrated actions plans do exist, another challenge is to create successful cooperation and
coordination between authorities in implementation. Integrated approaches would support
governments in raising and allocating funding for these sectors and would be likely to
generate more sustainable results. Countries could also benefit more from regional
cooperation. A good example of a new regional cooperation effort is the African Forest Forum
4
(AFF) , which although it is not an LFCC-specific entity, it covers many LFCCs.
Valuable lessons in advancing sectoral coordination and financing could be learned from
other sectoral mechanisms developed under organizations such as the UN. The UNCCD and
its subsidiary body, the GM, have worked to develop national-level integrated financing
strategies (IFS) and related IIF for leveraging national, bilateral and multilateral resources for
SLM. The IFS is a process for mobilizing a mix of financial resources to fund country-specified
priority programmes and projects related to SLM. The GM is supporting UNCCD country
Parties by means of the IFS, which include a) direct country interactions based on a technical
cooperation project and b) supportive interventions such as the organization of the Knowledge
Exchange and Capacitating Workshops at sub-regional and national levels. To this aim, the
GM is working closely with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) at all levels
as well as with other organizations such as the World Bank, FAO, the United Nations
Environment Programme and bilateral agencies at the country level.
Similar to forests and forest management, SLM involves various sectors. The basic definition
of an integrated investment framework of the Global Mechanism derives from the multisectoral and cross-cutting nature of SLM, which includes agriculture and forestry in any form
(subsistence, small and large scale, industrial plantations, etc.) and rural development as a
whole. Traditionally SFM and SLM have been viewed mainly as environmental issues, but
they should be discussed in a wider context of socio-economic development.
A more detailed analysis of the status of SFM financing and its linkages to other sectors is
provided in the macro 2 report “Financing forests and sustainable forest management in Low
Forest Cover Countries”.
4
NGO established in 2006.
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
21
Annex 1
Annex 1
Geographic and climatic conditions
Country
LDC
Geographic
region
Afghanistan
Yes
Asia
Algeria
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Yes
Africa
Asia
Asia
Caribbean
Burundi
Yes
Africa
Chad
Comoros
Yes
Yes
Africa
Africa
Djibouti
Yes
Africa
Egypt
Haiti
Africa
Yes
Iceland
Iran (Islamic
Republic of)
Iraq
Ireland
Caribbean
Europe
Asia
Asia
Europe
Israel
Asia
Jordan
Asia
Kazakhstan
Asia
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Africa
Yes
Kyrgyzstan
Lesotho
Asia
Yes
Libya
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mongolia
Oceania
Asia
Africa
Africa
Yes
Yes
Yes
Asia
Africa
Europe
Africa
Asia
Morocco
Africa
Namibia
Nauru
Niger
Africa
Pacific
Africa
Yes
Oman
Asia
Pakistan
Asia
Qatar
Asia
Saudi Arabia
Asia
Singapore
Asia
Climatic region
Arid to semiarid; cold winters and
hot summers
Arid to semiarid
Arid; mild
Tropical
Tropical; rainy season
Equatorial; considerable variation
due to altitude
Tropical in south, desert in north
Tropical marine; rainy season
Desert; torrid, dry/semiarid, hot and
dry
Desert
Tropical; semiarid where mountains
in east cut off trade winds
Cool temperate maritime
Mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical
along Caspian coast
Mostly desert
Temperate maritime
Temperate; hot and dry in southern
and eastern desert areas
Mostly arid desert; rainy season in
west (November to April)
Continental, arid and semiarid
Varies from tropical along coast to
arid in interior
Tropical; marine
Dry desert
Dry continental to polar in high Tien
Shan Mountains; subtropical in
southwest (Fergana Valley);
temperate in northern foothill zone
Temperate
Mediterranean along coast; dry,
extreme desert interior
Tropical
Subtropical to arid
Mediterranean
Desert
Desert; continental
Mediterranean, becoming more
extreme in the interior
Desert
Tropical with a monsoonal pattern
Desert, tropical in extreme south
Dry desert; strong southwest
summer monsoon (May to
September) in far south
Mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in
northwest; arctic in north
Arid
Harsh, dry desert with great
temperature extremes
Tropical
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Ave. annual
precipitation
(mm)
Arable
land cover
(%)
50-700
12.00
250-800
76
1 270-1 520
1 413
3.20
2.80
55.00
37.00
1 500
36.00
700
2 562
2.80
36.00
130
0.04
200 (coastal
area)
2.90
1 400-2 000
28.00
600-4 000
0.07
100-2 000
9.78
100-180
750-1 250
13.10
16.80
493
15.50
273
3.30
581
8.30
925
8.00
2 501
96
2.70
0.80
230-500
6.60
600-1 200
10.90
251
1.00
1 780-2 280
1 098.5
599
157
209
13.00
4.00
31.30
0.20
0.80
423
19.00
370
1 472
585
1.00
0.00
11.40
99
0.10
489
24.40
80
1.60
106.5
1.70
2 370
1.50
22
Annex 1
Country
LDC
Geographic
region
South Africa
Africa
Syrian Arab
Republic
Asia
Tajikistan
Asia
Togo
Yes
Tonga
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
United Arab
Emirates
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Yemen
Least developed
countries
Africa
Pacific
Africa
Asia
Arable
land cover
(%)
Mostly semiarid; subtropical along
east coast
629
12.10
Mostly desert
234
24.80
700-1 600
6.50
Midlatitude continental, semiarid to
polar in Pamir Mountains
Tropical; hot, humid in south;
semiarid in north
Tropical; modified by trade winds
Temperate in north, desert in south
Subtropical desert
Asia
Desert; cooler in eastern mountains
South America
Warm temperate
Mostly midlatitude desert, semiarid
grassland in east
Mostly desert
Asia
Yes
Ave. annual
precipitation
(mm)
Climatic region
Asia
World
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
949
44.20
1 680
468
210
20.00
17.10
4.50
25-925
0.80
1 015
7.80
417
10.50
39
2.90
7.90
(FAO)
10.80
(FAO)
23
Annex 2
Annex 2
Country
Basic socioeconomic data by country
Population
2009 est.
Afghanistan
28 395 716
Algeria
34 178 188
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Burundi
Chad
Comoros
Djibouti
Egypt
Haiti
Iceland
728 709
156 050 883
284 589
9 511 330
10 329 208
752 438
724 622
78 866 635
9 035 536
306 694
Iran (Islamic
Republic of)
66 429 284
Iraq
28 945 569
Ireland
4 203 200
Israel
7 233 701
Jordan
6 269 285
Kazakhstan
15 399 437
Kenya
39 002 772
Kiribati
112 850
Kuwait
2 692 526
Kyrgyzstan
5 431 747
Lesotho
2 130 819
Libya
Maldives
6 324 357
396 334
Ethnic and indigenous groups
Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%,
Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%, Turkmen 3%,
Baloch 2%, other 4%
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than
1%
Bahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6%
Bengali 98%, other 2% (includes tribal
groups, non-Bengali Muslims)
Black 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed
6%
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%,
Twa (Pygmy) 1%
Sara 27.7%, Arab 12.3%, Mayo-Kebbi
11.5%, Kanem-Bornou 9%, Ouaddai
8.7%, Hadjarai 6.7%, Tandjile 6.5%,
Gorane 6.3%, Fitri-Batha 4.7%, other
6.4%, unknown 0.3%
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha,
Sakalava
Somali or Issas 60%, Afar 35%, other
5%
Egyptian 99.6%, other 0.4%
Black 95%, mulatto and white 5%
Homogeneous mixture of descendants
of Norse and Celts 94%, population of
foreign origin 6%
Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and
Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%,
Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other
1%
Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%,
Turkoman, Assyrian, or other 5%
Irish 87.4%, other white 7.5%, Asian
1.3%, black 1.1%, mixed 1.1%,
unspecified 1.6%
Jewish 76.4%, non-Jewish 23.6%
(mostly Arab) (2004)
Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian
1%
Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%,
Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek 2.5%, German
2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uyghur 1.4%, other
4.9% (1999 census)
Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%,
Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%,
Meru 6%, other African 15%, nonAfrican 1%
Micronesian 98.8%, other 1.2%
Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South
Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 7%
Kyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian
12.5%, Dungan 1.1%, Ukrainian 1%,
Uyghur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)
Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and
other 0.3%,
Berber and Arab 97%, other 3%
South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs
Population
density
44
GDP/capita
(USD) 2009
est.
800
HDI
1000 ha
0.352
65 209
14
7 100
0.754
238 174
1 026
38 400
0.895
71
1 084
1 600
0.543
14 400
662
18 500
0.903
43
342
300
0.394
2 783
8
1 500
0.392
128 400
405
1 000
0.576
186
31
2 800
0.52
2 320
79
328
6 000
1 300
0.703
0.532
100 145
2 756
3
39 600
0.969
10 300
40
12 900
0.782
164 820
66
3 600
n/a
43 832
60
42 200
0.965
7 027
343
28 400
0.935
2 106
70
5 300
0.770
8 921
6
11 800
0.804
272 490
67
1 600
0.541
58 037
155
5 300
n/a
73
151
54 100
0.916
1 782
27
2 100
0.710
19 990
70
1 700
0.514
3 035
4
1 321
15 200
4 200
0.847
0.771
175 954
30
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
24
Annex 2
Country
Mali
Malta
Population
2009 est.
