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MACEUTICSciences
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Divya
al.LD JOURNAL OWorld
Pharmacy
Pharmaceutical
SJIF Impact Factor 5.210
Volume 4, Issue 05, 1319-1330.
Research Article
ISSN 2278 – 4357
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND EFFECT OF
CORIANDRUM SATIVUM IN CADMIUM CHLORIDE INDUCED
WHITE MOLLY FISHES.
Shamina.S2 and Divya.V1*
*1PG Biochemistry, Rathnavel Subramanium College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore,
Tamilnadu.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Rathnavel Subramanium, College
of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu.
ABSTRACT
Article Received on
07 March 2015,
Revised on 29 March 2015,
Accepted on 19 April 2015
Plants have been used since long times to heal and cure diseases. India
has one of the richest herbal medicine traditions in the world.
Medicinal plants play an important role in meeting the demand of the
traditional medicine. About 80 percent of the population in developing
*Correspondence for
countries depends on plant based medicine for their health care.
Author
Coriandrum sativum is a popular culinary and medicinal herb of the
Divya.V
Apiaceae family. Health promoting properties of this herb have been
PG Biochemistry,
Rathnavel Subramanium
reported in pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological
College of Arts and
studies. However, studies on Coriandrum sativum have always focused
Science, Coimbatore,
on the aerial parts of the herb and scientific investigation on the root is
Tamilnadu.
limited. The field of nanotechnology is one of the most active
researches nowadays in modern material science and technology. Eco
friendly methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles are the present research in the
limb of nanotechnology. The work leads to the synthesis of nanoparticles from 1mM, 3mM,
5mM concentration of AgNO3 solution through aqueous leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum
as reducing as well as capping agent. Synthesized nanoparticles are characterized under UVVisible spectroscopy at the range of 300-500nm. In 1mM concentration of the peak showed
at 460nm. Fish are an important component of human nutrition. In fresh water fishes, the
white molly fishes were maintained in the separate tank in the environmental condition for 5
days. White molly fishes were induced in toxic to the cadmium chloride (100µg) in 1 litre
water for 5 days. Then Cadmium chloride (100µg) induced fishes treated with 1mM nano
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solution (1 ml of Coriandrum sativum root extract mixed with 2 ml of Silver nitrate and 6 ml
of distilled water) allowed to swim in 1 litre of water for 5 days. Cadmium chloride (100µg)
induced fishes treated with 1mg of Coriandrum sativum root powder mixed with 1 litre of
water for 5 days. After 5 days the fishes were sacrificed and the muscles were collected into
the further experimental on protein estimation, and catalase activity.
INTRODUCTION
India is the largest producer of medicinal plants and it is rightly called as the "Botanical
garden of the World". The medicinal plants have natural therapeutic values against different
diseases. The medicinal plants may promote host resistance against the infection by restabilizing body equilibrium and conditioning our body tissues. The medicinal plants are also
easily available, cheaper and it possess no toxicity as compared to that
of the
modern(allopathic) drugs.( Umadevi.M et.al.,2013).
Herbal medicine has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an
impressive number of modern drugs that have been isolated from natural resources as a good
choice. The natural resources also have fewer side effects. The medicinal plants is proved
more effective in the treatment of infectious diseases and it also decreases many of the side
effects. (Mohammadi Abolfazl et.al.,2013).
Plants have formed the basis of sophisticated traditional medicine systems that have been in
existence for thousands of years such as extensive dependence of human being on “Mother
Nature” that have invoked tremendous interest in the scientific world. Plants have economic
and environmental uses, which depends on the natural characteristics. Few medicinal plants
consumed in human diet, while other species have medicinal values and other species are
good resource of minerals and vitamins.( Sasi Kumar. R et al.,2014)
Coriandrum sativum is native to regions spanning from southern Europe and North Africa to
southwestern Asia. It is a soft plant growing to 50 cm (20 inch) tall, the leaves are variable in
shape, broadly lobed at the base of the plant slender and feathery. The flowers are in small
umbels, white or very pale pink, asymmetrical, with the petals pointing away from the centre.
When fruit eaten alone, the seeds often are used as a spice or an added ingredient in other
foods. (Balasubramanian,P. et al.,2014)
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Coriandrum sativum is a culinary and medicinal herb of the Apiaceae family commonly
known as coriander. The roots and leaves of Coriandrum sativum are rich with aromatic
flavor and are popularly used in soups in Thai and other Asian cooking. Traditionally, the
plant parts are used to alleviate spasms, gastric complaints, bronchitis, gout and giddiness.
The herb shows various medicinal properties that includes antidiabetic, antioxidant,
hypocholesterolemic, antihelmintic, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, anticancer and anxiolytic
activities.Coriandrum sativum is useful for digestive problems. The use of Coriandrum
sativum is very much effective in diarrhea, vomiting and flatulence or any kind of digestive
problem condition. (Jayakumar Rajarajeswaran et al.,2013).
