University of Montana
ScholarWorks at University of Montana
Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers
Graduate School
1966
Study of certain speech characteristics in the Job
Corps population
Sherri Mace Nemec
The University of Montana
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Nemec, Sherri Mace, "Study of certain speech characteristics in the Job Corps population" (1966). Theses, Dissertations, Professional
Papers. Paper 6178.
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A STUDY OF CERTAIN SPEECH CHARACTERISTICS IN THE
JOB CORPS POPULATION
By
S h e r r i Tfece Nemec
B.A. U n iv e rs ity o f M ontana, 1965
P re se n te d i n p a r t i a l f u l f il l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e
degpree o f M aster o f A rts
UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA
1966
Approved by;
^
Chairman, Board o f Examinees
Dean, G raduate School
D ate
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ACM O lvT£DG S?€O TS
The a u th o r w ish es t o e x p re ss g r a t i tu d e t o Dr. C h arles D, P a rk e r
f o r h i s d i r e c t i o n , encouragem ent, p a tie n c e and u n d e rs ta n d in g d u rin g
th e c o u rse o f t h i s stu d y .
P a r t i c u l a r g r a t i tu d e i s e x p re sse d t o a d m in is tr a to r s , d i r e c t o r s
and i n s t m c t o r s o f Anaconda, Cedar F l a t s and Cottonwood Job Corps
C e n te rs , as w e ll a s Mr, Mike P a p ic h , D i s t r i c t F i e ld S u p e rv iso r f o r
th e O ffic e o f Economic O p p o rtu n ity , and Mr, V em E ric k so n o f Region I ,
U n ited S ta te s F o re s t S e rv ic e , f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e , and p e rm issio n t o
c a r r y ou t t h i s s tu d y .
A p p re c ia tio n i s a ls o ex ten d ed t o ray fe llo w g ra d u a te s tu d e n ts ,
whose s e r v ic e s were a ls o g r a t e f u l l y u t i l i z e d .
ii
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TABLE OF CONTEMTS
Page
ACKNOWLEIXjMENTS
a
LXST OP TABLES
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INTRODUCTION
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LIST OP TABLES
Table
I.
11,
III.
Page
Mean Number o f M is a itI c u l a tI o n s on th e T e n p lin -D a rle y
S c re e n in g T e s ts o f A r t i c u l a t i o n f o r Job Corps
E n ro lle e s f o r Anaconda, Cottonw ood, and Cedar
F l a t s Job Corps C e n te rs
....................................... . . .
13
.^13
Suirmary F o r The A n a ly sis o f V a rian ce f o r t h e Between Camp
C o n p a r is o n ............................................................................................
Suirmary o f th e A n a ly sis o f V arian ce f o r O m ission E r ro r s
.......................................
Between Cairp Comparison . ,
15
IV ,
Suirmary o f th e A n a ly sis o f V arian ce f o r S u b s t it u t io n E rro r s
Between Canp C o m p a riso n ................................................................. ,l 6
V.
Summary o f th e A n a ly sis o f V arian ce f o r D i s t o r t io n E r ro rs
Between Camp C o n p a r is o n
. , ,17
V I,
Job Corps E n ro lle e s P ro d u cin g M i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s ......................... 19
V II,
Types o f M i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s ..................................
.20
V III,
Phonemes Ranked A ccording t o Frequency o f M is a r tic u la tio n ,21
IX.
Job Corps E n r o lle e s Making S in g le M is a r tic u la tio n s on th e
Words o f th e T errp lin -D arley S c re e n in g T e s t o f
A r t i c u l a t i o n ..............................
,23
X,
Judgm ents Ranked A ccording t o th e Number o f Judges A greeing
Upon th e E v a l u a t i o n ......................................................... . , , 25
XI.
Judgm ents o f I n e f f e c t i v e Speech P ro d u c tio n ............................... 26
X ll.
R eported In c id e n c e o f S t u t t e r i n g a s Taken From th e rfe d ic a l
R ecords o f a l l Job Corpsmen i n Each o f t h e T hree
C e n te rs
.....................
. . . 27
X lll,
The C om putation o f th e V a ria n c e s Needed t o E stim a te R e lia ­
b i l i t y o f th e R a t e r s ....................................................................... 29
iv
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FIGURE 1
Page
F ig u re 1 .
G raphie R e p re s e n ta tio n o f Job Corps E n ro lle e s P ro d u cin g
M is a r tic u la tio n s
V
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
,1 9
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
H u n d red s o f th o u s a n d s o f A m erican s t o d a y e x i s t i n i n p o v e r i s h e d
c o n d i t i o n s w h ic h o f t e n r e s u l t i n h o p e l e s s n e s s a n d d e j e c t i o n , a c t i n g
t o d r a i n t h e i r a n b i t i o n , m o ti v a ti o n an d e n e rg y »
î/lany y o u n g men an d
women g ro w in g up i n s u c h a n e x i s t e n c e h a v e o b v io u s ly h a d l i t t l e
c h a n c e t o d e v e lo p an d u s e t h e i r c a p a c i t i e s .
The e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f
Jo b C o rp s , t h r o u ^ t h e U n ite d S t a t e s Econom ic O p p o r tu n ity A ct o f
1 9 6 4 , i s p r e s e n t i n g th o u s a n d s o f t h e s e y o u n g p e o p le w i t h a c h a n c e
t o d e v e lo p t h e i r p r e v i o u s l y u n ta p p e d p o t e n t i a l ; a c h a n c e w h ic h h a s
n o t b e e n a v a i l a b l e due t o b ro k e n h o m es, h o s t i l e e n v ir o n m e n ts ,
in a d e q u a te e d u c a ti o n a n d l i t t l e
o r no m e d ic a l a t t e n t i o n ,
"The J o b
C o rp s p r o v i d e s a v o l u n t a r y r e s i d e n t i a l w ork t r a i n i n g a n d e d u c a ti o n
e x p e r i e n c e f o r d i s a d v a n t a g e d y o u t h , d e s ig n e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e i r
e m p lo y a b ility ,
T h e re a r e tw o g e n e r a l t y p e s o f J o b C o rp s c e n t e r s i n o p e r a t i o n :
The C o n s e r v a tio n C e n te r ; a n d t h e T r a i n i n g C e n te r ,
The C o n s e r v a tio n
C e n te r i s u s u a l l y a d m i n i s t r a t e d a n d c o n d u c te d by p e r s o n n e l o f t h e
F e d e r a l G ov ernm ent,
" I t s m is s io n i s t o
' c o n s e rv e * m anpower by
t e a c h i n g th em t o r e a d an d w r i t e , a n d t h e m ore b a s i c s k i l l s up t o
e ig h th g rad e l e v e l , "
The p ro g ra m o f t h e C o n s e r v a tio n C e n te r i s
1
UoSo, E conom ic O p p o r tu n ity At
A ct o f 1 9 6 4 , T i t l e I , Y outh P ro g ra m s , P a r t Arob C o r p s , SeCc 101 s 2642,
^- G u id e lin e s on J o b C o rp s:
s; P a r t I - G e n e r a l ,
S t a t e s F o r e s t S e r v i c e , R e g io n 1<
Iliade a v a i l a b l e b y t h e U n ite d
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
^2—
i s d e s ig n e d t o p r e p a r e a y o u n g man t o q u a l i f y f o r :
T r a i n i n g C e n te r ;
2) m ilita r y s e r v ic e ; o r
o th e r i n s t i t u t i c n o f le a r n in g .
1 ) a J o b C o rp s
3) e n te r in g h ig h s c h o o l o r
F o r th e p u rp o se s o f t h i s s tu d y , th e
C o n s e r v a tio n C e n te r i s t h e o n ly a s p e c t o f t h e J o b C o rp s o p e r a t i o n d e a l t
w ith .
The J o b C orps i s d ra w in g i t s y o u n g men fro m t h o s e "w hose b a c k ­
g ro u n d , h e a l t h , a n d e d u c a t i o n make th em l e a s t f i t f o r u s e f u l w o r k ." ^
The s c r e e n i n g p r o c e s s w h ic h d e te r m in e s e l i g i b i l i t y f o r t h e J o b C o rp s
t r a i n i n g m ust i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l h a s s u c h l i m i t e d s k i l l s
t h a t h e i s n o t s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g , a n d t h a t t h e i r e n v iro n m e n t p r e s e n t s
f a c t o r s w h ich w ould t e n d t o s t i l t a n y a d v a n c e iæ n t t h e y m ig h t a t t e n p t .
Soms o f t h e e n v ir o n m e n ta l f a c t o r s w h ic h w o u ld d e s i g n a t e t h e i n d i v i d u a l
a s a c a n d i d a t e f o r t h e C o rp s a r e :
h e h a s b e e n e x p e l l e d fro m o r
d ro p p e d - o u t o f s c h o o l ; b o th p a r e n t s h a v e l e s s t h a n a n e i g h t h g ra d e
e d u c a ti o n ; h e h a s a h i s t o r y o f r e c e n t f a m i ly m oves; h e i s a s e l e c t i v e
s e r v i c e r e j e c t e e ; h i s f a m ily i s o n some fo rm o f p u b l i c a s s i s t a n c e ;
t h e w a g e - e a m e r i n t h e f a m ily i s u n s k i l l e d ; h i s f a m ily a r e s h a r e ­
c r o p p e r s ; h i s d w e l li n g i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e s u b s t a n d a r d ; h e i s fro m a
b ro k e n home w i t h no p r im a r y w a g e - e a m e r ; h e i s s p e n d in g h i s t im e w i t h
o t h e r i d l e c o n p a n io n s i n q u e s t i o n a b l e a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h m i ^ t l e a d t o
t r o u b l e w ith law e n fo rc e m e n t a g e n c i e s ; g e n e r a l l y , h i s home e n v iro n m e n t
i s su c h t h a t l i t t l e
g u id a n c e , s u p p o rt o r a t t e n t i o n i s p ro v id e d by th e
p a re n ts .
^UoS. P r e s i d e n t , 1964 ( J o h n s o n ) , The P r e s i d e n t i a l M essage o n P o v e r t y .
The Econom ic O p p o r tu n ity A ct o f 1
^
6
"
4
"
. .......
4
P r a n k Be m a t z , M ontana S t a t e Em ploym ent S e r v i c e , M is s o u la , M o n ta n a.
( P e r s o n a l co m m u n ica tio n w i t h t h e a u t h o r . )
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-3 A f t e r a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e a b o v e f a c t o r s and t h e i r i m p l i c a t i o n s ^
i t i s a x io m a tic t h a t t h o s e yo u n g men e n l i s t i r ^ i n t h e J o b C o rp s ar*e
p r i m a r i l y fro m t h e lo w e r so c io e c o n o m ic g ro u p s o f o u r s o c i e t y , a n d t h u s
a r e s u b j e c t t o t h e norm s o f t h o s e g ro u p s»
anîDunt o f s p e c u l a t i o n
T h e re h a s b e e n a c o n s i d e r a b l e
a n d some i n q u i r y i n t o t h e p ro b le m s t h a t c h i l d r e n
fro m t h e lo w e r s o c io e c o n o m ic g ro u p s a c q u i r e b y g ro w in g u p i n im p o v e r­
i s h e d e n v ir o n n e n t s .