13 443 225
405 165
Mauritania
3 129 486
Mongolia
3 041 142
Morocco
31 285 174
Namibia
2 108 665
Nauru
14 019
Niger
15 306 252
Oman
3 418 085
Pakistan
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
174 578 558
833 285
28 686 633
4 657 542
South Africa
49 052 489
Syrian Arab
Republic
21 762 978
Tajikistan
7 349 145
Togo
6 031 808
Tonga
Tunisia
120 898
10 486 339
Turkmenistan
4 884 887
United Arab
Emirates
4 798 491
Uruguay
3 494 382
Uzbekistan
27 606 007
Yemen
22 858 238
Ethnic and indigenous groups
Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke,
Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,
Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%,
other 5%
Maltese
Mixed Moor/black 40%, Moor 30%,
black 30%
Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic
(mostly Kazakh) 5%, other 0.1% (2000)
Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish
0.2%
Ovambo 50%, Kavangos 9%, 7%
Herero, 7% Damara, 5% Nama, 4%
Caprivian, 3% Bushmen, 2% Baster,
0.5% Tswana
Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander
26%, Chinese 8%, European 8%
Haoussa 55.4%, Djerma Sonrai 21%,
Tuareg 9.3%, Peuhl 8.5%, Kanouri
Manga 4.7%, other 1.2%
Arab, Baluchi, South Asian, African
Punjabi 44.68%, Pashtun (Pathan)
15.42%, Sindhi 14.1%, Sariaki 8.38%,
Muhajirs 7.57%, Balochi 3.57%, other
6.28%
Arab 40%, Indian 18%, Pakistani 18%,
Iranian 10%, other 14%
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Chinese 76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian
7.9%, other 1.4%
Black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored
8.9%, Indian/asian 2.5%
Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and
other 9.7%
Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian
1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%, other 2.6% (2000
census)
African (37 tribes; largest and most
important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre)
99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese
less than 1%
Polynesian, Europeans
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and
other 1%
Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%,
other 6% (2003)
Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian
23%, South Asian 50%, other
expatriates 8%
White 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%,
Amerindian (practically nonexistent)
Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%,
Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak 2.5%, Tatar
1.5%, other 2.5%
Predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab,
South Asians, Europeans
Population
density
GDP/capita
(USD) 2009
est.
HDI
1000 ha
11
1 200
0.371
124 019
1 266
23 800
0.902
32
3
2 100
0.52
102 552
2
3 200
0.727
156 650
70
4 600
0.654
44 655
3
6 400
0.686
82 429
701
5 000
n/a
2
12
700
0.34
126 700
11
23 900
0.846
30 950
219
2 600
0.572
79 610
72
121 700
0.91
1 159
13
20 400
0.843
214 969
6 952
50 300
0.944
67
40
10 100
0.683
121 909
118
4 600
0.742
18 518
52
1 800
0.688
14 255
106
900
0.499
5 679
168
4 600
0.768
72
64
8 000
0.769
16 361
10
6 900
0.739
48 810
57
42 000
0.903
8 360
20
12 700
0.865
17 622
62
2 800
0.71
44 740
43
2 500
0.575
52 797
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
25
Annex 3
Annex 3
Forest land and other wooded areas
Forest land area
Other
wooded
5
land
Forest
Country
1 000 ha
Afghanistan
% of
land
area
Annual
change rate
of forest
cover
1990- 20002000
2005
Other
land
with
tree
cover
1 000 ha
867
1.3
-
-
-2.5
-3.1
2 277
1.0
1 595
-
1.8
1.2
Bahrain
n.s.
Barbados
Burundi
Chad
Comoros
Djibouti
19902000
20002005
%
Algeria
Bangladesh
Annual change
rate of other
wooded land
6
0.6
0
-
5.6
3.8
871
6.7
58
343
n.s.
-0.3
2
4.0
-
-
0
0
Plantations
Produc
tive
plantat
ion
Protect
ive
plantat
ion
1 000 ha
-
-
-10
-4
12
742
-
n.s.
20
9
195
84
-
-
152
5.9
722
-
-3.7
-5.2
0
0
86
0
11 921
9.5
9 152
-
-0.6
-0.7
-6
-3
-
15
5
2.9
-
-
-4.0
-7.4
1
-
6
0.2
220
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
Egypt
67
0.1
20
-
3.0
2.6
0
0
1
66
Haiti
105
3.8
-
-
-0.6
-0.7
24
-
46
0.5
104
8
4.3
3.9
0
0
17
12
11 075
6.8
5 340
83
0
0
0
0
616
13
Iceland
Iran (Islamic
Republic of)
Iraq
822
1.9
927
70
0.2
0.1
-17
-10
0
Ireland
669
9.7
41
-
3.3
1.9
3
0
579
0
Israel
171
8.3
85
-
0.6
0.8
288
37
-
101
Jordan
83
0.9
52
222
0
0
-2
-4
0
40
Kazakhstan
3 337
1.2
15 622
3
-0.2
-0.2
13
6
0
970
Kenya
3 522
6.2
34 920
10,320
-0.3
-0.3
-1
-1
202
-
Kiribati
2
3.0
-
17
0
0
-
-
Kuwait
6
0.3
0
-
3.5
2.7
-
6
869
4.5
313
-
0.3
0.3
7
3
24
42
8
0.3
31
-
3.4
2.7
-47
-44
7
-
217
0.1
330
-
0
0
0
0
-
217
-
-
0
0
-
-
0
n.s.
Kyrgyzstan
Lesotho
Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya
Maldives
Mali
1
3.0
0
-
0
0
12 572
10.3
16 532
-
-0.7
-0.8
Malta
n.s.
1.1
0
-
0
0
Mauritania
267
0.3
3 110
-
-2.7
-3.4
0
0
-
-
Mongolia
10 252
6.5
2 388
-
-0.7
-0.8
-52
-21
112
13
Morocco
4 364
9.8
406
-
0.1
0.2
0
0
563
-
5
6
Land with either (a) a tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of 5-10 per cent of trees able to
reach a height of 5 m at maturity in situ or (b) a crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more
than 10 per cent of trees unable to reach a height of 5 m at maturity in situ (e.g., dwarf or stunted
trees) and shrub or bush cover. Excludes: Areas having the tree, shrub or bush cover specified
above but of less than 0.5 ha and width of 20 m, which are classed under "other land" (land
predominantly used for agricultural practices)
n.s.= not significant, indicating a very small value
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
26
Annex 3
Forest land area
Other
wooded
5
land
Forest
Country
1 000 ha
Namibia
Nauru
Niger
Oman
% of
land
area
Annual
change rate
of forest
cover
1990- 20002000
2005
Other
land
with
tree
cover
1 000 ha
Annual change
rate of other
wooded land
19902000
20002005
%
7 661
9.3
8 473
-
-0.9
-0.9
0
0
0
-
0
0
1 266
1.0
3 740
8,000
-3.7
-1.0
Plantations
Produc
tive
plantat
ion
Protect
ive
plantat
ion
1 000 ha
-4
-13
-2
-7
-
-
-
-
-
110
2
n.s.
1 303
50
0
0
0
0
-
2
Pakistan
1 902
2.5
1 389
-
-1.8
-2.1
11
5
318
-
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
n.s.
2 728
n.s.
1.3
n.s.
34 155
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
-
2
3.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
9 203
7.6
21 409
-
0
0
0
0
1 426
-
461
2.5
35
231
1.5
1.3
0
0
-
264
Tajikistan
410
2.9
142
102
n.s.
0
0
0
22
166
Togo
386
7.1
1 246
-
-3.4
-4.5
0
0
30
8
4
5.0
1
-
0
0
0
0
n.s.
