Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
Department of Natural Resources
Mineral Lands Division
Registry File Nos:
Geological Survey No:
002M/12/0114
775:3090
2015-12-17
Confidential Until:
Mineral Rights:
Licence
□ Extended Licence
✔
□
□ Impost
□ Mining Lease
□ Regional
□ Other
Licence/Property
No. of Clai ms
Assessment Year
Date Issued
NTS Map
20034M
46
1
2012-04-04
02M12
Continued next page □ Yes ✔
□ No
1
Number of Volumes:
Digital Copy Only
□
✔
Enclosures (indicate number of each):
CD:
DVD:
Flash drive:
Paper Maps:
Other:
Received:
2012-12-17
Com m ents:
Originally accepted 2013-01-04.
Signed:
Date:
April 4, 2016
1st Year Assessment Report on The Great
Northern Peninsula Properties of Western Newfoundland
(COMPILATION)
License 020034M (46 CLAIMS),
NTS 002M/12 Raleigh, Great Northern Peninsula
(Expenditures $9,200)
Prepared for: AIMIN LIAO.(property owner)
Prepared by: DENIS F. WALSH, P.Geo.
December 17, 2012
Table of Contents
Introduction.........................................................................................................................
Property Description Location...............................................................................
... 1
............... 2
Accessibility, climate, local resources, infrastructure and topography .........................
4
Previous Exploration..................................................................................
5
Adjacent Properties……………………………………………………………….
14
Geological Setting........................................................................................................................
14
Mineralization............................................................................................................................
18
Recommendations ............................................................................................................
19
References.............................................................................................................................
19
List of Figures
Figure 1: Property Location ..........................................................................................
3
Figure 2: License 20034M Location …..................................
4
Figure 3: Geology Licenses 20034M …..................................
8
Appendiices
Appendix A Mineral Rights Inquiry Reports
2 pages
Appendix B Personnel and Expenditures
1 page
Appendix C Climatic Norms for St. Anthony
1 page
Appendix D Material obtain from WEBSITES on Jadeite and Nephrite
29 pages
Appendix E Geochemistry of samples collected by J.M. McDonald,1998
5 pages
Introduction
Mr. Aimin Liao of Surrey, British Columbia holds a 100% interest in Mineral Rights License 20034M
as issued on 5 April 2012 and this report is submitted for the purposes of year 1 assessment work, as
required by Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources under the Minerals Act and
Regulations.
The property was not visited by writer or by company personnel during 2012. The writer of this report
has reviewed assessment reports previously submitted covering in part areas underlain by the license.
The property was staked for its gemstone potential along with other licenses nearby which have
gemstone occurrences as listed in the MODS. Asbestos occurrences and ophiolitic rocks in
Newfoundland were reviewed for potential sites of additional staking by Mr. Liao.
World wide literature on the occurrences, physical properties, and markets for jade, jadeite, and
nephrite was also reviewed.
Assessment reports for NTS sheet 002M/12 were researched for pertinent data which may suggested
exploration for metals such as gold, copper, nickel, and cobalt. These assessment reports are itemized
in the section on previous exploration.
12P
Lic.20034M
Lic.20034M
)
)
12O
2N
2M
St Anthony
Anthony
St
12J
12G
12I
2L
12H
2E
2K
2F
Deer Lake
Lake
Deer
12B
12A
2D
11O
11P
1M
11J
0
11I
50
kilometers
100
2C
1N
St John's
John's
St
1K
1L
Aimin Liau
Figure 1: Location Map
Newfoundland
Lic. 20034M (NTS 02M/12)
UTM Zone 21, NAD 27
Scale 1:3,250,000
Date: Dec. 17, 2012
5714000N
5714000N
5714000N
5714000N
5714000N
02
00
34
M
588000E
588000E
588000E
588000E
588000E
588000E
Aimin Liau
0
1
kilometres
2
Figure 2: License Location
Lic. 20034M
*Topographic base from NAD83 map.
NTS 02M/12
UTM Zone 21, NAD27
Scale: 1:40,000
Date: Dec 17, 2012
Property Description and Location
The License is located on the Great Northern Peninsula in western Newfoundland and a provincial
highway crosses the property as shown on figure 1 License 20034M is located on NTS sheet 02M/12.
The License boundaries are depicted on figure 2 and are described in Appendix A. Table 1 details the
status of the license as of the date of the report..
These claims are administered by the Mining Act of Newfoundland and Labrador and require $200 per
claim for year 1 expenditures. This amount increases by $50 per annum per clam to $400 in year 5.
Therefore over 5 years the required expenditure is $1500 per claim.
Table 1 Status of Licence 20034M.
Licence #
# of
Date of Issue Date Report
Claims
20036M
46
05 Apr 2012
Due
04 Jun 2013
TOTALS
Required
Expenditure
Expenditure this report
$9,200
$9,200
$9,200
$9,200
Accessibility, climate, local resources, infrastructure and topography
The licence is easily accessible by the provincial highway system and are approximately 30 kilometres
northwest of St. Anthony along highway 432.
The climate on the northern peninsula as recorded by Environment Canada climatic norms for St.
Anthony are shown in appendix C. All months have reported some rainfall and all except July and
August have reported snowfall although September snowfall reported is minimal. Temperatures
recorded for the winter months December to March are generally around minus 10 to 15 degrees C
although 32 has been reported. During the summer 15 to 20 degrees is the daytime high with plus 30
seen occasionally .
St. Anthony has services such as grocery stores, hardware stores and hotels.
Some equipment and goods for exploration purposes may have to be acquired from Corner Brook
about 6 hours to the south by road, and specialized equipment will have to be purchased in St. John’s or
elsewhere before heading into the field.
The license is north of Pisolet Provincial and entirely outside the boundaries of the park and to the
west of National Historic site of Lanse aux Meadows which is also outside the limits of the license.
The surficial geology is generally poor drift and concealed bedrock with small areas of marine clays.
Previous Exploration
The earliest geological surveys of the Hare Bay area were conducted by Murray (1864, in Murray and
Howley, 1881), Richardson (1861, in Logan, 1863) and Howley (1917).
Cooper presented the first geologic map of the Hare Bay area in 1937. The coastal areas of Hare Bay
were mapped by Gillis (1966) and Stevens (1968). The area from southeastern Hare Bay south to
Canada Bay was mapped by Smyth (1971, 1973).
A compilation map for the area was produced at a scale of 1:125,000 by Bostock et al in 1976. This
includes a 1:100,000 scale map that shows the detailed Geology of the area under discussion Regional
mapping and detailed stratigraphic correlations were undertaken more recently by Stouge (1982),
Stouge et al (1983), and Knight (1986, 1987). A geochemical lake sediment survey of the Great
Northern Peninsula was released in 1982 (Butler et al) and a more detailed gold in Lake Sediment in
the Blanc-Sablon and St. Anthony Areas (NTS 12P & 2M) was completed by 1994.. The Government
of Newfoundland and Labrador released the Geoscience Atlas of Newfoundland (Davenport et al 1999)
and this provides digital geochemical lake sediment survey data of the area as well as regional total
field magnetic data.
All mineral assessment reports for exploration work within NTS sheets 002M/05 and 12M/12 were
review briefly to check on the relevance to the claims held by Aimin Liao
British Newfoundland Exploration Limited and British Newfoundland Corporation Limited, 1955
There doesn't seem to be any mention of the White Hills area in the report but they do state that “Field
work in the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland provided little encouragement for further effort in the
area reconnoitred.”
Piloski, M J 1958 Geofile Number: NFLD/0146
“Brinex explored with Consolidate Zinc Corporation in the Hare Bay – St. Anthony area
no
mineralization of economic significance.”
Piloski, M J 1962 Geofile Number: NFLD/0197
Patino- Brinex Joint Venture area.