Q u e s tio n s i n v o l v i n g s p e e c h a n d la n g u a g e b e h a v i o r
o f c h i l d r e n from t h e s e g ro u p s h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d , a n d t h e r e s e a r c h
f i n d i n g s d e m o n s tra te r a t h e r c l e a r l y t h a t c h i l d r e n fro m lo w e r s o c i o ­
econom ic g ro u p s h a v e a h i # i e r i n c i d e n c e o f s p e e c h d i s o r d e r s , a n d a r e
r e t a r d e d i n la n g u a g e d e v e lo p m e n t a s c o n p a r e d t o c h i l d r e n fro m t h e u p p e r
c; 6
s o c io e c o n o m ic g r o u p s . '
S in c e s p e e c h i s c o n s i d e r e d by some t o b e t h e m ost i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t
o f co m m u n ica tio n i n o u r s o c i e t y , c e r t a i n l y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u ld b e g i v e n
t o e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f c o m m u n ic a tio n a s e x h i b i t e d b y t h e C o rp sm en , i n o r d e r
t o i n s u r e t h a t t h e t r a i n i n g b e in g p r o v i d e d f o r th e m m ig h t b e m a x im a lly
b e n e fic ia l.
To t h e w r i t e r ' s k n o w l e d ^ , l i t t l e
in v e s ti g a t i o n h a s b een done on
s p e e c h a n d la n g u a g e a s p e c t s i n t h e J o b C o rp s p o p u l a t i o n o r o f i n d i v i d u a l s
a n a lo g o u s t o t h e J o b C o rp s p o p u l a t i o n .
R e c e n tly a n e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e
s p e e c h o f Jo b Corpsm en a t C u rle w , W a s h in g to n , w as made by W illia m
^ M ild re d C» T e n p l i n , C e r t a i n L ang uage S k i l l s i n C h i ld r e n (M ln n e a D O lls.
The U n i v e r s i t y o f M in n e s o ta P r e s s , 195771 ”
^ S h i r le y O ltm a n , a n d N ancy K n i ^ t , " E f f e c t o f s o c io e c o n o m ic s t a t u s o n
in c id e n c e , s e v e r ity and m a tu r a tio n a l re c o v e ry o f c h ild r e n w ith a r t i c u l a ­
t i o n d e v i a t i o n , " A m e ric a n S p e e c h a n d H e a r in g A s s o c i a t i o n . X, ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 7 5 8 ,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-4 M o rto n , a s p e e c h a n d h e a r d n g c o n s u lta n te * ^
He r e p o r t s t h a t t h e i n c i d e n c e
o f s p e e c h p ro b le m s i s q u i t e p r e v a l e n t ; " o f t h e 121 men t e s t e d , 21 «5%
w ere fo u n d t o h a v e s p e e c h p r o b le m s ."
M o rto n c o n c lu d e s t h a t "A ssu m in g
t h e p e r c e n t a g e s w ould b e s i m i l a r among m eirbers o f t h e J o b C o rp s i n
o t h e r c e n t e r s , i t i s 1%commended t h a t p r o v i s i o n b e made t o i n c l u d e t h e
s e r v i c e s o f s p e e c h a n d h e a r i n g s p e c i a l i s t s i n e d u c a t i o n b u d g e ts o f t h e
Jo b C o r p s ."
M o r to n 's c r i t e r i a f o r J u d g i n g s p e e c h a s d e v i a n t a r e n o t
c le a r to th is re a d e r.
He c a t e g c r i z e d t h e s p e e c h p ro b le m s o f t h e C o rp s -
men i n t o s e v e n a r e a s :
1) a r t i c u l a t i o n , s l i g h t ;
2) a r tic u la tio n , se v e re ;
3) a c c e n t , a r t i c u l a t i o n , s l i g h t ; 4 ) a c c e n t , t h i c k , s e v e r e ; 5 ) s t u t t e r i n g ;
6 ) c l e f t p a l a t e ; an d 7 ) o r g a n i c .
The d i f f i c u l t i e s i n v o l v e d i n d e t e r m i n ­
i n g how t h e e v a l u a t i o n s w ere made c a n r e a d i l y b e o b s e r v e d .
I f s ta n d a rd ­
i z e d t e s t s o r o t h e r m e a s u re s t e s t e d f o r t h e i r r e l i a b i l i t y h a d b e e n
u s e d r a t h e r t h a n p e r s o n a l , a n d s o f a r eis c a n b e d e te r m i n e d , s u b j e c t i v e
e v a l u a t i o n s , on e m ig h t r e p l i c a t e t h i s s t u d y i n o t h e r c e n t e r s i n a n
a tte m p t t o d e te rm in e w h e th e r t h e p e r c e n t a ^ o f s p e e c h p ro b le m s i s i n d e e d ,
t h a t i n d i c a t e d by h i s s t u d y .
I f M o r to n 's f i g u r e s f o r t h e C u rle w C e n t e r
a r e a t a l l v a l i d , t h e n m ore e x t e n s i v e a n d r e p e a t a b l e s t u d i e s a r e n e e d e d
t o d e te r m in e t h e s t a t u s o f t h e s p e e c h o f J o b C orpsm en.
F u r t h e r , M o r t o n 's
c r i t e r i a d e m o n s tr a te t h e im p o r ta n c e o f d e s c r i b i n g t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
f e a t u r e s o f t h e s p e e c h o f J o b C orpsm en p r i o r t o a t t e n p t i n g t o d e te r m i n e
th e in c id e n c e o f sp eech d is o r d e r s i n t h i s p o p u la tio n .
^ W illia m M o rto n , "S p e e c h e v a l u a t i o n p r o g r a m ,"
(1965) .
An u n p u b l is h e d
r e s e a r c h p a p e r made a v a i l a b l e by t h e U n ite d S t a t e s F o r e s t S e r v i c e , R e g io n 1,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-5 S u rv e y s o f s t u d e n t s w i t h s p e e c h d e f e c t s i n h i ^
sc h o o l and c o lle g e
p o p u l a t i o n s show w id e d i s c r e p a n c i e s w h ic h a p p e a r t o b e d u e t o s i m i l a r
O
t y p e s o f p ro b le m s i n e v a l u a t i o n a s d i s c u s s e d a b o v e . C a r h a r t i n a
q u e s t i o n n a i r e s tu d y o f 405 I l l i n o i s h i ^
s c h o o ls l i s t e d a s sp e e c h
d e f e c t i v e 23.3% o f fr e s h m e n , 21,0% o f so p h o m o re s, 20,0% o f j u n i o r s ,
a n d 17.8% o f s e n i o r s ,
E v an s^ fo u n d t h r e e s t u d e n t s , o r 1,3% o f 224
g ra d e n i n e s t u d e n t s d e f e c t i v e i n s p e e c h ,
B la n to n ^ ^ r e p o r t e d t h a t
p e r s o n a l e x a m in a tio n show ed 18,13% o f 2240 m eirbers o f t h e F re sh m a n
c l a s s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W is c o n s in ''w e re fo u n d t o b e u n a b le t o
m eet t h e n e c e s s i t i e s o f E n g l i s h s p e e c h .
I n c o n t r a s t t o t h i s , M o rle y ^ ^
re p o rte d an in c id e n c e o f sp e ec h d is o r d e r s o v e r a te n - y e a r p e rio d a t
t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i ^ n o f 3.85% .
I t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t a d e f i n i t i o n o f w hat i s c o n s i d e r e d a s p e e c h
p ro b le m o r s p e e c h d e f e c t m ust b e d e c id e d u p o n b e f o r e d a t a on i n c i d e n c e
c a n be d e te r m in e d .
T h is i s p a r t i c u l a r l y d i f f i c u l t t o do f o r t h e J o b
C o rp s p o p u l a t i o n b e c a u s e o f t h e d i v e r s i t y o f l o c a t i o n s fro m w h ic h t h e y
come t o t h e C o r p s , an d t h e a cc o m p a n y in g d i a l e c t i c a l p r o b le m s .
C o n se ­
q u e n t l y , i t seem ed m ore f e a s i b l e t o d e te r m in e a n d d e s c r i b e p a r t i c u l a r
^R, C a r h a r t , "A s u rv e y o f s p e e c h d e f e c t s i n I l l i n o i s h i g h s c h o o l s , "
J o u r n a l o f S p eech D i s o r d e r s . IV . ( 1 9 3 9 ) , 6 1 - 7 0 ,
9d .R , E v a n s , " R e p o rt o f a s u r v e y i n G rade 9 A ,"
S p e e c h . XXIV, ( 1 9 3 9 ) , 8 3 - 9 0 .
B l a n t o n , "A s u r v e y o f s p e e c h d e f e c t s , "
P s y c h o lo g y . V I I , ( 1 9 1 6 ) , 5 8 1 -5 9 2 .
Q u a rte rly J o u r n a l o f
-------------- ---------------------
J o u r n a l o f E d u c a tio n a l
----------------------------------------
^ ^D .E . M o rle y , "A t e n - y e a r s u r v e y o f s p e e c h d i s o r d e r s among u n i v e r s i t y
s t u d e n t s , " J o u r n a l o f S p e e c h a n d H e a r in g D i s o r d e r s . X V II, ( 1 9 5 2 ) , 2 5 -3 1 ,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
t r a i t s o f t h e i r s p e e c h p r i o r t o m ak in g a Ju d g m e n t a s t o w h e th e r a s p e e c h
r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p ro g ra m i s n e e d e d .
"Hie p r im a r y p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y
t h e n , was t o o b t a i n d a t a w ith w h ic h t o c l a s s i f y c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f t h e s p e e c h o f J o b C o ip sm en ,
Two p a r t i c u l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e re e v a l u a t e d :
1) a r tic u la tio n -
t h i s a p p e a r e d t o b e t h e m ost p r a c t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t o e v a l u a t e b e c a u s e
o f t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f a s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t , an d b e c a u s e t h i s t y p e o f
e v a l u a t i o n le n d s i t s e l f m ore d i r e c t l y t o d r a w in g i n f e r e n c e s a b o u t
d i a l e c t i c a l and sp eech d e fe c tiv e n e s s ; 2) sp eech p ro d u c tio n e f f e c t i v e ­
n e s s - t h i s a s p e c t o f s p e e c h w as e v a l u a t e d b e c a u s e o f a d e s i r e t o make
a n o v e r a l l Judgm ent o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s p e a k e r i n a c o n t e x t u a l s i t u a t i o n .
T h is e v a l u a t i o n i n c l u d e d p i t c h , r a t e , v o ic e q u a l i t y , a r t i c u l a t i o n ,
f lu e n c y a n d i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y .