-
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
United Arab
Emirates
1 056
4 127
6.8
8.8
170
0
2,207
-
4.1
0
1.9
0
-46
-4
150
0
348
-
312
3.7
4
195
2.4
0.1
0
0
0
312
Uruguay
1 506
8.6
4
13
4.5
1.3
0
0
751
15
Uzbekistan
3 295
8.0
-
0.5
0.5
5
56
0
-0.22
0
-0.18
0
0
-
-
Singapore
South Africa
Syrian Arab
Republic
Tonga
Yemen
Total world
549
3 952 025
1.0
30.3
904
1 406
1 375 829
42
75,779
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
27
Annex 4
Annex 4
Country
Afghanistan
Algeria
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Burundi
Chad
Comoros
Djibouti
Egypt
Haiti
Iceland
Forest processing in LFCCs
Fuelwood & charcoal
Wood
charcoal
m³
tons
1 563 634
7 968 439
656 358
6 419
1 035
27 432 955
317 536
5 100
300
8 965 300
297 200
6 830 300
382 800
0
37 500
0
46 100
17 283 000
1 328 000
2 024 400
30 300
0
0
Wood fuel
Sawnwood
Wood-based
panels
m³
400 000
12 800
0
388 000
0
83 300
2 400
0
0
2 000
13 800
0
m³
1 400
48 200
0
9 300
0
0
0
0
0
56 300
0
0
Pulp, paper
and
paperboard
tons
0
147 500
30 000
142 000
5 000
0
0
0
0
1 660 000
0
20 310
Iran, Islamic
Republic of
67 000
1 000
50 000
797 000
1 364 000
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lesotho
59 500
52 000
2 043
285 500
49 600
21 140 900
2 800
0
18 000
2 076 100
44 600
0
18 800
37 700
1
17 700
300
2 700
8 500
92 800
12 000
697 000
0
0
111 000
142 000
0
0
60 000
0
5 000
829 000
181 000
0
4 258
83 000
0
0
0
0
75 000
592 000
583 000
121 700
599 000
908 000
0
167 000
171
0
Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya
926 200
101 100
31 000
0
12 000
0
5 202 900
0
1 747 100
633 800
425 000
0
0
9 431 900
0
29 660 000
4 900
0
0
19 560 400
700
124 900
0
173 900
15 300
103 300
54 600
550 600
5 400
75 000
700
38 300
33 800
701 500
0
12 800
0
14 000
300 000
83 000
0
0
4 000
0
1 381 000
0
0
25 000
2 091 100
0
0
0
2 000
1 600
34 900
0
0
0
0
547 000
0
0
355 000
786 100
0
0
5 000
3 300
0
745 000
0
0
0
0
3 458 000
0
713 000
449 000
12 006 000
26 300
31 300
9 000
26 700
150 000
90 000
5 927 000
216 300
0
15 000
0
1 000
0
0
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mongolia
Morocco
Namibia
Nauru
Niger
Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Africa
Syrian Arab
Republic
Tajikistan
Togo
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
28
Annex 4
Country
Tonga
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
United Arab
Emirates
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Yemen
Grand Total
Developing
countries
World
Fuelwood & charcoal
Wood
charcoal
m³
tons
2 100
300
2 170 000
210 000
10 000
Wood fuel
Sawnwood
Wood-based
panels
m³
2 009
20 400
0
m³
Pulp, paper
and
paperboard
tons
0
104 000
0
0
288 600
0
0
2 500
0
0
198 000
2 210 000
23 000
409 500
174 293 090
118 300
49 900
5 928 930
284 000
0
0
6 246 609
176 300
0
0
4 049 058
2 149 000
22 000
2 200
26 615 781
1 692 525 099
47 241 052
134 345 005
130 296 490
512 200 265
1 891 957 509
49 351 844
404 253 914
266 650 975
1 505 468 227
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
29
Annex 5
Annex 5
Industrial roundwood exports and imports in LFCCs
Industrial roundwood
Country
Exports 2008
m³
Afghanistan
Algeria
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Burundi
Chad
Comoros
Djibouti
Egypt
Haiti
Iceland
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lesotho
Libya
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mongolia
Morocco
Namibia
Nauru
Niger
Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Africa
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Togo
Tonga
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
2 505
944
742
667
3
2 860
0
0
0
0
0
0
87
0
320 770
16 452
1 889
0
1 541
0
94
300
0
0
30
481
0
314
1 255
3 109
0
0
134
63
0
2 203
0
39 300
3 559 182
3 320
0
23 367
1 185
2 024
0
20 748
6 101 000
4 553
USD 1000
2 820
85
85
116
2
409
0
0
0
0
0
0
43
0
23 220
479
123
0
764
0
6
341
0
0
1
50
0
103
68
329
0
0
22
3
0
177
0
14 662
333 344
192
0
36 966
69
1 643
46
3 827
343 211
438
Imports 2008
m³
2 191
36 732
2 968
28 454
2 222
44
1 160
0
3 198
116 000
600
7 185
106 695
1 857
376 820
148 973
5 260
98 316
15 075
6
1 046
4 000
0
8 280
0
518
15 418
657
4 254
406 977
0
3
634
59 247
283 000
14 448
85 199
40 300
61 281
15 394
12
1 400
1 027
17 675
14
662 606
6 000
134 022
USD 1000
164
7 070
534
1 787
405
3
93
0
233
14 788
51
1 781
6 636
485
77 768
12 395
439
9 132
2 283
2
701
368
0
618
0
171
844
395
293
73 691
0
1
52
3 828
34 764
12 048
8 585
17 992
6 466
1 128
1
225
78
6 208
76
53 757
952
30 179
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Balance
m³
314
-35 788
-2 226
-27 787
-2 219
2 816
-1 160
0
-3 198
-116 000
-600
-7 185
-106 608
-1 857
-56 050
-132 521
-3 371
-98 316
-13 534
-6
-952
-3 700
0
-8 280
30
-37
-15 418
-343
-2 999
-403 868
0
-3
-500
-59 184
-283 000
-12 245
-85 199
-1 000
3 497 901
-12 074
-12
21 967
158
-15 651
-14
-641 858
6 095 000
-129 469
USD 1000
2 656
-6 985
-449
-1 671
-403
406
-93
0
-233
-14 788
-51
-1 781
-6 593
-485
-54 548
-11 916
-316
-9 132
-1 519
-2
-695
-27
0
-618
1
-121
-844
-292
-225
-73 362
0
-1
-30
-3 825
-34 764
-11 871
-8 585
-3 330
326 878
-936
-1
36 741
-9
-4 565
-30
-49 930
342 259
-29 741
30
Annex 5
Industrial roundwood
Country
Yemen
Grand Total
Developing countries
World
Exports 2008
Imports 2008
m³
USD 1000
m³
USD 1000
0
10 111 122
42 041 068
178 564 187
0
763 644
4 541 704
17 241 689
15 730
2 792 898
50 554 402
180 249 305
3 199
392 669
9 492 158
23 476 498
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Balance
m³
-15 730
7 318 224
-8 513 334
USD 1000
-3 199
370 975
-4 950 454
31
Annex 6
Annex 6
Sawnwood exports and imports in LFCCs
Country
Exports 2008
Sawnwood
m³
Afghanistan
Algeria
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Burundi
Chad
Comoros
Djibouti
Egypt
Haiti
Iceland
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lesotho
Libya
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mongolia
Morocco
Namibia
Nauru
Niger
Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Africa
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Togo
Tonga
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
1 073
163
19
108
100
91
16
0
51
0
79
1 026
14 000
1
389 201
138
3 677
0
434
0
4
2 012
0
224
0
1 377
325
4
84
216
0
16
35
490
0
266
0
195 100
55 323
3 752
29
1 215
44
446
44
108 647
109 000
52
USD 1000
1 393
39
34
75
130
39
19
0
30
0
24
65
4 386
1
79 650
52
4 583
0
386
0
1
207
0
68
0
214
371
4
187
303
0
23
49
149
0
183
0
76 019
11 964
2 499
8
1 285
12
695
5
58 762
29 446
4
Imports 2008
m³
130 021
801 999
15 459
1 252
10 836
22
79
500
1 304
1 911 200
23 800
85 889
909 246
52 045
411 893
454 425
279 040
758 386
13 592
2 195
122 740
106 900
0
201 596
11
22 370
21 428
2 403
776
517 872
0
403
7 539
90 000
129 000
62 859
865 000
224 200
487 690
279 821
109 000
102
10 887
278 267
23 803
609 656
27 000
1 128
USD 1000
40 819
363 642
9 760
740
11 189
4
62
105
662
686 173
4 823
29 385
161 869
24 569
207 249
126 386
13 272
92 484
1 466
639
61 146
11 467
0
91 784
2
4 657
30 233
709
306
225 025
0
147
2 395
45 583
26 018
37 965
674 000
62 549
130 703
104 427
19 000
92
1 895
158 092
1 877
339 176
11 754
496
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Balance
m³
-128 948
-801 836
-15 440
-1 144
-10 736
69
-63
-500
-1 253
-1 911 200
-23 721
-84 863
-895 246
-52 044
-22 692
-454 287
-275 363
-758 386
-13 158
-2 195
-122 736
-104 888
0
-201 372
-11
-20 993
-21 103
-2 399
-692
-517 656
0
-387
-7 504
-89 510
-129 000
-62 593
-865 000
-29 100
-432 367
-276 069
-108 971
1 113
-10 843
-277 821
-23 759
-501 009
82 000
-1 076
USD 1000
-39 426
-363 603
-9 726
-665
-11 059
35
-43
-105
-632
-686 173
-4 799
-29 320
-157 483
-24 568
-127 599
-126 334
-8 689
-92 484
-1 080
-639
-61 145
-11 260
0
-91 716
-2
-4 443
-29 862
-705
-119
-224 722
0
-124
-2 346
-45 434
-26 018
-37 782
-674 000
13 470
-118 739
-101 928
-18 992
1 193
-1 883
-157 397
-1 872
-280 414
17 692
-492
32
Annex 6
Sawnwood
Country
Yemen
Grand Total
Developing countries
World
Exports 2008
Imports 2008
Balance
m³
USD 1000
m³
USD 1000
m³
USD 1000
2
888 884
17 074 415
111 979 608
1
273 365
5 741 983
30 560 806
159 834
10 225 468
25 470 671
102 909 710
39 006
3 855 802
7 461 856
31 082 469
-159 832
-9 336 584
-8 396 256
-39 005
-3 582 437
-1 719 873
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
33
Annex 7
Annex 7
Other wood product exports and imports in LFCCs
Other (wood-based panels, pulp, paper and paperboard)
Exports
Country
tonnes
Afghanistan
Algeria
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Burundi
Chad
Comoros
Djibouti
Egypt
Haiti
