Teaching Resource for: Teaching Methods Teaching Learning Materials Games & Activities Songs & Rhymes 2 Foreword This booklet was created with the ambition to help, to enhance and to continue the great teaching and learning process of the Nabadisha centres in Kolkata. We hope that it will aid in the great work of the teachers and staff of Vikramshila and hopefully it will show how much we have enjoyed our work here this summer. Team Shikha 2008. 3 Content Songs & Rhymes 5 Games 23 Teaching Learning Materials 30 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Warm Up Games To warm up the children’s bodies and voices, go through the body parts one by one starting at the head and moving down towards the feet. Move the arms in big circles and shake out the legs etc as a way of getting the children moving. To warm up their voices give the children a simple word such as ‘Mango’ and ask them to go around shaking one another’s hands saying the word to each other. Musical Statues Children must do an action, for example jump up and down, until the teacher shouts ‘Stop’. The children must then freeze in what ever position they are in and hold still like a statue until the next action is called. If a child doesn’t stop quickly enough or is moving while supposed to be frozen they are asked to sit down. Mirror Game Two children face each other. One child must move into different shapes and do different movements which the other child must imitate exactly as if looking into a mirror. When the children get more confident they can move quicker or do smaller, subtle movements such as raising an eyebrow. Follow the Nose A good game to help concentration. Two children stand up. One is the leader and the other the follower. The leader uses their index finger to lead the other child by their nose in different directions and around in circles. They can go as fast or slow as they like. 24 Duck Duck Goose The children sit in a circle. One child is ‘on’. They go around the circle, touching the other children on the head saying ‘duck, duck, duck...’ and then choose a fellow classmate who they name ‘goose’. This child then stands up and chases the first child around the circle back to the space left open. If the second child catches the first then the first is on again. If they do not catch them then they take a turn going around the circle. The children must run in the same direction around the circle to make it fair. Colours The children stand in a circle. The teacher goes around naming them one of four colours, Red, Yellow, Green or Blue. One child stands in the centre of the circle and calls out a colour. All the children of that colour must then run through the circle to change places. The caller can run to a space also. The last person left in the middle then calls out a different colour. Number Game The children are told to do different actions, such as turn around in circles. The teacher then calls out a number. The children must try and get themselves into groups of this number as quickly as possible. Anybody not in a group must sit down. The aim is to have two children left standing. Eggs in the Basket The children stand around in a circle with their feet equal distance apart. They must have one hand behind their back and use the other hand to bat a medium sized ball along the floor. If the ball goes between a childs legs then that child must sit down but remain in the circle to act as a barrier for the ball. 25 Corners Each corner of the room is given a number 1,2,3 or 4. The children are asked to act like certain animals using all the space in the room, e.g elephants, tigers, rabbits etc. The teacher calls out a number and the children must run to that corner of the room. If a child ends up in the wrong corner or is the last one to the right corner then they must sit down. The aim is to be the last child. 1, 2, 3 Number 1 means touch the floor. Number 2 means jump for the sky. Number 3 means change direction. The children must run in a circle. When the teacher calls 1,2 or 3 the children must do what action that number represents. Donkey Throwing a ball around a circle. If a child does a bad throw or misses a catch they get called the first letter of Donkey, D. The second time they miss the ball or throw a bad ball they become the letter O. This continues until they reach Y and then they are out and must sit down. Simon Says... The teacher stands in front of the children and says ‘Simon Says’ followed by a movement, such as ‘touch your toes’. The children then copy this movement. This continues through a number of movements until the