In a d d itio n , an in c id e n c e o f r e p o r te d
s t u t t e r i n g w as c o n p il e d by r e v i e w i n g t h e m e d ic a l r e c o r d s o f a l l t h e
C o rp siæ n i n e a c h c a n p .
S u b j e c t a v a i l a b i l i t y w as l i m i t e d t o cam ps w i t h i n a r e a s o n a b l e
d i s t a n c e o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f IV bntana,
At t h e t im e o f t h i s s t u d y , t h e r e
w ere 11 cairps i n R e g io n 1 o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s F o r e s t S e r v i c e .
camps w ere w i t h i n r e a s o n a b l e d r i v i n g d i s t a n c e .
F iv e
B e c a u se o f i n t e r n a l
p r o b le m s , tw o cam ps w ere n o t a v a i l a b l e t o t h i s e x a m in e r a t t h e t i m e o f
te s tin g .
T h re e cam ps i n M ontana a n d Id a h o (A naconda J o b C o rp s C e n t e r ,
C e d a r F l a t s J o b C orps C e n t e r , a n d C o tto n w o o d J o b C o rp s C e n t e r s ) , w e re
u se d f o r th e p u rp o se s o f t h i s s tu d y ,
A ran d o m sa m p le o f c o rp sm e n f r o m
t h e t h r e e c e n t e r s w e re s e l e c t e d f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n s .
B e c a u se o f t h i s
s a m p lin g a s p e c t o f t h e s t u d y , t h e e x a m in e r f e l t t h a t a m a jo r c o n c e r n
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
—7—
i n a n a l y z i n g t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e e v a l u a t i o n s was t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f
w h e th e r t h e s p e e c h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s e v a l u a t e d w e re common t o a l l c a n p s o r
i f f o r t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , t h e i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n t h e cam ps h a d t o b e
c o n s id e re d s e p a r a te ly .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER I I
PROCEDURE
S e le c tio n o f S u b je c ts
Corpsm en fro m t h r e e c o n s e r v a t i o n c e n t e r s o f t h e J o b C o rp s C anps i n
M ontana a n d Id a h o w e re e x am in e d f o r c e r t a i n s p e e c h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,
T h ese c e n t e r s w ere A n aco n d a, C e d a r P l a t s , a n d C o tto n w o o d ; t h e y a r e
a l l o p e r a t e d b y p e r s o n n e l o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s F o r e s t S e r v i c e ,
A
random s a n p l e o f 50 men w as s e l e c t e d fro m e a c h c a n p .
E ac h s u b j e c t w as
e v a l u a t e d f o r tw o m ain a s p e c t s o f s p e e c h p r o d u c t i o n :
a rtic u la tio n o f
sp eech so u n d s, and e f f e c tiv e n e s s o f sp e e c h p r o d u c tio n .
In a d d itio n ,
a r e p o r t e d I n c id e n c e o f s t u t t e r i n g , t a k e n fro m a r e v ie w o f a l l t h e
n e d i c a l r e c o r d s i n e a c h c a n p , w as t a b u l a t e d .
An a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e
was c o n p u te d t o d e te r m in e w h e th e r t h e ra n d o m ly s e l e c t e d s u b j e c t s w e re
p a r t o f a hom ogeneous p o p u l a t i o n .
M ethods o f E v a l u a t i o n
A r t i c u l a t i o n was t e s t e d b y h a v in g e a c h s u b j e c t r e p e a t a f t e r t h e
e x a m in e r , t h e t e s t w o rd s fro m t h e T e r r p lin - D a r le y S c r e e n i n g T e s t o f
A rtic u la tio n ,
12
The d e c i s i o n t o u s e a n i m i t a t i v e m eth o d o f e l i c i t i n g
t h e r e s p o n s e s r a t h e r t h a n t h e u s u a l l y p r e f e r r e d s p o n ta n e o u s m eth o d w as
d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t many o f t h e C o rp sn e n c a n n o t r e a d , a n d t h e T e r r p l in D a r le y P i c t u r e T e s t was d e v e lo p e d f o r c h i l d r e n up t o t h e a g e o f e i g h t
y e a r s , a n d t h u s w ould n o t h a v e b e e n e f f e c t i v e f o r u s e w i t h t h e J o b
^ ^ M ild re d C , T e n p l i n , " S p o n ta n e o u s v e r s u s i m i t a t e d v e r b a l i z a t i o n i n
t e s t i n g a r t i c u l a t i o n in p re s c h o o l c h ild r e n ," J o u rn a l o f Speech D is o r d e r s ,
X I I , ( 1 9 4 7 ) , 2 9 3 -3 0 0 ,
^----------------*
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C o rp s p o p u la tio n »
The e x a m in e r r e c o r d e d a l l r e s p o n s e s o n a T -3 0 0 0
R e v e re M a g n e tic T ap e R e c o r d e r , a n d c o n c u r r e n t l y t r a n s c r i b e d e a c h
phoneme r e s p o n s e p h o n e t i c a l l y »
T h e se r e s p o n s e s w e re e v a l u a t e d i n
te r m s o f t o t a l n um bers o f m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s , n u m b ers o f o m is s i o n s ,
s u b s t i t u t i o n s , a n d d i s t o r t i o n s , ^ ^ ( s e e A p p e n d ix I ) ,
T he T e m p lin -
D a r le y T e s t s o f A r t i c u l a t i o n a r e s t a n d a r d i z e d a c c o r d i n g t o G e n e ra l
A m erican s p e e c h s t a n d a r d s »
The s c r e e n i n g t e s t , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n
o f one so u n d d e a l s w i t h c o n s o n a n ts .
S in c e d i a l e c t d i f f e r e n c e s i n
p r o n u n c i a t i o n m a in ly a f f e c t t h e v o w e l - a s p e c t s o f w o r d s , t h e e x a m in e r
a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t t h e o n ly so u n d s w h ic h w o u ld b e d i a l e c t s e n s i t i v e
w ere t h e [ ^ ]
so u n d i n b i r d a n d t h e m e d ia l [ r ] phonem e i n a r r o w .
Any p r o n u n c i a t i o n fo u n d t o b e d e v i a n t on e i t h e r o f t h e s e s o u n d s w ere
f u r t h e r a n a ly z e d by c o rrp a rin g t h e i n d i v i d u a l 's p r o n u n c i a t i o n w i t h
S ta n d a r d S o u th e r n an d E a s t e r n d i a l e c t s .
E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s p e e c h p r o d u c t i o n w as d e te r m in e d by o b t a i n i n g
a n a p p ro x im a te 30“ Gecond s a n p l e o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l 's s p o n ta n e o u s
speech.
A p i c t u r e s e l e c t e d fro m t h e TAT T e s t
15
w as u s e d t o e l i c i t
t h e s p e e c h s a n p l e w h ic h was r e c o r d e d on t h e M odel T -3 0 0 0 R e v e re
M a g n e tic T ape R e c o r d e r .
A p a n e l o f f i v e J u d g e s , a l l o f whom w ere
^ ^ M ld r e d C„ T e n p l i n , a n d F .L . D a r le y , T he T e r r p lin - D a r le y T e s t s o f
A r t i c u l a t i o n , (Io w a C i ty : U n i v e r s i t y o f ïo w a B u re a iT o l’^ ^ T R e s . a n d
S e r v . , I 9 6 0 .)
^ ^ C la u d e I f e r to n W ise , A p p lie d P h o n e t i c s . (New J e r s e y :
I n c . , 1957)0
P re n tic e -H a ll
^ ^ L e o p o ld B e l i a k , The T h e m a tic A p p e rce p t i o n T e s t a n d t h e C h i l d r e n 's
A p p e r c e p tio n T e s t i n C l i n i c a l t i s e .
(New Y ork: G rune“T ^ t r a t t o n , 1 9 5 4 ) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-1 0 g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s , i n t h e d e p a r tm e n t o f S p e e c h P a th o lo g y a n d A u d io lo g y
a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M o n ta n a, a n d a l l o f whom h a d p r i o r e x p e r i e n c e
w o rk in g w i t h t h e s p e e c h h a n d ic a p p e d , made Ju d g m e n ts o n e a c h sa m p le o f
s p o n ta n e o u s s p e e c h , a s t o i\6 ie th e r i t was e f f e c t i v e o r i n e f f e c t i v e
sp eech p ro d u c tio n .
F o r th e p u rp o se s o f t h i s s tu d y , e f f e c tiv e sp eech
p r o d u c t i o n was d e f i n e d a s a n a l l i n c l u s i v e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a p p r o ­
p r i a t e p i t c h , r a t e , v o ic e q u a l i t y , a r t i c u l a t i o n , f lu e n c y , and i n t e l ­
lig ib ility ,
E x p l i c i t i n s t r u c t i o n s w e re r e a d t o t h e J u d g e s p r i o r t o
t h e i r l i s t e n i n g t o t h e s p e e c h sa m p le s ( s e e A p p e n d ix I I ) .
At t h i s
t i m e , t h e y w ere a s k e d t o make t h e i r d e c i s i o n o f e f f e c t i v e o r i n e f f e c ­
t i v e s p e e c h i n te r m s o f a r e f e r r a l - t y p e e v a l u a t i o n .
T hey w e re t o
c o n s id e r th e in e f f e c tiv e in d iv id u a l to have sp eech i n n eed o f f u r t h e r
e v a l u a t i o n , f o r W h a te v e r r e a s o n t h e y deem ed n e c e s s a r y .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a c t u a l e v a l u a t i o n o f t h i s random s a n p l e o f
co rp sm en fro m e a c h c a n p , t h e t o t a l num ber o f i n d i v i d u a l s r e p o r t i n g
t h a t t h e y a r e , o r h a v e b e e n s t u t t e r e r s , was c o n p i l e d by r e v ie w in g
t h e m e d ic a l r e c o r d s o f a l l t h e c o rp sm en i n e a c h o f t h e t h r e e c e n t e r s .
Upon b e in g s c r e e n e d f o r a d m itta n c e t o t h e C o r p s , e a c h c a n d i d a t e w as
e x am in e d by a p h y s i c i a n who c o n p le te d a m e d ic a l q u e s t i o n n a i r e i n
w h ich t h e co rp sm en a n d / o r t h e e x a m in in g p h y s i c i a n i n d i c a t e d w h e th e r
th e c a n d id a te " i s o r h as e v e r been a s t u t t e r e r . "
T h is l e p o r t e d
i n c i d e n c e was c o n s i d e r e d a m e a su re o f s t u t t e r i n g i n t h i s p o p u l a t i o n
^ ^ R e p o rt o f K fed ical E x a m in a tio n , S ta n d a r d Form 8 8 , (R e v . J u n e , 1 9 6 6 )
B u re a u o f t h e B u d g e t, C i r c u l a r A -3 2 .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-1 1 f o r th e p u rp o se s o f t h i s s tu d y .