Iceland
Iran, Islamic
Republic of
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lesotho
Libya
Maldives
Mali
Malta
m³
Imports
USD 1000
tonnes
tonnes
m³
424
10 598
2 045
552
2 324
285
557
0
246
86 023
0
21 834
557
395
291
2 951
46
140
23
0
29
1 025
0
9
1 240
7 614
1 537
2 029
1 542
254
430
0
345
143 405
0
1 628
7 817
682 253
98 670
543 729
21 916
4 593
1 150
0
38 088
2 515 008
36 454
106 215
19 757
75 618
30 319
18 999
13 710
1 429
940
150
3 863
276 200
9 716
17 414
25 531
766 742
94 328
410 882
47 362
6 955
1 851
80
25 621
1 894 226
31 910
74 394
-7 393
-671 655
-96 625
-543 177
-19 592
-4 308
-593
0
-37 842
-2 428 985
-36 454
-84 381
-19 200
-75 223
-30 028
-16 048
-13 664
-1 289
-917
-150
-3 834
-275 175
-9 716
-17 405
-24 291
-759 128
-92 791
-408 853
-45 820
-6 701
-1 421
-80
-25 276
-1 750 821
-31 910
-72 766
13 781
6 815
6 540
1 368 528
573 553
1 117 585
-1 354 747
-566 738
-1 111 045
491
662 730
73 818
95 115
27 674
55 384
0
40 670
1 133
0
12 762
0
421
5 374
85
613 878
13 211
7 067
170
15 990
0
304
61
0
0
10
392
326
470
634 726
69 300
140 752
18 697
66 520
0
24 568
394
0
2 154
13
663
10 141
26 941
1 167 091
1 529 674
618 193
416 700
388 029
48
324 757
40 632
0
105 654
1 279
17 393
68 878
35 942
263 343
288 636
143 137
646 856
17 430
56
75 546
34 446
0
52 114
3 932
3 916
32 475
57 703
1 977 260
1 140 715
664 208
739 108
397 395
122
333 286
40 545
0
176 192
4 781
30 448
403 616
-26 450
-504 361
-1 455 856
-523 078
-389 026
-332 645
-48
-284 087
-39 499
0
-92 892
-1 279
-16 972
-63 504
-35 857
350 535
-275 425
-136 070
-646 686
-1 440
-56
-75 242
-34 385
0
-52 114
-3 922
-3 524
-32 149
-57 233
-1 342 534
-1 071 415
-523 456
-720 411
-330 875
-122
-308 718
-40 151
0
-174 038
-4 768
-29 785
-393 475
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
m³
Balance
USD 1000
USD 1000
34
Annex 7
Other (wood-based panels, pulp, paper and paperboard)
Exports
Country
Mauritania
Mongolia
Morocco
Namibia
Nauru
Niger
Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Africa
Syrian Arab
Republic
Tajikistan
Togo
Tonga
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
United Arab
Emirates
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Yemen
Grand Total
Developing countries
World
Imports
USD 1000
tonnes
tonnes
m³
tonnes
m³
388
3 137
160 949
0
0
2 017
11 115
4 000
23 297
272 190
727 700
2 740 008
159
134
19 457
0
0
26
272
234
319
19 500
147 300
41 868
219
392
156 897
0
0
1 867
5 191
9 502
12 577
98 167
644 418
2 260 947
8 407
28 521
567 761
0
34
10 065
195 482
1 247 054
87 475
4 053 293
1 836 200
1 493 266
959
8 036
38 733
0
44
6 009
106 528
288 200
129 155
926 800
314 000
129 888
12 734
20 502
541 973
0
57
9 851
190 267
901 935
209 259
3 489 698
884 057
1 833 424
-8 019
-25 384
-406 812
0
-34
-8 048
-184 367
-1 243 054
-64 178
-3 781 103
-1 108 500
1 246 742
-800
-7 902
-19 276
0
-44
-5 983
-106 256
-287 966
-128 836
-907 300
-166 700
-88 020
-12 515
-20 110
-385 076
0
-57
-7 984
-185 076
-892 433
-196 682
-3 391 531
-239 639
427 523
7 525
298
18 598
667 975
102 938
516 543
-660 450
-102 640
-497 945
22
2 757
26
69 856
50
0
4 138
0
6 384
939
72
6 020
6
109 944
470
2 314
20 656
528
749 016
1 155
0
3 559
678
64 879
2 924
2 601
20 106
1 260
754 462
2 262
-2 292
-17 899
-502
-679 160
-1 105
0
579
-678
-58 495
-1 985
-2 529
-14 086
-1 254
-644 518
-1 792
153 107
209 201
269 956
1 569 242
788 213
1 983 616
-1 416 135
-579 012
-1 713 660
1 255 300
15 475
6 942
6 570 102
137 000
3 100
5
1 254 109
988 157
9 491
958
5 728 811
231 087
106 900
213 260
23 219 381
55 000
417 058
167 004
6 190 102
232 135
227 814
220 893
22 518 295
1 024 213
-91 425
-206 318
-16 649 279
82 000
-413 958
-166 999
-4 935 993
756 022
-218 323
-219 935
-16 789 484
61 611 841
32 126 547
63 120 349
140 573 965
15 129 598
100 240 646
-78 962 124
16 996 949
-37 120 297
347.2E+6
81.4E+6
352.1E+6
397.5E+6
71.4E+6
357.6E+6
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
m³
Balance
USD 1000
USD 1000
35
Annex 8
Annex 8
Indicators of forest management sustainability
Protection
forests % of
total forest
area
Conservation
forests % of
total forest
area
867
0.03
n/a
n/a
0
0
-464
16
0
2,277
0
0.06
0.00
63
100
4
n/a
0
0
0
0
2 031
-
98
4
2
96
871
2
0.01
0.01
7.8
n/a
20.9
17.6
0
0
0
0
-240
-
Burundi
Chad
n/a
100
n/a
0
152
11,921
0.02
1.04
n/a
0,1
n/a
9.6
0
0
0
0
-1 400
Comoros
Djibouti
100
n/a
0
n/a
5
6
0.01
0.01
73.4
n/a
0
n/a
0
0
0
0
-153
0
Egypt
Haiti
50
n/a
50
n/a
67
105
0.00
0.01
50
0
0
4.1
0
0
2
0
192
-44
Iceland
Iran (Islamic
Republic of)
Iraq
Ireland
47
53
46
0.14
10.4
0
0
0
60
100
0
11,075
0.15
n/a
1.4
0
0
2 000
100
64
0
36
822
669
0.03
0.15
80
0
20
0.9
0
3 282
0
106
1 120
Israel
Jordan
n/a
86
n/a
0
171
83
0.02
0.01
12.9
6
4.1
1.2
0
0
5
2
50
0
Kazakhstan
Kenya
100
98
0
2
3,337
3,522
0.21
0.09
0
100
15.9
n/a
0
2 438
0
2
38
-1 256
0
100
2
0.02
n/a
n/a
0
0
-
Privately
owned
forests,%
Afghanistan
100
0
Algeria
Bahrain
84
100
Country
Bangladesh
Barbados
Kiribati
Forest
area,
1000 ha
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Certified
forest area,
ha
Number of
chain-ofcustody
certificates
Annual change
in growing
stock 20002005,
1000 m³/yr
Forest
area (ha)
per capita
Publicly
owned
forests,%
36
Forest
area (ha)
per capita
Protection
forests % of
total forest
area
Conservation
forests % of
total forest
area
6
0.00
100
n/a
0
0
-
0
869
0.16
78
7.4
0
0
536
0
8
0.00
n/a
n/a
0
0
-
84
16
217
0.03
100
n/a
0
0
0
n/a
100
n/a
0
1
12 572
0.00
0.94
n/a
69
n/a
23
0
0
0
0
-1 557
Malta
Mauritania
100
98
0
3
0
267
0.00
0.08
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
4
0
0
-200
Mongolia
Morocco
100
97
0
1
10 252
4 364
3.80
0.13
44
n/a
46.2
n/a
0
20 270
0
1
-10 800
2 000
Namibia
Nauru
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
7 661
0
3.46
0.00
n/a
n/a
35.9
n/a
306 489
0
3
0
-1 800
-
Niger
Oman
100
n/a
0
n/a
1 266
2
0.08
0.00
0.2
n/a
17.4
n/a
0
0
0
0
-109
-
Pakistan
Qatar
66
n/a
34
n/a
1 902
n/a
0.01
n/a
n/a
n/a
11.4
n/a
0
0
0
0
-5 200
-
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
99
100
1
0
2 728
2
0.10
0.00
n/a
n/a
n/a
100
0
0
1
72
0
-
South Africa
Syrian Arab
Republic
Tajikistan
66
34
9 203
0.18
n/a
10.3
1 567 811
83
0
100
n/a
461
0.02
n/a
n/a
0
0
-
88
0
410
0.06
10.7
83.9
0
0
-40
Publicly
owned
forests,%
Privately
owned
forests,%
100
0
Kyrgyzstan
100
Lesotho
Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya
Maldives
Mali
100
Country
Kuwait
Forest
area,
1000 ha
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Certified
forest area,
ha
Number of
chain-ofcustody
certificates
Annex 8
Annual change
in growing
stock 20002005,
1000 m³/yr
37
Forest
area (ha)
per capita
Protection
forests % of
total forest
area
Conservation
forests % of
total forest
area
386
0.06
16
16
0
0
n/a
4
0.04
n/a
n/a
0
0
-
6
0
1 056
4 127
0.10
0.80
42
97.5
3.7
2.5
0
0
5
0
400
100
100
0
312
0.07
n/a
n/a
0
13
13
3
97
1 506
0.45
23
17.2
1 118 050
31
-
100
5
0
80
3 295
549
0.12
0.02
91.5
n/a
83
n/a
0
0
0
0
1 130
0
Publicly
owned
forests,%
Privately
owned
forests,%
Togo
27
73
Tonga
100
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
United Arab
Emirates
Uruguay
94
100
Uzbekistan
Yemen
Country
Forest
area,
1000 ha
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Certified
forest area,
ha
Number of
chain-ofcustody
certificates
Annex 8
Annual change
in growing
stock 20002005,
1000 m³/yr
-
38
Annex 9
Annex 9
Role of forests in poverty reduction strategies and national development policies and strategies
Role of forests in PRSP
Forest sector linkages to strategies
Country
PRS/PRSP
(Yes/No)
Afghanistan
Yes (2008)
Algeria
No
Bahrain
No
Bangladesh
Yes (2005)
Barbados
No
Burundi
Yes (2006)
Other similar
document
e.g. National
Development
Strategy
La stratégie de
développement
rural document not
available
National
Development
Strategy
The National
Strategic Plan
2005-2025
Forests
included
in the
PRSP
Income
generation
/poverty
reduction
Conservation
/ biodiversity
Watershed
management
Desertification
Energy
Yes
Yes – public
works
programme,
skills
development
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
-
-
-
-
-
Yes
Yes – critical
sector for propoor growth.
Community/
social forestry
Yes, linked to
watershed
management
Yes
Agricultural land
degradation
Yes
No
-
-
-
-
-
Yes
Environmentally
sustainable and
labour-intensive
public works
programme for
reforestation
Improvement
and
management
of existing
forests,
reforestation
Yes - catchment No
reforestation
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Promote and
distribute
improved, fuelefficient
fireplaces and
ovens.