teacher just gives the action without ‘Simon Says’. Although the teacher may do the action the children are not supposed to do it unless the teacher says ‘Simon Says’. Any child that does the action anyway must sit down. 26 Eye Spy One person chooses an object in the room or outside that they can see. They then say ‘I spy with my little eye something beginning with...’ and state the first letter of the object they can see. Everyone else must guess what the object is. Shoe Tie Using an imaginary string tie it to a part of the child’s body (i.e. their nose or their stomach). Then pull the string and the child must move their body according to how it would if the string were real. Chinese Whispers Either using a word or a sentence, according to the level of the group, whisper it to the child on your left. The child must then whisper it to the child on their left and so on until the word or sentence makes it full circle. The last child then says aloud what word or sentence they heard. Crazy Zoo • • • • After spending a class teaching the children the names of different animals, get all the children to sit in a circle Using only the names of three or four animals, go around the circle giving each child the name of an animal to remember (for example, the first child is a lion, the second is a monkey, the third is a snake, then the fourth is a lion again) When all the children have been given the name of an animal to remember there should be four or five children called lions, four or five called snakes, etc. Explain to the children that when you shout 'lion', all the lions have to quickly change places in the circle with the other lions. While they pass through the middle of the circle they must pretend they are lions (walking on all fours, roaring and growling like lions. 27 • Repeat this for the other types of animals and once every type of animal has had a couple of turns, the teacher can shout 'crazy zoo'. When the teacher says this all the animals have to pass through the centre of the circle and change places at the same time! Note: This game can be adapted to help the children remember the names of fruits (by calling the game “Fruit Bowl”), colours, vegetables, numbers, etc. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Flash cards Matching …flashcards of colours to flashcards with the names of colours …flashcards with dots to flashcards with numbers …flashcards of pictures to flashcards describing the pictures in words …flashcards of Hindi words to flashcards of their English translations Sequencing …letters of the alphabet …days of the week …months of the year …numbers Note: flashcards can be used to assist teaching almost any lesson. They allow the children to interact with the material they must remember as well as allowing the teacher to see how well the children are understand their lessons. Spinners Spinners can be made from little hexagonal pieces of cardboard. From each corner of the hexagon draw a line that passes through the centre of the shape, these lines will divide the hexagon into six little triangles. Colour each of these little triangles with a different colour. Push a pencil through the cardboard at the centre of the hexagon where all the lines cross. Now you can spin the hexagon. After spending a class teaching the children the colours you can play a game with the children where they have to tell you the colour that the spinner lands on when it stops spinning. Note: the spinners can be adapted to teach children numbers (e.g. 1 to 6, or 10 to 60, or feelings, or days of the week, etc. 28 Spot the difference Children work in pairs. They both have a picture. The two pictures are similar and the object is to find the differences between the two pictures. Bingo/Lotto The teacher makes out bingo sheets for the children with vocabulary (pictures or words) that they wish to teach to the children. Children are given worksheets and counters. Once the word is called out the children cover the word. The first one to cover all of the squares is the winner. Higher, lower This game is very useful when teaching numbers. The teacher writes a number on a piece of paper. The children have to guess the number. The teacher helps them by saying higher or lower as appropriate. Memory Teacher prepares cards with the vocabulary s/he wishes to teach. For every word she makes two cards (one with the written word and one with a picture). All of the cards are turned upside down. The children take turns picking two cards. They must say the word associated with each card. When they find a matching pair, they score one point. Cumulative