After completion of a joint venture agreement, an area of 200 sq.mi. North of Hare Bay was flown by
electro-magnetic survey by Patino in October 1961.
“A number of weak anomalies were detected that will investigated on the ground next field season. The
area hold possibilities for discovery of asbestos, chromite,nickel, and copper Minor occurrences of
some of these minerals are already known in the area”
Please note: On figure 5 in Piloski's report the are appears to the part of the “Brinex Principal
Agreement Area” but it is not clear on the scanned copy on the Geosciences Online version of the map.
Fogwill, W D 1966 Geofile Number: NFLD/0299
Petroleum and natural gas in west Newfoundland with emphasis on Parsons Pond area
Cajka, C J 1969 Geofile Number: NFLD/0407
Cominco Limited and Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada
Area is to the east of Pistolet Bay in rock types different from those on Aimin Liao's property.
Constable, R D 1976 Geofile Number: 002M/12/0037
Kerr Addison Mines Limited
Work report including geochemical survey and ddh records for claims 7650-7653 and 7656-7659 at
Boat Harbour on the Great Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland
Soil sample surveying and geological mapping revealed anomalous values and sphalerite occurrences
associated with algal mats. Three (3) AQ sized diamond drillholes were drilled to 100 feet each. No
significant zinc values cut.
Cant, J W and van Ingen, R 1976 Geofile Number: 012P/0029
Shell Canada Limited on Commodore Mining concession.
The Summary from the report is presented here
In competition with Noranda, Kerr Addison, and Philips Management Inc. Shell staked 867 claims
from April 1 October on the former Commodore Concessions. Most of Shell's claims cover the St.
George -Table Head disconformity and down dip projects to the east. Claims (31) were also staked to
protect a geochemical anomalous zone on block 5 and 19 claims were staked near Roddickton adjacent
to a lake sediment anomaly on a Brinex concession.
Shell's exploration program consisted of a gravity test survey on Block 2, geochemical soil surveys
over Blocks 4 and 5 (thereby completing the lake sediment anomaly follow-up program), a detailed
geochemical survey and bulldozer trenching on Block 3 and a diamond drill program of 2600 feet in
14 holes (DDH's 8-21) DDH's 8 & 9 were put down on Shell claims north of Commodore Pond in the
hope of interesecting St. George dolomites under the Table Head limestonebut only limestone was
found to depths of 400 feet. DDH's 10 – 19 tested geochemical anomalies in the Block 5 area west of a
photolinear fault.DDH 20 was collared east of this fault on the downthrown side, locating the
“favourable” P-2 sequence at a depth of about 270 feet below the surface. The last hole, DDH, 21, was
collared on a gravity anomaly on Block 2.
From previous work in the area by Cominco and Shell it has been found that values of over 2000 ppm
Zn in soil may be associated with significant amounts of zinc in bedrock, and in general the amount of
zinc in the soil is directly proportional to the amount of zinc in the bedrock. The best anomalies were
found in the Block 5 area however a drillhole (DDH 15) collared on one of the highest anomalies
15,000 ppm Zn intersected only 0.42% Zn/18 ft.
Sphalerite distribution is related on a large scale to the zone of transition between the St. George
dolomite formation and the overlying Table Head liestone formation. Most of the known sphalerite
occurrences and geochemical anomalies occur in the upper part of the St.George dolomite which is
made up of a complex alteration of dolomites of semi-restricted, sub-tidal to tidal flat paleoenvironments with discontinuous interbeds of limestone. Sphalerite, always accompanied by sparry
white dolomite, is found in relatively porous zones which originated by a combination of sedimentary
and especially structural processes (folding and faulting).
Several common modes of sphalerite occurrences were observed. The most important to date is that of
the Cominco No. 8 occurrence 150,000 tons @ 2.5% Zn (on Noranda'a claims) Here sphalerite rims
fragments of solution collapse breccia resembling that of the East Tennessee District. Associated with
this occurrence and the Wade Zone, Block 5, are sediemntary breccias which presumably formed in
tidal channels. Another important mode of occurrence is in dark gray dolomite pseudobreccia the
sparry dolomite replacement of bioturbated dolomite. Texturally this type of occurrence (e.g. Shell
Showings 2b and 3a) resembles that of the Newfoundland Zinc Mines, Daniel's Harbour. However light
grey dolomite pseudobreccia is also common in the area.(e.g. 2a). A third mode of occurrence is in
fractured dolomite as in showing 1c.
Extensive overburden (except Block 3) has hindered exploration but so far only patches of 1-3% Zn
have been foundwith rare concentrations of 6-8% Zn. For some unknown reason the highest values
occur preferentially at the exocontacts of limestone masses. This is unlike the distribution pattern at
Daniel's Harbour in that at Daniel's Harbour, sphalerite occurs in high grade shoots.
A gravity test survey on Block 2 indicated that gravity surveying should be a successful exploration
tool. A gravity anomaly in this survey was drilled (DDH 21) without success. More gravity surveys are
planned for 1976 on parts of blocks, 1,2, and 5. where the most promising geochemical and geological
conditions have been outlined.
Geochem soil samples collected in 1975, N=3507, 899 on Block 3, 1307 on Block 4, & 1301 on Block
5
Mean – 42 ppm Zn
1 SD 94 ppm
2 SD- 212 ppm
3 SD- 478 ppm
4 ppm 1079 ppm
5 ppm 2435 ppm.
Highest values reported 15,000 & 57,000 ppm Zn.
Followed by drilling on Block 5: bulldozer trenching on block 3:no-following ofn block 4 due to
inaccessibility.
GRAVITY SURVEY
A gravity test survey was carried out by Kenting Exploration Services Ltd, 4 lines each 12,000 feet
long at 200 ft spacing. Results @ +/- 0.4 micrometers/sec.
An anomaly was drilled only dolomite was intersected and the explanation for the anomaly appears to
be relatively dense, non porous dolomite surrounded by limestone or porous dolomite.
Leslie, J A 1979 Geofile Number: 002M/12/0040
Geological and geochemical investigations Watts Bight claim group
Leslie, J A 1980 Geofile Number: NFLD/1223
Leslie, J A 1981 Geofile Number: NFLD/1259
Gize, A, Born, P, Barnes, H L, Mudslinger, R, Goss, B and Sterner, S M
Geofile Number: NFLD/1358 :
Narex Ore Search Consultants Incorporated Conducted reconnaissance exploration along the length of
the carbonate platform for lead and zinc occurrences. 5 areas were explored including the Rodickton to
Eddie's Cove area to the west of the present claims.
Pickett, J W 1992 Geofile Number: 002M/12/0062
Teck Explorations Limited explored an area of the carbonate platform east of Pisolet Bay for zinc deposits
similar to those that were mined at Daaniel's Harbour.
St-Hilaire, C 1996 Geofile Number: 002M/0075
:Consolidated Callinan Flin Flon Mines Limited conducted a “High Sensitivity Electromagnetic and Magnetic
Survey” over 897 claims acquired from various persons who staked the licenses subsequent to the Voisey's Bay
rush of the early 1990's. Most of those claims overlay the eastern side of the White Hills
Sookochoff, L 1997 Geofile Number: 002M/0077
Sookochoff reported on 8 licenses consisting in aggregate of 76 claims on NTS sheets 002M/05, 002M/06, and
002M/12. The licenses were worked staked in the name of John G. McDonald for Western Pacific Mining.
The work consisted of interpretation of the GSC regional aeromagnetic surveys, re-evaluation of the government
lake sediment data, and collection of a few rock samples per license as show on figure 2, page 29 of the PDF
document in the online Geofile.
Sookocoff suggests anomalous lake sediment samples of 80 and 160 ppm Ni on one license, and elevated Cu and
Co on another license.(see Sookochoff's for details.