Others,
comments
Some afforestation
activities exist to
support agricultural
production.
The focus is on
afforestation and
reforestation
activities. Trees
outside forests &
silvopastoral systems
are important.
-
Develop natural
resources
management plans.
Support and assist
local communities in
39
Annex 9
Role of forests in PRSP
Forest sector linkages to strategies
Country
PRS/PRSP
(Yes/No)
Other similar
document
e.g. National
Development
Strategy
Forests
included
in the
PRSP
Income
generation
/poverty
reduction
Conservation
/ biodiversity
Watershed
management
Desertification
Chad
Yes (2003)
Low
importanc
e
Rural income –
wood based
energy
Comoros
Yes (2005)
Yes
Core strategy 6:
Promote a
healthy
environment
and guarantee
that
development is
sustainable.
-
Maintain soil
quality, restore
the quality of
degraded soils,
and ensure
sustainable
development of
forestry
resources.
Agricultural land
degradation is
of concern.
Djibouti
Yes (2009)
Yes
-
Conservation
area
management
Yes
Yes
Egypt
No
Haiti
Yes (2008)
Yes
Deforestation
and erosion are
recognized as
causes for
accelerated
decline of rural
environment
and poverty.
Combat soil
degradation
and seek
sustainable
management
of biodiversity.
Integrated
management of
water resources
in the
watersheds and
coastal areas –
e.g., a specific
objective is the
National
Development
Strategy –
document not
available
PRSP
Progress
Report
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Energy
The country is
heavily
dependent on
wood fuel (78%
of the need);
consequently,
there are
massive
deforestation
and erosion.
-
Others,
comments
managing natural
resources.
Promotion of modern
renewable energy
would decrease
deforestation.
Forests and forestry
are strongly linked to
energy and
agricultural issues.
Forestry is linked to
agriculture, especially
to animal husbandry.
Promote energy
and carbon
sequestration
forests and
preparation of a
Forestry Action
Plan.
40
Annex 9
Role of forests in PRSP
Forest sector linkages to strategies
Country
PRS/PRSP
(Yes/No)
Other similar
document
e.g. National
Development
Strategy
Forests
included
in the
PRSP
Income
generation
/poverty
reduction
Conservation
/ biodiversity
Iceland
Iran, Islamic
Republic of
No
Iraq
No
Welfare for the
Future National
Development
Strategy for
2002-2020
Vision 2025 –
complete
document is
not available.
National
Development
Strategy 20052007
Yes
Desertification
A specific
objective is to
establish the
National Agency
for Protected
Areas and
Forests.
-
-
Energy
Others,
comments
Reforestation
aims to restore
equilibrium
between the
supply of and
demand for
wood/charcoal
energy.
reforestation of
areas around
springs.
Reduced
environmental
vulnerability of
the poor and
adaptation to
climate change
are goals.
The
environment is
a focal point for
attracting
investment and
providing
business
opportunities to
the poor.
-
Watershed
management
Yes – soil
erosion
(overgrazing)
-
Completed
afforestation projects
encouraged multipurpose forests
No
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
41
Annex 9
Role of forests in PRSP
Forest sector linkages to strategies
Country
PRS/PRSP
(Yes/No)
Ireland
No
Israel
No
Jordan
No
Kazakhstan
No
Kenya
(Yes 20032007)
Kiribati
No
Other similar
document
e.g. National
Development
Strategy
Making
Ireland’s
Development
Sustainable
(2002)
Revised
version 2008
n/a
Information not
available
National
Agenda – the
Jordan we
strive for
(2006-2015)
Strategy
”Kazakhstan
2030”
Forests
included
in the
PRSP
-
No
Conservation
/ biodiversity
Watershed
management
Reforestation,
afforestation
Forests are
mentioned only
as a source of
pollutants.
Yes –
generally, not
forest related
Desertification
-
No
Others,
comments
Energy
-
The document
includes part of
Ireland’s climate
change strategy.
Yes – not
linked to
forestry
No
Yes
National
Development
Plan
2008-2011
Income
generation
/poverty
reduction
The emphasis is on
more general
environmental
sustainability.
This PRS
promotes
private sector
participation in
afforestation
and
management of
forest
plantations.
-
Yes
Afforestation
for watershed
management
-
-
-
-
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Yes –
sustainable
management of
the resource
and efficient
harvesting and
end-use
technologies
are mentioned.
-
-
42
Annex 9
Role of forests in PRSP
Forest sector linkages to strategies
Country
PRS/PRSP
(Yes/No)
Kuwait
Other similar
document
e.g. National
Development
Strategy
Information not
available
Forests
included
in the
PRSP
Kyrgyzstan
Yes (2002)
Yes
Lesotho
Yes (2006)
Yes
Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya
Maldives
Mali
Yes
(2006-2010
)
Yes (2008)
Information not
available
National
Development
Plan (NDP)
2006-2010
Income
generation
/poverty
reduction
Conservation
/ biodiversity
Watershed
management
Desertification
Micro
processing
industry
development
Agroforestry for
increased
productivity
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
-
-
Yes
NDP:
Implement a
forestry and
natural
resource
management
framework to
promote
sustainable
agriculture
development.
-
Yes
Promote
agroforestry for
economic
growth and
food security,
employment for
rural youth in
forestry
activities.
Only brief
mentioning in
the PRSP –
The objective
is to assess
forest
resources
and improve
data
management
for better
planning.
Yes
-
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Energy
Others,
comments
Yes substitution of
wood based
energy
Yes
State Forest
Programme for
reforestation
-
Biofuels
development is
also mentioned
as an objective.
The PRSP sets a
target to develop a
framework for
forestry
development.
Yes – no direct
link to forestry
Energy policy
for the renewal
of wood
resources
43
Annex 9
Role of forests in PRSP
Forest sector linkages to strategies
Country
PRS/PRSP
(Yes/No)
Malta
No
Mauritania
Other similar
document
e.g. National
Development
Strategy
A Sustainable
Development
Strategy for
Maltese
Islands 20062016
Forests
included
in the
PRSP
Income
generation
/poverty
reduction
Conservation
/ biodiversity
Watershed
management
Desertification
No
-
Yes – not
linked to
forestry
Yes - but not
linked to
forestry
Soil
degradation,
erosion – not
linked to
forestry
Nothing forest
related
Yes (20062010)
Yes
Yes
No
No
Mongolia
Yes (2003)
Yes
The forest
sector has
untapped
potential for
income
generation.
Utilize and
process NWFP
for income
generation and
increase forest
sector
employment .
Yes
Yes – green
zones,
reforestation
Yes
The Master
Plan for wood
and charcoal
supply in major
cities includes
reforestation.
No
Morocco
No
Increase
community and
stakeholder
participation in
SFM, and
increase
Yes
Integrated
watershed
management
Yes
Namibia
National
Economic and
Social
Development
Plan document not
available
Vision 2030,
National
Development
Plan (NDP)
Yes
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Others,
comments
Energy
Not directly –
improved
energy
efficiency,
promotion of
renewable
-
Prevention of forest
fires is mentioned.
Conduct forest
resources
assessment; control
illegal logging, build
capacity.
44
Annex 9
Role of forests in PRSP
Forest sector linkages to strategies
Country
PRS/PRSP
(Yes/No)
Nauru
No
Niger
Yes (20082012)
Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
No
Yes (2004)
No
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
No
South Africa
No
Other similar
document
e.g. National
Development
Strategy
National
Sustainable
Development
Strategy
2005-2025
Forests
included
in the
PRSP
No
Yes
Vision 2020
Qatar National
Vision 2030
Information not
available
Sustainable
Singapore
(2009)
No
No
No
Of very
low
importanc
e
Income
generation
/poverty
reduction
benefits from
forest
resources,
including with
invader bush
utilisation.
-
NWFP (arabic
gum) and
agroforestry;
create
employment in
forestry
-
-
Conservation
/ biodiversity
Watershed
management
Desertification
Others,
comments
Energy
energy
-
-
-
-
-
Yes
Integrated
water
resources
management
Yes
(reforestation)
Energy
efficiency and
alternative
energy sources
-
-
-
-
-
-
Maintain
protected
areas.
-
-
-
-
No – under
development
(National
Planning
Commission)
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
45
Annex 9
Role of forests in PRSP
Forest sector linkages to strategies
Country
Syrian Arab
Republic
Tajikistan
Togo
PRS/PRSP
(Yes/No)
No
Other similar
document
e.g. National
Development
Strategy
Information not
available
Yes (20102012)
(Yes 20092011)
Forests
included
in the
PRSP
Yes
Income
generation
/poverty
reduction
Conservation
/ biodiversity
-
-
Yes
Yes - Promote
private and
communitybased forestry.
Yes
Integrated
water
resources
management
Develop ecotourism.
Tonga
No
Strategic
Development
Plan Eight
(2006-2009)
Tunisia
No
11
Development
Plan –
available only
in Arabic
th
Yes
Watershed
management
Promotion of
sustained
private sectorled growth in
agriculture and
forestry (agroforestry) and
promotion of
production of
high value tree
specifies for
export are in
the plan.
Natural forest
reserves are
protected and
developed.
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Desertification
Yes – erosion
control
Yes
Others,
comments
Energy
-
-
-
Reduction of green
house gas emissions
is stated in the
Ministry of
Environment and
Forest Resources National
Environmental
Policy.
The focus is on
agroforestry.
46
Annex 9
Role of forests in PRSP
Forest sector linkages to strategies
Country
PRS/PRSP
(Yes/No)
Turkmenista
n
No
United Arab
Emirates
No
Uruguay
No
Uzbekistan
Yes (2008)
Yemen
Yes (2008)
Other similar
document
e.g. National
Development
Strategy
The National
Programme on
the Strategy of
Economic,
Political and
Cultural
Development
of
Turkmenistan
until 2020 –
complete
document not
available
National
Development
Strategy
(2007)
Plan de
Gobierno del
Frente Amplio
Forests
included
in the
PRSP
Income
generation
/poverty
reduction
Conservation
/ biodiversity
Watershed
management
Desertification
Others,
comments
Energy
-
Yes – forests
are mainly
considered in
the contexts
of biodiversity
and
desertification
.
-
Yes – forests
are mainly
considered in
the context of
biodiversity and
desertification.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Yes
-
Yes
-
-
No
No – the
plan is of
macroeco
nomic
nature.
Of very
low
importanc
e
Of very
low
importanc
e
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
47
Annex 10
Annex 10
Forest sector policy framework
Country
Afghanistan
NFP
No
Algeria
Forest
policy
Yes
Forest strategy/Forestry
master plan
Yes
Yes (2007)
Yes
No
Forestry Master Plan
1995-2015
No
Gnrofoun, T. 1990. Plan
D Action Forestier
Tropical, Republique du
Burundi
Forest legislation
To be approved
Very fragmentary
(1984) – since 1996,
new forest legislation
is under development
No
Yes (1927 and
amendments)
No
Bahrain
No
No
Bangladesh
No
Yes (1994)
Barbados
No
No
Burundi
In the NFP
Facility
Yes
Chad
Comoros
Djibouti
Egypt
Haiti
Iceland
No information available
No
No
No information available
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes (1926, 1963)
Yes (1907,2006)
Iran, Islamic
Republic of
No
No
No
No
Iraq
Process ongoing
No
No
Yes (1995)
Ireland
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes (1946)
Israel
No
No
No
No
Jordan
No
No
No
No
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Comments
Documents n/a
Yes (1985)
The Vision 2025 on Natural Resources Development
and Watershed Management; Natural Resources Laws
of Iran
In addition, in 2000, the Forest Service launched the
Irish National Forest Standard and the related Code of
Best Forest Practice.
A draft policy document was formulated in 2007 but it
was neither officially adopted nor submitted for
48
Annex 10
Country
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lesotho
Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mongolia
Morocco
Namibia
Nauru
NFP
No
In the NFP
Facility
No
No
Yes, in the
NFP Facility
In the NFP
Facility
Forest
policy
Forest strategy/Forestry
master plan
Forest legislation
No
No
Yes (2003)
Yes (2007)
Yes
Yes (2005)
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes (2004)
Yes (2006-2010)
Yes (1999)
Yes
No up-to-date information
is available.
Yes (1998)
No
No
No
No information is
available.
No
No, a draft
is under the
consultation
process.
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes (1986)
No
No
No
No
No
Yes (1997)
Yes
No
Yes (1995)
Yes
Yes
Yes (1994)
Yes
Yes
Yes (2001)
No
No
No
Yes (1995), in
the NFP
Facility
No
No
In the NFP
Facility
Yes (1998) not active in
the NFP
Facility
Yes, in the
NFP Facility
No
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Comments
discussion and comment by the stakeholders; there is
a relevant section in agricultural and environmental
legislation.
Part of environmental policies
Part of agricultural sector
Considerable support is provided to the forest sector
from the Swiss government.
A Draft Forest Policy was prepared under support of
FAO in 2007.
According to the policy, the legislation will be revised
and redirected.
At present, there is no separate policy or legislation on
49
Annex 10
Country
NFP
Forest
policy
Forest strategy/Forestry
master plan
Forest legislation
Comments
forestry; however, the Government, through its
representatives, has expressed keen interest in working on
key areas, such as conservation of indigenous tree species
and biodiversity.
Niger
Oman
Pakistan
Yes, National
NFAP under
revision with
FAO NFP
Facility
No
Yes, in the
NFP Facility
Yes
Yes, under revision
Yes
No
No
No
Yes (2001)
Yes
Yes (1927)
No
No
Several programmes; not
a coherent strategy
No
Yes
Yes (The Forest and
Range Act)
No
Yes (1998)
Qatar
No
No
Saudi Arabia
No
No
Singapore
South Africa
No
Yes (1997)
Syrian Arab
Republic
Tajikistan
Togo
Tonga
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
United Arab
Emirates
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
No
Yes
Yes (not
No
No
Yes (1994)
officially
endorsed)
No
Yes
N/A
Yes (1993)
National Forestry Action Plan – no recent information available
No (Draft
No (Draft
Yes
Yes (1961)
2008)
2008)
Yes, in the
Yes
Yes
Yes (1988)
NFP Facility
No
Yes
No
Yes (1993)
No
No
No
No
No
Yes, in the
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes (1999)
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
In addition, Pakistan has developed the ‘National
Vision 2030 for Forest and Biodiversity Conservation’.
Part of environmental and combat desertification
strategies
Biodiversity strategy includes also forests.
Singapore National Biodiversity and Action Plan
A High Commission for Afforestation has existed since
1977.
National forestry objectives are outlined in the
government’s five-year development plan.
50
Annex 10
Country
Yemen
NFP
NFP Facility
Under
preparation
with the NFP
Facility
support
Forest
policy
Under
preparation
Forest strategy/Forestry
master plan
Under preparation
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Forest legislation
Comments
No (draft, not
enforced?)
51
Annex 11
Annex 11
Country
Key issues of national forest policies
Phase:
complete/in
progress
Institutional
reform
Legal
reforms
Countries supported by the NFP Facility
Burundi
Complete
Kenya
Complete
Yes
Kyrgyzstan
Complete
Lesotho
Mali
Complete
(document
not available)
Complete
Yes, State
Forest
Service and
state forest
enterprises
Yes
Mongolia
Complete
Morocco
Complete
Yes decentralizati
on,
restructuring
Yes
Yes
Physical
realizations (e.g.,
afforestation,
forest
management,
protection)
Capacity
building
Yes, protection,
restoration,
reforestation,
agroforestry
Ecosystem
approach in forest
management
planning;
restoration,
reforestation,
conservation
SFM,
reforestation/affor
estation,
conservation
Yes
Yes
Yes, at all
levels
Yes
Yes – SFM,
reforestation,
conservation
Already
done
Yes, reforestation, Yes
afforestation,
conservation,
forest fire
protection
Natural forest
Communication
Investment
programmes
Awareness
raising and
information
campaigns
Yes,
research
and
education
Yes
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Information
management
To lift the
profile of the
State Forest
Service
Other
Involve community in
forest resource
management.
Incentive
programmes
for SFM
Involve forest adjacent
communities and other
stakeholders in forest
management and
conservation.
Enhanced
efficiency of
the forest
financing
system
Increase the role of the
private sector (e.g.
outsourcing) and local
communities (joint forest
management)Decentralize and involve
communities in forest
management.
Increase private sector
and donor cooperation in
forest sector.
Enabling
environment
for
investments
Yes, in
reforestation/
afforestation
The emphasis is on
poverty reduction and
creating employment/
small-scale business.
Combat forest fires and
52
Annex 11
Country
Phase:
complete/in
progress
Institutional
reform
Namibia
Complete
Yes,
decentralizati
on
Niger
Pakistan
Under
revision
(complete
document not
available)
Complete
South Africa
Complete
Togo
No recent information available
Legal
reforms
Yes,
complete
Physical
realizations (e.g.,
afforestation,
forest
management,
protection)
regeneration,
reforestation,
pasture
management
Yes,
reforestation/affor
estation,
conservation
Capacity
building
Information
management
Communication
Other
desertification.
Yes
Increase community
involvement in forest
resource management,
farm forestry, industry
development programme.
Promote linkages to
tourism development.
Work on rural poverty
reduction and linkages to
energy sector.
Yes, for
local
governme
nt/
stakeholde
r
participatio
n
Yes, SFM,
Yes
Yes,
afforestation
research,
encouraging small
monitoring
holder forestry in
capacity
addition to
industrial scale
forestry
Energy and trees outside
forests are mentioned in
the nfp.
Yes, reforestation,
agroforestry, soil
conservation,
SFM
Yes,
including
decentralizati
on
Investment
programmes
SFM,
conservation,
plantations
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Yes
Empower community in
the forest sector to create
income and employment.
Monitor and prevent forest
fires.
53
Annex 11
Country
Phase:
complete/in
progress
Tunisia
Complete
Uzbekistan
Complete
(document
not available)
Institutional
reform
Yes,
decentralizati
on
Yemen
Other countries with forest policy/strategy
Afghanistan
Policy
complete,
NFP under
processing,
document not
available
Algeria
Complete
Yes
(2007)
Bangladesh
Complete
Iceland
Complete
Ireland
Complete
Yes
Legal
reforms
Physical
realizations (e.g.,
afforestation,
forest
management,
protection)
Afforestation,
reforestation,
conservation, fire
prevention
Capacity
building
Information
management
Communication
Investment
programmes
Yes
(particularl
y in
community
forestry
approach)
Other
Linkages to agricultural
sector and animal
husbandry (silvopastoral
systems) as well as to
tourism are provided.
Social functions of forests
are well recognized.
Involve community in
forest management.
Yes
SFM
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Involve community in
forest management.
Yes
Communities participate in
management and
conservation.
More efficient law
enforcement is required.
There are linkages to the
agricultural sector and
possibly to tourism.
Yes
Yes,
including
implement
ation of
internation
al
agreement
s
Yes, afforestation,
conservation
Conservation,
afforestation
Afforestation,
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Yes
Awareness
raising
Yes
Awareness
Private
54
Annex 11
Country
Syrian Arab
Republic
Tajikistan
Uruguay
Phase:
complete/in
progress
Not officially
endorsed
(document
not available)
Complete?
(Document
not available)
Complete
Institutional
reform
Legal
reforms
Physical
realizations (e.g.,
afforestation,
forest
management,
protection)
woodland
improvement,
conservation
Conservation,
protection,
reforestation/affor
estation
Reforestation/affo
restation,
protection,
conservation,
erosion control
Afforestation,
SFM (including
improved
techniques and
practices), forest
protection
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Capacity
building
Information
management
Communication
Investment
programmes
campaigns
and capacity
building for
farmers and
communities
sector
forestry
development
and
production
enhancemen
t
Other
Multipurpose trees and fire
prevention are mentioned.
Energy and tourism sector
linkages are mentioned.
Yes
Research,
improved
knowledge
of
resources
Improved
infrastructure
, previously
subsidies for
plantation
establishmen
t, currently
tax
incentives for
investments
There is currently a strong
focus on energy
production, NWFPs,
carbon sequestration, and
recreation.
There is also integration of
forestry activities with
other agricultural-sector
activities.
55
Annex 12
Annex 12
Country
Afghanistan
Forest sector institutions and organizations in LFCCs
Ministry/Ministries
responsible for forest
sector
Ministry of Agriculture,
Irrigation and Livestock
Gov. department
responsible for
forestry/forest conservation
State forest
enterprises/Companies
Extension services
No permanent
services established
so far; extension
services come
through programmes.
Department of Forestry, under
the auspices of General
Department (GD) for Natural
Resources
Research & educational
institutions
No information available
Institut National de la Recherche
Forestière (The National Institute for
Forest Research (INRF), under the
auspices of the Ministry of
Agriculture)
Institut des sciences de la nature
Algeria
The Ministry of Agriculture
The General Forestry
Directorate
n/a
n/a
– Annab, Algeria
Institut national agronomique
- El Harrach, Algeria
Institut national de formation
superieure agricole
Institut national de la recherche
agronomique,
Bahrain
Afforestation activities are
carried out by the Ministry
of Works and Agriculture,
the Ministry of Housing,
Municipalities and
Environment as well as by
the Royal Prince Bureau.
The main body concerned with
protected area administration
and management is the
Environmental Protection
Committee supported by the
Environmental Protection
Technical Secretariat.
-
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-
56
Annex 12
Country
Ministry/Ministries
responsible for forest
sector
Gov. department
responsible for
forestry/forest conservation
State forest
enterprises/Companies
Yes (social forestry
programmes)
Bangladesh
The Ministry of
Environment and Forestry
(MOEF)
Forest Department
The Department of
Environment
n/a
Research & educational
institutions
Extension services
Bangladesh Forest
Industries
Development
Corporation (BFIDC).
The Bangladesh Forest Research
Institute (BFRI)
University of Chittagong
Forest colleges (under the Forest
Department) and schools in
Chittagong, Sylhet and Rajshahi and
Kaptai
The Institute of Forestry, Chittagong
University.
Barbados
Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural
Development/Ministry of
Energy and Environment
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Burundi
Ministère de l’Eau, de
l’Environnement, de
l’Aménagement du
Territoire et de
l’Urbanisme (Ministry of
Water, Environment,
Land Management and
Urbanization)
n/a
n/a
Yes
n/a
Chad
Ministère d’Environnement
et des Ressources
Halieutiques
(Ministère d’Agriculture et
de l’Irrigation also has a
minor role)
Comoros
Ministere de
Direction de
l'Agriculture, de la
l’environnement et des
Peche, et de
forêts
l'Environnement (MAPE)
Division des Forets et
Reboisement (outdated
information)
n/a
n/a
-
-
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Centre de formation agro-sylvopastoral (CFAP)
The University of the Comoros
57
Annex 12
Country
Djibouti
Ministry/Ministries
responsible for forest
sector
Ministere de l'Habitat, de
l'Urbanisme,
del'Environnement et de
l'Amenagement du
Territoire
Gov. department
responsible for
forestry/forest conservation
State forest
enterprises/Companies
Extension services
Research & educational
institutions
Djibouti Studies and Research
Centre(CERD)
n/a
n/a
n/a
National Education, Research,
Information, and Production
Centre(CRIPEN)
University of Alexandria, Faculty of
Agriculture, Department of Forestry
and Wood Technology
Faculties of Agriculture in different
universities are responsible for
graduating agronomists specialized
in the fields of forestry and
horticulture.
Egypt
Ministry of Agriculture and
Land Reclamation (MALR)
Undersecretariat for
Afforestation and Environment
n/a
Yes, MALR extension
services
The Agricultural Research Centre,
affiliated with the Ministry of
Agriculture, is responsible for
qualifying and training the
agronomists, specialists, technicians
and professionals of various
vocations.
The Agricultural Secondary and
Preparatory Schools
RESEARCH
Alexandria University, Forestry
Division (dept.)
The Agricultural Research Centre,
Timber Trees & Forestry Dept.
The Desert Research Centre
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58
Annex 12
Country
Haiti
Ministry/Ministries
responsible for forest
sector
Ministère de l’Agriculture,
des Ressources Naturelles
et du Developpment Rural
(MANDR)
Gov. department
responsible for
forestry/forest conservation
Natural Resources Division Service des Forêts
Environmental Protection
ServiceISPAN (Institute pour la
Sauvegarde du Patrimoine
National)
State forest
enterprises/Companies
n/a
Research & educational
institutions
Extension services
Yes
n/a
Agency for tourism and the
Ministry of Planning and
Cooperation.
A forest research station is in
Mógilsá.
Iceland
Ministry of the Environment
is in charge of
Regional Afforestation
Projects. This Ministry also
has partial control over
Iceland Forest Service
research funding under the
Ministry of Fisheries and
Agriculture.
The Iceland Forest Service
(IFS) comprises seven
divisions and four advisers
located around the country
-
Under the IFS
Iceland participates in Nordic
Cooperation in Forest Research
(SNS), the Nordic Forest Seed and
Plant Commission (NSFP), the
International Union of Forestry
Research Organizations (IUFRO)
and EU research programmes.
Forestry education is at the
Agricultural University of Iceland.
University of Teheran, College of
Agriculture & Natural Resources
Iran, Islamic
Republic of
Forestry and Range
Organization
Ministry of Agriculture
n/a
Department of the
Environment
n/a
Research is conducted in ministries
and universities. Almost all
ministries in Iran have their own
research institutes and centres.
The University of Tehran Faculty of
Natural Resources includes the
Departments of Forestry and Forest
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59
Annex 12
Country
Ministry/Ministries
responsible for forest
sector
Gov. department
responsible for
forestry/forest conservation
State forest
enterprises/Companies
Extension services
Research & educational
institutions
Economics.
Research Institute of Rangelands
Higher Education Centre For
Desertification Control
Higher Education Centre of
Kelarabad
University of Mazandaran, College
of Agricultural Sciences
Iraq
Ireland
Ministry of Agriculture.
Department of Agriculture
and Rural Development
University of Tehran Department of
Natural Resources
Mosul University, College of
Agriculture and Forestry,
Department of Forestry
The Forestry Service is
currently part of the State
Company for Horticulture and
Forestry, under the Ministry of
Agriculture. As part of the
State Company for Horticulture
and Forestry, the Forestry
Service is self-financed.
State Company for
Horticulture and Forestry
The Forest Service
-
Yes
Nineveh Forestry Research Station
Mosul University, State Board for
Agricultural Research
University College Dublin, School of
Biological and Environmental
Science, Agriculture and Food
Science Centre
Yes
University College Dublin,
Information Resource Management
Coillte Teoranta
Coillte Teo, Research and
Technology Division
National Council for Forest
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60
Annex 12
Country
Ministry/Ministries
responsible for forest
sector
Gov. department
responsible for
forestry/forest conservation
State forest
enterprises/Companies
Extension services
Research & educational
institutions
Research and Development
(COFORD)
Israel
Ministry of the Environment
The majority of Israel’s forest
lands fall under the jurisdiction
of two agencies: the Keren
Kayemeth Le’Israel (KKL) or
Jewish National Fund (JNF) –
an NGO) responsible for all
n/a
planted forests and a portion of
natural forests, and the Israel
Nature and Parks Authority
(INPA) responsible for natural
forests designated as nature
reserves and/or national parks.
Yes – for agriculture
Forest Department of the KKL, Land
Development Authority
Jordan
Ministry of Agriculture
Directorate of Forests in the
Department of Forestry and
Agricultural Resources
n/a
n/a
Kazakhstan
Ministry of Agriculture
The State Committee on
Forestry
Government forest enterprises
(e.g., leshozes, a type of FMU)
n/a
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Agricultural Research Organization,
Department of Agronomy & Natural
Resources
The Jordanian Society for
Desertification Control and Badia
Development (JSDCBD) was
established in 1990 with the
objectives of studying the
mechanism and extent of
desertification in order to formulate
scientific solutions to halt
desertification processes. Besides
research, JSDCBD focuses on
raising public awareness of the
threats of desertification, the use of
areas around treated waste plants
for afforestation programmes and
the rehabilitation of waste disposal
sites.
Several scientific and higher
educational institutions
61
Annex 12
Country
Ministry/Ministries
responsible for forest
sector
Gov. department
responsible for
forestry/forest conservation
State forest
enterprises/Companies
Research & educational
institutions
Extension services
Kenya Forestry Research Institute
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
African Academy of Sciences
Agricultural Research Foundation
Bukura Agricultural College
College of Agriculture and
Veterinary Sciences
Kenya Forest Service
Kenya
Ministry of Environment
and Natural Resources
Kenya Forest Service
n/a
Funds have been a
lacking for extension
services.
KEFRI Forest Products Research
Centre
Kenya Agricultural Research
Institute
Kenya Institute of Organic Farming
Moi University
Pan African START Secretariat
World Agroforestry Centre
N.B. Three research institutions,
KARI, KETRI and KEVEVAPI, have
merged.