games Cumulative games are a great way of practising new vocabulary. They also give the teacher a chance to assess the pronunciation of the words by the children. Example 1: First child: ‘A is for Ant’ Second child: ‘A is for Ant, and B is for Ball’ Game continues with each child adding an extra item. Example 2: First child: I went to the zoo yesterday and I saw a camel. Second child: I went to the zoo yesterday and I saw a camel and a lion 29 30 31 Grammar Resources: Examples of Vocabulary that can be taught 1) Alphabet 2) Numbers 3) Colours 4) Myself 5) Body parts 6) Important verbs in English 7) Animals and Pets 8) Food 9) Shapes 10) Opposites 11) Weather 12) Days of the week 13) Months of the year 14) Time 15) Flowers 16) Vehicles 17) Symbols of India 18) Local Environment Adjectives to describe: • • • Colour Physical Attributes of Animals/People Shape and Texture of Shapes/Feelings Grammar: • • • • • To be To have Have got Yes/No Questions Response to ‘wh’ questions 32 Articles Singular and Plural of Countable nouns Subject personal pronouns Possessive Adjectives Simple Adjectives Simple sentence structure • • • • • • Important verbs in English Teach the children conjugations of the verbs 'to have', 'to be', 'to go', 'to like'. Teach the children how to make a simple sentence using these verbs. Resources for teaching this: Make posters of the conjugations of each of the verbs. For example; Verb: Conjugation: To Be I You He She We They Verb: To Go Conjugation: I You He She We They am are is is are are Verb: To Have Conjugation: I have You have He has She has We have They have go go goes goes go go Verb: To Like Conjugation: I like You like He likes She likes We like They like Make separate flashcards of all the words on the posters, the letter 'a' and some other simple nouns (e.g. boy, girl, happy, Indian, nice people) Game: Using the flashcards of all the words used in the conjugations (e.g. I, He, They, are, am, is, etc.), place all the cards on the floor and ask the children to make sentences (e.g. I am a boy, She is a girl), or to correct incorrect sentences that you make (e.g. They 'is' happy) Note; This exercise can be adapted to all verbs Time: • Familiarise children with the clock face (the 12 numbers, big hand, small hand). 33 • • • • • Identify times of the day; morning time, lunch time, evening time, night time. (Teachers could make reference to the time of day in conversation with children, e.g. “It is half past twelve”). Concept of time: Timing the children while they do various activities, e.g. the length of break-time. Explain that there are 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, 24 hours in a day. To give children an idea of context, explain how they get up at ‘8 o’clock’, they go to school at ‘9 o’clock’. , They go to bed at ‘10 o’clock’. Recognition of what time it is by the position of the hands; Basics It is 3 o’clock Advanced It is half past two. It is a quarter to three. Resources: a circular, clock face with a moving big and small hand. 34 Reading, Writing, Spelling, Phonics and Oral Language Development. Note: The following sections are divided up into two parts – ‘what’ and ‘how’. The ‘what’ section refers to what should be taught. The ‘how’ section refers to how the content can be taught. a. Reading What • • • • How • • • Simple vocabulary (as listed above) Simple texts (written on the blackboard, charts, basic readers, picture dictionaries) Labels in the classroom (on posters, objects) Text on worksheets Print rich environment. everywhere) Simple text on worksheets. Teacher read-aloud. (Labels on everything, presence of text b. Writing What • • • • The alphabet in ‘HIGHER’ and ‘lower’ case letters. Their name in English Numbers (words e.g. one, two, three… and digits e.g. 1,2,3…) Small basic words (sight words) How Development of pre-writing skills (the stage before children are capable of correctly holding a pencil) • Writing in sand with your finger • Writing in the air with your finger • Through use of worksheets with ‘join the dots’ pictures or letter exercises • Very important: Use of finger spaces between every word 35 • Use of punctuation (full-stops, commas, question marks etc.) c. Spelling What • • • Sight words Words by using ‘phonics’ Words by using ‘onset and rhyme’ How 1) Using… Sight words Sight words are a selection of 98 words that make up 50% of all reading. They should be recognised without reflection. They are a variety of all types of words (nouns, pronouns, verb conjugations, prepositions, conjunctions, etc.) These 11 words make up one quarter of all