R e l i a b i l i t y o f R a te r
I n t e r - o b s e r v e r a g re e m e n t on t h e e v a l u a t i o n s o f t h e a r t i c u l a t i o n
t e s t w as c h e c k e d by h a v in g a n o t h e r q u a l i f i e d e x a m in e r t r a n s c r i b e a
ran d o m ly s e l e c t e d g ro u p o f f i f t e e n t a p e r e c o r d e d s a n p l e s o f t h e
a rtic u la tio n t e s t .
T he s t a t i s t i c a l m ethod c h o s e n t o e s t i m a t e t h e
r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e e x a m in e r 's e v a l u a t i o n s was E b e l 's I n t r a c l a s s
R e lia b ility C o rre la tio n ,
17
J ,P o G u i l f o r d , P s y c h o m e tric % th o d 5 ^
(New Y ork:
M c G ra w -H ill, 1 9 5 4 ) ,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER I I I
RESULTS
T h re e a s p e c t s o f s p e e c h w e re e v a l u a t e d i n t h i s s t u d y :
1) a r t i c u ­
l a t i o n o f s p e e c h s o u n d s a s t e s t e d by t h e T e r r p lin - D a r le y S c r e e n in g T e s t
o f A r t i c u l a t i o n ; 2) e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s p e e c h p r o d u c t i o n a s e v a l u a t e d by
u s e o f a n a p p ro x im a te 3 0 -s e c o n d r e c o r d e d s a n p l e o f s p o n ta n e o u s s p e e c h ,
ju d g e d b y a p a n e l o f f i v e t r a i n e d J u d g e s , a n d 3 ) a r e p o r t e d i n c i d e n c e
o f s t u t t e r i n g t a k e n fro m a n e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e m e d ic a l r e c o r d s o f a l l
t h e co rp sm en i n e a c h o f t h e t h r e e Jo b C o rp s C e n t e r s ,
One h u n d re d a n d
f i f t y c o rp s iæ n w e re t e s t e d f o r a r t i c u l a t i o n , a n d l 4 $ w e re J u d g e d f o r
e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s p o n ta n e o u s s p e e c h , a s f i v e s a n p l e s w e re n o t a v a i l a b l e
f o r u s e i n J u d g in g ,
Raw m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s c o r e s w e re c o n v e r t e d t o mean s c o r e s a n d a r e
shown i n T a b le I ,
An a n a l y s i s o f v a ria n c e ^ ® was u s e d t o t e s t f o r s i g n i f i c a n c e
b e tw e e n t h e t h r e e c a n p s , a n d b e tw e e n t h e t y p e s o f m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s made
w ith in th e th r e e c a n p s.
N e i t h e r t h e P - r a t l o f o r t h e num ber o f a r t i c u ­
l a t i o n s by c e n t e r s , ( s e e T a b le I I ) , n o r t h e F - r a t i o f o r t h e t y p e s o f
m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s by c e n t e r s , ( s e e T a b le s I I I , IV , an d V ), w as s i g n i f i ­
c a n t a t t h e ,0 5 l e v e l .
B e c a u se o f t h i s n o n - s i g n i f i c a n t P - r a t i o , i t
w ould seem p r o b a b le t h a t t h e ran d o m ly s e l e c t e d s u b j e c t s draw n fro m
e a c h o f t h e t h r e e c e n t e r s , h a v e e s s e n t i a l l y b e e n draw n fro m a
hom ogeneous p o p u l a t i o n .
C o n s e q u e n tly , t h e s c o r e s o b t a i n e d fro m t h e
18
E ,P „ L i n d q u i s t , D e s i g i an d A n aly s i s o f E x p e r im e n ts i n P s y c h o lo g y a n d
E d u c a tio n (E P s to n l T îoughton M i f f l i n C o n p an y , 1 9 6 3 ) ,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-13-
TABLE I
]\^an Nur±»er o f M i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s on t h e T e n p l in - D a r l e y S c r e e n i n g
T e s t s o f A r t i c u l a t i o n f o r Jo b C o rp s E n r o l l e e s f o r A n a co n d a ,
C o tto n w o o d , a n d C e d a r P l a t s J o b C o rp s C e n te r s
Number o f S u b j e c t s
M is a rtic u la tio n s
A naconda J o b C orps C e n te r
50
4 .5 4
C ottonw ood Jo b C orps C e n te r
50
3 ,6 4
C e d ar F l a t s Jo b C orps C e n te r
50
3o68
150
3 .9 5
P la c e
T o ta l
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-1 4 TABLE I I
Summary F o r The A n a ly sis o f V arian c e f o r th e Between Cairp C o n parison
S o u rc e o f
V a ria tio n
Sum o f S q u a re s
df
Mean S q u a r e s
P R a tio
.638
25.85
2
1 2 .9 3
E rro r
2932.82
147
19.95
TOTAL
2958.67
149
T r e a tr æ n t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-1 5 TABLE I I I
Summary o f th e A n a ly s is o f V arian ce f o r O m ission E rr o r s Between
Canp C onparison
S o u rc e o f
V a ria tio n
Sum o f S q u a re s
df
ffean S q u a re s
0 .4 8
2
0 .2 4
E rro r
3 5 6 .7 8
147
2 .4 3
TOTAL
3 5 7 .2 6
149
T re a tm e n t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
F R a ti o
.0 9 9
- 16 -
table
IV
Sunsnary o f th e A n a ly s is o f V arian ce f o r S u b s t i t u t i o n E r r o r s Between
Canp C onparison
S o u rc e o f
V a ria tio n
Sum o f S q u a re s
df
Mean S q u a r e s
F R a ti o
T re a tm e n t
2 3 .8 8
2
1 1 .9 4
1 .3 7
E rro r
1 2 7 9 .5 8
147
8 .7 0
TOTAL
1 3 0 3 .4 6
149
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-1 7 -
TABLE V
Summary o f t h e A n a ly s is o f V a r ia n c e f o r D i s t o r t i o n E r r o r s B etw een
Canp C o n p ciriso n
S o u rc e o f
V a ria tio n
Sum o f S q u a re s
df
Mean S q u a re s
1 .1 2
2
0 ,5 6
E rro r
1 6 4 .3 2
147
1 .1 2
T o ta l
1 6 5 .4 4
149
T re a tm e n t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
F R a tio
0 .5 0
- 18t h r e e c e n t e r s on t h e a r t i c u l a t i o n m ea su re m e n t h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d i n
s im p le , c o n p o s ite c h a r t s .
T o t a l s c o r e s f o r t h e m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n o f s o u n d s f o r t h e g ro u p o f
150 c o rp sm en show t h a t 10.67% h a d n o m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s , 50.00% h a d
b e tw e e n o n e a n d t h r e e m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s , 22.66% h a d b e tw e e n f o u r a n d
s i x , a n d 1 6 . 67% m i s a r t i c u l a t e d s e v e n o r m ore s o u n d s , ( s e e T a b le V I , a n d
F ig u r e I ) .
The t y p e s o f m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s made w e re a n a ly z e d a c c o r d i n g t o
num bers o f o m i s s i o n s , s u b s t i t u t i o n s an d d i s t o r t i o n s .
T a b le V I I i n d i ­
c a t e s t h a t 6 8 . 05% o f t h e t o t a l so u n d s m i s a r t i c u l a t e d w ere o f t h e
s u b s t i t u t i o n t y p e ; 16.19% w e re o m is s i o n s , a n d 15.76% w e re d i s t o r t i o n s .
T o ta l s c o re s f o r th e m is a r t i c u l a t i o n s o f sou nds a c c o rd in g t o th e
r a n k i n g o f phonem es from t h e m ost m i s a r t i c u l a t e d t o t h e l e a s t m is­
a r t i c u l a t e d a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le V I I I .
T h is t a b l e shows t h a t 40.00%
o f t h e m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s w e re made o n t h e v o i c e l e s s [ 6 ] a n d i t s v o ic e d
c o g n a te [ 6 ] .
T a b le IX a g a i n d e m o n s tr a te s t h i s d o m in an ce o f m i s a r t i c u ­
l a t i o n s on t h e a b o v e tw o p h o n em es.
T h is t a b l e d e m o n s tr a te s t h a t o f t h e
32 co rp sm en who made o n ly a s i n g l e e r r o r , 43.75% m i s a r t i c u l a t e d t h e
v o i c e l e s s [ 8 ] , a n d 25.00% m i s a r t i c u l a t e d t h e v o ic e d [ g ] phonem e.
Two s u b j e c t s i n t h e s i n g l e e r r o r g ro u p made t h e s i n g l e m i s a r t i c u ­
l a t i o n on t h e m e d ia l [xf] phonem e i n b i r d .
No o n e i n t h i s g ro u p m is ­
a r t i c u l a t e d t h e m e d ia l [ r ] phonem e o f a r r o w .
B o th o f t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l 's
m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s c o u ld c o n c e iv a b ly b e a t t r i b u t e d t o r e g i o n a l d i a l e c t s .
One o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s was b o m i n P u e r t o R ic o a n d l i v e d t h e r e f o r
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-1 9 TABLE VI
J o b C orp E n r o l l e e s P r o d u c in g M s a r t i c u l a t i o n s
E rro rs
P e r c e n ta g e
Number o f S u b j e c t s
0
16
10.67%
1 -3
75
50.00%
4—6
34
22.66%
7 -a b o v e
25
16067%
T o ta l
100.00%
150
FIGURE I
G ra p h ic R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f J o b C orp E n r o l l e e s
P ro d u c in g M i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
0
Nuiriber o f
E n ro lle e s
i ' ' k
4 -b
E rro rs
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
7 -ab o v e
E rro rs
-2 0 -
TABLE V II
T y p es o f M l s a r t i c u l a t l o n s
T y p es o f r ^ l i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s
Number
....................................