Kiribati
Ministry of Environment,
Lands and Agricultural
Development
Kuwait
Information not available
The Department of Agriculture
-
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n/a
-
62
Annex 12
Country
Kyrgyzstan
Ministry/Ministries
responsible for forest
sector
The State Agency for
Environment Protection
and Forestry
Gov. department
responsible for
forestry/forest conservation
State Department of Forestry
State Agency for
Environmental Protection and
Forestry
Forestry Division
State forest
enterprises/Companies
State Forestry Service
Research & educational
institutions
Extension services
Yes
National Academy of Sciences of
the Kyrgyz Republic
Institute of Biosphere
Lesotho College of Agriculture
Lesotho
Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya
Ministry of Forestry and
Soil Conservation
The Secretary for Foreign
Liaison and International
Cooperation currently deals
with forestry issues.
Production - The
Ministry of Fisheries,
Agriculture and Marine
Resources (MoFAMR)
Maldives
Protection – The
Ministry of Environment,
Energy and Water
(MoEEW)
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
The Government is currently in
the process of negotiating and
arranging for the proper
transfer of management of the
existing forest reserves to the
local communities.
Ministry of Environment
and Sanitation
Ministry for Resources and
Rural Affairs
Ministry of Rural
Development (forest
conservation)
Department of Agricultural Research
n/a
Forestry Division
Department of Conservation,
Forestry and Land use Planning;
Forestry Division
-
-
-
No Forestry Unit, lack of
qualified staff
n/a
n/a
n/a
National Directorate of Water
and Forests
None
Yes
Institut d'Economie Rurale du Mali
n/a
-
-
n/a
The Nature Protection
Directorate (conservation)
n/a
n/a
n/a
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63
Annex 12
Country
Ministry/Ministries
responsible for forest
sector
Gov. department
responsible for
forestry/forest conservation
State forest
enterprises/Companies
Extension services
Research & educational
institutions
Mongolian Academy of Sciences,
Institute of Geo-Ecology
Mongolia
The Ministry of Nature and
Environment is responsible
for the management of the
forest resources, while the
Ministry of Trade and
Industry is responsible for
coordinating the forest
industries.
Environment, Forest and
Water Resource Authority is
under the direct supervision of
the Minister of Nature and
Environment. It is a
government implementation
agency for the National
Forestry Programme
National University of Mongolia,
Faculty of Biology
n/a
n/a
NGOs active in forest and forestry
development include the Mongolian
Forest Forum and the North Asia
Forestry Forum (with headquarters
in Seoul, Republic of Korea).
Green Gobi Centre NGO
Division de Recherche et
d'Experimentation Forestière
Institut technique royale des eaux et
forets
Morocco
Secretariat general du haut
comissariat aux eaux et
forets et a la lutte contre la
desertification
Département des Eaux et
Forêts
n/a
Département des
Eaux et Forêts
École Nationale Forestière
d'Ingenieurs
Institut agronomique et veterinaire
hassan II
Ecole nationale forestiere
d’ingenieurs
Ogongo Agriculture College
Namibia
Ministry of Agriculture,
Water and Forestry
Directorate of Forestry
n/a
Directorate of
Forestry
Directorate of forestry
The Desert research foundation of
Namibia
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64
Annex 12
Country
Nauru
Ministry/Ministries
responsible for forest
sector
The Ministry of Public
Works has some
responsibility in promoting
and protecting forest and
tree resources.
Gov. department
responsible for
forestry/forest conservation
n/a
State forest
enterprises/Companies
None
Research & educational
institutions
Extension services
None
Secretariat of the Pacific Community
(SPC) Forestry has provided some
assistance to Nauru in nursery
development and management. This
is to raise selected tree species for
interested landowners and for the
Nauru Phosphate Corporation to do
rehabilitation work on the mined-out
phosphate fields.
Institut National de Recherches
Agronomiques du Niger
Faculte d’agronomie, Universite de
Niamey
Niger
Ministere de l'Agriculture
Environmental Directorate
et de l'Environnement
n/a
n/a
Institut national de la recherche
agronomique du Niger
International Crops Research
Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
Centre Sahélien
Oman
Ministry of Agriculture and
Fisheries.
Range Resources Department
n/a
n/a
n/a
Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI)
Govt. Jehanzeb college, Swat
Pakistan
Ministry of Food Agriculture
Inspector General of Forest
and Livestock
n/a
n/a
Pakistan Agricultural Research
Council (PARC)
Punjab Forestry Research Institute
(PFRI)
Qatar
Ministry of Municipal Affairs
n/a
and Agriculture
n/a
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
n/a
n/a
65
Annex 12
Country
Ministry/Ministries
responsible for forest
sector
Gov. department
responsible for
forestry/forest conservation
State forest
enterprises/Companies
Extension services
Research & educational
institutions
Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Agriculture
(MoA)
The Range and Forests
Administration (RFA)
n/a
The Range and
Forests
Administration (RFA)
King Abdul Aziz City for Science and
Technology (KACST)
Singapore
Ministry of Environment
and Water Resources
-
None
None
n/a
Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR), Division of Water
Environment and Forestry
Technology
South Africa
Minister of Water Affairs
and Forestry, Department
of Water Affairs and
Forestry (DWAF)7
The Chief Directorate for
Forestry, within the
Department of Water Affairs
and Forestry (DWAF)
None
Department of Water
Affairs and Forestry
(DWAF)
CSIR, Information Centre
CSIR Environmentek
University of Stellenbosch
Private companies (research)
Forestry and Afforestation
Directorate
Syrian Arab
Republic
7
Ministry of Agriculture and
Agrarian Reform (MAAR)
The General Commission for
Environmental Affairs,
established in 1991 and
working under the
Chairmanship of the Minister
for Environmental Affairs, is a
coordination and advisory
committee on matters related
to forests and natural
resources conservation.
n/a
The Extension
Department of MAAR
(in close cooperation
and coordination with
the Forestry and
Afforestation
Directorate)
The Department of Forest Research
has recently been created to work
towards the development and
improvement of forests.
The National Forestry Advisory Council, established according to the terms of the National Forests Act provides advice directly to the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry
The council has two permanent committees: the Committee on Sustainable Forest Management and the Committee for Forest Access.
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
66
Annex 12
Country
Tajikistan
Togo
Tonga
Tunisia
Ministry/Ministries
responsible for forest
sector
Gov. department
responsible for
forestry/forest conservation
The Ministry of Agriculture
and Environmental
Protection
State Committee for
Environmental Protection and
Forestry of the Republic of
Tajikistan (SKEPF RT)
Ministère de
l'environnement et des
La direction des eaux et
ressources forestières (The
Ministry of the Environment forêts
and Forest Resources)
Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry Division
Forestry (MAF)
Forestry Directorates,
Ministry of Agriculture
State forest
enterprises/Companies
Research & educational
institutions
Extension services
The state forestry bodies in the
Republic of Tajikistan are the
Forestry Production
Association of the Republic of
Tajikistan (FIA “Tajikles”) and
its local bodies.
Tajik Forestry Research Institute
(TFRI)
Forestry Production Centre Tajikles
Togolese Agricultural Research
Institute
n/a
n/a
n/a
Yes (but minimal
human resources)
Forestry Directorates, Ministry
of Agriculture
Direction des Productions
Forestieres
Forestry Division and regional
(district) offices
National Institute for Research in
Rural Engineering, Water and
Forests
Institute for Arid Regions
Institute National de Recherches en
Génie Rural, Eaux et Forets
Turkmenistan
Ministry of Nature
Protection (MoNP).
The Forestry Organization,
“Gok Gushak” (Green Belt)
Joint Stock Company,
Gok Gushak (Green Belt) Joint
implements and coordinates all Stock Company
actions in the sphere of
forestry.
United Arab
Emirates
Ministry of Agriculture
The Forest Department
Uruguay
Ministry of Livestock,
Agriculture and Fisheries
The General Directorate of
Forests
n/a
None
Gok Gushak
n/a
Under the Ministry of Nature
Protection (MoNP) are a Research
and Production Centre of Ecological
Monitoring and five regional
Departments of Natural Protection.
n/a
Instituto Nacional de Investigacion
Agropecuaria (National Institute for
Agricultural Research)
The University of the Republic
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67
Annex 12
Country
Ministry/Ministries
responsible for forest
sector
Gov. department
responsible for
forestry/forest conservation
State forest
enterprises/Companies
Research & educational
institutions
Extension services
Tthe Uruguayan Technological
Laboratory
The private sector
Facultad de Agronomía,
Departamento Producción Forestal y
Tecnología de la Madera
Uzbekistan
Ministry of Agriculture and
Water Resources
Main Forestry Department
(MFD)
Yemen
Ministry of Agriculture
Directorate General of
Forestry and Rangelands
(DGFR)
97 local departments and
forestry enterprises
The State Forestry Fund
(SFF)
© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
Through projects
only
n/a
n/a
68
Annex 13
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© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010.
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Annex 13
FAO 2010g. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Algeria.
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http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/irq/
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FAO 2010w. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Mauritania.
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FAO 2010x. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Mongolia.
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FAO 2010y. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Morocco.
http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/mar/
FAO 2010z. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Nauru.
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Annex 13
FAO 2010ä. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; United Arab Emirates.
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FAO 2010ö. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Uruguay.
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FAO 2010bb. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Syria.
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http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/tgo/
FAO 2010dd. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Tonga.
http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/ton/
FAO 2010ee. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Tonga.
http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/tun/
FAO 2010ff. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Oman.
http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/omn/
FAO 2010gg. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Pakistan.
http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/pak/
FAO 2010hh. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Qatar.
http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/qat/
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