reading: a and of I that in the is to it was These 20 words make up one third of all reading: all as for at had be have but him are his said so they we not on one with you These 67 words make up half of all reading: about an by could did back call do go just down has like much been came from her first look me get if made must 36 big come here little more before can into make my no new now other some off out their two were what or right them up when only over then want where our see there well which she this went who will your Sight words continued… Note: • These words should not be taught as a list. They should always be taught in a meaningful context. • For example: while reading, in songs, during games, within informal oral instructions in class. • Use these words as material for spelling tests. This will help the children memorise and become familiar with them. How to spell… 2) Using… a ‘multi-sensory approach’ to teaching spelling “The look, say, cover, write, check method” With this method, children use visual, auditory and kinaesthetic (touch sensation) approaches to learn spellings. Children draw letters in different ways. Examples In sand In the air On each others backs With their elbows, feet, etc. Make the shapes of letters with their hands or bodies d. Phonics Phonics is teaching children the sounds that letters make. A. Activities to develop Syllabic Awareness 1. Emphasising stressed syllables through clapping or other physical movement. (Counting Syllables) Children can clap out the stressed syllables of any rhyme. 37 Children sit in a circle with both fists before them. They chant the rhyme: “One potato, two potato, three potato, four Five potato, six potato, seven potato, more”. …the child who is ‘on’ moves around inside the circle and gently pounds out the stressed syllables on each of the children’s fists. The fist that gets pounded on for the last syllable in each line must be withdrawn and so on until only one fist is left. 2. Syllable Segmentation with Kinaesthetic Reinforcement (Using movement to divide words into syllables) Kinaesthetic reinforcement (movement) helps children separate syllables. (i) Touching a different body part for each syllable. One way of providing kinaesthetic reinforcement is to get the children to use their two hands and to touch their heads for the first syllable, their shoulders for the second syllable, their hips for the third, knees for the fourth, toes for the fifth and heels if there is a sixth syllable. (ii) Duck, Duck, Goose A picture card of a multisyllabic (more than one syllable) word can be shown to the group. One child is selected and s(he) goes around the outside of the circle, saying the word ‘but-ter-fly’ and tapping in this way a number of times. The child says the full word ‘butterfly’ (at normal pace) as s(he) taps a child of his/her own choosing. This chosen child then stands up quickly and tries to catch the child who is ‘on’ before the latter runs a complete circle. 3. Syllable Counting on fingers A very effective way of counting syllables in words is to have children put up one finger for each syllable and let the fingers be displayed until counting is complete. 4. Syllable Isolation A good place to start with syllable isolation is to use two-syllable words that also happen to be compound words, e.g. postman, playground, blackbird, blackboard, classroom. Segment into its syllables and then ask the child to say the first part on its own, then the second part on its own. It helps to put two ‘post-its’ side by side to represent the two syllables and to remove one as you want the children to omit the corresponding syllable. 5. Syllable Blending This involves the teacher saying words, leaving a one-second gap between each syllable. Children tell what word the teacher is saying. B. Onset-Rime Awareness (….Rhyming) 1. Rhyme Recognition Exercises 38 • “I’m thinking of a word that rhymes with …” Children are in a circle. The teacher sings (to the tune of ‘Here we go around the Mulberry Bush’) “I’m thinking of a food that rhymes with e.g. ‘head’ “I’m thinking of a food that rhymes with e.g. ‘head’ And bread is that food. 2. Rhyme Completion Exercises • ‘A Hunting We Will Go’ “A-hunting we will go, a-hunting we will go. We’ll catch a fox and put him in a …? (box) And never let him go. The verse is repeated with other animals and in each case the children supply a suitable rhyming ending (e.g. bat, hat: bear, chair; dragon, wagon: duck, truck). • ‘Did you ever see a ___ in a ___?’ “Did you ever see a bear in a … (chair)? “Did you ever see a bear in a … (chair)? No, I never, no, I never, no, I never, no, I never No, I never saw a bear in a chair.” Children can create their own examples. 3. Rhyme Production Exercises (…Rhyme making) Rhyme box: Various objects can be put in the Rhyme Box and used for eliciting rhyme. Suitable objects: hat, mug, bell, strap, pop, car, gum, etc. Children can dip into the box, pick out an object and see if they can supply rhyming words, etc. Variation A box of coloured counters can be passed around and each child is required to think of a rhyming word with the colour of the counter s(he) picked out. • C. Phonemic Awareness 1. Phoneme Blending (…combining letter sounds to make words) It is better to begin with short words. It is also a good idea to limit the number at the start and have the children ‘win’ a counter for each correct answer. For each new round you can change to a different topic as follows: 39 (a) Ask the children to guess which things in the classroom you are saying in a funny way (e.g. d-oo-r, b-a-g, b-oo-k, ch-a-lk, ch-ai-r) (b) Maybe gather a collection of suitable items and only reveal them as the children guess what words you are saying (e.g. m-u-g, p-e-n, b-a-g, p-e-g, d-oll) (c) Ask them to guess the names of the children in the classroom. 2. Phoneme Comparison • Initial Sounds The teacher can highlight the initial sounds of children’s names and draw the children’s attention to them, e.g. “Who am I thinking about? Her name begins with the sound /n/…” • End sounds “A Tisket, A Tasket, A Green and Yellow Basket”. Children have pictures and pick out the ones that end in the final sound /t/ and put them into a paper basket. “ A Tisket, A Tasket, I’ll put a hat in the basket” Using this idea you can supply a basket which will become a home for words encountered that end in /t/. 3. Phoneme Deletion • Children’s names without first sound. The best place to start deleting an initial sound is the children's own names. Call out the children's first names without the first sound and see if they will respond to the call (e.g. -kender for Sikender, -dufta for Sadufta etc.). It is helpful to give the children cards with their first names on them and fold back the initial sound, folding the name card as required. • Sally Sound Snatcher Introduce an imaginary Sally Sound Snatcher! or supply a puppet. She snatches sounds from words! Once she took the word 'fox' and snatched the first sound away to make 'ox'! What sound did she snatch? (/f/). Now ask what other sounds she took away from 'farm' to make 'arm'. (Other examples: (t)able, (h)at, (l)ate, (p)each, (c)up, (c)at, (m)eat, (s)ink, (m)eat, 40 (s)eat, (j)am, etc.). It may help to have a blank strip of card to represent the word and to fold back the initial part each time you want the children to delete the initial phoneme. 4. • Adding and subtracting phonemes; swapping phonemes Change your name Children sit in a circle. Teacher demonstrates by skipping around the circle while all singing the following tune to 'London Bridge' “Change the first sound in your name, in your name, in your name, Change the first sound in your name, what's your new name? When the verse is over, 'swap' the initial sound of the name of the child behind whom you are now standing and say your new name (e.g. Aakash and Manisha swap initial sounds and become Makash and Aanisha). e. Oral Language Development What • • Vocabulary as listed above Informal language (e.g. ‘Water please’, ‘Now it’s ‘Monu’s’ turn’, ‘Go for break’, ‘Sit down everybody’, ‘Pass me your copy-book’, etc.) How • • • through games (see ‘Games and Activities’ section below) through songs and rhymes (see ‘Resources’ section immediately below) by responding to questions in English Phonograms/ Spelling patterns The following is a list of 39 of the most common short-word endings in English. By placing different letters in front of these short-word endings, hundreds of words can be formed. These word endings are best learned by familiarising the children with their sounds. The spelling patterns can be examined by giving the children spelling tests; examining the same word endings every week but using different starting letters. 