PROJECT COMPLETION AND SCIENTIFIC REPORT
DST ES/11/313/97
Integrated Studies For Assessment find
Management Of Groundwater Resources
Of Part Of Dhund River Basin,
District Jaipur, Rajasthan
Volume - II
Dr. A.K. Sinha
Professor & Head
Environmental Geology Lab
Department of Geology
University of Rajasthan
JAIPUR-302004
Email: [email protected]
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF
GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF PART OF DHUND
RIVER BASIN
INTRODUCTION
The concept of sustainability is the sustainability of productivity and quality of environment of
the natural resources/ecological set up. This can be achieved through a set of production
functions/activities which mutually balance the impact of depletion and replenishment of the
producing potential (productivity) within the resilient power/capacity of the natural resources.
Beyond this limit of resilience, the natural resources set up starts degrading. Though in the initial
years higher productivity may be recorded, in the long run, the degradation is inevitable.
Through intervention of innovative technologies, the limit of production/productivity can be
enhanced and reset at a higher level of production with a new set of production functions, which
should again bring the mutual balance. But within a given set of technology, this level of
production is fixed at a finite/definite limit when stretched beyond such limit, the degradation
sets in contrary to this concept, as the population is ever increasing, Therefore, no natural
resources setup or ecological set up can meet the needs/requirements of ever increasing
population. Hence, intervention of integrated watershed resource management and development
programmes of different nature has to be brought in so as to contain the population and its felt
needs within the level of production achieved through resources based/ecologically sustainable
development plan (Fig-1).
Fig-2 shows the sustainable development plan of water resources in the basin or at watershed
level.
In view of the above concept principle and need of the sustainable utilisation./ developement of
the natural resources the sustainable utilisation and development of the ground water in three
water shed of the Dhund River Basin has been discussed . The Dhund River basin is one of the
sub-basins of the Yamuna River basin . This river sub basin consists of many watersheds .
However the watersheds namely Amanishah, Jhalana and Ratanganga were targeted for details
studies under the Department of Science Technology ( NRDMS Divison ) sponsored project (
ES/11/313/97) entitled " Integrated Studies For Assessment and Management of Ground water
Resources of part of Dhund River Basin , District Jaipur , Rajasthan.The watersheds selected
are both urban ( Amanishah and Jhalana ) as well as Rural ( Ratanganga ) in character which fall
in semiarid regions .
Wherever we are we are part of one or the other watershed as such our survival being is
directly linked with the survival of the watershed . Here sustainability of an Ecosystem comes
in vogue. In order to understand the sustainability of an ecological system the nature of the
material and the processes operating within the system need to be throughly understood . An
effort was made to understand the material of the watershed particularly the availability and
behaviour of the ground water in the three targeted watersheds . This part of the report contains
the detailing of the sustainable utilization and the development of the ground water resources in
the three watersheds
Fig-1: Flow Chart For Sustainability of Natural Resources
Sustainability of Natural Resources
Information Need
Natural Resources
Data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6
7
Geology
Geomorphology
Groundwater
Rainfall & Climate
Landuse/cover
Drainage
Slope
Thematic Map
Information
Socio-Economic &
Demoeraohic data
1.
2.
3.
4.
Social Profile
Demographic Profile
Economic Profile
Cultural Profile
People's Needs
Modern Technology
1. Remote Sensing
2. Geographical
information
system (GIS)
Use in generation of
various information
& integration of data
Integration of MultiThematic Information
Natural Resources Based development (at micro watershed level 5-10 km )
Recharge/Discharge Estimation
Recharge Structures
Resources Management Decisions
Implementation
Evaluation
Feed Back
Fig-2 Flowchart for Sustainable Development Plan For Water Resources
Information Need
Thematic Information
Geology
Geomorphology
Structural
Hydrological
Slope
Drainage
Hydrogeomorphological
Landuse/cover
Well Inventory
Data
Rainfall
Data
Geophysical Survey
Socio-economic Information
Demographic Data
Agricultural
Landuse
Data
Industrial
Groundwater Utilisation
Groundwater Prospects
Groundwater Budgeting
Over-Exploited
Under Exploited
Development of
groundwater through
dug well, dug-cumbore well and tubewell.
Measures to be taken to harvest rainwater at
suitable locations
Groundwater conservation and management
Efficient agricultural,industrial and domestic uses
of water
Mass Awareness
Need Based Development of Groundwater
Resources
Scientific studies for locating potential and
rechargeable zones
Ban on new groundwater development structures
Low water consuming crops should be grown
GROUNDWATER BUDGETTING OF THE WATERSHEDS
Methodology
The groundwater balance of the watershed may be expressed in the form of following equation:
Groundwater inflow - Groundwater outflow = Change in groundwater storage - (1)
The most important component of groundwater recharge are precipitation infiltrating to phreatic
aquifer(Wp), natural recharge from the streams, lakes and ponds (Wr), groundwater inflow
(Gwi), recharge from canals (Wc), surface water reservoir (Was) and recharge by return flow of
surface irrigation (Wag). The most usual component of discharge are groundwater discharge to
streams and springs (Gwb), loss by evapotranspiration( Gwet), groundwater extraction by
pumping wells for irrigation, industry and domestic water supply (Gwe), ground-water outflow
(Gwo). The above referred equation no.l can be written in expanded form as follows:
Sgw =
Wp+Wr+Wc+Wag+Gwi-Gwb-Gwe-Gwet-Gwe-Gwo - Gwn
-(2)
Sgw
Wp
Wr
We
Was
Gwi
Gwb
Gwe
Gwet
Gwe
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Gwo
Gwn
=
=
Change in groundwater storage
Recharge due to precipitation infiltration
Recharge from the streams, lakes and ponds
Recharge from canals
Recharge by return flow of surface irrigation
Recharge by groundwater inflows
Groundwater discharge to streams and springs
Groundwater loss by evaporation
Groundwater loss by evapotranspiration
Groundwater extraction by pumping wells for irrigation, industry and
domestic water supply
Groundwater outflow
Groundwater base flow
Recharge components
(1) Recharge from precipitation
The recharge of groundwater to shallow aquifer has been determined for each year by water
level fluctuation method as per guidelines of Groundwater Estimation Committee, Ministry of
Irrigation, Govt. of India (1984).Following formula is applied :
Wp
Wp
=
M
=
Sy
A
=
Average
=
=
Mx Sy x A
-(3)
Dynamic groundwater recharge i.e. volume of water available within the
zone of water table fluctuation in a particular year.
Average water level fluctuation (Difference of water level in Pre and PostMonsoon period in that particular year in meters).
specific yield of water bearing formation
Effective area of recharge
To determine the value of M of above referred equation, number of dugwells were
selected in the watersheds as observation wells. The water level from these wells were
measured during the month of May-June (Pre-Monsoon) and November-December (PostMonsoon) in the year 1999, 2000, 2001. The average difference for all the wells were
computed for substituting the value of M in the equation referred above (3).Tab-I shows
the groundwater recharge in the three watersheds.
Table-I: Groundwater Recharge in Watersheds
S.No.
Year
1.
2.
3.
1999
2000
2001
(2)
Amanishah Watershed
(mcm)
22. 379
8.825
5.673
Jhalana Watershed
(mcm)
5.294
1.176
1.437
Ratanganga Watershed
(mcm)
1.536
1.44
1.536
Recharge from the streams or lakes (Wr)
As there is no natural lake in the watersheds, and most of the rivers/streams are of ephemeral in
nature which remains dry in most of the time in the year. There is no recharge by these sources.