Fig 1: Coriandrum sativum
Coriandrum sativum root is a culinary and medicinal herb of the Apiaceae family commonly
known as coriander. Coriandrum sativum are rich aromatic flavor and popularly used in
soups in Thai and other Asian cooking. Coriandrum sativum root is used in cooking and
traditional medicine and are thought to contribute to health and protection against the onset of
disease. (Esther LH Tang et al.,2013).
Fig 2: Root of Coriandrum sativum
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The field of nanotechnology is one of the most active researches nowadays in modern
material science and technology. Nanoparticles are fundamental building blocks of
nanotechnology. The most important and distinct property of nanoparticles exhibit larger
surface area to volume ratio. Nanotechnology is an important field of modern research
dealing with design, synthesis, and manipulation of particles structure ranging from
approximately 1-100 nm (Ponmurugan et al.,2013)
Nanotechnology is concerned with synthesis of nanoparticles and their application in various
fields of medicine, chemistry, physics, materials science, and engineering. Metal
nanoparticles such as gold (Au) and silver (Ag) have recognized importance in chemistry,
and biology. Synthesis of nanoparticles are usually carried out by various physical and
chemical methods that are not environmentally friendly. Recently, researchers in the field of
nanotechnology are finding that there is an expanding research in the synthesis of metal
nanoparticles due to the potential applications for the development of novel technologies.
(Sakthivel et al., 2013).
Molly is a tropical hardy and highly adaptable fish species that comes in many different
colours and varieties such as white, black, orange, green, sailfin, balloon It is originated from
the southern part of United States and Mexico. In India, poeciliids accounts for about more
than 50% of the total market share in ornamental fishes .Wild fishes of the genus Poecilia
(Guppies and Mollies) are generally found in fresh and brackish water bodies such as
streams, rivers, ponds and estuaries.( Premdass et al., 2014).
Cadmium is hazardous heavy metal and is recognized to produce severe toxic effects in
humans. Cadmium will invariably be present either in useful products of in the form of
nickel-cadmium batteries, dyes, plastics, electrochemistry and paint pigments. In humans it
has been found to produce wide range of biochemical and physiological dysfunctions which
is manifested in the forms of various diseases for kidney, liver malfunction, inflammation,
Parkinson’s disorder .The heavy metals are recognized as serious pollutants of the aquatic
environment. Physico-morphological changes in blood indicate the changes in the quality of
the environment for serving the purpose of such bio-indicators. (Vijay Ramdas Borane et al,.
2013)
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material and extraction process
Fresh, green mature Coriandrum sativum roots were collected from Coimbatore (tamilnadu,
India) and used for preparation of extract. The roots were thoroughly cleaned using pure
water. 5g plant material was weighed and was crushed in 25 ml of distilled water. The
aqueous extract thus obtained was filtered through coarse filter paper to obtain a clear extract.
Synthesis of nanoparticles
1mM aqueous solution of silver nitrate was prepared for synthesis for silver nanoparticles. 9
ml of this solution was added to 1 ml extract of the plant material to obtain silver
nanoparticles. The different concentrations of silver nitrate were used to standardize the
optimum concentration of silver nitrate for synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The
concentrations ranged from 1mM, 3mM and 5mM of silver nitrate.
Characterization of silver nanoparticles
UV- Vis spectra analysis
The reduction of metallic Ag+ ions was monitored by measuring the UV- Vis spectrum after
about 16 hours of reaction. A small aliquot was drawn from the reaction mixture and a
spectrum was taken on a wavelength from 200nm to 600nm on UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
Fish Model Used
White molly fishes were purchased from aquvarism fish in Sulur, Coimbatore. The fishes
were maintained from the 4 fish tank in natural environmental condition for 5 days.
Experimental Design
White molly fishes were divided into four different groups comprising of six animals each.
GROUPS
GROUP I
GROUP II
GROUP III
GROUP IV
Experimental Design
Normal fish treated in normal water for 5 days
Cadmium chloride (100µg) induced fishes treated in 1 litre of water for 5 days.
Cadmium chloride (100µg) induced fishes treated with 1mM nano solution (1 ml of
Coriandrum sativum root extract mixed with 2 ml of Silver nitrate and 6 ml of distilled
water) allowed to swim in 1 litre of water for 5 days.
Cadmium chloride (100µg) induced fishes treated with 1m g of Coriandrum sativum
root powder mixed with 1 litre of water for 5 days.
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Fig 3: Poeciliasphenops (white molly) fish
After the environmental condition, the fishes were sacrificed and muscle was collected to do
the analysis.
Sample preparation
The muscle sample was homogenized with glass tissue homogenizer and the sample was
transfer to fresh microfuge tube. The tube was centrifuge at 12000 rpm 10minutes at
4OC.Then the supernatant was collected and transfer to fresh microfuge tube. The tubes were
kept on -20OC.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES IN VARIATION CONCENTRATION
Plant mediated synthesis of nanoparticles is a common practice in recent days. There are
many reports of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using many medicinal plants. The figure
shows Variation in concentration of silver.
Fig: 4 Variation concentration of silver nanoparticle synthesis
Plant extract: Coriandrum sativum aqueousextract
AgNO3
: Blank
1mM concentration indicates the dark brown color.
5mM concentration indicates the light brown color.