P e r c e n ta g e o f T o t a l
113
16.19%
S u b s titu tio n s
475
68.05%
D is to rtio n s
110
15.76%
T o t a l Number o f
M is a r t i c u l a t i o n s
698
100.00%
O m issio n s
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-2 1 -
TABLE V II I
Phonem es R anked A c c o rd in g t o F re q u e n c y o f M l s a r t i c u l a t l o n s
Phonem e. P o s i t i o n , a n d T e s t Word
[8]
[ r]
C]
m
C]
[s tr]
car]
[G]
[ ]
[ ]
[sk r]
[ 3
[r]
[sp r]
[fr]
[s p l]
[sw ]
[s i]
[z ]
[Ju ]
[v ]
[ 3
[ tw ]
[St]
[h r]
[p r]
[r]
[g r]
[sk ]
[k r]
[sm ]
[sn ]
[sp ]
[k l]
[kw ]
[f]
[t ]
m
1
f
f
1
1
1
1
m
m
1
m
m
1
1
1
1
1
1
m
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(b a th tu b )
( s h r e d d e d w h e a t)
(sm o o th )
(te e th )
(th e re )
(s trin g )
(th re e )
(thum b )
(b ird )
(te le v is io n )
(s c ra tc h )
(fe a th e r)
(a rro w )
( s p r in k lin g can)
(fro g )
(s p la s h )
(s w e e p in g )
(s le d )
(z ip p e r)
(m u sic )
(v a le n tin e )
(s h e e p )
(tw in s )
(s ta irs
(b re a d )
(p re s e n ts )
(ra b b it)
(g ra ss)
(s k y )
(c ra y o n )
( sm oke)
(sn a k e)
(s p id e r)
(c lo w n )
(q u e e n )
(fis h )
(c h a ir)
Number o f M l s a r t i c u l a t l o n s
89
70
65
51
25
21
20
17
16
16
15
13
13
12
10
9
8
8
8
8
7
7
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-2 2 -
TABLE V II I ( c o n t ’do)
Phonem e, P o s i t i o n , a n d T e s t Word
[t ]
[t ]
[d ]
[d r]
[ ]
[J]
[J]
[tr]
[p i]
[g l]
[fl]
[1 ]
[d ]
m
f
m
i
m
m
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
Number o f M s a r t i c u l a t i o n s
(m a tc h e s )
(w a tc h )
( e n g in e )
(d re ss)
(d is h e s )
( o n io n )
( y e llo w )
(tre e )
(p la n tin g )
(g la s s )
( f lo w e r )
(le a f)
(Ja r)
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
—23“
TABLE IX
J o b C o rp s E n r o l l e e s M aking S i n g l e M l s a r t i c u l a t l o n s o n t h e W ords o f
t h e T e n p l ln - D a r l e y S c r e e n i n g T e s t o f A r t i c u l a t i o n
Number o f Corpsm en
D4aklng
M ls a rtic u la tlo n s
Phoneme an d
P la c e m e n t
P e rc e n ta g e
b a th tu b
m e d ia l [ 8 ]
40.63%
7
sm o o th
fin a l [ ]
21.88%
6
sh re d d e d w heat
I n i t i a l C r]
18.76%
2
b ird
m e d ia l [ ]
6.25%
1
th e re
In itia l [ ]
3.12%
1
thum b
i n i t i a l [8 ]
3.12%
1
queen
I n i t i a l [kw ]
3.12%
1
s p r i n k l i n g c an
I n i ti a l [sp r]
3.12%
13
T o ta l
M is a rtIc u la te d
Word
32
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
100.00%
-2 4 s e v e n y e a r s p r i o r t o h i s a r r i v a l i n New Y ork C i t y ; t h e o t h e r l i v e d i n
New O r l e a n s , L o u is ia n a f o r l 6 y e a r s p r i o r t o co m in g t o C o tto n w o o d J o b
Corps C e n te r»
A c c o rd in g t o W ise^^ b o th p r o n u n c i a t i o n s a r e a c c e p t a b l e
w i t h i n t h e s t a n d a r d a m e r ic a n d i a l e c t s .
A l l o t h e r s u b j e c t s who h a d
m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s on e i t h e r o f t h e s e tw o s o u n d s — t h e m e d ia l
in
b i r d , o r t h e m e d ia l [ r ] i n a r r o w , a l s o h a d o t h e r m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s w h ic h
c o u ld n o t b e a t t r i b u t e d t o S ta n d a r d A m erican p r o n u n c i a t i o n s .
The 145 t a p e - r e c o r d e d sa m p le s o f t h e c o r p s m e n 's s p o n ta n e o u s s p e e c h
w e re J u d g e d f o r e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s p e e c h p r o d u c t i o n by f i v e t r a i n e d
J u d g e s fro m t h e S p e e c h a n d H e a r in g C l i n i c a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M o n tan a.
As was p r e v i o u s l y i n d i c a t e d , t h e J u d g e s w e re a s k e d t o l i s t e n t o e a c h
s p e e c h sa m p le and e v a l u a t e i t i n te r r a s o f w h e th e r t h e y w o u ld r e f e r t h e
in d iv id u a l f o r f lir th e r speech e v a lu a tio n .
The c r i t e r i o n u s e d f o r
d e c i d i n g w h ic h s a m p le s w ere t o b e c o n s i d e r e d I n e f f e c t i v e i n s p e e c h p r o d ­
u c t i o n w as m in im a lly , a m a j o r i t y v o te o f t h r e e o f t h e f i v e J u d g e s .
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e i r Ju d g m e n ts a r e show n i n T a b le X.
The
T h is t a b l e show s
t h e num ber o f s u b j e c t s ju d g e d a s I n e f f e c t i v e , a n d t h e num ber o f J u d g e s
e v a lu a tin g th e in d iv id u a l as I n e f f e c tiv e .
An e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s e Ju d g ­
m en ts ( s e e T a b le X I ) , i n d i c a t e s t h a t o f t h e t o t a l 145 co rp sm en e v a l u a t e d ,
1 8 . 62% w ere J u d g e d t o b e i n e f f e c t i v e i n s p e e c h p r o d u c t i o n by a t l e a s t
th r e e o f th e f iv e ju d g e s .
A r e v ie w o f t h e m e d ic a l r e c o r d s i n e a c h o f t h e t h r e e J o b C orp s
C e n te r s r e v e a l e d a t o t a l o f 28 i n d i v i d u a l s , o r 4.78% , ( s e e T a b le X I I ) ,
I 9 c i a u d e I4 s rto n W ise , A p p lie d P h o n e t ic s (New J e r s e y :
1 9 5 7 ), 2 1 0 .
P re n tic e -H a ll
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Inc.
-25TABLE X
Ju d g m e n ts R anked A c c o rd in g t o t h e Nuntoer o f
J u d g e s A g re e in g Upon t h e E v a l u a t i o n
Number o f I n d i v i d u a l s
Judged I n e f f e c tiv e
Number o f J u d g e s E v a l u a t i n g
th e S u b je c t a s I n e f f e c t i v e
5
8
U
7
* 3
12
2
17
1
34
0
67
T o ta l
145
* The c r i t e r i o n f o r c l a s s i f y i n g a n i n d i v i d u a l a s a n
i n e f f e c t i v e s p e a k e r ivas a m a j o r i t y a g re e m e n t o f
t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g J u d g e s — a minimum a g re e m e n t o f
th re e o f th e fiv e .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-26TABLE XI
J u d g n e n ts * o f I n e f f e c t i v e S p e e c h P r o d u c t io n
Jo b C o rp s
C e n te r
T o ta l
E v a lu a te d
Ju d g e d
In e ffe c tiv e
P e r c e n ta g e
By C e n te r T o t a l
A naconda
50
11
22.00%
C edar F l a ts
50
10
20.00%
C ottonw ood
45
6
13.33%
145
27
T o ta l
*The c r i t e r i o n f o r c l a s s i f y i n g a n i n d i v i d u a l a s a n i n e f f e c t i v e
s p e a k e r w as a m a j o r i t y a g re e m e n t o f t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g ju d g e s —
a minimum a g re e m e n t o f t h r e e o f t h e f i v e J u d g e s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1 8 . 62%
-2 7 -
TABLE X II
R e p o r te d I n c i d e n c e o f S t u t t e r i n g a s T ak e n From t h e M e d ic a l R e c o rd s o f
A l l J o b C orpsm en i n E ac h o f t h e T h re e C e n te r s
A naconda
Nuntoer i n
Camp=l85
C edar F la ts
N u n h er i n
Cairp=200
C o ttonw ood
N u n b er i n
Camp =200
II
9
8
T o ta l
P e r c e n ta g e
585
28
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
4.78%
—2 8 —
h a d r e c o r d s I n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e y a r e now , o r h a v e b e e n s t u t t e r e r s .
E b e l 's I n t r a c l a s s R e l i a b i l i t y C o r r e l a t i o n was u s e d t o d e t e r ­
m ine t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e e x a m in e r ’ s e v a l u a t i o n s o n t h e a r t i c ­
u la tio n t e s t .
T h is e x a m in e r a n d t h e s e c o n d e x a m in e r who l i s t e n e d
t o 15 ran d o m ly s e l e c t e d t a p e s , c o r r e l a t e d a t .8 1 , ( s e e T a b le X I I I )
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
«29TABLE X I I I
* C o n p u ta tlo n o f t h e V a r ia n c e s N eeded t o E s t im a te R e l i a b i l i t y
o f th e R a te rs
S o u rc e
D e g re e s
o f Freedom
V a r ia n c e
1 3 2 ,6 7
14
9 .4 8
4 .0 3
1
**
1 3 ,4 7
14
,9 6
1 5 0 .1 7
29
Sum o f S q u a re s
From p e r s o n s
From r a t e r s
From r e m a in d e r
T o ta l
**
V a r ia n c e n o t n e e d e d an d n o t c o n p u te d »
*
The v a r i a n c e s w e re u s e d t o c o n p u te r e l i a b i l i t y w i t h t h e u s e o f
E b e l* s f o r m u la , w h ic h i s :
« ^e
9*^8
—
o
96
F = $.48 + T^'zim'+ :w
8 .5 2
F = lO T "
F =
.81
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSION
The p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y w as t o e v a l u a t e t h e s p e e c h o f Jo b
C orpsm en a n d o b t a i n d a t a w i t h w h ic h t o d e te r m in e c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c
c h a r a c te r is tic s o f th e speech o f t h i s p o p u la tio n .
T h is e x a m in e r
f e l t t h a t s i n c e t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y i l l u s t r a t e d some s e r i o u s
r e h a b i l i t a t i v e n e e d s , c l i n i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n s c o u ld a n d s h o u ld b e
draw n i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i n i t i a l l y
s t a t e d p u rp o se o f th e s tu d y .
The J o b C o rp s c e n t e r s a r e d e s ig n e d f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e C orpsm en
and a r e o p e r a t e d s o l e l y t o p r e p a r e t h e s e y o u n g men f o r a n in d e p e n d e n t
an d u s e f u l f u t u r e i n s o c i e t y .
Jo b C o rp s i s s t i l l i n i t s
in fa n c y .
I t a p p e a r s t o n e e d c o n ti n u e d c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f p o l i c i e s a s i t g ro w s.
T h is e x a m in in g a n d q u e s t i o n i n g by i t s l e a d e r s s h o u ld c h a n g e an d
im p ro v e i t s o p e r a t i o n a s new n e e d s a n d p o s s i b i l i t i e s a r e b r o u g h t i n t o
fo c u s.
I t i s w i t h t h e i d e a o f m ak in g t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h e Jo b C o rp s
m ax im ally b e n e f i c i a l t o i t s e n r o l l e e s , t h a t t h e e x a m in e r p o s t u l a t e s
t h e p o s s i b l e c l i n i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n s t h a t m ig h t b e d raw n fro m t h e
r e s u l t s o f t h i s s tu d y .
A m a jo r c o n c e rn i n a n a l y z i n g t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s tu d y w as t h e
d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f w h e th e r t h e ra n d o m ly c h o s e n i n d i v i d u a l s t e s t e d c o u ld
b e c o n s i d e r e d a s b e lo n g i n g t o t h e sam e p o p u l a t i o n .
in d ic a te d t h a t t h i s c o n s id e ra tio n i s f e a s ib le .