The recharge by streams in rainy season, when the streams sometimes flow, has already been
considered under the heading dynamic groundwater recharge(recharge by precipitation).
(3)
Recharge by canal seepage (Wc)
There is no canal in the watersheds, so this factor can be negleted. But if there is canal in a
watershed, as per guidelines of Groundwater Estimation Committee, Ministry of Irrigation,
Govt.of India (1984), recharge to groundwater bodies by canal seepage has been taken 10% of
live capacity of surface water reservoirs.
(4)
Recharge from surface water reservoirs (Was)
As there is no surface water reservoir in the watersheds, so this factor can be neglected. But as
per guidelines of GWEC, the groundwater recharge from surface water reservoirs is considered
to be about 6% of gross storage in medium and minor irrigation reservoirs.
(5) Return flow of water applied for irrigation (Wag)
The requirement of crop water and the application of irrigation water in practice are such that the
fields do not overcome the prevailing soil moisture field capacity from medium to rich soils
during dry season. The high rate of evaporation is such that it would not allow any groundwater
infiltration down to water table in summer season. The prevailing practice of applying frequent
small watering of 15 to 20 cms. at a time from the wells is insignificant for infiltration. However,
there is considerable recharge to groundwater by irrigated water in canal command area. In canal
command area, 30% of applied irrigation has been worked out by multiplying the crop
requirement of 0.5 m with canal irrigated area, 30% of this volume of water has been taken as the
recharge to groundwater.
Total irrigated area
Average water requirement of crop
Total volume of water applied for irrigation
Return flow of groundwater
(6)
=
=
=
sq.km
0.35m.
Area x water requirement =
30% of a in MCM.
a
Recharge by groundwater inflow (Gwi)
The water table contour maps prepared for the watersheds shows that the watersheds have the
flow direction is towards outside the watersheds. In such cases there is no possibility of any
amount of groundwater coming to watersheds as inflow. So, this factor can be treated as nil.
Discharge components
The various means of groundwater discharge includes sub-surface outflow from the watersheds,
discharge to streams as base flow or spring, evaporation from open water surface wherever the
groundwater discharged on the surface accumulates, evapotranspiration from phreatophytic
vegetation drawing water from groundwater in shallow water table tracts, evaporation from soil
surfaces wherever the capillary fine zone intercepts the surface and draft for animals, rural and
urban population, irrigation and industry.
The most of the components referred above have insignificant values. The discharge to streams
as base flow is also negligible as most of the time in the year the river beds are found dry. The
evaporation from open water surface accumulated due to seepage from groundwater (natural
springs and ponds) are also absent in the watersheds, so this component can be treated as nil.
The evapotranspiration from phreatophytic vegetation drawing water from groundwater in
shallow water table tracts do occur where the water table is shallow. The phreatophytes are very
small, so this factor of discharge has also not been taken into account.
The only factor which have considerable influence over the discharge of groundwater reservoir is
the extraction of water from wells for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. The estimation
of discharges by pumping of wells have been made adopting following methods:
The number of dug wells, dug-cum- bore wells and tubewells have been collected from field
study and from villagers. The approximate running hours of the wells each day, and number of
days the wells being used for irrigation have been enquired from cultivators during field visit.
The approximate discharge has also been estimated of a number of wells. Based on above
enquiry it has been estimated that each dugwells yields 90 m3/day while each dug-cum-bore well
yield 200 m3/day and borewell yield 300.m3/day and runs for about five hours per day in
average. The total running days of these wells in a year has estimated to be about 150 days.
Hence, a dug well with above rate of pumping has estimated to yield approximately 0.0135
MCM/year discharge while a dug-cum-borewell has estimated to yield about 0.03.MCM of water
in a year and a borewell yield 0.045 MCM/year (Tab-II).
The domestic draft has been computed based on the present population of watersheds multiplied
by 100 litres per day per head consumption (urban area) and 50 liters per day per head
consumption of water (rural area) including the consumption for livestock for that family (TabIII,Tab-IV,Tab-V). The draft for industries has been estimated 3000 liters per day (average) for
Amanishah watershed and 5000 liters per day (average) for Jhalana and Ratanganga watersheds
(45 days, average).(Tab-VI).
Watershed
Amanishah
Jhalana
Ratanganga
Year
1999
2000
2001
Table-II: Ground water draft for irrigation in watersheds
Dug- cum- Bore well Bore well / Tube Total
Dug Well
well
Yield
No.
Yield
Yield
No.
No. Yield
mcm/year
mcm/year
mcm/ year mcm/year
0.9
2.59
0.34
1.35
25
45
20
3.04
0.41
25
1.13
30
50
1.5
0.68
2.27
0.54
1.05
15
40
35
Table-HI: Draft for population in Amanishah watershed
Utilization Rural Area
Population
Population Utilization Urban
Area (mcm/year)
(mcm/year)
Urban
Rural
21674
0.394
1518235
55.48
1548235
21794
56.58
0.397
1578235
21914
57.67
0.402
Table-IV: Draft for population in Jhalana watershed
Year
1999
2000
2001
Population Rural
9670
9790
9910
Utilization (mcm/year)
0.175
0.179
0.183
Table-V: Draft for population in Ratanganga watershed
Years
1999
2000
2001
Population Rural
15226
15346
15466
Utilization (mcm/year)
0.277
0.281
0.282
Table-VI: Groundwater Draft for Industries
Watershed
Amanishah
Jhalana
Ratanganga
Industries
5000
10
5
Consumption (mcm/year)
5.475
0.0023
0.00113
Present Groundwater Balance and Stage of Groundwater Development
The balance of groundwater at present available for utilization, and present stage of groundwater
development has been computed as per guidelines of GWREC, Ministry of Irrigation, Govt. of
India (1984). The formula adopted is as follows :
Gross groundwater recharge component
Net groundwater recharge
MCM
70 %of Gross Recharge
Gross groundwater draft (computed)
Net groundwater draft
available for utilisation
MCM
70% of Gross draft Balance
Netrecharge-NetDraft MCM/year
Stage of development
Net Draft
xl00
Net Recharge
Static Groundwater Reserve
Groundwater available below the zone of dynamic recharge is known as static groundwater
reserves. The estimate of static groundwater reserve is essential, as this water can be utilized in
case of emergency as for domestic water supply during drought period. The static groundwater
reserves can be computed by applying following formula:
Sr
Where Sr
L
Sy
A
L xSy x A
Static groundwater reserve (MCM)
Average thickness of aquifer below the zone of water level
fluctuation (in mts,.)
Specific yield of water bearing formation
Effective area in Km
The thickness of aquifer has been taken from geophysical cross section. The total static
groundwater reserves in the watersheds are shown in tab-VII.