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There was a visible colour change after the substrate was provided to the plant extract.
Initially the plant extract was light yellow. Upon providing the silver salt, it turned dark
brown. The presence of nanoparticles was confirmed by obtaining a spectrum in visible range
of 300nm to 500nm.
UV-Vis spectrum analysis of silver nanoparticles
Plant – without silver nitrate
Plant with silver
1mM
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3mM
5mM
There was a visible colour change after the substrate was provided to the plant extract.
Initially the plant extract was light yellow. Upon providing the silver salt, it turned dark
brown. The presence of nanoparticles was confirmed by obtaining a spectrum in visible range
of 300nm to 500nm. A typical peak at 460nm was obtained due to the surface plasmon
resonance of silver nanoparticles.
Optimum concentration for synthesis of nanoparticles was standardized using different
concentrations of silver nitrate. The optimum concentration suitable for nanoparticles
synthesis found to be 1mM concentrartion.The observation also shows that higher
concentration of the salt may prove to be inhibitory for the synthesis of nanoparticles.The
5Mm concentration is very toxic. (Aditi P. Kulkarni et al., 2011).
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Table4: Effect of Protein in Cadmium chloride induced and Experimental White molly
Fishes
Parameter
Protein
Group I
0.363±0.012
Group II
0.271±0.018a*
Group III
0.325±0.018b*
Group IV
0.310±0.014c* d*
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD for six fishes
Experimental design
Group I
: Normal fish treated in normal water for 5 days
Group II
: Cadmium chloride (100µg) induced fishes treated in 1 litre of water for 5 days.
Group III : Cadmium chloride (100µg) induced fishes treated with 1mM nano solution (1
ml of Coriandrum sativum root extract mixed with 2 ml of Silver nitrate and 6 ml of distilled
water) allowed to swim in 1 litre of water for 5 days.
Group IV: Cadmium chloride (100µg) induced fishes treated with 1m g of Coriandrum
sativum root powder mixed with 1 litre of water for 5 days.
Comparsion between the groups
a- Comparsion between group II and group I.
b- Comparsion between group III and group II.
c- Comparsion between group IV and group II.
d- Comparsion between group IV and group III.
Units: mg/ml
Symbols of statistical significance: *P <0.05
Graph 1: Effect of Protein in Cadmium chloride induced and Experimental White
molly Fishes
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On comparing the Group II values with Group 1, there is an decrease in the Group II due to
the cadmium chloride toxicity. On treatment with 1mM nano solution (1 ml of Coriandrum
sativum root extract mixed with Silver nitrate and distilled water ) the value was decreased to
near normal in Group III fishes. Similarly a reduction in the values was noted in Group IV
when compared with Group II.
Comparison of values between Group III and Group IV fishes shows that there is a
significant change between them and the GroupIII fishes has a good remarkable change in
detoxifying the values back to normal.
Similar decreased values in cadimium chloride induced toxicity in fishes was noted in effect
of Protein in Cadmium induced and Experimental White molly Fishes holds good with our
work. (Bidut Prava Mohanty et al.,2013)
Fig 6: Effect of Catalase in Cadmium chloride induced and Experimental White molly
Fishes
Parameter
Catalase
Group I
0.095±0.009
Group II
0.222±0.014 a*
Group III
0.128±0.011 b*
Group IV
0.175 ±0.013c*d*
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD for six fishes
Experimental design
Group I
: Normal fish treated in normal water for 5 days
Group II
: Cadmium chloride (100µg) induced fishes treated in 1 litre of water for 5 days.
Group III : Cadmium chloride (100µg) induced fishes treated with 1mM nano solution (1
ml of Coriandrum sativum root extract mixed with 2 ml of Silver nitrate and 6 ml of distilled
water) allowed to swim in 1 litre of water for 5 days.
Group IV: Cadmium chloride (100µg) induced fishes treated with 1m g of Coriandrum
sativum root powder mixed with 1 litre of water for 5 days.
Comparsion between the groups
a- Comparsion between group II and group I.
b- Comparsion between group III and group II.
c- Comparsion between group IV and group II.
d- Comparsion between group IV and group III.
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Units: IU/L
Symbols of statistical significance: *P <0.05.
Comparing the Group II values with Group 1, there is an increase in the Group II due to the
cadmium chloride toxicity. On treatment with 1mM nano solution (1 ml of Coriandrum
sativum root extract mixed with Silver nitrate and distilled water) the value was decreased to
near normal in Group III fishes. Similarly a reduction in the values was noted in Group IV
when compared with Group II.
Comparison of values between Group III and Group IV fishes shows that there is a
significant change between them and the GroupIII fishes has a good remarkable change in
detoxifying the values back to normal.
Similar increased values in cadmium chloride induced toxicity in fishes was noted in effect of
Catalase in cadmium induced toxic and experimental White molly fishes holds good with our
work. (Bidut Prava Mohanty et al.,2013).
Oxidative stress represents an imbalance between the production and manifestation of
reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive
intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. The study ensures that Coriandrum sativum
root extract mixed with Silver nitrate and distilled water reduces the oxidative stress level.
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