Sookochoff's conclusions are,
“the Milan Arm claims blocks incorporate favourable geological features to the location of potentially economic
zones of mineralization. The significant geological features include the potentially mineral controlling melange
zones and the ophiolitic foliated and layered ultramafic rocks of th White \hills Peridote, with included
pyroxenite dykes and the underlying Green Ridge Amphiblite comparable geological characteristic of the
Kambalda copper-nickel massive sulphide ore of western Australia. In addition, potential copper-nickel mineral
zones are indicated in the airborne magnetic anomalies and the lake sediment values associated with the Claim
Blocks”
McDonald, J G Geofile Number: 002M/12/0074
James McDonald of Vancouver, B.C. mapped staked 14 claims on 5 licenses in 1995 for the potential of
finding “Botryoidal Jade as reported earlier by Bob Stevens (GAC Abstracts 1984) from the rocks of the Milan
Arm Melange.Silt samples collected by reported values of 5, 10 & 10 ppb 350 kg of “jade” material were
shipped to Vancouver processing and exhibit.
MacDonald that the Milan Arm jade is a new material with an indefinable clientele. People such as Japanese
appreciate natural colour, shape, and beauty. The emerald green , intensely botryiodal shape are at the high end.
Stan Leaming (Jade in Canada) states the top 10% jewellry grade is always in demand but only 10% net.
Of the materail collection there was one large architectural piece at 150 Kg, the other samples were suitable as
beads, for cabachons, pendants, worry beads, paper weights. Pieces cut are nondescript., but some of the darker
pieces are intriguing suggesting shapes and figures (fanciful).
McDonald also notes the association of Gold and Jade through the BC Jade belt over 1500 kms. Silt samples
collected by reported values of 5, 10 & 10 ppb
MacDonald collected samples of silt, soil, and rock from various parts of the northern peninsula as note Pistolet
Park Boundary, Ships Cove, Raleigh, and Milan Arm. These were submitted to Eco-tech Laboratories for ICP
analysis . (SEE RESULTS IN APPENDIX C)
Flood, E 2003 Geofile Number: NFLD/2845
A total of 1474 claims were map staked by Kiex Consulting on May 13, 2002 in the Hare Bay area of
the Great Northern Peninsula (Figure 1). These claims are blocked into Licences 8717M, 8718M,
8719M, and 8720M (collectively referred to as the “Western” claims), and 8723M, 8724M, 8725M,
and 8726M (collectively referred to as the “White Arm Window” claims). The work covered in this
report is being applied as first year assessment towards a reduced (partial surrender) on 7 of the 8
licences (only 8726M is being completely surrendered). Details of the claim reduction are outlined in
Table I.
The following is directly from Flood 2003. “In Tuach’s (1992) listing of gold occurrences in
Newfoundland three areas are mentioned in proximity to the project area. A value of 1080 ppb Au was
returned from a silicified and carbonatized post-Middle Ordivician diabase dyke at Englee Head
approximately 15 kilometres south of Roddickton. These diabase dykes extend northward into the
“White Arm Window” licenses and as far north as Big Spring Inlet (Knight, I. Personal
communication). On the south side of Canada Bay a grab sample of stockworked quartz veins returned
0.6 gpt Au. The host Cambrian Maiden Point Formation contained sericite + carbonate + pyrite
alteration. Maiden Point Formation is present on the “Western” and “White Arm Window” licenses but
no anomalous gold values were returned in our examination. The third of Tuach’s gold occurrences was
an unconfirmed 0.5 gpt Au grab sample from semi massive sulphides (pyrite + pyrrhotite +
chalcopyrite) from the Goose Cove mine dump 7 kilometres south of St. Anthony. Small sulfide lenses
occur in mafic volcanic layers in the Hare Bay ophiolite sequence. Our check sample 10021 tested
similar material and assayed 31 ppb Au (and 2.26% copper).”
Elliott, R W 2004 Geofile Number: 002M/0086
This is at MODS Au occurrence 002M/12/001 (St. Lunaire).
To the southeast of area staked by Aimin Liao but may be significant because some elevated Au values
31 rock samples sent for Au analysis the best values reported are 905, 250, 156, 131, 81, & 70 ppb
Figure 5 from Elliot's report shows northeast trending quartz filled fractures.
N. Noel, 2008 Geofile Number: 002M/12/0099
Summary
Mineral licence 13894m and 14548m was staked to cover a known jade
occurrence which included a small mining lease. Information regarding the claim
including a previous assessment report was then collected and reviewed and
research was conducted as to whether or not the material, actually a nephrite,
was of any value. It was found that collectors are interested in the botryoidal style
of that form of mineralization.
Results
Work reported by Macdonald consisted primarily of an evaluation of the
material and not a geological assessment. It is possible that these types
of occurrences are more widespread and that they strike inland.
The internet search turned up some interesting results. One website,
called Friends of Jade, contained an email to Jim MacDonald from a
collector who was expressing regret regarding his passing but who also
expressed an interest in purchasing some of the material if a source
could be found. An email was sent to that gentle man, a Daniel Beck, as
part of this project and the response was positive.
The reply was as follows.
would love to see samples- was particularly interested in the brown, golden,and copper
colored botryoidal pieces in smaller sizes suitable for jewelry applications. would
entertain other specimens or pieces suitable for small carvings. send pics and
pricesthanks for looking me up. dan -localdeity@hotmail
Specimens such as the ones requested in the email are also commonly
sold on the website EBAY.
Conclusions and Recommendations
It is recommended that the site be visited to determine how much
material remains where the mining lease was located and to evaluate
the other occurrences. Samples should be collected for further appraisal.
Mapping should be conducted to determine the extent of the veins, their
orientations and if they can be traced for any distance.
Adjacent properties
There are at the time of writing this report no licenses recorded or issued that are continguous with the
license under discussion here (license 20034M).
Altius Minerals has recently staked most of the ophiolites in Newfoundland under an alliance with
Cliffs Natural Resources as stated in the following excerpt from a news release on the company’s
website.
“Field programs have commenced on the island of Newfoundland to continue the assessment of nickel?
iron alloy mineral potential in serpentinized ultramafic rocks. Cliffs is an industry leader in the research
and development of nickel-iron alloy mining and processing. 4,200 claims covering 105,000 hectares
have been staked under the alliance.
Awaruite, a naturally occurring alloy composed of nickel and iron, has now been confirmed in three
locations. Moreover, awaruite has been identified in archived drill core from the Pipestone Pond
Complex in central Newfoundland and samples from six holes have been submitted for analysis.”
Altius Minerals has licenses to the claims to the west of of license 20034M which are underlain by
ultramafic rocks.
Geological Setting
The following are the lithologies from map 1495A Sheet 3 Strait of Belle Isle Area Northwestern
Insular Newfoundland, southern Labrador and Adjacent Quebec. Compiled by Cumming from work by
Cumming 1969-1971;& 1974, Bostock 1969-1972, Williams 1972-1973 & 1974, , Smyth, 1969-1971
and Cajka.1969 see map online for details.
Aimin Liau
Figure 3: Geology
Lic.20034M
UTM Zone 21, NAD27
Date: Dec. 17, 2012
Scale: 1:70,000
0
1.5
3
Li
c.0
20
03
4M
L'Anse-au-Meadows National Historic Park
Burn
t
C ape
Ecolo
g
ical R
eser
ve
kilometres
Pistolet Bay Provincial Park
Jade Occ.
(held by others)
Jade Occ.
(593500E,5704300N)
HERE ARE THE LINKS
To the map.
http://apps1.gdr.nrcan.gc.ca/mirage/show_image_e.php?client=jp2&id=109265&image=gscmapa_1495a_e_1983_mn02.sid
To the legend
http://apps1.gdr.nrcan.gc.ca/mirage/show_image_e.php?client=jp2&id=109265&image=gscmapa_1495a_e_1983_xs0.sid
Green Ridge Amphibolite: well-foliated amphibolite and garntiferous amphibolite,
minor marble and foliated gabbro; includes pyroxene-bearing amphibolite at the White
Hills Peridotite contact. Gradational metamorphism with the Goose Cove Schist.