Table-VII: Static Groundwater Reserves And Future Groundwater Utilisation Plan In
Watersheds
Watershed
Potential zone
Area
(Km2)
Specific
yield%
Average
Saturated
thickness
(mts)
Static
Reserves
(mcm)
Total Static 50% stored for 50%
Reserves
future (mcm) utilisable
(mcm)
(mcm)
Domestic Agriculture
&
(mcm)
Industrial
(mcm)
Alluvium
197
16
31.44
990.99
1073.02
536.51
536.51
482.86
(40%)
53.65
(10%)
Weathered
& 197
Fractured
rock
(basement)
3
13.88
82.03
Alluvium
16
32.2
210.46
224.68
112.34
112.34
16.85
(15%)
95.49
(35%)
Weathered
& 40.85
Fractured
rock
(basement)
3
11.6
14.22
Alluvium
16
26.8
257.28
286.8
143.4
143.4
21.51
(15%)
121.89
(35%)
3
16.4
29.52
Amanishah
40.85
Jhalana
Ratanganga
60
Weathered
& 60
Fractured
rock
(basement)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF WATER RESOURCES IN THREE
WATERSHEDS
AMANISHAH WATERSHED
Amanishah Watershed
Sustainable development of the natural resources is now very important to maintain a balance
between the regeneration and degradation of the natural resources. For the sustainable
development, watershed is an ideal unit. The watershed management is very necessary for the
sustainability of natural resources. Of all the natural resources water is very important for
sustainable development of other natural resources and the management of water at watershed
level may give better results. The water resource in the Amanishah watershed is in a worse
condition. The groundwater development is in over-exploited category. The groundwater
recharge and discharge components are shown in the tab-VIII.
Tablc-VIII: Groundwater Budgeting of Amanishah Watershed
Gross groundwater recharge
Net groundwater recharge (70% of gross
recharge)
Gross G.W.draft (Ag.)
Net G.W. draft (Ag) 70% of gross
g.w.(af)
Gross domestic & Industrial
Net annual gross draft (all uses)
Stage of development
1999
22.379
15.67
2000
8.825
6.18
2001
5.673
3.97
2.59
1.81
2.59
1.81
2.59
1.81
61.35
63.16
403.06%
62.45
64.26
1039.8%
63.55
65.36
1646.3%
As the landuse pattern of the watershed has changed, urbanization and industrialization become
dominant landuse of the watershed (Tab-IX,Tab-X; Fig-3,Fig-4). The quality and quantity of
groundwater both are affected by this major landuse change. The groundwater table is declining
1.25 mts. per year and the quality is also deteriorating due to industrialization and urbanization.
The high concentration of nitrate in the walled city and fluoride in the Sanganer area are the
results of urbanization and industrialization.
Table-IX: Landuse/cover change in Amanishah Watershed
Landuse/cover
categories
Area in 1973
(Km2)
Area in
2001
(Km2)
Percentage of Total
area
1973
2001
Landuse/cover
change
Builtup Land
Urban
Rural
Forest
Plantation
Waterbody
Wasteland
Openscrub
Gullies
Hills
Agricultural Land
Total
39.75
1.00
18.25
0.25
0.25
120.25
0.75
18.25
0.25
0.25
18.58
0.47
8.52
0.12
0.12
56.19
0.36
8.52
0.12
0.12
+37.61
-0.11
No. Change
No Change
No Change
15.75
5.5
0.5
1.75
5.5
0.5
7.36
2.57
0.23
0.82
2.57
0.23
-6.54
No change
No Change
132.75
214.00
66.50
214.00
62.03
100.00
31.97
100.00
- 30.96
10
Table-X: Villagewise Landuse in Amanishah Watershed (District Census Book, 1991)
S.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Village
(Area in Hectare)
Sanjeria
Udak
Murlipura
Ramjipura
Chainpura(48.67)
Getor (158.5)
Surajpura (223.78)
Bindayka
Jagatpura (96.19)
Budhsingpura
Tilawala (26.02)
Mahal (324.56)
Tiwariyawali Dhani
Ramagarh (174.24)
Rigsa
Murlipura (132.24)
Shrikrishanpura (303.87)
Jirota (312.50)
Goner (1506.36)
Relawata (208.76)
Saligrampura (214.46)
Saligrampura Ki Dhani
(57.93)
Kishorpura
Bimalpura (220.54)
Bidhani Ki Dhani
Bidhani (194.88)
Nigriwala
Ramchandrapura
(375.34)
Chitrala (167.09)
Udakiyon
Delawas Ki Dhani
(348.37)
163.05
Sukhpura
Sitapura(l 1.67)
(137.91)
Tibba
Bambala (354.92)
Ramsinghpura
Sheopura (501.01)
Teelawala
(235.21)
Barh Karalan (27.31)
Sukhpura (128.46)
Total: 6554.19
Area not
available for
cultivation
(Hectare)
23.68
87.90
110.65
53.54
13.80
195.64
65.44
83.43
229.69
151.34
808.83
108.14
151.79
31.83
Culturable
wasteland
(including
gaucher and
groves)
(Hectare)
0.06
14.80
30.02
9.0
49.83
21.90
22.66
26.40
18.97
394.30
32.09
19.83
13.38
11.69
4.41
164.38
167.25
26.93
8.05
17.52
15.17
-
28.86
259.79
35.73
15.17
-
24.02
41.74
128.15
174.43
6.85
69.76
8.07
62.44
-
1.5
(40.15)
80.45
98.25
50.85
10.14
(83.65)
175.55
269.25
138.11
0.02
2.14
52.32
86.01
27.32
0.01
11.97
46.60
47.50
18.93
-
6.20
26.80
1046.7
19.33
80.23
3813.5
0.77
12.22
984.59
1.01
9.21
608.11
Total
Population &
No. of
households
Forest
Irrigated by
source
(Hectare)
Un-irrigated
(including
fallow land)
(Hectare)
297(24)
316(41)
500 (66)
1468(249)
256(33)
540(61)
453 (63)
229 (26)
443(77)
385 (72)
3882(600)
377 (60)
493(79)
79(150) •
-
-
21.92
33.15
89.03
10.55
10.38
52.53
81.18
18.07
16.47
16.54
105.21
25.72
22.62
9.09
389(55)
410(49)
-
713(102)
631(73)
482(85)
552(85)
UN
538(78)
1325(171)
3968(535)
670(82)
139(18)
539 (66)
20074(2865)
-
3.01
22.70
8.08
23.10
1.84
26.56
5.77
8.08
31.31
25.65
82.70
42.81
20.22
3.63
The draft of groundwater has increased from 63.16 MCM in 1999 to 65.36 MCM in 2001 due to
which the water table is decling very fastly. The total population of the watershed in 1999 was
1518235 which had increased 1578235 in 2001 in urban area while in rural areas, the population
was 21674 in 1999 which had increased 21914 in 2001.
The dug wells in the upper part of the watershed are completely dried and the number of tubewells
has increased which are using in drinking and industrial purposes while in the lower part of the
watershed, the dug wells are mainly used for drinking and agricultural practices and the waste
water of Jaipur city discharged in Amanishah Nala is also used for agricultural practices due to
which many health problems can be occurred.
Sustainable Development Plan Of Groundwater
Amanishah watershed has basement at 80mts. to 92 mts. depth in northern and central part while in
the southern part it is 40mts to 65 mts. (Tab-XI).On the basis of basement topography a broad
depression / sub-surface basin / reservoir has been interpreted in the northern part in Vidhyadhar
Nagar area (30.42 km2)(Fig-5). This basin is suitable for high yield tube well and can also be used
to store recharged water. On the basis of basement topography different zones have been identified
and classified into different zones for suitability for dug well, dug-cum-bore well and bore well /
tubewell. Where the basement is at shallow depth, the suitable groundwater development structure
is dug well, where the basement is at medium depth, the suitable development structure is dugcum-bore well, and at high depth, the tubewells are suitable groundwater development structures
(Tab-XII, Fig-6).
