Liana Nogic Mr. Kann U.S. 1 17th September, 2016 Unit 2 Part 2 Notes ­2nd Cont. Congress met State House 2 weeks after battle Lexington + Concord (p.128) ­Delegates from every colony ­GA ­Agreed to support war ­Want diff. Things: ­complete independence from GB ­reforms in relations with GB ­“Olive Branch Petition” ­July 6, 1776: “Declaration of the causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms” ­Claimed GB left them w/ 2 choices ­give in to GB and imperialism ­revolt ­As war went on, Americans angrier, more and more wanting full break from Empire ­GB recruiting Natives, slaves, foreign mercenaries ­GB reject Olive Branch Petition ­Prohibitory Act ­no overseas trade ­Jan. 1776: “Common Sense” pamphlet by Thomas Paine (p. 129) ­Blamed king, system ­Encouraged Americans to break completely w/ GB ­Congress leaning towards break ­Opened ports to everyone except GB ­Communications w/ foreign powers ­New gov’ts w/o British ­July 4, 1776: Declaration of Independence approved by congress ­Thomas Jefferson w/ help of Ben Franklin, John Adams ­Restated American beliefs ­In 2 parts: one theories, other crimes of king ­Not everyone supported it: Loyalists/Tories ­Some had always disapproved of the war ­Some still loyal to king ­After Declaration: began calling themselves states ­GB had suspended representatives and self­gov’t (p.130) ­Americans need unified authority, want individual states ­1777: Congress adopts Articles of Confederation (p.130­131) ­Continental Congress to be head of war efforts, but w/ limited power over states ­Cornwall defeat → some in England reluctant to continue war (p.142) ­Lord North resigns as PM → Lord Shelburne takes over ­British emissaries to France to talk w/ American diplomats ­Americans meant to coop. w/ France ­France couldn’t agree on settlement of war w/ England w/o help of Spain ­Americans feared alliance w/ France would keep them at war ­Nov. 30, 1782: Signed preliminary treaty w/ GB (p.143) ­Sept. 3, 1783: Treaty of Paris ­ American/ British final settlement ­Spain and France agree to end hostilities ­Fall 1783: Last British forces left NY, George Washington enters ­At least ⅕ of white pop. in America still loyal to king during Rev. (p.144) ­Harassed by Patriots ­Abt. 100,000 fled, only some returned after war ­Wealthy Loyalists leaving left huge estates that Patriots took over → social changes ­War = some social effect, but not much ­Anglicans (many Loyalist members) suffered, taxed ­Quakers weakened ­Roman Catholic Church improved (French alliance) ­U.S. given Catholic hierarchy: Father John Carroll first American bishop ­Many slaves able to escape in south due to British ­GB trying to weaken American war effort → let them out of country ­% of Africans in American pop. down 16% after war ­Slaves wanting their freedom, getting ideas from American beliefs (p.145) ­In south, white pop. had feared that the war would cause more slave uprisings, more reluctant to support war than north w/ some anti­slavery ­Both sides tried to persuade natives to remain neutral during war ­Most did ­Some fought and sided w/ British, as patriots tended to be more hostile w/ them ­Some took advantage, attacks of their own ­1776: Cherokee faction attack isolated white settlers, patriots retaliated ­Many other attacks, not all unsuccessful ­War overall weakened natives: (p.145­146) ­Patriots wanted even more land ­More tension, especially bc of tribes siding w/ British ­Patriots ok w/ natives if they assimilated/adapted ­Overall tribes less united 1782: White militias wiped out entire band of natives: violence between settlers and natives did not end w/ the war (p.146) ­During war, many women took charge or farms/businesses, other became very poor ­Riots, attacks by impoverished women ­Sometimes driven out of homes bc of economics or enemy ­Went to war camps w/ husbands, men not happy ­Actually v helpful, though reduced to “women’s” work ­After war, back to having little to no rights ­Abigail Adams urged her husband and many others to give women a few more rights ­Judith Sargent Murray called for access to education (p. 147) ­Some support from political leaders, but no real plans ­Married women = no rights ­Revolution set back women’s rights in a lot of ways, pushed it forward in others ­Re­evaluating women's role in society ­1777: Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation (p.151) ­Acted as national gov’t ­Congress still center of national authority ­Powers expanded: conduct wars, foreign relations, appropriate, borrow, issue money; no power to tax, regulate trade or draft troops ­Ratifying Articles needed all states approval ­All states = equal representation ­Gave up Western claims ­1781: Articles approved, lasted until 1789 ­Not enough power to impose stuff on states, deal w/ interstate problems ­Made GB reluctant to live up to peace treaty terms ­Didn’t evacuate, questioned boundaries and frontiers ­1784: John Adams to London, no success ­1786: Treaty w/ Spain abt. Boundaries, possessions ­@ beginning of Rev. only a few 1,000 settlers past Appalachian divide ­By 1790, 120,000 ­States making claims abt. this land to Confederation ­1784: Enough land controlled to let Congress make policy for national domain ­The Ordinance of 1784: divided western territories → 10 self­gov’t → could request statehood when pop. = pop. of smallest state (p.151­152) ­The Ordinance of 1785: way of surveying + selling W. lands (p.152) ­Some sold for $1/acre ­1785: grid method introduces NW: pattern for dividing up land, instead of just natural boundaries (p.153) ­Rectangular properties, streets between them ­Many could not afford the land: Congress sold best land to Ohio, Scioto Co. → makes rest available to others ­1787: “Northwest Ordinance”: took away the 10 districts, made 1 Northwest Territory ­Lands N. of the Ohio ­Could be divided into 3­5 territories ­Statehood min. pop. = 60,000 ­Freedom of religion ­Right to trial by jury ­No slavery ­Late 1770’s ­1780’s Kentucky/Tennessee region developing ­Much of the land that the Confederation putting up for sale = actually native land → problematic ­1784­1786: Congress tried to get natives to sign treaties to give up land ­Didn’t actually work ­1786: Iroquois Confederacy: took back treaty from 2 yrs earlier, threatened to attack white settlements ­Others didn’t accept treaties in the first place: resistance ­Early 1790’s: white vs. native violence up ­1790­1791: Group of tribes led by Little Turtle (Miami warrior) defeated U.S. forces → 2 battles → W. Ohio border (p.154) ­1 on Nov. 4, 1791: 630 white Americans died ­Greatest military victory for natives vs. settlers ­No agreement on land ­1794: Battle of Fallen Timbers: General Anthony Wayne + 4,000 soldiers → Ohio Valley → defeated natives ­1795: Treaty of Greenville: gave new land to U.S. in exchange for keeping land they still had ­Land only given by tribes themselves ­1784­1787: Postwar depression ­Inadequate money supply ­Confederation had lots of debt (at home + abroad) ­No power to tax: only make requisitions to states: only received about 6% of that money ­People trying to fix it: Robert Morris, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison: called for “continental impost” (p.155) ­5% duty on imported goods → Congress to fund debt ­People worried that it would give Congress too much financial power → didn’t approve it (twice) ­States = war debts → increased taxation ­Poor farmers (especially in NE)thought it was unfair → demanded gov’t issue paper currency ­Late 1780’s: NE farmers (Daniel Shays) rioted, issued demands on: ­Paper money ­Tax relief ­Moratorium on debts ­Relocation of capital (Boston → interior) ­Abolition of imprisonment for debt ­1786: Shay’s rebellion: ­Concentrated on: preventing debts, selling of confiscated property ­Labeled as rebels, traitors ­Advanced on Springfield for weapons → army of militiamen met them there → defeated them → sentenced to death → pardoned ­MA offered them tax relief, postponement on debt payments CRASH COURSE 6 ­American Rev. doesn’t = War for Independence ­Seven Years War ended 1763: Treaty of Paris ­Colonists angry bc couldn’t take as much land from natives, lots of war debt ­British gov’t borrowed 150 million pounds → interest → needed money → taxed colonies ­Colonists used to taxes, would often smuggle stuff in anyway, but angry about having no say in the matter ­Sugar Act of 1764: first oppressive tax ­Enforced more than before ­Gave British courts right to try colonial smugglers ­Stamp Act passed 1765 ­All printed material required paid stamp ­Oct: Stamp Act Congress organized by protesters → boycott British goods ­People more aware of liberties ­Sons of Liberty ­GB took back stamp act: replaced w/ Declaratory Act ­Way of showing power w/o doing anything ­GB still needs money→ ​Townshend Acts 1767 ​→ stopped smuggling ­Boycott again → ​Daughters of Liberty ​→ getting people to make instead of buy ­Merchants unhappy bc boycotts meant less money ­March 5, 1770: Boston Massacre ­Only tax on tea left: 1773 Tea Act ­Dec. 16, 1773: Boston Tea Party ­“Intolerable Acts” ­Forced colonists to let British soldiers live w/ them ­Extended S. border of Quebec ­Religious toleration to Catholics ­Response = start of revolution ­MA called to disobey Acts, stop paying taxes, prepare for war ­Sept. 1774: First Continental Congress: coordinate resistance of Acts ­April 19th, 1775: fighting started Lexington + Concord ­British forced to leave Boston ­Won NY ­Many colonists not for independence ­Olive Branch Petition = wanted reconciliation w/ GB ­Thomas Paine wrote “Common Sense” in Jan. 1776 ­Sold 150,000 copies → changed lots of people's minds towards independence CRASH COURSE 7 ­British war strategy = capture all cities, force colonists to surrender ­Worked only at first ­Battle of Trenton ­Washington crossed delaware on Christmas → surprised British → won battle at Valley Forge ­Battle of Saratoga ­British defeated ­1781: Yorktown: British surrender ­Lord Cornwallis stationed troops on peninsula → surrounded by French → lost war ­Poor soldier conditions for Patriots ­Rations low ­Poor morale ­Unpaid ­Quakers: lost land (thus rights too) bc refused to fight ­1775: Lord Dunmore said they’d grant slaves freedom if they fought for the British ­Abt. 5,000 slaves did so ­Many more took chance to escape ­Abt. 100,000 fled to British ­Many were returned to their masters but >15,000 left U.S w/ the british ­Natives mostly wanted to stay out of war, colonists supported this ­Many ended up fighting for British; Americans even more brutal to those who did ­Tribes divided ­Deborah Sampson dressed up as a man → fought for patriots ­Women still considered property of their husbands or fathers ­Republican Motherhood ­Women were educaters, thus needed to be educated ­Still no vote or able to own property ­American Revolution: ­Colonies to states: created constitutions ­Voting to more people than before ­More religious freedom ­Changed economy ­Less indentured servitude, apprentisship ­Slavery not over: hypocritical ­1777­1804: all stated N. of MD got rid of slavery (slowly) ­1830: still abt. 3,500 slaves in north ­# of free black Americans skyrocketed