Maiden Point Formation: HCMP,W,S coarse grained greywacke; red, green, purple and black slate,
quartz pebble conglomerate, minor limestone conglomerate; HCMPS post-emplacement cordieriteandalusite hornefels; HCMPV mafic agglomerate and tuff, massive basaltic flows, local pillow lava.;
HCdi medium to coarse diorite and gabbro, unseparated mafic dykes and sills.
Cape Onion Formation consists of dark green to black mafic pillow lava; minor agglomerate tuff and
black, pyritic, graptolitic bearing shale.
The Milan Arm Melange consists of black and green shale matrix containing a variety of rock
fragments exposed for up to a mile in width; larger tabular fragments are
Point mafic volcanic rocks;
OMdi (HCdi diorite);
OMV (HCMPV) Maiden
OMvi (IOCO) Cape Onion mafic volcanic rocks;
Omub (IOub ) White Hills Peridotite; OMm (HCGR) G|reen Ridge Amphibolite, foliated gabbro,
biotite schist and coarse-graimed pyroxenite and hornblendite.
The geology of the licenses is depicted on the geology map in figure 3. The license is within the
Humber Zone of the Northern Appalachians, the western most of the 5 tectonic zones as defined by
Williams (1995).
License 20034M are underlain Late Proterozoic to Cambrian, siliclastic and mafic volcanic rocks of the
Hare Bay allocthon. While Cambrian carbonate shelf rocks outcrop to the north of the property.
Mineralization
License 20034M does not host any economic mineralization according to the Mineral Occurrence
Data System (MODS) .
Discussion of Potential Mineralization
Jadeite (Botryoidal Jade as note by Bob Stevens 1984) has been reported from coastal
exposures of the Milan Arm Melange. There is potential for this type of mineralization
in the rocks of the Melange along the southeast edge of the license reported on here.
Gold and copper occurrences have been reported in MODS from rocks of the Hare Bay
Allochton at several locations along the east side of the Northern Peninsula.
Recommendations
The work reported here is sufficient to retain the property for another year, however at the present time
no further work is recommended.
References
1. N. Noel, 2008 Geofile Number: 002M/12/0099
Title:First year assessment report on industrial mineral quality for licences 13894M and 14548M on
claims in the Carpon area, on the Great Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland
11 pages.
2. Geofile Number: 002M/12/0092
Full Text Online
Title:Granular-aggregate resources of the Raleigh map sheet [NTS 2M/12)
Author(s):Ricketts, M J
Year:2007
Source:Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Natural Resources, Geological
Survey, Open File 2M/12/0092, [Map 2007-10], 2007.
NTS:2M/12
3.Elliott, R W 2004 Geofile Number: 002M/0086
Full Text Online
Title:First year assessment report on prospecting, trenching and geochemical exploration for licence
9221M on claims in the St Lunaire area, on the Great Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland
22 pages.
NTS:2M/05, 2M/06, 2M/12
4. Flood, E 2003 Geofile Number: NFLD/2845
Full Text Online
Title:First year assessment report on prospecting and geochemical exploration for licences 8717M8720M and 8723M-8725M on claims in the Hare Bay area, on the Great Northern Peninsula,
Newfoundland
Company(s):Kiex Consulting Limited and Rubicon Minerals Corporation , 2003, 90 pages.
NTS:2L/13, 2M/04, 2M/05, 2M/12, 12I/16, 12P/01, 12P/08
5.McDonald, J G
Geofile Number: 002M/12/0074
Title:First year assessment report on geological and geochemical exploration for licences 5636m,
5661m, 5703m, 5711m and 5719m on claims in the Milan Arm area, near St Anthony, Newfoundland
Company(s):Bookend Resources Limited
, 1998, 66 pages.
NTS:2M/12
6.Sookochoff, L
1997 Geofile Number: 002M/0077
Title:First year assessment report on geochemical exploration for licence 4788 on claim 17441, licence
4789 on claim 17442 and licences 4547m-4548m and 4551m-4554m on claims in the Milan ArmNorthwest Bay-Savage Cove area, northern Newfoundland
Author(s):
Year:1997
29 pages.
NTS:2M/05, 2M/06, 2M/12
7.St-Hilaire, C 1996 Geofile Number: 002M/0075
Title:First year assessment report on geophysical exploration for licence 4645 on claim 17353, licence
4646 on claim 17356, licence 4715 on claim 17366, licence 4716 on claims 17435 and 17439, licence
4768 on claims 17590-17592, licence 4769 on claims 17651-17654, licence 4770 on claims 1759717600, licence 4771 on claims 17595-17596, licence 4772 on claim 17593 and licence 4675m on
claims in the St Anthony area, Newfoundland
Company(s):Consolidated Callinan Flin Flon Mines Limited
56 pages.
NTS:2M/05, 2M/12
8. Geofile Number: NFLD/2593
Title:Aggregate-resource assessment projects, insular Newfoundland
Author(s):Kirby, F T
Year:1996
Source:InCurrent research, Edited byC. P. G. Pereira and D. G. Walsh, Government of Newfoundland
and Labrador, Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 96-01, 1996, pages 21-27.
NTS:1N/05, 1N/12, 2C/12, 2D/09, 2D/13, 2E/03, 2E/04, 2E/06, 2E/08, 2F/04, 2F/05, 2F/06, 2M/05,
2M/06, 2M/11, 2M/12, 12P/08, 12P/09
9. Dearin, C D 1994 Geofile Number: 002M/12/0070
Title:First year assessment report on geological and geochemical exploration for licence 4256 on claim
block 16450 in the Burnt Island and Raleigh areas on the Great Northern Peninsula, northern
Newfoundland
Company(s):South Coast Resources Incorporated
20 pages.
10. Pickett, J W 1992 Geofile Number: 002M/12/0062
Title:First year assessment report on geological and geochemical exploration for licence 4073 on claim
block 7425 in the Lake River and Cailloux Bay area, on the Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland
Company(s):Teck Explorations Limited
38 pages.
NTS:2M/12
11. Gize, A, Born, P, Barnes, H L, Slingerland, R, Goss, B and Sterner, S M 1982 Geofile Number:
NFLD/1358
Title:Assessment report on geological exploration for licence 2269 and a review of literature and
reconnaissance exploration for lead and zinc mineralization in the Cambro-Ordovician carbonate belt
of southwestern Newfoundland, 3 reports
Company(s):Narex Ore Search Consultants Incorporated
163 pages.
NTS:2M/04, 2M/12, 12A/13, 12B/06, 12B/09, 12B/10, 12B/11, 12B/16, 12H/04, 12H/15, 12I/04,
12I/09, 12I/11, 12I/15, 12I/16, 12P/01, 12P/08, 12P/09
12 Leslie, J A 1981 Geofile Number: NFLD/1259,
Title:Report on diamond drilling investigations for licence 1157 on the Watts Bight claim group in the
Watts Bight area, Newfoundland
Company(s):Essex Minerals Company
Source:Newfoundland and Labrador Geological Survey, Assessment File NFLD/1259,, 28 pages.
NTS:2M/12, 12P/09
13 Laforme, G W 1980 .Geofile Number: NFLD/3044
Title:Report on compilation and geological, geochemical and diamond drilling exploration in the Great
Northern Peninsula area, western Newfoundland
Company(s):Chevron Canada Limited
188 pages.
NTS:2L/13, 2M/04, 2M/05, 2M/06, 2M/11, 2M/12, 2M/13, 2M/14, 12I/09, 12I/10, 12I/11, 12I/14,
12I/15, 12I/16, 12P/01, 12P/02, 12P/03, 12P/07, 12P/08, 12P/09, 12P/10, 12P/15, 12P/16
14.Leslie, J A 1980 Geofile Number: NFLD/1223
Title:Second year assessment report on prospecting and geochemical exploration for licence 1157 on
claims in the Watts Bight area, Newfoundland
20 pages.
NTS:2M/12, 12H/09
15 Laforme, G W 1980 Geofile Number: NFLD/1229
Title:Assessment report on diamond drilling and geology for licences 1158 and 1460-1462 on claim
blocks 1078 and 2115-2117 on the Great Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland
Company(s):Chevron Canada Limited and Chevron Standard Limited
58 pages.
NTS:2M/12, 12P/08
16. Leslie, J A 1979 Geofile Number: 002M/12/0040
Title:Geological and geochemical investigations Watts Bight claim group
Company(s):John A Leslie and Associates Limited
17 pages.
NTS:2M/12, 12P/09
17. Cant, J W and van Ingen, R 1976 Geofile Number: 012P/0029
Title:Progress report on the Commodore project for the period April to December, 1975 on the Great
Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland
Company(s):Shell Canada Limited
108 pages.
NTS:2M/12, 12P/01, 12P/08
18. Constable, R D 1976 Geofile Number: 002M/12/0037
Title:Work report including geochemical survey and ddh records for claims 7650-7653 and 7656-7659
at Boat Harbour on the Great Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland
Company(s):Kerr Addison Mines Limited
6 pages.
NTS:2M/12
Geofile Number: NFLD/0545
Title:Mafic-ultramafic complexes in western Newfoundland Appalachians and the evidence for their
transportation: a review and interim report
Author(s):Williams, H
Year:1971
Source:Geological Association of Canada, Proceedings, volume 24 no. 1, 1971, pages 9-25.
NTS:2M/04, 2M/05, 2M/12, 12B/15, 12B/16, 12G/01, 12G/08, 12G/09, 12H/04, 12H/05
19. Rhodes, D and Young, B B 1971 Geofile Number: NFLD/0585
Title:Annual report of diamond drilling in the St Barbe-White Bay area of the Great Northern
Peninsula, Newfoundland
Company(s):Cominco Limited
45 pages.
NTS:2M/12, 12P/01, 12P/08, 12P/09
20. Rhodes, D and Young, B B 1971 Geofile Number: NFLD/0528
Title:Annual report on Commodore Mining activities on the Great Northern Peninsula Concession,
Newfoundland
Company(s):Cominco Limited and Commodore Mining Company Limited
NTS:2M/12, 12P/01, 12P/08, 12P/09
21. Cook, R B and Rhodes, D 1969 Geofile Number: NFLD/0473
291 pages.
Title:Annual report for 1969, report 3, on the Great Northern Peninsula Concession, Newfoundland
Company(s):Cominco Limited
12 pages.
NTS:2M/12, 12P/09, 12P/SE
22. Cajka, C J 1969 Geofile Number: NFLD/0407
Title:Exploration report 2 for the year 1968 for the Great Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland
Company(s):Cominco Limited and Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada
15 pages.
NTS:2M/12, 12P/01, 12P/08, 12P/09
23 Fogwill, W D 1966 Geofile Number: NFLD/0299
Title:Petroleum and natural gas in west Newfoundland with emphasis on Parsons Pond area
Company(s):Newfoundland and Labrador Corporation Limited
NTS:2M/04, 2M/05, 2M/12, 12B, 12H, 12I, 12P
24 Piloski, M J 1962 Geofile Number: NFLD/0197
Title:Report on operations for the year ending March 31, 1962 in Newfoundland and Labrador
Company(s):British Newfoundland Exploration Limited
32 pages.
NTS:1M/09, 1M/10, 1M/16, 2E/05, 2E/12, 2M/05, 2M/12, 11O/11, 11O/14, 12B/03, 12G/01, 12H/07,
12H/08, 12H/09, 13I/11, 13I/12, 13I/13, 13J, 13N/01, 13N/08, 13O/03, 13O/04, 14C/05, 23J/08
25 Piloski, M J 1958 Geofile Number: NFLD/0146
Title:Report on operations for the year ending March 31, 1958 in Newfoundland and Labrador
Company(s):British Newfoundland Exploration Limited
Source:Newfoundland and Labrador Geological Survey, Assessment File NFLD/0146, 1958, 33 pages.
NTS:2E/04, 2E/05, 2E/12, 2M/05, 2M/12, 12B/01, 12B/02, 12B/08, 12B/15, 12B/16, 12G/01, 12H/01,
12H/04, 12H/08, 12H/09, 12H/15, 13D/04, 13J, 13N/08, 13O/03, 13O/04, 14C/13, 14C/14, 14F/03,
14F/04, 23J/08
26. Harrison, W D, Peters, H R, Piloski, M J, Willars, J G and Beavan, A P 1955
Geofile Number: NFLD/0121
Title:Mineral exploration report with appendices for 1954 for Newfoundland and Labrador
Company(s):British Newfoundland Exploration Limited and British Newfoundland Corporation
Limited
193 pages.
NTS:1K/15, 1K/NW, 1L/16, 1M, 1N, 2C, 2D, 2E/01, 2E/05, 2E/08, 2E/12, 2F/04, 2F/05, 2L/NW,
2M/11, 2M/12, 2M/SW, 11O/11, 11O/14, 11O/NE, 12A/15, 12A/NW, 12B, 12G/01, 12G/08, 12H, 12I,
12P, 13 /SE, 13C, 13D, 13E/02, 13E/03, 13E/06, 13E/07, 13E/14, 13E/15, 13F/10, 13F/11, 13F/14,
13F/15, 13J, 13K/01, 13K/02, 13K/07, 13K/08, 13K/09, 13K/SE, 13M, 13N, 13O/03, 14 /SW, 14L,
22P/NE, 23A/SE
Williams, H. 1995
Geology of the Appalachian-Caledonian Orogen in Canada and Greenland. Geology of Canada No. 6,
(DNAG Volume.)
pg 9
Appendix A
Mineral Rights Inquiry Report
Appendix A
Mineral Rights Inquiry Report
Wednesday, December 05, 2012
Licence Number:
020034M
File Number: 775:3090
Original Holder:
Liao, Aimin
Licence Holder:
Liao, Aimin
Address:
4228 Union Street
Burnaby, BC
Canada, V5C 2X4
License Status:
Location:
Issued
Raleigh, Great Northern Peninsula
Electoral Dist.:
05
Recorded Date:
2012/03/05
Issuance Date:
2012/04/04
Renewal Date:
2017/04/04
Report Due Date:
2013/06/03
Org. No. Claims:
46.0000
Cur. No. Claims:
46.0000
Recording Fee:
$460.00
Receipt(s):
Strait & White Bay North
57404500
Deposit Amount:
(2012/03/05) $460.00
$2,300.00
Deposit: 57404500 (2012/03/05) $2,300.00
Map Sheet No(s):
02M/12
Comments:
Mapped Claim Description:
Beginning at the Northeast corner of the herein described parcel of land, and said corner having UTM
coordinates of 5 716 500 N, 592 500 E; of Zone 21; thence South 500 metres, thence East 500 metres,
thence South 500 metres, thence East 500 metres, thence South 500 metres, thence West 500 metres,
thence South 500 metres, thence West 500 metres, thence South 1,000 metres, thence West 1,000
metres, thence South 500 metres, thence West 500 metres, thence South 500 metres, thence West 500
metres, thence South 1,000 metres, thence West 500 metres, thence South 500 metres, thence West
2,000 metres, thence North 1,000 metres, thence East 1,000 metres, thence North 1,000 metres, thence
East 500 metres, thence North 500 metres, thence East 500 metres, thence North 1,000 metres, thence
East 500 metres, thence North 500 metres, thence East 500 metres, thence North 1,000 metres, thence
East 500 metres, thence North 500 metres, thence East 1,000 metres to the point of beginning. All
bearings are referred to the UTM grid, Zone 21. NAD27.
Land Claims (effective 2005/12/01):
LISA: 0.00% LIL: 0.00%
Extensions:
VBP: 0.00% Crown: 100.00%
None
Work Reports:
None
$9,200.00 to be expended on this license by 2013/04/04
License Transfers:
None
Partial Surrenders:
None
This License replaces Licence Number(s): None
This License is replaced by Licence Number(s):
Work Report Descriptions:
None
None
Detailed breakdown of projected required expenditure:
Actual Year
1
Actual Expenditure
Work Year
$0.00
1
-$9,200.00
46.0000
Excess Expenditure Claims
Appendix B
Personnel and Expenditures
Personnel
Denis F. Walsh Paradise NL. 7 days research and compilation of report.
Aimin Liao Surrey B.C. 2 day research on marketability of “Jadeite” & review of report
Expenditures Licence 20034M
Denis F. Walsh $9,000
Aimin Liao
Total
Appendix C
$200
$9,200
Climatic Norms for St. Anthony
WEBSITE
http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?
stnID=6711&prov=&lang=e&dCode=4&dispBack=1&StationName=St._Anthony&SearchType=Conta
ins&province=ALL&provBut=&month1=0&month2=12
Appendix D
Material obtain from WEBSITES on Jadeite and Nephrite
Asbestos & Jade in Cassiar
Here you will find contributions that explains the close relationship between asbestos and jade in
Cassiar and the role jade played in Cassiar's history. *
Bill Plumb, Cassiar Chief Geologist, 1958-1974
* Len Werner, Cassiar Geologist 1970-73
* Brian Pewsey, Mine Superintendent and General Manager, 1974-83
Contributed by Bill Plumb, Cassiar Chief Geologist, 1958-1974
Serpentine and Jade
Serpentine is a light green metamorphic rock derived from ultramafic igneous rocks due to heat and
pressure. It is a light green, relatively soft rock with a resinous texture. Chrysotile asbestos is a fibrous
alteration of serpentine that forms as cross-fibre veinlets within fractures in the serpentine rocks.
Chemically, it is a hydrous magnesium silicate. The serpentine orebody at Cassiar trends northwesterly
on the western slope of the McDame range of mountains and dips at 45 degrees east, in conformity
with the underlying limestones and shales that form the footwall and the overlying volcanics of the
hangingwall. The degree of serpentization determines the overall grade of the asbestos it contains.
Nephrite jade is a tough compact darker green metamorphic rock that forms sporadically along the
hangingwall contact of the serpentine body where it is in contact with the overlying volcanics. It is a
variety of jadeite. is a metasilicate of sodium and aluminum and is the most common type of jade in
B.C. At Cassiar it is also sprinkled throughout with small emerald green crystals of uvarovite garnets,
which are rather rare calcium chromium silicates that can enhance its value as a semi-precious
gemstone.
Note that both serpentine and chrysotile are magnesium silicates but serpentine is a massive rock, while
chrysotile has water in the molecule due to metamorphism of serpentine, which added water and
converted it to a fibrous form, so they have different chemical formulas. Chrysotile is therefore a
hydrous magnesium silicate.
Nephrite jade, on the other hand, is a calcium aluminum silicate, derived by metamorphism of the
overlying volcanic rocks it is in contact with on the hangingwall of the serpentine orebody. All minerals
have different chemical compositions, which gives them differing physical properties. For the record
must I am reluctantly proud to admit that it was Clancy Hubbell, a garage mechanic at the pit and an
ardent rockhound, who first recognized the jade and brought it to my
attention. From then on, Rupert Mackenzie arranged to stockpile the jade separately and it was used to
provide financing for some of the amenities at Cassiar. It was often difficult to identify as jade and
separate from the waste rock along the hangingwall of the pit.
Contributed by Len Werner, Cassiar Geologist 1970-73
In 1970, the first jade boulders were hauled down from the pit, dumped outside the second (not
Bunkhouse 80) exploration warehouse over at the east end of the plantsite, and Bill Pumb asked me to
go see if I could diamond-drill some core samples from them with a little 'packsack' diamond drill we
had. I actually succeeded (my introduction to the completely practical side of diamond drilling, which
served me well in supervising drilling programs in later years), and I think it was those samples--about
a total of 6 feet of 1" core pieces--that went overseas to be determined if the jade quality was good
enough to market. "
The rest is history"; Clancy Hubbel's history mostly, I guess. Contributed by Brian Pewsey, Mine
Superintendent and General Manager, 1974-83 When I joined Cassiar as the Mine Superintendent in
1974 the mine, under the direction of Danny Demitri, never stockpiled Nephrite. The Drill & Blast
Foreman at that time was Paul Clark
and every time we drilled in the area of the Nephrite our drill bit replacement cost went out of sight. It
was at this time that the contractor Chinook Construction was used to accelerate the waste removal
from the South Peak because the mine operations had seriously fallen behind on its waste removal
programme. I have no doubt in my mind that hundreds of tons of Nephrite were sent to the waste
dumps. In 1975/76 a young geologist (cannot remember his name) came to me with a polished block of
Jade stating that the product was valuable. I still have that block. It was his initiation that started a long
journey through marketing in Vancouver to find a market and sell the Nephrite. The shovel operators
were the experts in separating the Nephrite from the waste material and as Bill Plum states the jade was
stockpiled behind the Mine Maintenance building, in the junk yard. It was the Board of Directors who
agreed in 1975 to allow the proceeds from the sale of the Jade to be spent on additional recreational
facilities in Cassiar. Namely the Cinema, Ice arena, Recreational building upgrade etc.. Unfortunately
for Cassiar Town the sale of the Jade increased to such an extent that the income from the sale had to be
included in general income for the benefit of the share holders.
Nephrite (jade) Occurrence in the Great Serpentine Belt of New South Wales, Australia
Nature 247, 364 (08 February 1974); doi:10.1038/247364a0
J. J. HOCKLEY
“Meadvale”, Werris Creek, 2341 New South Wales, Australia
THIS communication is to report the presence in the Great Serpentine Belt of New South Wales,
Australia1–3 of a nephrite (jade) occurrence. Within the Great Serpentine Belt that outcrops
discontinuously for more than 350 km in northern New South Wales 4 (Fig. 1 refer to original
Publication) several economic mineral occurrences have been discovered and developed in recent
years. The Woodsreef asbestos deposit, near Barraba, the largest deposit of its type in the Southern
Hemisphere, is by far the best known of the recent discoveries.
http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/347k/redesign/gem_notes/jade/jade_main.htm
JADE (JADEITE, NEPHRITE)
Jade is the gem name for mineral aggregates composed of either or both of two
different minerals, Jadeite and Nephrite. Jadeite is a sodium-rich aluminous
pyroxene; nephrite is a fine-grained, calcium-rich, magnesium, iron, aluminous
amphibole. All jade is composed of fine-grained, highly intergrown, interlocking
("matted" or "felted" texture, like asbestos or felt) crystals of one or both of
these minerals. Though neither mineral is very hard (6-7), jade is one of the
toughest gem minerals known because of the intergrown nature of the individual
crystals.
Most jade on the market is composed of nephrite; jadeite jade is quite rare and
in its emerald-green, translucent form is referred to as Imperial Jade or "gem
jade". A small amount of Cr in jadeite accounts for the color of imperial jade.
Other color-based names for jadeite jade are Yunan Jade, for a uniquely
appearing dark green, semitranslucent jade, Apple Jade for apple (yellowish
green) green jade, and Moss-in-Snow for white jade with vivid green spots and
streaks.
Nephrite and jadeite jade ranges in color from a somewhat greasy-appearing,
white ("mutton fat jade") to dark and light shades of green, gray, blue-green,
lavender, yellow, orange, brown, reddish-brown, and black. An important dark
green variety of nephrite is sometimes known as "spinach jade". The
chromophore in all nephrite jades is usually Fe. Nephrite jade is usually opaque
to translucent in thinner pieces.
The name jade has been, and continues to be, applied to a variety of materials
that superficially or closely resemble jade but are not composed of either jadeite
or nephrite. F.T.C. regulations in this country deem such usage unlawful, yet the
practice persists, either through ignorance or otherwise. Some of the problem
can undoubtedly be traced to cultural and historical differences in word usage. In
China, for example, the word jade has traditionally been applied not only to
nephrite and jadeite jade, but to green serpentine and soapstone (talc) whose
appearance closely resemble true jade. Common misnomers and the materials
they represent are: "Korean" Jade for serpentine or gem serpentine (bowenite),
"Indian" Jade for aventurine, "Mexican Jade" for green-dyed calcite, "Transvaal
Jade" for green hydrogrossular garnet, "Amazon or Colorado Jade" for amazonite
(blue-green or green) feldspar and "Oregon or Swiss Jade" for green chalcedony.
Properties
• Crystal System: Monoclinic
• Habit: Fibrous crystals, densely matted together. Usually found as waterwashed pebbles or boulders. Rare botryoidal habit known.
• Hardness: Nephrite: 6 - 6.5 Jadeite: 6.5 - 7
• Toughness: Extremely tough
• Cleavage:2 directions; not evident in jade
• Fracture: Splintery
• Specific Gravity: Nephrite: 2.90 - 3.02 Jadeite: 3.3 - 3.5
• R.I.: Nephrite about 1.62 Jadeite about 1.66
• Color: See above
• U.V. Fluorescence: Lighter colored jadeites have a weak whitish color in
long U.V. light; nephrite doesn't fluoresce
• Phenomena: Chatoyance, yielding fine cat's eyes in rare pieces (Korea,
Alaska, Russia).
Distinguishing Properties
• Difficult to impossible to distinguish nephrite jade from jadeite jade by
visual inspection. Specific gravity determination is the most reliable of
simple I.D. methods for distinguishing the two.
• Great variety of materials offered as imitations, e.g. talc (soapstone),
serpentine, amazonite, dyed chalcedony, and others. All can have colors
remarkably similar to jade, but properties above, particularly S.G., can be
used to distinguish.
• Dyed jade can be most easily distinguished from undyed jade by
examination with a Chelsea filter; undyed jadeite will not show the red
color of dyed jadeite or nephrite when looked at through the filter.
Sources
Jadeite is a mineral that is restricted in occurrence to certain metamorphic
rocks that have undergone metamorphism at high pressures but relatively low
temperatures. Jadeite jade is found exclusively as nodular or lens-shaped masses
in serpentinite. Nephrite jade, which is also a product of metamorphism (and
fluid infiltration), does not apparently require the very special P-T conditions of
jadeite and is much more widespread. It is also found in association with
serpentinite in all known localities. Because of its extreme toughness in contrast
to the weaker material it forms in (serpentine), jade is nearly always found as
weathered boulders and cobbles in stream deposits or glacial sediment. Historically and
presently important jade producing localities are:
• Upper Myanmar (Burma), near Tawmaw and Hpakon
• Sole source of Imperial Jade; since mid 1700's
• Highly prized by late dynastic Chinese Emperors.
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Also the source of Yunan jade (nephrite).
Turkestan (central Asia between Iran and Siberia)
• Earliest known source of nephrite
• Used by early Chinese for carving
Southern Fraser River drainage, British Columbia
• Fine nephrite, supports large industry
• Some nephrite as veins within serpentinite.
Wyoming, near Lander; since 1936
• Nephrite boulders, some very large (house-size), in glacial deposits
that cover the chaparral and desert country around Lander.
• Some lovely green jade; also "golden jade", a golden brown variety.
New Zealand, South Island
• Fine green nephrite originally carved by natives into religious objects
and weapons
Alaska, in Kobuk River Watershed at Jade Mountain
• Some cats' eye nephrite reported
• Fine greens and whites
Others: Poland (white nephrite); Taiwan; Monterey Co., California (poor
quality jadeite); Guatemala (green jadeite); Japan; U.S.S.R. (near Lake
Baikal, green nephrite).
Shaping and Treatment
• Has long been used as carving material in Asia and China, where it is
fashioned into religious and ornamental objects. As a jewelry stone, it is
either carved (intaglios), polished en cabochon, or fashioned into beads,
bracelets or rings.
• The quality of the jade is taken into account when fashioning. In Hong
Kong, the world center for jadeite cutting, dealers earmark the best pieces
(free of white or black streaks, fractures) for cabochons, followed in
descending order for lesser material by bracelets, beads, carvings and
disks ("doughnuts").
• Dying white jade to a mauve or green color (particularly to an imperial jade
color) is the most common treatment. Can be detected with a loupe by
careful inspection; the color will be seen to be distributed along grain
boundaries rather than throughout the stone. Obtaining a written
guarantee from the seller is the best way to protect yourself from dyed
material.
• Several green (dyed or otherwise) materials are used as imitations (see
above).
Pricing and valuation
A difficult subject best left to a jade expert. Color, transparency and the
uniformity of both of these are of principle importance when judging the
material. Design, craftsmanship and antiquity play equally important roles when
evaluating carved objects. The following generalities apply:
• Color is of principle importance. True imperial jade is the most highly
prized; the best "imperial green" color has been likened to the color of fine
emerald. Matched cabochons of average size can be worth 10's of 1000's
of dollars. Next in value are somewhat lighter shades, then lavender, dark
apple green, "forest" or "spinach", light apple green, and dirty or spotty
green. The most highly prized colors are those that are pure, intense, and
uniform.
• The following additional factors are important, particularly for jade cabs.,
bracelets, or rings:
• Color Uniformity: should be free of blotchiness.
• Translucency: should be semitransparent in natural light.
• Clarity: should be inclusion-free when illuminated from the back by a
strong light. Dark or light veins, spots, or blotches detract from
value.
• Brightness: should exhibit a lustrous brilliance or "glow".
• Cabochon prices vary by weight and size according to color. Ovals are in
greatest demand. The purported largest jade cabochon to be sold at
auction, a gem weighing 121.16 ct., sold for $1,722,000 in May, 2000.
• Objects are priced according to artistic merit and the way in which the
colors in a piece enhance the beauty of the carving.
• Jewelry that is well match with respect to color commands a 20-30%
premium in price.
http://www.ehow.com/about_6634560_alaskan-jade-differ-chinese-jade_.html
How Does Alaskan Jade Differ From Chinese Jade?
By Audrey Lynn, eHow Contributor
• Print this article
Chinese jade is lighter green and much harder than Alaskan jade
Alaskan jade is one of many types of green rock bearing the sometimes misleading title of jade. As a
gemstone, jade is broadly separated into two distinct classes: jadeite, which is the Chinese form of jade,
and nephrite jade, into which class Alaskan jade falls. Nephrite jade is composed of minerals in the
amphibole group, while jadeite is made up of minerals in the pyroxene group. The groups have
different compositions. Does this Spark an idea?
Other People Are Reading
•
How to Tell Jade From Jadeite
•
How to Tell if Jade & Jadeite is Real
• Hardness Rating
• Jade is a term applied by gemologists to describe certain types of metamorphic rock not
because of a specific mineralogical composition, since two entirely different types of
jade exist, but because of the texture of the rock itself.