S t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is
G e n e r a l i z a t i o n b ey o n d
t h e t h r e e cam ps t e s t e d i s a l s o f e a s i b l e s i n c e t h e cam ps u s e d i n t h e
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h i s s tu d y w e re c h o s e n s t r i c t l y f o r t h e p r a c t i c a l
a s p e c t s o f t h e i r p r o x i m i t y t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f fio n ta n a .
T h e re fo re ,
t h e r e s u l t s s h o u ld b e a p p l i c a b l e t o a n y o f t h e c e n t e r s u n d e r t h e
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-31-
J u r l s d l c t i o n o f R e g io n I , o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s F o r e s t S e r v i c e ; an y
c e n t e r I n t h e r e g i o n m l ^ t h a v e b e e n u t i l i z e d a s no o t h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n
o t h e r t h a n p r o x i m i t y I n f l u e n c e d t h e c h o ic e o f c e n t e r s .
The r e s u l t s w h ic h e v o lv e d fro m t h e e v a l u a t i o n s , s u g g e s t some
I n t e r e s t i n g and s i g n i f i c a n t a s p e c ts o f th e sp eech o f t h i s p o p u la tio n .
Of t h e 150 c o rp s iœ n t e s t e d , o n ly 10.67% made no m l s a r t i c u l a t l o n s .
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d i d a 1 0 - y e a r s t u d y I n w h ic h a l l In -c o m ln g s t u d e n t s t o t h e
U n i v e r s i t y o f M c h lg a n w ere s c r e e n e d f o r s p e e c h p r o b le m s .
H is r e s u l t s
show t h a t o f 3 3 ,3 3 9 s t u d e n t s s c r e e n e d , o n ly 3,85% w e re s p e e c h d e f e c t i v e
cases.
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s t u d y , an d t h u s I t I s f e a s i b l e t o com pare t h e tv/o s t u d i e s I n te r m s o f
I n c id e n c e o f s p e e c h p r o b le m s .
One m l ^ t q u e s t i o n t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t
many o f t h e m l s a r t i c u l a t l o n s made b y t h e c o rp sm en a r e n o t e r r o r s w h ic h
c o u ld b e c o n s i d e r e d a s d e f e c t i v e s p e e c h , b u t r a t h e r m l s a r t i c u l a t l o n s
due t o s u b s ta n d a r d d i a l e c t s .
T h is e x a m in e r f e e l s t h a t s u b s ta n d a r d
m is p r o n u n c i a t i o n s s h o u ld b e c o n s i d e r e d a s d e f e c t i v e .
C o n s e q u e n tly , an y
r e s p o n s e w h ich I s n o t a c c e p t a b l e w i t h i n t h e fram ew o rk o f t h e S ta n d a r d
A m erican D i a l e c t s I s c o n s i d e r e d a s a m i s a r t I c u l a t I o n .
W ise s t a t e s t h a t
t h e l a c k o f v i s u a l w ord Im ag es on t h e p a r t o f
I l l i t e r a t e s p e a k e r s , th e fo rm e r la c k o f any
f e e l i n g o f n eed f o r a c c u ra c y , and t h e u n c o rre c te d
m is h e a r in g o f w ords m is p ro n o u n c e d by o t h e r p e o p le
h a v e r e s u l t e d I n t h e l o s s o f many o f t h e s y l l a b l e s
o f w ords I n s t a n d a r d p r o n u n c i a t i o n s ,
M o rle y , "A t e n - y e a r s u r v e y o f s p e e c h d i s o r d e r s among u n i v e r s i t y
s t u d e n t s , " J o u r n a l o f S p e e c h a n d H e a r in g D i s o r d e r s , X V II, ( 1 9 5 2 ) ,2 5 - 3 1 .
Z lc ia u d e r-ferton W ise , A p p lie d P h o n e t i c s , (New J e r s e y :
1957) , 300.
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P re n tlc e -H a ll I n c .,
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U s in g W ise a s a g u i d e l i n e , o n ly s i x i te m s o n t h e a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t c o u ld
h a v e b e e n a f f e c t e d by s u t s b a n d a r d d i a l e c t s :
in th e r e ;
2 ) t h e m e d ia l
In b a th tu b ;
[ 0 ]
phonem e i n f e a t h e r ;
4) th e f i n a l [0 ] i n t e e t h ;
and 6) th e f i n a l
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[-9 ] I n sm o o th „
] phoneme
3 ) t h e m e d ia l [G]
5 ) t h e i n i t i a l [ 0 ] I n th u m b ;
W ise p o i n t s o u t t h a t " d e v i a t i o n s
fro m S ta n d a r d S o u th e r n S p e e c h o f t e n show a l o s s o f c o n s o n a n ts a n d s u b ­
s t i t u t i o n s s u c h a s [ t ] f o r [G ] a n d [ d ] f o r [ 9
As T a b le V I I I
I n d i c a t e d , t h e r e was a p ro m ln a n c e o f m l s a r t i c u l a t l o n s on t h e v o i c e l e s s
[G] an d I t s v o ic e d c o g n a te
] , among t h e c o rp s m e n .
M s a rtlc u la tlo n s
on t h e s e tw o phonem es a lo n e a c c o u n t f o r 40.00% o f t h e m l s a r t i c u l a t l o n s
riBde.
T h is s u b s t i t u t i o n f e a t u r e o f s u b s ta n d a r d s o u t h e r s p e e c h may
account f o r th e h l ^
In c id e n c e o f s u b s t i t u t i o n e r r o r s o v e r e i t h e r
o m is s io n s o r d i s t o r t i o n s ,
( s e e T a b le V I I ) .
The o n ly a v a i l a b l e r e s e a r c h
on t h e p a t t e r n i n g o f m l s a r t i c u l a t l o n s d e a l s w ith c h i l d r e n — n o t young
a d u lts .
The p ro m in a n t s u b s t i t u t i o n p a t t e r n shown I n t h e Jo b C o rp s
p o p u l a t i o n i s n o t c o m m en su rate w i t h w hat h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d I n c h i l d r e n
w ith a r t i c u l a t i o n e r r o r s .
a c c o rd in g t o s e v e r ity
D a ta on a r t i c u l a t i o n e r r o r s a n d t h e i r r a n k
23 24 25
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^^ I b i d , 2 1 8 .
^ ^ I v l a n R o e , a n d R. M l l i e s o n , "The e f f e c t o f m a t u r a t i o n upon d e f e c t i v e
a r t i c u l a t i o n I n e le m e n ta r y g r a d e s , " J o u r n a l o f S p e e ch D i s o r d e r s , ( 1 9 4 2 ) ,
V II c
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E oP. J o r d a n , " A r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t m e a s u re s a n d l i s t e n e r r a t i n g o f a r t l c u l a d e f e c t l v e n e s s , " J o u r n a l o f S p e e c h an d H e a r in g R e s e a r c h , (1 9 6 0 ) I I I , 3 0 3 -3 1 9 <>
^ 5 f/iild re d C. T e m p lin , C e ^ a l n L a n g a g e S k i l l s I n C h i l d r e n , ( M in n e a p o lis :
U n i v e r s i t y o f M in n e s o ta P r e s s , 1 ^ 5 ? )7
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
■33I n a r t i c u l a t i o n may p r o g r e s s fro m e r r o r s o f o m is s io n t y p e t o s u b s t i t u ­
t i o n e r r o r s a n d t h e n t o d i s t o r t i o n e r r o r s on t h e i r way to w a rd m s t e r y
o f t h e s p e e c h so u n d s „
T h e s e s t u d i e s a l s o show t h a t a s t h e i n d iv i d u a l,
m a t u r e s , e r r o r s go fro m o m is s io n s t o s u b s t i t u t i o n s , a n d t h e n d i s t o r t i o n s .
A n o th e r i n t e r e s t i n g a s p e c t o f t h e a n a l y s i s c a n b e s e e n i n t h e
e v a lu a tio n o f sp eech p ro d u c tio n e f f e c tiv e n e s s .
T he Ju d g e m e n ts i n d i c a t ­
ed t h a t 1 8 , 6 2 1 , o r 27 o f t h e t o t a l l 4 5 co rp sm en a r e J u d g e d t o b e
in e ffe c tiv e sp e a k e rs.
As was i n d i c a t e d e a r l i e r , t h i s e x a m in e r r e p o r t e d
a s I n e f f e c t i v e , o n ly t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s who w e re e v a l u a t e d by a m a j o r i t y
o f t h r e e o r m ore o f t h e J u d g e s a s b e i n g i n e f f e c t i v e s p e a k e r s .
I f th e
e x a m in e r h a d c h o s e n a l e s s r i g o r o u s c r i t e r i o n o f J u d g m e n ta l a g re e m e n t,
m aricedly m ore i n d i v i d u a l s w ould h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d i n e f f e c t i v e .
C o n s e q u e n tly , w hat i s r e p o r t e d i s u rid o u b te d ly a c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e
o f t h e s p e e c h i n e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e s e Jo b C o rp s e n r o l l e e s .
From t h e
r e s u l t s o f t h e s e Ju d g m e n ts i t seem s p r o b a b l e t h a t a p p r o x im a te ly 19% o f
t h e C o rp s e n r o l l e e s a r e h a v in g o b s e r v a b le d i f f i c u l t y w ith o r a l communi­
c a tio n ,
T h is d i f f i c u l t y m l , ^ t w e ll b e a f f e c t i n g t h e i r p r o g r e s s i n t h e
C o rp s , t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith t h e i r p e e r s , a s w e l l a s t h e i r i n s t r u c t o r s .
C e r t a i n l y , t h i s f i g u r e i s l a r g e e n o u ^ t o c a u s e c o n c e rn when c o n s i d e r i n g
t h a t t o t a l r e h a b i l i t a t i o n i s t h e p rim e o b j e c t i v e o f t h e J o b C o rp s ,
The d a t a t a k e n fro m t h e m e d ic a l r e c o r d s On t h e r e p o r t e d I n c i d e n c e
o f s t u t t e r i n g i n t h e J o b C o rp s p o p u l a t i o n show s t h a t 4,78% o f t h e C o rp s­
men i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y e i t h e r h a v e b e e n o r a r e now a s t u t t e r e r .
fig u re re p re se m s
T h is
a h ig h e r in c id e n c e t h a t th e u s u a l in c id e n c e f ig u r e s
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-34-
r e p o r t e d f o r s t u t t e r i n g - ^ e l t h e r f o r c h i l d r e n , a d o l e s c e n t s o r young
adults.H ow ever,
s i n c e t h e i t e m i n t h e m e d ic a l r e c o r d s r e a d s :
"A re y o u now , o r h a v e you e v e r b e e n a s t u t t e r e r , " i t w ould n o t b e
a p p r o p r i a t e t o c o rtp a re t h e v a r i o u s r a t e s o f i n c i d e n c e .
T h is i t e m ,
b e c a u s e o f i t s g e n e r a l i t y c a n o n ly b e i n d i c a t i v e o f a p o t e n t i a l
p ro b le m w o rth y o f f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
L im ita tio n s
T h e re w ere c e r t a i n a s p e c t s i n t h e d e s i g n o f t h e s tu d y w h ic h may
have a c te d t o l i m i t th e r e s u l t s o f th e a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t .
The t e s t
m ethod u s e d may h a v e a f f e c t e d t h e r e s u l t s by p r e s e n t i n g t h e s u b j e c t s
w ith a m odel t o p a t t e r n t h e i r r e s p o n s e s a f t e r .
T h is i s c a l l e d t h e
" i m i t a t i v e m ethod" b e c a u s e t h e e x a m in e r s a y s t h e w ord f i r s t , an d t h e
s u b j e c t r e p e a t s t h e w ord a f t e r t h e e x a m in e r.
R e s e a r c h o n t h i s m ethod
v e r s u s t h e " s p o n ta n e o u s m ethod" i s c o n t r o v e r s i a l .
The " s p o n ta n e o u s
m ethod" e l i c i t s t h e r e s p o n s e fro m t h e s u b j e c t w ith o u t t h e e x a m in e r
h a v in g s a i d t h e w ord f i r s t ,
J o h n s o n , e t a l ^ ? c o n c lu d e t h a t :
"When
w hat i s d e s i r e d i s t h e m ost t y p i c a l r e s p o n s e o f t h e s u b j e c t t h a t i s ,
a re sp o n se in flu e n c e d a s l i t t l e
a s p o s s i b l e by an y p r i o r s t i r r u l a t i o n —
t h e s p o n ta n e o u s m ethod i s p r o b a b ly b e t t e r , "
T h is e x a m in e r f e l t
s u b j e c t i v e l y t h a t a t t im e s v a r i o u s i n d i v i d u a l s w ere t r y i n g \æ ry h a r d
^^L ee E dw ard T r a v i s , e t , a l g H andbook o f S p e e c h P a th o lo ® r , (New Y ork:
A p p l e to n - C e n t u r y - C r o f t s , i g s T T T ^ ^ S T ,
2 7 w e n d e ll J o h n s o n , F r e d e r i c L , D a r l e y , a n d D„C, S p r i e s t e r s b a c h ,
D i a ^ o s t l c rfe th o d s i n S p e e c h P a t h o lo g y , (New Y ork; H a rp e r a n d Row I n c ,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
•35-
t o r e p e a t t h e w ord I n t h e sam e m an n er a s i t w as n r e s e n t e d .
The o t h e r
e x a m in e r who r e - e v a l u a t e d 15 o f t h e s p e a k e r s , a g r e e d t h a t a t t im e s t h e
C orpsm en seem ed t o b e a t t e r r p t i n g t o i m i t a t e t h e e x a m in e r 's p r o n u n c ia ­
tio n s ,
I f o n e w e re t o assu m e t h a t t h e " i m i t a t i v e m eth o d " i n f l u e n c e d
t h e r e s u l t s , i t w o u ld a p p e a r t h a t i f t h e y h a d n o t f i r s t r e c e i v e d a
m odel by w h ic h t o p a t t e r n t h e i r s p e e c h , t h e r e s u l t s w ould h a v e shoivn
a g r e a t e r num ber o f i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h a r t i c u l a t i o n e r r o r s .
A n o th e r l i m i t a t i o n i n t h e d e s i g n o f t h e s tu d y w h ic h m ig h t h av e
a f f e c t e d t h e r e s u l t s w as t h a t t h e a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t d e a l t w i t h s i n g l e
28
w ordso A c c o rd in g t o J o h n s o n , e t a l
" i t i s q u ite p o s s ib le f o r a
p e r s o n t o p ro d u c e c o r r e c t l y g iv e n s o u n d s i n s i n g l e w o rd s b u t t o f a l l
t o m a i n t a i n t h i s d e g re e o f a r t i c u l a t o r y co m p e te n ce i n r a p i d c o n v e r s a ­
tio n ,"
A g a in , i f t h i s a s p e c t, d i d a f f e c t t h e r e s u l t s , i t a c t e d t o
m in im iz e t h e n u n b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s who h a v e a r t i c u l a t i o n p ro b le m s .
The ab o v e m e n tio n e d t e c h n i q u e s w ere u s e d f o r d a t a g a t h e r i n g
fo r p r a c tic a l rea so n s,
I4any o f t h e C orpsm en w o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n a b l e
t o r e a d t h e l i s t o f t e s t w o rd s d u e t o t h e i r l a c k o f r e a d i n g a b i l i t y ,
a n d t h e T e n p lin - D a r le y p i c t u r e t e s t was d e s ig n e d f o r u s e on c h i l d r e n
up t o t h e a g e o f e i ÿ i t y e a r s , a n d t h u s t h e p i c t u r e s w ere n o t deem ed
a p p r o p r i a t e f o r u s e w i t h I 6 t o 21 y e a r o l d n a l e s .
The r e s u l t s o f t h e s e e v a l u a t i o n s o f t h e s p e e c h o f Jo b C o rp s
e n ro lle e s in d ic a te a p r e s s in g need f o r c o n s id e ra tio n o f sp eech
2 % lb id . 9 4 ,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
.36-
r e h a b i l i t a t i o n i n t h e C o rp s p rogram ^
T he s t a t e d p u r p o s e o f t h e J o b
C o rp s i s ;
The p u r p o s e o f t h i s p a r t i s t o p r e p a r e f o r t h e
r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f c itiz e n s h ip and t o in c r e a s e th e
e n p l o y a b i l i t y o f y o u th s a g e d s i x t e e n th r o u g h tw e n ty on e by p r o v i d i n g th e m i n r e s i d e n t i a l c e n t e r s w ith
e d u c a t i o n , v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g , u s e f u l w ork e x p e r i e n c e ,
i n c l u d i n g w ork d i r e c t e d to w a rd t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n o f
n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , and o t h e r a p p r o p r ia te a c t i v i t i e s * ^
I f t h i s p u r p o s e i s t o b e m a x im a lly e f f e c t i v e , t h e n t h e e x a m in e r
s u g g e s t s t h a t a t t e n t i o n s h o u ld b e p a i d t h e o r a l c o m n u n ic a tiv e a s p e c t s
o f t h e t r a i n i n g o f Corpsm en i n te r m s o f i t s p o t e n t i a l i n t h e o v e r a l l
r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p ro g ra m .
I f t h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h e C o rp s i s t o p l a c e t h e
r e h a b i l i t a t e d in d iv id u a l b ack i n to s o c ie ty a s a c o n p e te n t. In d ep en d en t
p e rs o n , th e n s u re ly he h as need t o b e an e f f e c tiv e sp e a k e r.
T h is s t u d y , b e c a u s e o f i t s
g e n e ra l s c re e n in g n a tu r e , in d ic a te s th e
g ro w in g n e e d f o r m ore s p e c i f i c s p e e c h a n d la n g u a g e r e s e a r c h on t h i s
p o p u la tio n .
So, % e E conom ic O p p o r tu n ity A ct o f 1964, S, 2642, T i t l e I , Y outh
P ro g ra m s , P a r t 'X - j 'o b C o r p s , S e c , 1Ô1,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER V
SUÎf/IARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Jo b Corpsm en I n t h r e e c o n s e r v a t i o n c e n t e r s w ere e v a l u a t e d f o r
t h r e e a s p e c t s o f sp e e c h »
The p u r p o s e o f t h e e v a l u a t i o n s was t o o b t a i n
d a t a p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e i r s p e e c h b e f o r e m ak in g a
ju d g m e n t a s t o w h e th e r a s p e e c h r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p ro g ra m i s n e e d e d i n
t h e J o b C o rp s .
F i f t y s u b j e c t s w e re c h o s e n ran d o m ly fro m e a c h o f t h r e e c e n t e r s i n
M ontana an d I d a h o .
The c e n t e r s w e re :
F l a t s Jo b C orps C e n t e r s .
A n aco n d a, C ottonw ood a n d C e d ar
A r tic u la tio n and e f f e c tiv e n e s s o f sp eech
p r o d u c t i o n w e re e v a l u a t e d i n t h i s s a n p l e .
In a d d itio n , a l l o f th e
m e d ic a l r e c o r d s i n e a c h c e n t e r w e re r e v ie w e d , an d t h e i te m o n t h e
form p e r t a i n i n g t o w h e th e r t h e i n d i v i d u a l e v e r h a s b e e n , o r i s now a
s t u t t e r e r was t a b u l a t e d a s a r e p o r t e d i n c i d e n c e o f s t u t t e r i n g .
The p e rfo rm a n c e o f t h e 150 s u b j e c t s fro m t h e t h r e e c e n t e r s on t h e
T e n p lin - D a r le y A r t i c u l a t i o n T e s t w as s t a t i s t i c a l l y a n a l y z e d , and no
s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w ere fo u n d b e tw e e n t h e t h r e e
c e n te rs .
The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s tu d y i n d i c a t e t h a t :
1)
On t h e T e n p l in - D a r l e y A r t i c u l a t i o n T e s t , 10.67% o f t h e t o t a l
co rp sm en h a d no m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s ; 50.00% h a d b e tw e e n one an d
t h r e e m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s ; 22.66% h a d b e tw e e n f o u r an d s i x m is­
a r t i c u l a t i o n s a n d 1 6 . 67% h a d s e v e n o r m ore m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s .
2)
An a n a l y s i s o f t h e t y p e s o f m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s made i n d i c a t e d
t h a t 6 8 . 05% o f a l l m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s made w ere s u b s t i t u t i o n s ;
1 6 . 1 9 % w e re o m is s io n s a n d 15.76% w e re d i s t o r t i o n e r r o r s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
■'38-
3)
O f t h e t o t a l , m l s a r t i c u l a t l o n s made^ 40*00% c o n s t i t u t e d e r r o r s
o f t h e [ 0 ] phonem e a n d I t s v o ic e d c o g n a te [-ÿ ] . T h e se tw o
m i s a r t i c u l a t i o n s a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e du e t o s u b s ta n d a r d s o u t h e r n
sp eech ,
4)
The J u d g e s o f t h e s p o n ta n e o u s s p e e c h s a ir p le c o n s i d e r e d 18*61%
o f t h e t o t a l 145 s p e a lc e rs e v a l u a t e d t o b e i n e f f e c t i v e ,
5)
A p p r o x iir a te ly 4,78% o f t h e c o rp sm e n * s m e d ic a l r e c o r d s i n d i c a t e d
t h a t t h e y h a v e b e e n o r a r e now a s t u t t e r e r .
