7KH -RXUQDO RI WKH (XURSHDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ RI 6WXGLHV RQ $XVWUDOLD 9RO ,661
XQGHU WKH DXVSLFHV RI&RRODEDK2EVHUYDWRUL &HQWUH G¶(VWXGLV $XVWUDOLDQV
$XVWUDOLDQ6WXGLHV&HQWUH8QLYHUVLWDWGH%DUFHORQD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/D$XVWUDOLD$UJHQWLQDIURPµ7HUUD1XOOLXV¶WR7LHUUDGHO)XHJR
6XH%DOO\Q
&RS\ULJKW‹6XVDQ%DOO\Q7KLVWH[WPD\EHDUFKLYHG
DQGUHGLVWULEXWHGERWKLQHOHFWURQLFIRUPDQGLQKDUGFRS\
SURYLGHG WKDW WKH DXWKRU DQG MRXUQDO DUH SURSHUO\ FLWHG
DQGQRIHHLVFKDUJHG
$EVWUDFW7KHWRSLFGHDOWZLWKLQWKLVDUWLFOHEHJDQXQH[SHFWHGO\LQ$XJXVW$Q
HYHQLQJZDONDORQJWKHRQHPDLQVWUHHWLQ&DODIDWHDVPDOOWRZQLQFHQWUDO3DWDJRQLD
JDWHZD\WRWKHPDJQLILFHQW$QGHDQ JODFLHUVWRRNPHWRDERRNVKRSDQGWZRDPD]LQJ
WLWOHV(O3UHVLGLRGH8VKXDLD9RO7KH8VKXDLD3HQLWHQWLDU\DQG(O3UHVLGLR±7KH
3ULVRQ 8QD &ROHFFLyQ )RWRJUiILFD ±$SKRWR &ROOHFWLRQERWK IDOOLQJ ZHOO ZLWKLQ P\
ZRUNRQFRQYLFWJRDOVWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGVRIRUWK0\LQWHUHVWIXOO\DURXVHG,ZRQGHUHG
ZKDWH[DFWO\WKHSHQLWHQWLDU\LQ8VKXDLDZRXOGUHYHDO$VWKHSODQHODQGHGLQ8VKXDLD,
VDZWKHSHQLWHQWLDU\D JULPORRNLQJSODFHTXLWH FORVHWRWKHFHQWUHRIWKHVPDOOWRZQ
$Q H[SORUDWLRQ RI WKH JDRO WKUHZ XS D PRVW XQH[SHFWHG WH[W 5REHUWR 3D\UR¶V /D
$XVWUDOLD $UJHQWLQD :KDW , ZRQGHUHG FRXOG WKH FRQQHFWLRQV EH EHWZHHQ WKH SHQDO
FRORQLHVLQ$XVWUDOLDDQGWKDWLQ8VKXDLD7KLVHVVD\ZLOOH[DPLQHWKHUHVXOWVRIVRPHRI
WKH FRPSDUDWLYH ILHOG ZRUN GRQH LQ 3DWDJRQLD DQG $XVWUDOLD ZKLFK OHDG WR WKH
MXVWLILFDWLRQRI3D\UR¶V/D$XVWUDOLD$UJHQWLQD
.H\:RUGV&RQYLFWV$XVWUDOLD$UJHQWLQD3RUW$UWKXU8VKXDLD
8VKXDLD WKH VRXWKHUQPRVW WRZQ LQ WKH ZRUOG OLHV DW WKH IRRW RI GUDPDWLFDOO\ KLJK
PRXQWDLQVRQDVKHOWHUHGIRRWKROGRQWKHHGJHRIWKH%HDJOH&KDQQHO7KLVLVWKHILQDO
UHDFKRI3DWDJRQLD,WLVWKHODVWVWUHWFKRIODQGLQ7LHUUDGHO)XHJREHDXWLIXOKDXQWLQJ
LQLWVVWDUNQHVVWKHZDWHUVDOZD\VXQGHUDIDVWULSDVWKHUHLVQRVKHOWHUIURPWKHZLQG
7R WKH QRUWK WKH 0DJHOODQ 6WUDLWV OLNH WKH %DVV 6WUDLWV EHWZHHQ 7DVPDQLD DQG WKH
PDLQODQG DUH DPRQJ WKH PRVW WUHDFKHURXV LQ WKH ZRUOG 7R WKH VRXWK OLH WKH JUHDW
6RXWKHUQ2FHDQDQG$QWDUFWLFD
7KH -RXUQDO RI WKH (XURSHDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ RI 6WXGLHV RQ $XVWUDOLD 9RO ,661
XQGHU WKH DXVSLFHV RI&RRODEDK2EVHUYDWRUL &HQWUH G¶(VWXGLV $XVWUDOLDQV
$XVWUDOLDQ6WXGLHV&HQWUH8QLYHUVLWDWGH%DUFHORQD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
+RXVHV8VKXDLD
7KH%HDJOH&KDQQHO
%HIRUH DUULYLQJ LQ 8VKXDLD , KDG DOUHDG\ IRXQG RXW WKDW WKH WRZQ KDG EHHQ D SHQDO
FRORQ\ DQG WKHSULVRQ ZDV QRZ D PXVHXP :KDW , FRXOG QHYHU KDYH IRUHVHHQ ZDV WKH
GLVFRYHU\ RI D ERRN E\ 5REHUWR - 3D\Uy /D $XVWUDOLD $UJHQWLQD ILUVW SXEOLVKHG DV D
IROLRLQ/D1DFLyQLQDQGDYDLODEOHRQOLQHIURP8VKXDLDPXVHXPDQGRWKHUVLWHV
%DFNLQWKHKRWHO ,VFUDPEOHGRQWRWKHFRPSXWHUDQGUHDGWKHWH[WLQRQHHYHQLQJDQG
ZDVDPD]HGIDVFLQDWHGWRWDOO\LQWULJXHG
,QWULJXHEHFDPH DSURMHFW :K\ GLG 3D\Uy FDOO KLV ZRUN/D$XVWUDOLD$UJHQWLQD ZKDW
MXVWLILFDWLRQ FRXOG WKHUH EH IRU WKH H[SOLFLW FRPSDULVRQ DOOXGHG WR LQ WKH WLWOH" , QRZ
IRXQG P\VHOI LQYROYHG LQ D ORQJ WHUP SURMHFW $Q DWWHPSW WR FRPSDUH WKH SHQDO
VHWWOHPHQWDQGODQGVFDSHRI%RWDQ\%D\$XVWUDOLDDQG8VKXDLDGRHVQRWKROGH[FHSWLQ
WHUPVRIWKHSHQDOFRORQ\EHFDXVHWKHWRSRJUDSK\RIERWKSODFHVLVVRGLIIHUHQW2QWKH
RWKHU KDQG WKH REYLRXV FRPSDULVRQ WR PH LV ZLWK WKH SHQDO VHWWOHPHQW RI +REDUW
7DVPDQLDDQG3RUW$UWKXUIXUWKHUVRXWKHDVWRQWKH7DVPDQ3HQLQVXOD$SDUWIURPERWK
WKHVLPLODULW\RIWKHEHJLQQLQJVDQGWRSRJUDSK\RI8VKXDLDDQG+REDUWWKHUHLVDOVRWKH
GLVWXUELQJVLPLODULW\RIWKHJHQRFLGHRIWKHLQGLJHQRXVLQKDELWDQWVRIERWKVLWHV
,QKLVIDPRXV7KH9R\DJHRI7KH%HDJOHSXEOLVKHGLQ&KDUOHV'DUZLQGHVFULEHV
7LHUUDGHO)XHJRLQ
:H REWDLQHG D ZLGH YLHZ RYHU WKH VXUURXQGLQJ FRXQWU\ WR WKH QRUWK D
VZDPS\ PRRUODQG H[WHQGHG EXW WR WKH VRXWK ZH KDG D VFHQH RI VDYDJH
PDJQLILFHQFH ZHOO EHFRPLQJ 7LHUUD GHO )XHJR 7KHUH ZDV D GHJUHH RI
P\VWHULRXVJUDQGHXULQPRXQWDLQ EHKLQG PRXQWDLQ ZLWK WKH GHHS
LQWHUYHQLQJ YDOOH\V DOO FRYHUHG E\ RQH WKLFN GXVN\ PDVV RI IRUHVW 7KH
DWPRVSKHUH OLNHZLVH LQ WKLV FOLPDWH ZKHUH JDOH VXFFHHGV JDOH ZLWK UDLQ
KDLODQGVOHHWVHHPVEODFNHUWKDQDQ\ZKHUHHOVH,QWKH6WUDLWRI0DJHOODQ
ORRNLQJGXHVRXWKZDUGIURP3RUW)DPLQHWKHGLVWDQWFKDQQHOV EHWZHHQ WKH
PRXQWDLQV DSSHDUHG IURP WKHLU JORRPLQHVV WR OHDG EH\RQG WKH FRQILQHV RI
WKLVZRUOG
7KH -RXUQDO RI WKH (XURSHDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ RI 6WXGLHV RQ $XVWUDOLD 9RO ,661
XQGHU WKH DXVSLFHV RI&RRODEDK2EVHUYDWRUL &HQWUH G¶(VWXGLV $XVWUDOLDQV
$XVWUDOLDQ6WXGLHV&HQWUH8QLYHUVLWDWGH%DUFHORQD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
)RXU\HDUVODWHULQRQWKHVDPHYR\DJHKHZRXOGGHVFULEH+REDUW
7KH %HDJOH VDLOHG IRU +REDUW 7RZQ LQ 9DQ 'LHPHQ
V /DQG 2Q WKH WK RI
)HEUXDU\DIWHUDVL[GD\V¶SDVVDJHRIZKLFKWKHILUVWSDUWZDVILQHDQGWKH
ODWWHU YHU\ FROG DQG VTXDOO\ ZH HQWHUHG WKH PRXWK RI 6WRUP %D\ WKH
ZHDWKHU MXVWLILHG WKLV DZIXO QDPH 7KH ED\ VKRXOG UDWKHU EH FDOOHG DQ
HVWXDU\ IRU LW UHFHLYHV DW LWV KHDG WKH ZDWHUV RI WKH 'HUZHQW 1HDU WKH
PRXWKWKHUHDUHVRPHH[WHQVLYHEDVDOWLFSODWIRUPVEXWKLJKHUXSWKHODQG
EHFRPHVPRXQWDLQRXVDQGLVFRYHUHGE\DOLJKWZRRG7KHORZHUSDUWVRI
WKH KLOOV ZKLFK VNLUW WKH ED\ DUH FOHDUHG DQG WKH EULJKW \HOORZ ILHOGV RI
FRUQ DQG GDUN JUHHQ RQHV RI SRWDWRHV DSSHDU YHU\ OX[XULDQW /DWH LQ WKH
HYHQLQJ ZH DQFKRUHG LQ WKH VQXJ FRYH RQ WKH VKRUHV RI ZKLFK VWDQGV WKH
FDSLWDORI7DVPDQLD
+REDUWKDGEHHQIRXQGHGLQDQGE\WKHWLPH'DUZLQVDZLWZDVZHOOHVWDEOLVKHG
+HZDVQRWWRNQRZWKDWOLNH+REDUW8VKXDLDZDVWREHIRXQGHGDERXWHLJKW\RQH\HDUV
DIWHU KLV YLVLW RQ H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH SUHPLVH DV LWV 7DVPDQLDQ FRXQWHUSDUW %RWK ZHUH
IRXQGHGDQGEXLOWE\FRQYLFWODERXUWKHRULJLQDOORFDWLRQRIERWKZDVFKDQJHG+REDUW
IURP 5LVGRQ &RYH WR 6XOOLYDQ¶V &RYH DQG WKH 8VKXDLD SHQLWHQWLDU\ IURP )DUR GH 6DQ
-XDQGH6DOYDPHQWRWR8VKXDLDERWKZHUHVHWDJDLQVWPDJQLILFHQWVFHQHU\DQGLQWLPH
ERWK ZHUH WREHFRPH FUXFLDOSRUWV LQ WHUPV RI $QWDUFWLF H[SORUDWLRQ 6RSHUKDSV LW LV
QRW PHUH FKDQFH WKDW WKHUH LV D VLJQSRVW LQ WKH 8VKXDLD QDWLRQDO SDUN ZKLFK VLJQDOV
7DVPDQLD DV WKH QHDUHVW ODQGIDOO DQG IRU D WLPH WKHUH ZDV D IOLJKW IURP +REDUW WR
%XHQRV$LUHVYLD8VKXDLDDQG&DODIDWH7LHUUDGHO)XHJRDQG$XVWUDOLDZHUHDVIDUDV
WKHLUUHVSHFWLYHJRYHUQPHQWVFRXOGSRVVLEO\VHQGSDUWRIWKHLUSULVRQSRSXODWLRQQDPHO\
WKH HQG RI WKH ZRUOG ,W LV GLVWXUELQJ WR OHDUQ WKDW ERWK VHWWOHPHQWV VKDUH WKH VDPH
EDFNJURXQG RI LQGLJHQRXV JHQRFLGH RI WKH QDWLYH SRSXODWLRQ 7KH $ERULJLQDO SHRSOHV
ZHUHUHPRYHGIURP7DVPDQLDDIWHUWKH%ODFN:DUVDQGWKH ,QGLDQSHRSOHVWKURXJKRXW
3DWDJRQLD VXIIHUHG KHDYLO\ GXULQJ WKH 6SDQLVK LQYDVLRQ DQG ODWHU DW WKH KDQGV RI WKH
$UJHQWLQHDQ JRYHUQPHQW DQG VHWWOHUV DV 3DWDJRQLD ZDV JUDGXDOO\ H[SORUHG DQG RSHQHG
XS 7RGD\ RQH KHDUV LQ 8VKXDLD WKDW WKHUH LV RQO\ RQH VXUYLYRU OHIW RI WKH <DPDQD
SHRSOH RQH RI WKH LQGLJHQRXVSHRSOHV LQ 7LHUUD GHO )XHJR 7KLV LV UHPLQLVFHQW RI WKH
P\WKWKDWDOO7DVPDQLDQ$ERULJLQDOSHRSOHVKDGEHHQZLSHGRXW2I FRXUVHLWZDVQRW
WUXHDQG,FDQQRWKHOSIHHOLQJWKDWVRPHGD\ZHPD\ILQGRXWWKDWWKHFDVHRIWKH<DPDQD
LVQRWWUXHHLWKHU2QHKDVWRZRQGHUDERXWWKRVHRIORQJPL[HGGHVFHQWZKRPLJKWQRW
NQRZ DERXW WKHLU RULJLQV MXVW OLNH WKH PHPEHUV RI PDQ\ RI WKH 6WROHQ *HQHUDWLRQV LQ
$XVWUDOLD
:KHUHWKHPDLQFRPSDULVRQOLHVKRZHYHULVUHJDUGLQJWKHSHQLWHQWLDU\DQGWKHSULVRQ
V\VWHP LQ 8VXKXDLD DQG WKDW RI 3RUW $UWKXU , WDNH 3RUW $UWKXU 7DVPDQLD DV P\
FRPSDUDWLYH SDUDGLJP IRU D QXPEHU RI UHDVRQV )LUVWO\ WKH EHDXW\ RI 3RUW $UWKXU LV
GHHSO\PRYLQJDQGVWDQGLQJDJDLQVWWKDWEHDXW\LVWKHSHQLWHQWLDU\LWVHOI7KHORFDWLRQLV
FXW RII IURP WKH UHVW RI 7DVPDQLD E\ (DJOHKDZN 1HFN DFURVV WKH 7DVPDQ 3HQLQVXOD
2ULJLQDOO\DWLPEHUVWDWLRQ3RUW$UWKXUZDVEXLOWEHWZHHQDQG$KDUVKPDOH
RQO\ FRUUHFWLRQDO WKH ³VHSDUDWH SULVRQ´ EHDUV D UHPDUNDEOH UHVHPEODQFH WR WKH
DUFKLWHFWXUDOGHVLJQRIWKHODWHU8VKXDLDSHQLWHQWLDU\7KHFHOOSULVRQDW3RUW$UWKXU
ZDV EXLOW LQ WKH VKDSH RI D FURVV ZLWK UDGLDO H[HUFLVH \DUGV DURXQG D FHQWUDO KDOO DQG
FKDSHO DV ZDV 8VKXDLD ,Q WKH ³VHSDUDWH SULVRQ´ DW 3RUW $UWKXU UDWKHU WKDQ UHJXODU
KDUVK SK\VLFDO SXQLVKPHQWV WKH SV\FKRORJLFDOO\ SUHVVXUHG ³VLOHQW V\VWHP´ ZDV XVHG