Table-XI: Depth To Basement In Amanishah Watershed
S.No.
1.
. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11.
12
13
14.
15.
16.
17.
Location
Vidhyadhar Nagar
North of Vidhyadhar Nagar
Shipra Road Mansarovar
Maharani Farm
West of Pratap Nagar
South of Pratap Nagar
Ramchanderpura
Shaligrampura
Ambabari
Sanganer
Jhotwara
S.M.S. Stadium
Durgapura
Jhalana
Malviya Nagar
Sukhpuriya
Mansarovar
Basement depth (mts.)
90
80
68
56
64
54
52
40
98
55.2
84
73
71
50
75
57
80
12
Table-XII: Groundwater Development Structure Feasibility On The Basis Of Basement
Topography
Basement
Depth Range
(mts)
< 40 mts
40 - 65 mts
> 65 mts
Dug Well
Area
(km2)
15.21
Percent
7.11
-
-
Dug-cum-bore Well
Area
(km2)
45.63
-
Percent
Tube well
Area ( km")
21.32
-
130.13
Percent
60.81
The iso-resistivity values have been plotted (Fig-7) for the depth range of 10-30 mts to find out
the suitability for dug well (Tab-XIII). In the southern part, the resistivity value is upto 10 ohmm. and this zone is most suitable for dug well. As we go in the upper part of the watershed, the
values are increasing indicating the non-suitability of dug wells. The area covered under most
suitable category is 13.42%, suitable 9.48%, less suitable 9.48 and very less suitable 11.05% of
total area.(Tab-XIV; Fig-8).
Table-XIII: True Resistivity Value At The Depth Range 10-30 Mts.
S.No
VES Point locations
True
Water
Resistivity(Ohm-m) table
(Depth,mts)
(mts)
1
2.
3.
4.
Vidhyadhar Nagar
North of Vidhyadhar Nagar
Gujar Ki Thadi
Shipra Road Mansarovar
96.548264
25.90155217
18.95708
16.75588955
(24)
(30)
(10)
(24)
23
10
6
20
5.
6.
7
8
9
Maharani Farm Durgapura
West of Pratap Nagar
South of Pratap Nagar
Ramchanderpura
Shaligrampura
14.28236835
8.22828008
7.512894543
9.550441808
5.726243846
(10)
(30)
(12)
(10)
(12)
20
18
13
14
12
13
Range of resistivity
zone suitable for dug
well structures
development
5-10 Most Suitable
10-15 suitable
15-20 less suitable
20-25
very
less
suitable
> 25 not suitable
Table-XIV: Groundwater Development Structures Feasibility (Dug Well) From (10-30 Mts
Depth) On The Basis Of Resistivity In The Watersheds
Resistivity
Range
(ohm-nits)
Amanishah Watershed
Suitability
5 - 10
10-15
15-20
20-25
>25
Most
Suitable
Suitable
. Less suitable
Ratanganga Watershed
Jhalana Watershed
Area (km2)
% area
28.73
13.42
20.28
20.28
9.48
9.48
Very
less
suitable
Not suitable
23.66
11.05
121.05
56.57
Total
214.00
100.00
Area (km 2 )
Suitability
Most
Suitable
Suitable
Less
suitable
Very less
suitable
Not
suitable
% area
7.6
14.24
25.1
4.57
47.03
8.57
5.55
10.39
10.55
19.77
53.37
100.00
Suitability
Most
Suitable
Suitable
Less
suitable
Very
less
suitable
Not
suitable
% area
Area
(km2)
29
48.33
31
51.67
60
100.00
In Amanishah watershed 66.5 km2 area is suitable for agricultural uses and only 11.1% area is
irrigated and remaining 88.9% area is non-irrigated (Tab-XV). Due to high pressure of
population in this watershed, it is not recommended to cultivate more crops because the water
which will be saved, can be used for domestic and industrial uses. It is recommended that the
waste water of Amanishah nala should be treated and then it is used in agricultural uses.
Table-XV: Agricultural Statistics
Watershed
Total
Agriculture
area Km2
Draft
for
irrigation in
2001
(mcm)
Area
Irrigated @
0.35 mts
Km2
Non
Irrigated
Land Km2
Required
water
(mcm)
Static reserve
for irrigation
(mcm)
Further
development
Amanishah
66.5
2.59
7.4
(11.1%)
59.1
20.68
53.65
No
Jhalana
27.48
3.04
8.68
(31.58%)
18.8
6.58
95.49
In the lower
part
of
watershed
Ratanganga
52
2.27
6.48
(12.46%)
45.52
15.93
121.89
Depending
upon
the
need of the
users
Presently, the 97.23% of total groundwater draft is used for domestic and industrial purposes and
remaining net ground water draft 2.77% is used for irrigation. As the recharge is very less due to
scanty rainfall and draft is more, the depletion of groundwater is increasing at a faster rate.. The
total static groundwater reserve in saturated alluvium (990.00 MCM) and weathered / fractured
rock (82.03) is 1073.02 MCM (Tab-VIII). Presently, we are using static water reserve, as the
recharge is very less.
14
Of all the static reserve, 50% of this reserve can be used for the further development of
groundwater resources and 50% can be reserved for future utilization. The present (2001)
groundwater draft for domestic and industrial purposes is 63.55 MCM per year.
The static reserve (50%) of total 536.51 MCM of which 10% can be reserved for (53.65 MCM)
agricultural uses and remaining 40% (482.86 MCM) can be used for domestic and industrial
purpuses.
The balance 482.86 MCM reserve can be used for 7 years at the present rate of 63.55 MCM per
year groundwater draft. But there will be increased in groundwater draft due development and
hence the reserve will sustain lesser years.
In agriculture, in 2001, the groundwater draft was 2.59 MCM and at the same rate, the remaining
10% of total (53.65 MCM) may be used for 29 years. The feasibility of structures for groundwater
development in the watershed may be dug well, borewell and deepening of existing dug well and
dug-cum-bore wells.
The proposed landuse for the this watershed is that the agriculture should be agroforestry type,
hilly areas should be forested and gullies and open scrub land should be afforested/plantation
should be done.(Tab-XVI;Fig-9).
Table-XVI: Landuse plan area of the Amanishah watershed
Landuse
Settlement
Urban
Rural
Agroforestry
Forest
Plantation
Total
Area (km2)
Percentage of Total Area
120.25
0.75
66.5
18.75
7.75
214.00
56.19
0.35
31.08
8.76
3.62
100.00
For the sustainability of water resources in the watershed, the urgent need is to harvest the rainfall
run-off. As the city area has increased from 39.75 sq. kms in 1973 to 120.25 sq. kms in 2001 (in
the watershed) due to which high run-off occurs (53.956 MCM of average rainfall),this water can
be checked at suitable locations (Fig-10).It has been found that the total run -off from paved and
open area is 60.3327 MCM of average rainfall (Tab-XVII)and this volume of rainwater can be
stored either in surface water bodies or can be used for artificial recharge of groundwater.
The most important is the roof top rainwater harvesting and it has been found that 4.1455 MCM
of rainwater can be harvested through roof top area of the city and rural area (Tab-XVIII,XIX)
and this water should be used for artificial recharge of groundwater. All the commercial
buildings, government buildings and large industries must have rooftop rainwater harvesting
structures so that the recharge of groundwater can be taken place. The agricultural use of
15
groundwater should be very efficient. New irrigation systems such as fountain system, drip
irrigation practices should be used.
The people of the area should be made aware about the importance of water resources. The small
recharge structures such as farm pond, pond in village, small check dams should be constructed.
The new tubewells, dug wells should be banned. Table-XX shows the feasibility of new (need
based) groundwater development structures.
Table-XVII: Runoff From Three Watersheds
Watershed
Paved area
(Kms2)
Open area
(Kms2)
Amanishah
Jhalana
Ratanganga
121
5.7
2.5
93
47.67
120.37
Runoff from Runoff from
Paved area Open area
(mcm)
(mcm)
54.293
6.0397
2.667
3.2285
9.242
1.326
Total runoff
(mcm)
60.3327
5.8957
10.568
Table-XVIII: Roof Top Area And Rainwater Harvesting In Villages Of Amanishah
Watershed
S.No.
Name of village
Total No. of Houses
Total Roof
Area (mts2)
1
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7
8.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Sanjeria
Udak
Murlipura
Ramjipura
Chainpura
Getor
Surajpura
Bindayaka
Jagatpura
Budhsinghpura
Tilawala
Mahal
Tiwariyanwali Dhani
Ramgarh
Rigsa
Murlipura
Srikishanpura
Jirota
Goner
Relawata
Saligrampura
Saligrampura ki Dhani
Kishorpura
Bimalpura
72
123
198
747
99
183
189
78
231
216
1800
180
237
45
165
2162.16
3693.69
5945.94
22432.41
2972.97
5495.49
5675.67
2342.34
6936.93
6486.48
54054
5405.4
7117.11
1351.35
4954.95
16
Top
Roof
Top
Rainwater
harvesting (cu.m)
1085.06
1853.64
2983.91
11257.48
1491.96
2757.86
2848.28
1175.48
3481.23
3255.18
27126.46
2712.65
3571.65
678.16
2486.59
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
147
525
255
255
234
513
1605
246
54
198
8595
Bidhani Ki Dhani
Bidhani
Nigriwala
Ramchandrapura
Chitrala
Udakiyon
Delawas Ki Dhani
Sukhpura
Sitapura
Tibba
Bambala
Ramsinghpura
Sheopura
Teelawala
Barhkaralan
Sukhpura
Total
2215.33
7911.88
3842.92
3842.92
3526.44
7731.04
24187.76
3707.28
813.79
2983.91
129528.84
4414.41
15765.75
7657.65
7657.65
7027.02
15405.39
48198.15
7387.38
1621.62
5945.94
258107.85
Table-XIX: Roof Top Area And Rainwater Harvesting In Three Watersheds
Watershed
Average Average Average
Rainfall Run-off Area
of
Coeffici Each
(Mts.)
House (sq
ent
mts)
Amani- 0.5904
shah
Jhalana 0.6157
Ratan- 0.698
ganga
0.85
30.03
0.85
0.85
30.03
30.03
Total
Total No.
No. of of Houses
Houses Rural
Urban
Total Roof Top
Area
(sq.kms.)
Urban
266489 8595
8002664.67
-
-
3900
6204
Total Roof
Top Area
(sq.kms.)
Rural
Rain-water
Harvest
-ing (mcm)
Urban
258107.85 4.016
117117
186306.12
-
Rain
-water
Harvest
-ing (mcm)
Rural
Total
Rain-water
Harve-sting
(mcm)
0.129
4.145
0.0612
0.1105
0.0612
0.1105
Table-XX: Feasibility Of Groundwater Development Structures In Amanishah Watershed
(Need Based)
Dug well yeild
DCW
B.W.
Dug well
Yield per year
Dug -cum- bore well
Yeild per year
Bore well
Yield per year
Total Draft
Total wells
= 90 m3/day
= 200 m3 /day
= 300 m3 / day
= 30 wells
= 0.405 MCM = 0.41 MCM
= 25 (Already exist)
= 0.75MCM
= 30
= 1.35 MCM
= 2.51 MCM / year
=85
17
JHALANA WATERSHED
Jhalana Watershed
Urbanization in Jhalana watershed has also created the problem of quantity of
groundwater. The groundwater table is declining very fastly and the landuse pattern has
also changed(Tab-XXI,Tab-XXII; Fig-1 l,Fig-12). In Jhalana watershed, the population
had increased 9670 in 1999 to 9910 in 2001 and the draft of groundwater had increased
0.175mcm/year in 1999 to 0.183 mcm/year in 2001. Locally many farmers have given up
their agricultural practices and sold the ground water in Jaipur city due to which the
exploitation of groundwater has increased and water table is declining. Presently, there is
no quality problem of groundwater except at few locations. The water resources budget
of the Jhalana watershed is shown in (Tab-XXIII). The development stage of this
watershed is over-exploited.
Table-XXI: Landuse/Cover Change In Jhalana Watershed
Landuse/cover
categories
Area in
1973 (Km2)
Area in
2001 (Km2)
Percentage of Total
area
1973
2001
Landuse/cove
r change
Builtup Land
Urban
Rural
Forest
Waterbody
Wasteland
Openscrub
Hills
Agricultural Land
Total
0.0
0.5
17.37
0.12
5.0
0.7
17.26
0.12
0.0
0.94
32.55
0.22
9.37
1.31
32.34
0.22
+9.37
+ 0.37
-0.21
No Change
2.75
0.18
32.45
53.37
2.63
0.18
27.48
53.37
5.15
0.34
60.80
100.00
4.93
0.34
51.49
100.00
-0.22
No change
-9.31
Table-XXII: Villagewise Landuse In Jhalana Watershed
(District Census Book 1991)
S.
Village
(Area
in Hectare)
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ghati
Bhattor Ki Palri
Luniawas (237.34)
Hirapura (175.50)
Kho Ki Dhani
Khori (303.41)
Total
Population &
No. of
households
Forest
Irrigated by
source
(Hectare)
Un-irrigated
(including
fallow land)
(Hectare)
1636(208)
754(160)
595 (74)
-
55.90
8.32
20.46
-
-
18
166.30
72.14
170.22
Culturable
wasteland
(including
gaucher and
groves)
(Hectare)
29.13
88.67
Area not
available for
cultivation
(Hectare)
15.14
15.91
24.06
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Ropara(6I8.31)
Bandhia
Hingonia (404.65)
Bhatesar (323.0)
Chatarpura ( 190.72)
Khatipura (322.74)
Jaipura (173.95)
Barh Karalan (43.67)
Gilariya (130.89)
Patiyanwali Dhani
Achariyon Ka Badh
Digali Dhani
Ranglan Ki Dhani
Pitasiyanwali Dhani
Kho-Nagoria
Rabariyon Ki Dhani
Kho-Rabaria (171.92)
Total: 3096.10
1291 (181)
648 (87)
422 (65)
804(121)
1142 (216)
934(107)
106(15)
506 (60)
32(6)
8870(1300)
127.96
127.97
106.42
83.55
70.0
58.65
79.65
82.78
28.37
39.48
9.43
643.01
252.76
117.10
131.0
120.94
207.24
62.62
1.40
42.13
19.01
1362.86
175.32
161.0
76.0
2.76
20.86
4.58
12.54
21.38
•9.50
651.74
83.81
44.0
46.0
8.37
14.99
23.97
1.36
27.90
6.02
311.53
Table-XXIII: Groundwater Budgeting In Jhalana Watershed
Gross groundwater recharge
Net groundwater recharge (70% of gross
recharge)
Gross G.W.draft (Ag.)
Net G.W. draft (Ag) 70% of gross
g.w.(Ag.)
Gross domestic & Industrial
Net annual gross draft (all uses)
Stage of development
1999
5.294
3.706
2000
1.176
0.823
2001
1.437
1.006
3.04
2.13
3.04
2.13
3.04
2.13
0.177
2.307
62.25%
0.181
2.311
280.8%
0.185
2.315
230.12%
Sustainable Development Plan Of Groundwater
The basement topography (Tab-XXIV) of the Jhalana watershed represent a depression / subsurface basin / reservior which can be used to explore more groundwater through tubewells.
This sub-surface basin is in the down-stream side of the watershed and covers an area of 7.7
km2 (Fig-13).
Table-XXIV: Depth To Basement In Jhalana Watershed
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Location
Kundanpura
Khatipura
Bhatesari
Acharyon Ki Dhani
Bandhya
Basement depth (mts.)
44
56
56
58
66
19
The basement topography is such that it is deepening in the down stream side of the watershed
and on the basis of basement topography different groundwater development structures have
been suggested.(Tab-XXV).
Tablc-XXV: Groundwatcr Development Structures Feasibility On The Basis Of
Basement Topography
Basement
Depth Range
(Mts)
< 40 mts
40 - 60 mts
> 60mts
Dug Well
Area (km")
12.15
-
Percent
22.76
-
Dug-cum-bore Well
Area (km2)
23.00
-
Percent
43.1
-
Tubewell
Area (km")
9.7
Percent
18.17
In the upper part of the watershed, the dug wells can be suitable structure up to the 40 mts.
basement depth, and further down to this zone, from 40mts. - 60 mts. basement depth, dugcum-bore wells can be suitable feasible structures and from 60 mts. - 66 mts. depth tubewells
can be suitable groundwater development structures (Tab-XXV, Fig-14).
The iso-resistivity contour map (Tab-XVI; Fig-15)shows that in the lower part of the watershed
has resistivity value up to 10 ohm-m and this zone can be potential zone for dug well
construction (Tab-XIV,Fig-16). The values are increasing in the upper part of the watershed and
the suitability of dug wells is accordingly decreasing from most suitable zone to very less
suitable zone.Most suitable zone covers an area of 14.24%; suitable 47.03%; less suitable
8.57%; and very less suitable 10.39%.
Table-XXVI: True Resistivity Value At The Depth Range 10-30 Mts
S.No
VES Point locations
1
2.
3.
4.
Kundanpura
Khatipura
Acharyon Ki Dhani
Bhandhya
5.
Bhatesari
True
Resistivity Water Range of Resistivity
(Ohm-m)
table zone suitable for dug
(Depth,mts)
(mts). well structures
development
14.52460502 (14) 12
5-10 Most Suitable
10.22422661(16)
16
10-15 suitable
11.38094315(12)
12
15-20 less suitable
15.75639(12)
12
20-25
very
less
suitable
8.185742126(12)
12
> 25 not suitable
In Jhalana watershed 27.48 km2 (51.48%) is suitable for agricultural uses (Tab-XV) and only
rabi crops (31.58%area) have been cultivated.By developing more suitable groundwater
development structures, the kharif crops can also be cultivated.
20
In Jhalana watershed, 92% of total groundwater draft is used for irrigation and remaining 8% is
used for domestic and industrial purposes. The total static groundwater reserve in saturated
alluvium (210.46 MCM) and weathered / fractured rock (14.22 MCM) is 224.68 MCM,(TabVIII). Of the 50% of this reserve may be used for irrigation, domestic and industrial purposes
and 50% can be stored for future development. Of the 50% (112.34 MCM ) utilisable reserve,
15%(16.85 MCM) is left for domestic and industial uses and remaining 35% ( 95.49 MCM )
can be developed for irrigation. In 2001, 2.13 MCM (G.W. draft for agriculture)groundwater
was used in agriculture and if we assume at the same rate then 35% reserve can be used for 44
years.
The proposed landuse for the this watershed is that the agriculture should be agroforestry type,
hilly areas should be forested and gullies and open scrub land should be afforested/plantation
should be done.(Tab-XXVII; Fig-17).
Table-XXVII: Landuse Plan Area
Landuse
Area (km2)
Settlement
Urban
5.00
Rural
0.70
Agroforestry
27.48
Forest
17.44
Plantation
2.75
Total
53.37
Of The Jhalana Watershed
Percentage of Total Area
9.37
1.31
51.49
32.68
5.15
100.00
For the sustainability of water resources, the use of groundwater should be very efficeint. Use of
groundwater in agriculture and brick industry should be very efficient. New techniques such as
drip irrigation, low water consuming crops, sprinkler irrigation should be applied.
The rainwater run-off (5.8957MCM of average rainfall) should be checked at suitable sites(TabXIX, Fig-18).In this watershed,0.06129 MCM rainwater can be harvested from villagers roof
top area (Tab-XXVII)which can be stored either in surface water bodies or can be used to
recharge the groundwater. Small rainwater harvesting structures such as farm pond, pond in
villages, ditches, should be constructed so that stored water can be used for irrigation and for
livestock. The people of the watershed should be made aware about the conservation of water
resources.
New tubewells must be banned and supplying of groundwater in urban areas should be
prohibited.Tab- XXVIII shows the feasibility of development(need based) of new groundwater
development structures.
21
Table-XXVII: Roof Top Area And Rainwater Harvesting In Villages Of Jhalana
Watershed
S.No.
Name of village
Total No. of Houses
Total
Roof
2
Area(mts )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Ghati
Bhattor Ki Palri"
Luniawas
Hirapura
Kho Ki Dhani
Khori
Ropara
Bhandhia
Hingonia
Bhatesari
Chatarpura
Khatipura
Jaipura
Chak Karalan
Gilariya
Patiyanwali Dhani
Acharyon Ka Badh
Rabariyon Ki Dhani
Digali Dhani
Rangalan Ki Dhani
Pitasiyan wali Dhani
Kho Nagoria
Kho Rabariyon
Total
624
480
222
543
261
195
363
648
321
45
180
18
3900
18738.72
14414.4
6666.66
16306.29
7837.83
5855.85
10900.89
19459.44
9639.63
1351.35
5405.4
540.54
117117
Table-XXVIII: Feasibility
Watershed (Need Based).
Dug well yield
Yield for DCB
Yield for B.W.
Dug well
Yield
DC BW
Yield
B.W
Yield
Of Groundwater
= 90m3 / day
= 200m3 / day
= 300 m 3 /day
= 20
= 0.27 MCM / year
= 30
= 0.9 MCM / year
= 25
= 1.13 MCM /year
Total Draft
Total wells
= 2.3 MCM/year
= 75
22
Top
Roof
Rainwater
Harvesting
(ciun.)
9806.82
7543.70
3488.96
8533.82
4101.89
3064.63
5704.93
10184
5044.85
707.22
2828.89
282.89
61292.60
Development Structures
In
Top
Jhalana
RATANGANGA WATERSHED
Ratanganga Watershed
The landuse of Ratanganga watershed is mainly agricultural practices. The industrilisation and
urbanisation is restricted up to Bassi area. Overall quality of the groundwater is good except at
some places like near Bassi railway station, Harirampura ki Dhani, Paliawas, Sindoli, Chandji
ki Dhani, Ruppura, Khijuria Jatan and Khijuria Ahiran, where the fluoride concentration is more
than 1.5 ppm. The water level is continuously declining. The landuse pattern is changing along
NH-11 and in Hardi areas where the brick manufacturing work is under progress (TabXXIX,XXX;Fig-19,Fig-20).
In Ratanganga watershed, the population had increased from 15226 in 1999 to 15466 in 2001
while the groundwater draft had increased from 0.277 mcm/year to 0.282 mcm/year in 2001.
Table-XXIX: Landuse/Cover Change In Ratanganga Watershed
Landuse/cover
categories
Area in
1973 (Km2)
Area in
2001 (Km2)
Percentage of Total
area
1973
2001
Landuse/cover
change
Builtup Land
Urban
Rural
Forest
Waterbody
Wasteland
Openscrub
Gullies
Hills
Agricultural Land
Total
0.0
1.62
4.0
0.12
0.75
1.75
13.5
0.0
0.0
1.33
3.26
0.09
0.61
1.43
10.99
0.0
+ 0.61
+ 0.10
+ 7.73
-0.09
13.25
3.5
0.12
100.26
122.87
5.12
3.5
0.12
98.13
122.87
10.78
2.85
0.09
81.60
100.00
4.17
1.85
0.09
79.86
100.00
-6.61
No change
No change
-1.74
23
Table-XXX: Villagevvisc Landuse In Ratanganga Watershed (District Census Book 1991)
S.
Village
(Area
in Hectare)
No.
1.
2.
3
J.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Piplawai (340.39)
Ruppara (296.32)
Khijuria Brahman
(281.89)
Khijuria Jatan (329.56)
Khijuria Ahiran
(254.45)
Paliawas Ki Dhani
Paliawas (669.14)
Sandoli (901.66)
Sakh (546.77)
Shrirampura
Girdharipura
Dayarampura ki Dhani
Jitawala (389.61)
Palara Ki Dhani
Palara
Dudhawala (157.72)
Himmatpura (84.62)
Gokulpura (580.73)
Ratanpura
Mansakheri (754.24)
Mangarh Khokhawala
(552.44)
Gurha
Rampura (46.68)
Ramsar Palawala
(331.56)
Bhishmpura (329.84)
Gangarampura
(193.08)
Total: 7136.20
Total
Population &
No. of
households
Forest
Irrigated by
source
(Hectare)
Un-irrigated
(including
fallow land)
(Hectare)
Area not
available for
cultivation
(Hectare)
122.23
167.75
207.75
Culturable
wasteland
(including
gaucher and
groves)
(Hectare)
38.71
50.98
49.56
610(86)
687(103)
656(103)
-
100.26
62.89
104.22
673 (96)
200 (26)
-
181.93
73.14
104.91
125.75
40.34
42.41
2.38
13.15
1130(160)
1407(209)
838(120)
1057(143)
452 (66)
221 (30)
1006(134)
2177(333)
1266(182)
-
165.17
140.63
76.25
144.39
55.0
55.04
209.05
189.00
125.63
242.47
426.44
387.89
197.21
75.85
18.95
159.41
371.46
243.82
220.91
77.14
41.09
15.00
13.92
7.34
175.78
125.51
62.64
40.59
257.45
41.54
28.01
12.95
3.29
36.49
68.27
120.35
114 (16)
1010 (124)
-
28.43
167.17
15.63
93.55
1.91
41.89
0.71
28.95
494 (74)
428 (63)
-
24.49
123.70
99.90
52.22
74.12
12.84
131.33
4.32
14426.
(2068)
-
2026.49
3113.19
1092.10
904.43
24
79.19
15.20
20.26
The water resource budget for this watershed is shown in the table-XXXI.
Table-XXXI: Groundwater Budgeting In Ratanganga Watershed
Gross groundwater recharge (MCM)
Net groundwater recharge (70% of
gross recharge) (MCM)
Gross G.W.draft (Ag.) (MCM)
Net G.W. draft (Ag) (70% of gross
g.w.) (MCM)
Gross domestic & Industrial (MCM)
Net annual gross draft (all uses) (MCM)
Stage of development (%) .
1999
1.536
1.075
2000
1.44
1.008
2001
1.536
1.075
2.27
1.589
2.27
1.589
2.27
1.589
0.278
1.867
173.67
0.282
1.871
185.61
0.283
1.872
174.14
The water table is deeper in the upper part of the watershed while in lower part, water table is
at shallow depth. In the upper part tubewells are suitable while in the lower part dug well,
dug-cum-borewell and tubewell are suitable.
Sustainable Development Plan Of Groundwater
The basement topography of the watershed shows that there can be buried hill in the
watershed. (Fig-21; Tab-XXXII).There can be a sub-surface basin / depression / sub-surface
reservoir (0.75 kmts2) in the lower part of watershed which can be developed for tubewells
and this depression can also be used to recharge and store the groundwater.
Table-XXXII: Depth to basement in Ratanganga watershed
S.No.
Location
Basement depth (mts.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Jitawala
Palawala
Mansarkheri
West of Himmatpura
Paliawas Dam
58
60
62
60
54
In the western and eastern side of this hill, the possibility of groundwater potential can be
high. The basement topography has been divided into three zones for the suitability of dug
well, dug-cum-borewell and tubewells. The dug wells may be suitable upto 55 mts. basement
depth and from 55 - 65 mts depth dug -cum-borewells may be suitable and from 55 - 75
mtrs. depth tube wells may be suitable for groundwater development structures ( TabXXXIII;Fig-22).
25
Tablc-XXXIII: G roundwa ter Development Struc tures Feasibility On The Basis
Of Basement Topogra phy
Basement
Depth
Range
(mts)
< 55 mts
55 - 65 mts
> 65 mts
Dug Well
Area km"
2
-
Dug-cum-bore Well
Percent
-
Area km'
28
-
Percent
46.67
-
Tube well
Area km2
30
Percent
-
50
The iso -resistivity contour map (Tab-XXXIV,Fig-23) shows that in the lower south- eastern
part have values less than 10 ohm-m at the depth range of 10 - 30 mts and this zone can be
most suitable zone for groundwater development through dug wells (Tab-XIV,Fig-24). In the
western and eastern side of this contour (10 mts) the development of groundwater through
dug wells can be suitable to less suitable. The area covered by most suitable zone is 48.33%
and suitable zone is 51.67%.
Table-XXXIV: True Resistivity Value In Ratanganga Watershed At The Depth
Range 10-30 Mts
S.No
VES
locations
1
2.
3.
4.
Jitawala
Palawala
Mansarkheri
West
Himmatpura
Paliawas Dam
5.
Point True
Water
Resistivity(Ohm-m) Table
(Depth,mts)
(mts)
11.90286642(30)
11.41265828(26)
9.620279692(14)
of 12.63955955 (14)
12.23345131 (10)
Range of resistivity zone
suitable
for
dug
well
structures development
18
16
10
13
5-10 Most Suitable
10-15 suitable
15-20 less suitable
20-25 very less suitable
6
> 25 not suitable
Presently in Ratanganga watershed 52 km2 is suitable for agriculture (Tab-XV). But due to
less proper development of groundwater resources the farmers are cultivating only rabi crops
(12.46% area) and the kharif crops are not cultivated and by proper development of
groundwater, the kharif crop can also be cultivated.
In the watershed 84.9% groundwater draft is used for irrigation and 15.1% groundwater draft
is used for domestic and industrial purposes. The recharge is low and groundwater draft is
more and as a result groundwater table is declining.
The total static groundwater reserve in the saturated alluvium (257.28 MCM) and weathered /
fractured rock (29.52 MCM) is 286.8 MCM (Tab-VII). Of this static reserve, 50% can be
stored for future development and remaining 50% can be used for domestic, industrial and
agricultural uses. Of this 50% (143.4 MCM) reserve, 15%can be left for domestic and
industrial uses (21.51 MCM) and remaining 121.89 MCM can be used in irrigation. If we
assume 2001 rate for domestic and industrial consumption of groundwater, then this reserve
(15%) can sustainable for 76 years and the agriculture use can also sustain for 76 years. The
feasibility of structures in the watershed are dug well, deepening of existing wells and tube
wells.
The proposed landuse for the this watershed is that the agriculture should be agroforestry
type, hilly areas should be forested and gullies and open scrub land should be
afforested/plantation should be done.(Tab-XXXV,Fig-25).
26
Table-XXXV: Landuse plan area of the Ratanganga watershed
Landuse
Settlement
Urban
Rural
Agroforestry
Forest
Plantation
Total
Area (km2)
Percentage of Total Area
0.75
1.75
98.13
13.62
8.62
122.87
0.61
1.42
79.86
11.09
7.02
100.00
For the sustainability of water resources, there should be rainwater harvesting structures.The
total rainfall run-off from the watershed has estimated 10.568 MCM (1.326 MCM from
paved area and 9.242 MCM from open area) of average rainfall (Tab-XVII,XIX). The total
roof top area of the villages in the watershed can harvest 0.1105 MCM of rainwater (TabXXXVI) and this water can be stored either in surface water bodies or can be used to
recharge the groundwater. The small check dams should be constructed at suitable sites (Fig26). Farm Pond, pond in each village, efficient irrigation systems such as fountain and drip
irrigation, changed agricultural pattern from more water consuming crops to less water
consuming crops.
The people should be made aware about the conservation of water resources.Tab-XXXVII
shows the feasibility of development of need based new groundwater development structures.
Table-XXXVI: Roof Top Area And Rainwater Harvesting In Villages Of Ratanganga
Watershed
S.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Name of village
Piplawai
Ruppura
Khijuria Baman
Khijuria Jatan
Khijuria Ahiran
Paliawas Ki Dhani
Paliawas
Sandoli
Sakh
Srirampura
Girdharipura
Dayarampura
Ki
Dhani
Jitawala
Palara Ki Dhani
Palara
Dhudhawala
Himmatpura
Gokulpura
258
309
309
288
78
480
627
360
-
7747.74
9279.27
9279.27
8648.64
2342.34
14414.4
18828.81
10810.8
-
Roof Top Rainwater
Harvesting (cu.m.)
4596.73
5505.39
5505.39
5131.24
1389.71
8552.06
11171.13
6414.05
-
429
198
90
402
12882.87
5945.94
2702.70
12072.06
7643.41
3527.73
1603.51
7162.35
Total No. of Houses
Total Roof Top
Area(mts2)
27
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Ratanpura
Mansarkheri
Mangarh
Khokhawala
Gurha
Rampura
Ramsar Palawala
Bishansinghpura
Gangarampura
Total
999
546
29999.97
16396.38
17798.98
9727.97
48
372
222
189
6204
1441.44
11171.16
6666.66
5675.67
186306.12
855.21
6627.85
3955.33
3367.38
110535.42
Table-XXXVII: Feasibility Of Groundwater Development Structures In
Ratanganga Watershed (Need Based)
Dug Well yield
Yield for DCB
Yield for B.W
Dug Well
Yield
DCB
Yield
B.W.
Yield
= 90m3 / day
= 200 m3 / day
= 300 m3 / day
= 30
= 0.41 MCM/year
= 40
= 1.2 MCM / year
= 20
= 0.9 MCM
Total
= 2.51 MCM draft/year
= 90
Total
28
CONCLUSION
The groundwater resources in the Amanishah watershed are in over-exploited conditions.
Due to urbanisation, industrialisation and commercialisation, use of groundwater has
increased due to which the groundwater table is declining. In the year 2001,the net
groundwater recharge was 3.97 MCM while the draft was 65.36 MCM.Thus,there was 61.39
MCM more groundwater was extracted. The possible remedial measure for the recharge of
over-exploited groundwater is the rainwater harvesting at suitable locations and this water
should be recharged cither natural or through induced recharge. It has been calculated that
60.3327 MCM of rainwater has flown as run-off every year (in normal rainfall) from the
watershed and if this run-off water would be stored then it may be possible to replenish the
over-exploited groundwater.
On the basis of the need of the people, 85 new dug well (30), dug-cum-borewell (25) and
borewell (30) are suggested in this watershed. Roof top rainwater harvesting practices should
be applied. Every building should have roof top rainwater harvesting structures. Large
amount of water consuming industries should be shifted at another places.The agricultural
practices should be such that the crops are of low water consuming and efficient irrigation
system such as sprinkler or drip irrigation system should be used. People at the grassroots
level should be made aware about the importance of groundwater resources.
Jhalana watershed is underprogress of urbanisation and hence, the stress of groundwater
resources has increased. This watershed is also under over-exploited conditions. In the year,
2001, there was 1.006 MCM of net groundwater recharge, while 2.315 MCM draft, thus there
was 1.309 MCM more groundwater was exploited. In this watershed, 5.8957 MCM of
rainwater has flown as run-off every year (in normal rainfall), so if this water would be stored
at suitable sites, then it may be possible to replenish the groundwater and excess surface
water can be used to irrigate more agricultural land and for plantation and for local needs of
the people.As the watershed is in over-exploited category, the further development of
groundwater resources is not recommended but for the need of the people 75 new dugwells
(20), dug-cum-borewell (30) and borewell (25) can be developed. The agricultural use of
groundwater should be more efficient particularly sprikler and drip irrigation system should
be applied. Low water consuming crops should be grown.People of the area should be made
aware about the importance of groundwater resources and the new techniques of irrigation.
Small ponds, check dams and farm ponds should be constructed at suitable locations with the
help of respective village.
Ratanganga watershed has also been categorised in to over-exploited category. In the year
2001, the net groundwater recharge was 1.075MCM and the draft was 1.872 MCM. Thus
0.797 MCM of more groundwater has been exploited. In this watershed, 10.568 MCM of
rainwater has flown as run-off every year (in normal rainfall) and thus if this water would be
stored, then it may be possible to replenish the depleted groundwater and the rest of the
stored water can be used for the purpose of irrigation, planation and local needs of the people.
This watershed is under over-exploited category but for the need of the people 90 new
groundwater development structures can be developed in which 30 dugwells, 40 dug-cumborewells and 20 borewells.
For the efficient use of groundwater resources in the agriculture practices, the use of
sprinkler, drip irrigation and low water consuming crops should be applied. People of the area
29
should be made aware about the importance of groundwater and the new techniques of
irrigation. Every village should have its own pond in which the rainfall-run-off water can be
stored so that this water can be used in non rainy days in different uses such as for cattle
drinking, plantation and other local needs of the people.
The stress should be given to efficient use of groundwater, conservation and management of
groundwater resources. Out of the three watersheds, Ratanganga watershed is most suitable
for the groundwater development.
30