T h e re w e re c e r t a i n a s p e c t s i n t h e d e s i g n o f t h e s t u d y , w h ich nrny
have a c te d t o l im i t th e r e s u l t s :
1)
An " i m i t a t i v e " r a t h e r t h a n a " s p o n ta n e o u s " m ethod o f e l i c i t i n g
t h e r e s p o n s e s on t h e a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t , may h a v e a c t e d t o
p r o v i d e t h e s u b j e c t v jlth a p a t t e r n f o r h i s s p e e c h . I t was
f e l t by t h e e x a m in e r t h a t t h e c o rp sm en a t t e n p t e d a t t im e s t o
r e p r o d u c e t h e w ord i n t h e m an n er w h ich i t h a d b e e n p r e s e n t e d ,
2)
The a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t; d e a l t o n ly w i t h s i n g l e w o rd s . O th e r
a u t h o r s h a v e fo u n d t h a t i t i s s o m e tiiœ s p o s s i b l e f o r a p e r s o n
t o p ro d u c e s i n g l e w ords c o r r e c t l y , b u t f a i l t o n a i n t a i n
a r t i c u l a t o r y c o m p e te n c e i n r a p i d c o n v e r s a t i o n ,
3)
The b r o a d J u d g n a n t o f e f f e c t i v e v e r s u s i n e f f e c t i v e was d i f f i c u l t
f o r t h e J u d g e s t o m ake. T h u s , t h e i r d e c i s i o n s w ere b r o a d ly
s c a tte re d .
I f a l e s s rig o ro u s c r i t e r i a th a n th e th r e e J u d g re n ts
o u t o f f i v e f o r a d e c i s i o n o f i n e f f e c t i v e h ad b e e n u s e d ,
m a rk e d ly m ore i n d i v i d u a l * s w o u ld h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d a s
in e f f e c tiv e sp e a k e rs.
I f t h e ab o v e a s p e c t s d i d a f f e c t r h e r e s u l t s , th e y e a c h a c t e d t o
m in im iz e t h e f i n d i n g o f i n d i v i d u a l s
who h a v e c o m m u n ica tio n p ro b le m s i n
t h e Jo b C orps p o p u l a t i o n .
C o n tin u e d r e s e a r c h i s n e e d e d t o f u r t h e r e x p lo r e t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n
n e e d s o f t h e Jo b C orpsrren i n o r d e r t h a t t h e p ro g ra m migÿit becom e m a x i m l l y
e f f e c t i v e f o r th e in d iv id u a ls in v o lv e d .
I t seem s f e a s i b l e fro m t h e
r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y , t h a t a s a g r o u p , t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s show s e r i o u s
a r t i c u l a t i o n an d s p e e c h e f f e c t i v e n e s s d e f i c i e n c i e s .
The n e e d f o r s p e e c h
r e h a b i l i t a t i o n a s a p a r t o f t h e o v e r a l l e d u c a t i o n a l p ro g ra m I s o b v io u s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-4 0 b ib l io g r a p h y
B e l i a k , L e o p o ld . The Them a tic A p p e r c e p tio n T e s t and t h e C h i l d r e n ’ s
A p p e r c e p tio n T e s t i n C l i n i c a l U s e . Mew Ÿ ork: G rune &
S tF a tïâ i,
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C a r h a r t , R. "A s u r v e y o f s p e e c h d e f e c t s i n I l l i n o i s h i g h s c h o o l s , "
J o u r n a l o f S p e e c h D i s o r d e r s . IV , ( 1 9 3 9 ) , 6 1 -7 0 .
E v a n s , D .R . " R e p o rt o f a s u r v e y i n G rade 9A ,"
S p e e c h . XXIV, ( 1 9 3 9 ) , 8 3 -9 0 .
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P s y c h o m e tr ic M e th o d s.
~
New Y ork:
Q u a rte rly J o u r n a l o f
“
M c G ra w -H ill, ( 1 9 3 6 ) ,
G u id e lin e s o n J o b C o r p s : P a r t I - G e n e r a l . Made a v a i l a b l e by t h e
U n ite d S t a t e 's '!P orest S e r v i c e , R e g io n , M r. V e m E r ic k s o n .
J o h n s o n , W endel e t a l . D i a g n o s t ic M ethods i n S p e e ch P a th o lo g y .
Y ork: H a rp e r a n d Ü c m , ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 8 5 .
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J o r d a n , E .P . " A r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t m e a su re s a n d l i s t e n e r r a t i n g o f
a r t i c u l a t i o n d e f e c t i v e n e s s , " J o u r n a l o f S p e e c h an d H e a r in g
R e s e a r c h , I I I , ( I 9 6 0 ) , 3 0 3 -3 1 9 .
L i n d q u i s t , E .P . D e s ig n a n d A n a ly s is o f E x p e rim e n ts i n P s y c h o lo w an d
E d u c a ti o n . B o s to n : H o u g h to n - M lf f lin , (1 ^ 5 3 7 7
M o rle y , D .E . "A t e n - y e a r s u r v e y o f s p e e c h d i s o r d e r s among u n i v e r s i t y
s t u d e n t s , " J o u r n a l o f S p e e ch a n d H e a r in g D i s o r d e r s , X V II,
( 1 9 5 2 ) , 2 5 -3 1 .
I to r to n , W illia m . "S p e e c h e v a l u a t i o n p r o g r a m ," u n p u b lis h e d r e s e a r c h
p a p e r made a v a i l a b l e b y t h e U n ite d S t a t e s F o r e s t S e r v i c e ,
R e g io n 1 .
O ltraa n , S h i r l e y , a n d N ancy K n ig h t. " E f f e c t o f eco n o m ic s t a t u s on
in c id e n c e , s e v e r i t y , and m a tu r a tio n a l re c o v e ry o f c h i l d r e n ’ s
a r t i c u l a t o r y d e v i a t i o n s , " A m e ric an S p e e c h an d H e a r in g A sso c ­
i a t i o n , X, (1 9 6 3 ), 758.
R e p o rt o f r a d i c a l E x a m in a tio n , S ta n d a r d Form 8 8 , (R e v . J u n e , 1 9 6 6 ) ,
B u re a u o f t h e B u d g e t, C i r c u l a r A -3 2 .
R o e , V iv ia n a n d R. M i l i e s o n .
"The e f f e c t o f m a t u r a t i o n u p o n d e f e c t i v e
a r t i c u l a t i o n i n e le m e n ta r y g r a d e s , " J o u r n a l o f S p e e ch D i s o r d e r s ,
V II, (1 9 4 2 ).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-41T e n p l i n , M ild r e d C . , a n d F r e d e r i c L , D a rle y o The T e n p lin - D a r le y
T e s t s o f A r t i c u l a t i o n o Iow a C i t y ; U n i v e r s i t y o f Io w a ,
B u re a u o f E d u c a t i o n a l R e s e a rc h a n d S e r v i c e , (1960)o
T e n p l i n , M ild r e d C. C e r t a i n L a n g :u a ^ S k i l l s i n C h i l d r e n „ M in n e a p o lis ;
The U n i v e r s i t y o f M in n e s o ta P r e s s , ( 1 ^ 7 ) o
T e n p l i n , M l d r e d Co " S p o n ta n e o u s v e r s u s i m i t a t e d v e r b a l i z a t i o n i n
t e s ti n g a r t i c u l a ti o n in p re sc h o o l c h ild r e n ," Jo u rn a l o f
S p e e ch D i s o r d e r s . X I I , ( 1 9 4 7 ) , 2 9 3 -3 0 0 .
T r a v i s , L ee E dw ard, e t a l .
H andbook o f S p e e c h P a th o lo g y .
A p p le to n - C e n tu r y - C r o f ^ s , (l$57T, S$4-25'/o
New Y ork;
U. S o , E conom ic O p p o r tu n ity A ct o f 1 9 6 4 , T i t l e I , Y outh P ro g ra m s , P a r t-
"T-j^ToTpfrS^TToTTs^^^
Uo So, P r e s i d e n t , 1964 ( J o h n s o n ) , The P r e s i d e n t i a l M essage on P o v e r t y ,
The Econom
ic O p p o r tu n ity A ct o f Ï964^a 3»
mmsamamarncamamammsmmi
■MOMOMB
W is e , C la u d e M .
« n n
A p p lie d P h o n e t i c s o New J e r s e y ;
P r e n t i c e - H a l l , (1 9 5 7 ),
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDICES
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX I
No,
T e n p l in - D a r l e y S c r e e n in g T e s t o f A r t i c u l a t i o n
Name:
Age:
R e s id e n c e :
How lo n g ?
J o b C o rp s C e n te r
lo
2,
3.
4.
5«
6o
7o
8.
9.
10,
11 o
12.
13»
14 .
15.
16,
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
b ird
[3 * ]
m u sic [ J u ]
ra b b it
[r]
a rro w
[r]
l e a f [1 ]
v a le n tin e
[v ]
thum b [ 0 ]
b a th tu b
[©]
te e th
[Ô ]
th e re
[9 ]
f e a t h e r [-% ]
sm o o th [ ^ ]
z ip p e r [ z ]
sheep [ S ]
d is h e s
[3 ]
fis h
L S I
te le v is io n
[ ? ]
y e llo w
[j ]
o n io n [ J ]
c h a ir [ t f ]
m a tc h e s [tS* ]
w a tc h [ t 5 ]
ja r
e n g in e [c ^ ]
p re s e n ts T p r-]
_____
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47 c
48.
49.
50.
b re a d [ b r - ]
tre e
[tr-]
d re ss [d r-]
c ra y o n [ k r - ]
g r a s s Cgt^-]
fro g [ f r - ]
th re e
[Gr-J
s h re d d e d w h eat [ J r p la n tin g [ p i- ]
clow n [ k l - ]
g la s s
[g l-]
f lo w e r [ f l - ]
smoke [s m -]
sn ak e [ s n - ]
s p id e r [s p -]
s ta irs
[s t-]
sk y [ s k - ]
s le d
[s i-]
s w e e p in g [s w -]
tw in s
[ tw - ]
q u e e n [k w -]
s p la s h [ s p l - ]
s p r in k lin g can [ s p rs trin g
[s tr-]
s c ra tc h
[sk r-]
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
A p p e n d ix I I
I n s tr u c tio n s to th e Ju d g es
"You w i l l h e a r a g ro u p o f r e c o r d i n g s o f s p o n ta n e o u s s p e e c h , made by
y o u n g men a g e s 1 6 -2 1 fro m v a r i o u s r e g i o n s o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s .
R a te
e a c h o f t h e s p e e c h s a m p le s i n te r m s o f e f f e c t i v e o r i n e f f e c t i v e s p e e c h
p r o d u c tio n o
I n e f f e c t i v e sp e ec h p ro d u c tio n f o r o u r p u rp o se s w i l l be
d e fin e d a s :
t h o s e s p e a k e r s whom y o u w o u ld r e f e r f o r f u r t h e r e v a l u a t i o n —
w h e th e r i t b e t o a s p e e c h t h e r a p i s t , p h y s i c i a n , p s y c h i a t r i s t , o t o l a r y n ­
g o l o g i s t , s c h o o l t e a c h e r , o r w h o irev e r, a n d f o r w h a te v e r r e a s o n , b e i t
v o ic e q u a l i t y , i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y , a r t i c u l a t i o n , f l u e n c y , r a t e , p i t c h ,
la n g u a g e , s u b - s t a n d a r d s p e e c h , e t c . "
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.