41 For example; Spelling test for… …Week 1 back fail pain cake sale game ran tank nap cash ..ack ..ail ..ain ..ake ..ale ..ame …an …ank …ap ..ash ..at .. ate .. aw …ay …eat …ell …en …est … et …ice …ick …ide …ig …ight …ill …in …ine …ing …ink …ip …it …Week 2 …Week 3 sack hail rain lake tale fame man drank cap bash black tail brain brake pale lame can sank map dash (b, l, p, qu, s, t, bl, cr, kn, sh, sl, st, tr) (b, f, h, j, m, n, p, s, r, t, w, fl, fr, sn, tr) (l, m, p, r, v, br, ch, dr, g, gr, pl, sl, Sp, spr, st, str, tr) (b, c, l, m, qu, t, br, dr, fl, sh, sn, st, s) (b, d, g, h, m, p, s, t, sc, sh, st, wh) (c, d, f, g, l, n, s, t, bl, fl, fr, sh) (b, c, f, m, p, r, t, v, br, cl, fl, pl, sc, sp, th) (b, l, s, t, y, bl, cl, cr, dr, fl, pl, pr, shr, sp, th) (c, g, l, m, n, r, s, t, y, ch, cl, fl, scr, sl, sn, str, tr, wr) (b, c, cr, d, h, l, m, r, s, br) (b, c, f, gn, h, m, p, r, s, t, v, br, ch, fl, th) (d, f, g, h, l, m, r, cr, gr, pl, st, sk) (c, gn, j, l, p, r, s, cl, dr, fl, str) (b, d, g, h, j, l, m, p, r, s, w, br, cl) (b, f, h, m, n, p, s, bl, ch, pl, tr, wh) (b, c, dw, f, j, kn, s, t, w, y, qu, sh, sm, sp, sw) (h, p, m, t, d) (b, gu, j, n, p, r, t, v, w, z, ch, cr, qu, wr) (j, w, p, v, s, b, m) (d, r, l, m, n, r, v, pr, sl, sp, spl, tw) (k, l, p, qu, s, t, w, br, ch, cl, fl, sl, st, th, tr) (b, h, r, s, t, w, br, ch, gl, pr, sl, sn, str) (b, d, j, p, w, sw, r, f) (kn, l, m, n, r, s, t, bl, br, fl, fr, pl, sl) (b, f, g, h, k, m, p, qu, s, t, w, ch, dr, fr, gr, sk, sp, st, sw, thr) (b, d, f, g, k, p, s, t, w, ch, gr, sh, sk, sp, th, tw) (d, f, l, m, n, p, v, w, br, sh, sp, sw, wh) (d, k, p, r, s, w, br, cl, fl, sl, spr, st, str, sw, th, wr) (k, l, m, p, r, s, w, bl, br, ch, cl, dr, shr, sl, st, th) (d, h, l, n, qu, r, s, t, z, bl, ch, cl, dr, fl, tr, sh, sk, sl, sn, str, tr, wh) (b, h, f, k, kn, l, p, qu, s, w, f, gr, sk, sl, sp, spl, tw) 42 …ock …oke …op …ot …uck …ug …up …ut (d, h, kn, l, m, r, s, t, bl, cl) (j, p, w, y, pr, ch, sm, sp, st, str) (b, c, h, m, p, s, t, ch, cr, dr, fl, pl, pr, sh, st, sl) (c. d. . h. l, n, p, r, sp, sh) (d, l, s, tr) (b, d, h, j, m, r, t, ch, dr, pl, shr, sl) (c, p, s) (c, n, b, sh Music Lesson Plan: • • Empty Bottles filled with lentils/rice/beans etc… Balls of Round Cardboard, stretch balloons and material across square and round cardboard support. Rhythm Games: Pat the ground, use instruments, clap hands, hum words/sing words to a beat. Teach, do rah me Example of a Song to use with a Rhythm: Doh a dear, A female dear, Ray a pocket full of golden sun, Me a name I call myself, Fah a long long way to run, So, La, Tea a drink with jam and bread, That will bring us back to doh, doh, do 43 Sample lesson plans Colours Mix these paint colours to see what new colours you can make! + blue = red + red ? = yellow + ? = 44 yellow blue ? + = green red ? My name is ________________. Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 One two three four five six seven eight nine ten 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety 45 eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty 100 One hundred 1000 One thousand 21 54 146 1,278 2007 Twenty one Fifty four One hundred and forty six One thousand, two hundred and seventy eight Two thousand and seven Write the words: • • • 43 78 115 ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Numbers Match 12 seventy one 50 eighty one 71 fifteen 15 twelve 81 fifty 46 My name is _____________________. My Favourite Things What’s your favourite sport? My favourite sport is __________________. What’s your favourite colour? My favourite colour is _________________. What’s your favourite fruit? 47 My favourite fruit is __________________. What’s your favourite animal? My favourite animal is a _______________. What is your favourite day? . My favourite day is Me What’s your name? ___________________________________ How are you? ___________________________________ What age are you? ___________________________________ Are you a boy or a girl? 48 ___________________________________ Where do you live? ___________________________________ How many brothers and sisters have you got? ___________________________________ What’s your favourite colour? ___________________________________ My name is _________________________ Months of the year Days of the week January February March April May June July August September October November December Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 49 What day is it? Today is _________________. When do you go to school? I go to school on __________________________. When is your birthday? My birthday is in __________________________. My name is ______________________. Months of the year January __________________ __________________ April __________________ __________________ 50 July __________________ September __________________ __________________ __________________ Colours My name is ___________________ 51 52 Animals What’s your name? My name is ____________. Draw Elephant Tiger Lion Camel 53 54 55
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz