BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
BIO 2135 - Animal Form and Function
Final Examination
Worth 35 % of the final grade
April 22, 2017
Please read and sign in the space provided to acknowledge these
instructions:
a) Cellular phones, unauthorized electronic devices or course notes
(unless an open-book exam) are not allowed during this exam. Phones
and devices must be turned off and put away in your bag. Do not keep
them in your possession, such as in your pockets. If caught with such a
device or document, the following may occur: you will be asked to
leave immediately the exam, academic fraud allegations will be filed
which may result in you obtaining a 0 (zero) for the exam.
b) Place your name and student number in the space provided below. Be
sure that your name, or student number, is on the top of each page.
c) Check to be sure that you exam is complete with a total of 18 pages
including this one.
d) Answer all questions in the space provided on the exam. Do not
transfer answers to the back of the page.
e) Answer the essay question at the end of the exam in the examination
booklet that has been provided. Be sure that your name and student
number is on the cover of the examination booklet. Double spaced
please!
f) The exam is marked out of 160 points
g) Please be sure that your seat number is on the exam and the
examination booklet
h) This is not an open book exam.
Name:
___________________________________________
Signature: _________________________________________________
Student No:
___________________________________
Seat number: _______________________
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 1 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
30pts Part 1. Briefly explain what each of the following biological terms means. Where
possible include an example in your explanation from a group or an organism to which the
term applies.
Kingdom Animalia
{multicellular, eukaryote heterotrophs}{ancestral cell the choanocyte} {division of labour
between cells} {collagen} Must have first one with all three facts for 1 point, any other two
can be added to get to the full three marks
Stone canal
{echinoderms/sea stars}{part of the water vascular system} {Connects the madreporite to the ring
canal}
Stomochord
Stomochord {Hemicordata/acornworm}{divericulum formed from gut/buccal diverticulum}{support
structure for proboscis}{once thought to be a notochord}{Glomerulus pushes against it for filtering
blood} Must have first two and either of the other two for the full three marks
Neural plate
{forms when endoderm contacts ectoderm}{will form dorsal nerve cord} by folding up on itself/neural
crest}
Tunicin
{urochordata}{unique form of cellulose in protein matrix}{forms the tunic/outer casing of the animal}
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 2 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
Carotid arteries
{Blood supply to the brain}{from the heart}{divide to form inner and outer}
Iliac vein
{Blood returns to the heart}{from the appendages/legs} {structures associated with the the pelvic
girdle}
Urostyle
{Modification of the vertebrae}{in frogs}{Strengthen for jumping of the hind legs}
Pneumatized bone
{In birds}{Explain the appearance: Bones are not solid but filled with air spaces and reinforcing boney
struts}{strategy to make the bird lighter}
Heterodont teeth
{mammalian jaw} {that have different shapes}{related to their different functions}
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 3 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
29 pts Part 2: Answer each of the following multiple choice questions by placing and X in the
space to the left of the correct choice. There is only one correct answer for each question and
questions have either 4 or 5 answers to choose from. Be sure your X doesn’t cross over two
answers – if it does the question will be scored as 0.
2.1 This serves as an inlet into the water vascular system
_______ a. Tiedemann body
_______ b. Polian vesicle
_______ c. radial canal
_______
X d. madreporite
_______ e. ring canal
2.2 The old anapsid lineage of reptiles was represented by
_______ a. liurds.
_______ b. tuataras.
_______ c. snakes.
_______
X d. turtles.
_______ e. crocodiles.
2.3 The functional excretory units in the kidneys of fishes are
_______ a. flame bulbs.
_______ b. nephridia.
_______ c. Malpighian tubules.
_______ d. green glands.
_______
X e. nephrons.
2.4 Contraction of the ___________ forces water into the tube feet of the water vascular
system.
_______
a.
ampullae
X
_______ b. lateral canals
_______ c. Polian vesicles
_______ d. hemal rings
_______ e. Tiedemann bodies
2.5 In the acorn worms, the anterior region of the digestive tract, which contains the gills, is
the
X a. pharynx.
_______
_______ b. esophagus.
_______ c. buccal cavity.
_______ d. atrium.
_______ e. stomach.
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 4 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
2.6 This sorts the food in a hemichordate acorn worm
_______
X a. Ciliary organ
_______ b. Setal organ
_______ c. Collar
_______ d. Proboscis complex
2.7 The ampullae of Lorenzini in a cartilaginous fish are this type of receptor:
_______ a. Chemoreceptor
_______ b. Mechanical receptors
_______ c. Gravity receptors
_______
X d. Electroreceptors
_______ e. None of these
2.8 Glands that produce watery secretions that function in evaporative cooling are called
glands.
_______ a. sebaceous
_______
X b. eccrine
_______ c. mucous
_______ d. endocrine
_______ e. apocrine
2.9 In reptiles, the teeth are uniformly conical and are referred to as
_______ a. apicodont.
_______ b. heterodont.
_______ c. conodont.
_______
X d. homodont.
_______ e. thecodont.
2.10 The vertebral column of a bird has been modified so it is
_______ a. much longer and more flexible.
_______ b. springy and elastic to store energy for flight.
_______
X c. rigid with many vertebrae fused together.
_______ d. broad to assist in aerodynamic lift.
_______ e. no longer connected to the ribs.
2.11 The larva of the freshwater lamprey, that closely resembles the amphioxus
lancelet, is
_______
a.
ammocoete.
X
_______ b. Branchiostoma.
_______ c. cephalaspidomorph.
_______ d. heterostracan.
_______ e. ostracoderm.
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 5 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
2.12 Members of this phylum include acorn worms and pterobranchs.
_______
X a. Hemichordata
_______ b. Echinodermata
_______ c. Echiura
_______ d. Chordata
_______ e. Pogonophora
2.13 Toxic secretions in amphibians are frequently accompanied by
_______
X a. warning coloration.
_______ b. warts and claws.
_______ c. Mullerian mimicry.
_______ d. Batesian mimicry.
_______ e. cryptobiosis.
2.14 The echinoderm excretory system is best described as:
_______ a. protonephridial
_______ b. metanephridial
_______ c. primitive
_______ d. derived
_______
X e. nonexistent
2.15 The ____________________ house the radial canals of the sea star water
vascular system.
_______ a. pedicellariae
_______
X b. ambulacral grooves
_______ c. Polian vesicles
_______ d. lateral canals
_______ e. Tiedemann bodies
2.16 The branchial sac of a tunicate plays a role in which of the following
functions?
_______
X a. Filter feeding
_______ b. Respiration
_______ c. Maintenance of the hydroskeleton
_______ d. Discharge of gametes from the body
_______ e. All of these
2.17 One region of the sea star stomach, the ________________, receives ingested food.
_______ a. gizzard
_______ b. crop
_______
X c. cardiac stomach
_______ d. pylorus
_______ e. rectal cecum
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 6 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
X
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
2.18 Sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers belong to the phylum
_______
X a. Echinodermata.
_______ b. Pogonophora.
_______ c. Echiura.
_______ d. Taroigrada.
_______ e. Phoronida.
2.19 The voice box of birds is called the
_______ a. vocal cord.
_______ b. larynx.
_______ c. vocalizer.
_______ d. bronchus.
_______
X e. syrinx.
2.20 Flow of water over fish gills maintains a concentration gradient (of gases) between the
blood and the water over the length of the capillary bed; this is referred to as a
_____________ mechanism.
_______ a. osmotic
_______ b. passive
_______
X c. countercurrent
_______ d. active
_______ e. exchange
2.21 Excretion in enteropneusts (acorn worm) involves a series of blood sinuses called the
_______ a. flame bulb.
_______ b. nephridium.
_______ c. renal corpuscle.
_______ d. kidney.
_______
X e. glomerulus.
2.22 Some sharks and some bony fishes such as the tuna, maintain water flow over the gills by
holding the mouth open. This is called ______ ventilation.
_______ a. buccal
_______ b. pneumatic
_______ c. costal
_______ d. active
_______
X e. ram
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 7 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
2.23 Ilium, ischium, and pubis comprise the ________ of tetrapods.
_______ a. hind limbs
_______ b. front limbs
_______ c. neck
_______ d. pectoral girdle
_______
X e. pelvic girdle
2.24 The posterior end of an adult tunicate is in the region of the
_______ a. siphuncle.
_______ b. oral siphon.
_______
X c. atrial siphon.
_______ d. siphonoglyph.
_______ e. head.
2.25 The lateral line of a shark is used for
_______ a. excretion of urea and water.
_______ b. detecting odors.
_______
X c. detecting and locating objects and moving animals in the water.
_______ d. secreting mucus as a swimming lubricant.
_______ e. detecting the heat of prey animals.
2.26 The calcareous plates found underneath the epidermis of an echinoderm are
called the
_______ a. ambulacrae.
_______ b. Tiedemann's bodies.
_______ c. madreporite.
_______ d. pedicellariae.
_______
X e. ossicles.
2.27 Gas exchange across the skin is called
_______ a. ram ventilation.
_______ b. countercurrent exchange.
_______
X c. cutaneous respiration.
_______ d. buccopharyngeal exchange.
_______ e. branchial respiration.
2.28 The major osmoregulatory problems of freshwater fishes are
_______ a. water loss and salt loss.
_______
X b. water gain and salt loss.
_______ c. water gain and salt gain.
_______ d. water loss and salt gain.
_______ e. nonexistent because freshwater fishes are isosmotic to their environment.
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 8 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
2.29 This membrane produces the shell of a reptilian egg:
_______ a. Amnion
_______
X b. Chorion
_______ c. Allantois
_______ d. Placenta
_______ e. None of these
40 pts Part 3: Fill in the missing word, or provide the one word answer in the space provided
at the end of the sentence. If the line is missing, add it.
3.1 In the ancestor to the mammals this part of the epidermis produced scents
Glands
and smells. __________________
3.2 This and the ulna form the lower paired bones of the tetrapod
Radius
forearm. __________________
3.3 You won't find these skeletal elements in a lamprey. __________________
Bones
3.4 To allow better manoeuvrability these ray-finned fish fins are now used for
locomotion. __________________
Pectoral/pelvic
3.5 This part of the sea star stomach can be inverted to help feed on captured
prey. __________________
Cardiac
3.6 At one time there was a taxonomic group referred to as the Radiata. It included
Echinoderms and this animal phylum. __________________
Cnidaria
3.7 These, not the lung, expand and contract when a bird breaths
(Two words). __________________
Air sacs
3.8 A ligular flip refers to this structure in a frog. __________________
Tounge
3.9 Even though they have pharyngeal slits and pores, acorn worms don't have these
Gills
associated with the openings. __________________
3.10 The secondary acoustic pathway in amphibians detects these sound
frequencies. __________________
Low
Down
3.11 These feathers insulate a bird. __________________
3.12 The regulation of the change in the unique echinoderm connective tissue from flexible to
Nervous
stiff is controlled by this system. __________________
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 9 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
3.13 Name given to the blocks of muscle along the length of the lamprey or
Myomeres
hagfish. __________________
3.14 Running early birds originally used their wigs to capture food and then later for
generating lift and subsequent flight. This name is given to this theory on the origins of
flight (Two words). __________________
Ground up
3.15 Another name for the digestive glands found in the arms of a sea star
(Two words). __________________
Pyloric ceca
3.16 The evidence of insulative feathers in more than one lineage of dinosaurs suggests to
scientists that this may have evolved more than once in the diapsids.
Endothermy
__________________
3.17 Unlike arthropods, but similar to echinoderms, chordates have this type of skeleton.
Endoskeleton
__________________
Three
3.18 Number of chambers in an amphibian heart. __________________
3.19 When you study the different types of teeth in mammals you are studying this aspect of
its biology. __________________
Dentition
3.20 Gas exchange in a bird occurs across these tubular structures found in the
Parabronchi
lungs. __________________
3.21 Like all deuterostomes, echinoderms have this type of divided
coelom. __________________
Tripartite
3.22 The vertebrate mesoderm block has three parts, dorsal, middle and ventral. Which part
Dorsal
forms the segmental musculature? __________________
3.23 These are the smallest branches of the air ways inside the mammalian
Bronchioles
lung. __________________
Hollow
3.24 Describes the structure of the chordate dorsal nerve cord. __________________
3.25 This term describes the form of locomotion in frogs. It's a synonym for
Saltatory/Saltorial
jumping. __________________
Crocodiles
3.26 Birds and these animals are sister groups in the diapsid lineage. __________________
3.27 This bone, along with the musculature of the body wall, secures the internal organs when
a frog jumps. __________________
Sternum
3.28 This term refers to the wind pipe of a mammal. __________________
Trachea
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 10 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
Assymetric
3.29 Type of symmetry seen in the larval stage of a cephalochordate. __________________
3.30 Another term describing that anterior swelling of the dorsal nerve
cord. __________________
Brain
3.31 Lobe-finned fish are the sister group to this vertebrate class. __________________
Amphibia
3.32 Name for the process that creates the neurotube-notochord-mesoderm complex in
chordates. __________________
Induction
3.33 Water passes through openings in this part of the digestive tract in both hemichordates
and chordates. __________________
Pharynx
Preoral
3.34 Location of the ciliary organ in an acorn worm. __________________
Vertebrae
3.35 You'll find these bones inside the dorsal lobe of a shark's tail. __________________
3.36 This specialized part of the mammalian nephron varies in length depending on how
Loope of henle
important water retention (three words) __________________
3.37 This part of a sea urchin intestine, also called the stomach, is where digestion and nutrient
absorption occurs. __________________
Oral
3.38 A biologically more precise taxonomic term for the egg producing
mammals. __________________
Prototheria
3.39 Although a shark doesn't have a large stomach they do have a special valve in the
intestine that slows the passage of food and increases the surface area of
the gut. __________________
Spiral
3.40 The geological period is often called the age of fishes because of the diversification of the
Devonian
ray-finned fish at this time. __________________
PART 4 Starts on the next page
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 11 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
10 pts Part 4. Using the numbers shown on the cladogram describe 5 of the 10 indicated events
that defined the evolution of the major animal groups. Be sure to enter the character number in
the table.
Character
#
Description
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 12 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
The question asks for the events not the names of the taxa at these points along the cladogram.
In cases where there are more than two any combination for a total of two points.
Character 1: {Septate cell junctions between cells}{Choanocytes disappear}
Character 2 {appearance of true tissues} {includes ectoderm and endoderm}{symmetry along
and oral aboral axis}
Character 3: {blastopore becomes the mouth} {nervous system with ventral nerve cord}
Character 4: {moulted/ecdysis cuticle/exoskelton}{reinforced with chitin or collagen}{loss of
cilia}{Coelom absent}
Character 5: Presence of either {lophophore} or {Trochophore larva}. The two points are
awarded if the state that these is either – only one point if the answer indicates that both are
present.
Character 6: {Loss of coelom/acoelomate or pseudocoelomates} {loss of metaphridia}{loss of
circulatory system}
Character 7: {dipleurula lara}{blastopore forms the anus} {tripartite coelom}
Character 8: {pharyngeal gill slits}{dorsal hollow nerve cord}
Character 9: {sessile with a U-shaped gut}{presence of a lophophore}{tripartite coelom
WITH a lophophore}
Charcter 10: {Spiral cleavage} two points for the one character
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 13 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
36 pts Part 5: Answer 6 of the following 10 questions in the space provided. Each is worth 6
points. There is no bonus.
5.1 How does feeding and use of the pharyngeal gill slits differ in Hemichordates and
chordates?
Both: {consolidate food in mucous} and {water flow carries it into the digestive system}
Mucous origin: Hemichordate {ciliary sorting organ on proboscis that creates a mucous
string} Chordate: {endostyle in floor of pharnx creates a net over the pharyngeal openings}
Food trapping: Hemichordate {pharyngeal openings have no role} Chordate: {openings
essential for food trapping in the net that covers them}
5.2 What is knotting behaviour, what group of animals do it and why is it important?
{in hagfish/Mixini}
Importance 1: {in feeding}{grasp the surface of the food with mouth/dental plate and
tounge}{slide the knot to get a grip on food}
Importance 2: {produces slime}{behaviour removes the slime from the hagfish’s body so
won’t suffocate}
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 14 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
5.3 Two different types of chordates have spiral valves. Who has them and what do they do in
each?
{Frog – amphibian}{Part of the circulatory system}{Determines if blood flows to the
lungs/pulmonary circuit – used to prevent blood flow into the pulmonary circuit}
{Chondrichtheyes/cartilaginous fish/sharks} {digestive system} {slows the movement of food
through the digestive tract, (doesn’t increase absorption significantly the wall still does that}
5.4 A number of unique adaptations allowed the bony fish to be able to remain still (not
always having to swim) in the aquatic environment. Describe them.
{Movement and position of the Pectoral and Pelvic Fins/ must state both} – {change from being more
or less immovable in cartiolagenous fishes and embedded in the musculature of the body wall to highly
articulated and moveable with their own musculature.}
{Neutral Buoancy}- {Change from oils in shark to swim bladder in fish}
{Ventillation of the gills} {Change from ram ventilation and constant swimming in the shark to the
opercular gill that pulls water over the gills without swimming}
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 15 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
5.5 What is genome duplication, what animal group has undergone duplication and what was
the advantage of doing so?
3pts What it is: {easy point – is a complete duplication of the genome of an organism}
{Gnathostome vertebrates have }{two rounds of genome duplication/four copies of the
genome}{third round/8 copies in Bony Fish} to a maximum of three
3pts advantages: {Assumed increased potential for diversification}{one can carry on with the
original function while the second can be subject to change and modification or selection}{If a
gene mutates there is a backup copy and the mutation may not be harmful} to a maximum of
three
5.6 How does a tube-foot work?
{Hydrostatic skeleton}
{fluid is the water vascular system}
{valve in lateral canal isolates the foot from the system}
{Muscle in ampulla contract and extend foot}
{suction cup on tip of foot holds onto the substrate}
{Muscles in wall of foot bend and lever the foot}
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 16 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
5.7 Briefly compare how an amphibian, reptile and mammal ventilate their lungs.
Amphibian: {Buccal force mechanism}{Air is swallowed and pushed into the lungs by
contracting the size of the mouth cavity}
Reptile: {Negative pressure – suction mechanism}{Expansion of the rib cage by intercostal
muscles sucks air in} Some students are going to give a detail of the bird lung but the answer
is really this simple
Mammal {Negative pressure – suction mechanism {For this point they must mention both the
Expansion of the rib cage AND the muscular diapgram to suck air into the lungs}
5.8 Describe how an acorn worm feeds?
{Sessile filter feeders/live in burrows}{Cilia on proboscis collect particulate food move it to
preoral ciliary organ}{sorts the particles and suitable size enters the mouth}{Food particles in
mucous}{propelled into digestive tract with cilia} {food concentrated by removal of water
across the gill pores/pharyngeal slits}
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 17 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
5.9 What taxon has deciduous, diphyodont dentition? What is it and why is having this
advantageous for the group?
Taxon with: {Mammals}
{Decidous refers to the fact that the teeth or shed} {Dyphyodont refers that there are two sets
of teeth involved in the process}
Advantage: {Mammal jaw continues to grow after they are born}{This allows more teeth to
be added when the jaw reaches final size}{Insures there is a full set of teeth along the length
of the smaller juvenile and larger adult jaws} {Extra teeth that are added are the molars} Any
two points from this last set.
The students will want to talk about the different types of teeth which is term heterodont
which is not a part of the question
5.10. What are the autapomorphies that define the urochordates. Briefly describe each
autapomorphy.
First is the {Tunic that covers the body}{mix of protein and carbohydrate
chains}{charbohydrate is tunicin/ is a type of cellulose}
Second is the {reversible heart beat}{in one direction the blood is rich in nutrients and low in
oxygen to the tissues it supplies}{in the other direction it is oxygen rich and nutrient poor}
Implication is that if it flowed only one way a tissue at one of the sequence wold never get
suitable blood because of the loop.
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 18 of 19
BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function
Name: ___________________________________________
Student No:___________________
20 pts Part 6: Answer the essay question in the examination booklet that has been provided.
Please use both sides of the page and write double spaced, it’s much easier to read (Thanks)!
HINT: You may find it advantageous to organise your thoughts in point form using the first page
of your examination booklet
All animals have to obtain oxygen and transport it to actively metabolizing tissues that require
it. Using an example organism from each of the following four categories and compare
oxygen acquisition and its transport in each of the animals you have chosen
A)
B)
C)
D)
A invertebrate marine deuterostome
A terrestrial deuterostome
A marine protostome
An terrestrial protostome
BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 19 of 19