A gem's hardness rating is based on the Mohs Scale, a standard used by the gem
industry. Friedrich Mohs (1773-1839), was a German geologist and mineralogist who
developed a mineral classification database using physical characteristics rather than
chemical composition. The higher the Mohs Scale number, the harder the gemstone.
Diamonds are rated as a 10 on the Mohs Scale, which is the highest rating. Jadeite, or
Chinese jade, is Mohs Scale 7. Gemstones with less than a 7 rating are easily scratched.
Alaskan jade is made of pectolite and is a nephrite jade. Nephrite jade has a hardness
rating of 4.5 to 6.5. This softer jade is easier to carve, and most of the less expensive
carved jade pieces nowadays are nephrite jade.
Color
• Green Chinese jade is usually lighter than Alaskan jade. Jadeite, or Chinese jade, comes
in a variety of colors, however, including red, yellow, green, white, pink, blue, brown,
black, orange and lilac. The more common nephrite jade of the Alaskan variety is found
in many shades of green. Alaskan jade used in jewelry making is usually a rich, dark
green.
•
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Origins
• Chinese jade is mined in southern China, upper Burma and Tibet.
Large deposits of Alaskan jade are found along the Seward Peninsula, particularly in
Jade Creek and Jade Mountain in northwestern Alaska. Alaskan jade may also be found
in parts of California and in British Columbia. In fact, although Alaskan jade is Alaska's
state gem, British Columbia supplies most of the world's nephrite jade.
Composition
• Nephrite jade is made up of various mineral species in the amphibole group. Alaskan
jade is only one of several types of this softer jade gemstone found worldwide.
Jadeite jade's mineral aggregates come from the pyroxene group.
Chemically, both groups are inosilicates or chain silicates, but each has different mineral
compositions and molecular structures.
Identification
• Only an expert in jade has a chance of identifying the difference between Alaskan jade
and Chinese jade just by looking at it. Obtaining a definitive identification of either jade
type requires a microscope, spectrograph and scientific tests.
The amateur may try looking at the subtle variations in both the gem's sheen and surface
texture to differentiate between Chinese jade and Alaskan jade, or try scratching it with a
sharp instrument, and make an "educated guess." It is best to consult a professional
jeweler for an expert opinion.
Read more: How Does Alaskan Jade Differ From Chinese Jade? | eHow.com
http://www.ehow.com/about_6634560_alaskan-jade-differ-chinese-jade_.html#ixzz2FGQ3adSq
http://www.geolsoc.org.hk/geologybit-jade.htm
Jade is popular among Chinese. In gemmology, however, only two minerals are
recognised as jade:nephrite and jadeite. Many jades sold on the market are treated
to enhance their beauty. The tests described here are by no means exclusive but are
some of the common means for differentiating various kinds of jade.
Nephrite
Mineral
Jadeite
A member of isomorphous series of tremolite
and actinolite of the amphibole group
Pyroxene group
Chemical
Hydrous Magnesium-iron Calcium Silicate
Sodium Aluminium Silicate
Composition
Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
NaAl(SiO3)2
Crystal System
Monoclinic
Monoclinic
Crystal Habit
Polycrystalline to cryptocrystalline.
Interlocking masses of microscopic fibrous
crystals
Polycrystalline to cryptocrystalline.?
Granular to fibrous interlocking structure
Hardness
6.5
Approx. 7
Specific Gravity
2.8 - 3.1
3.30 - 3.36
Cleavage
Perfect in 2 directions: 124o and 56o
Imperfect in 2 directions at 87o and 93o
Fracture
Uneven to splintery
Sugary, hacky
Colour
White to yellowish and reddish, dark green,
black, also grey, brown
White, green, mauve, blue, orange, brown to
black
Lustre
Greasy to vitreous
Greasy to vitreous
Classification
Refractive Index
1.62
1.65 - 1.67
Locality
China, New Zealand, Canada, Russia, USA
Upper Myanmar, Japan, California, Russia
Remark
Most precious jade material in ancient China
Not known to China before early Ching
Dynasty
Jade Simulants
Translucent emerald, prehnite, chrysoprase (chalcedony), bowenite (serpentine), californite
(idocrase), hydrogrossular garnet, aventurine quartz (Australian jade), dyed quartzite, dyed
marble, glass and plastics
Terminology in modern jade trade:
A Jade: Natural jadeite without treatment; this class has nothing to do with quality i.e. colour
and transparency.
B Jade: Dark impurities (such as iron oxides) corroded by strong acids and the material
consolidated with resin.
C Jade: Dyed jadeite.
B + C Jade: Jadeite subjected to the above two treatments.
Identification:
1.Tests for jade simulants
1.1 Jadeite is an aggregate. The first step of identification is by observation or using polariscope
(a pair of crossed polarizing filters) to check the stone whether it is a single crystal or an
aggregate.
1.2 To test SG and, or, RI to determine the mineral type.
1.3 Plastic is warm in touch.? Glass has bubbles or micro dendritic structure (devitrification).
Chrysoprase is apple green in colour. Aventurine quartz is dotted with green spots of fuchsite
(green mica). Serpentine has a waxy lustre. Dyed quartzite and marble are like C Jade where
green colour is concentrated at grain edges and cracks; the latter is effervescent in dilute HCl.
2. Tests for jadeite vs. nephrite
2.1 Observation: In general, nephrite is an aggregate of microscopic fibrous crystals; hence a
weaker lustre than that of jadeite.
2.2 Hardness: The Chinese name of jadeite is hard jade and nephrite is soft jade. In other words,
jadeite can scratch nephrite; however, this destructive test is not applicable to jade jewel in
gemmology.
2.3 Hydrostatic weighing method: If the j ewel is not set in ring or other matter/material, to test
the SG is a convenient method.
2.4 Use refractometer to obtain the RI figures for comparison (see table above)
3. Tests for B Jade
3.1 Observation: (1) B jade has a weaker lustre (waxy) than most types of natural jadeite but the
green colour is sometimes too bright with that lustre. (2) Under magnification, the crystal edges
are fuzzy because of the solution and destruction of individual grains after acid bath
3.2 Infra-red spectrum: Infra-red spectroscopy can detect the existence of resin in the tested
sample
3.3 Fluorescence: The resin may exhibit bluish white fluorescence under long wave ultra-violet
light
4. Tests for C Jade
4.1 Observation: Under 10X lens, green colour is seen being concentrated at grain edges because
the dye stuff occupies the space among individual crystal grains.
4.2 CCF: If the dye stuff is (most often) chromic oxide to give green colour, the C Jade appears
red when being viewed under a Chalser Colour filter
4.3 Absorption spectrum: The natural jadeite may have an absorption line at red region
(existence of chromium, 640-650 nm) and blue-violet (existence of iron, 450 nm). The C Jade has
a wider band at red.
http://research.amnh.org/eps/staff/georgeharlow/jade
Jade Research
Jadeitites, albitites, eclogites, metabasites and related rocks,
particularly from Guatemala and Myanmar
Jinny Sisson and Hans Avé-Lallemant among jadeitite blocks at La Ceiba, Jalapa Dept., Guatemala.
Dr. Harlow and colleagues Virginia Sisson, Hans Avé-Lallemant, Sorena Sorensen, Charles Mandeville,
Sidney Hemming, Hannes Brueckner, and Kyla Simons are investigating the origin of highpressure/low-temperature rocks, including jadeitites, eclogites and blueschists, hosted in serpentinite
adjacent to the Motagua fault zone in Guatemala — the boundary between the Caribbean and North
American plates. Jadeitites are very rare (only ~10 occurrences world-wide) and their formation is
related to processes occurring in collision(s) of oceanic and continental plates, and exhumation exposes
them at Earth's surface. The project expects to resolve many questions about the tectonic history
preserved along the Motagua Fault Zone, high-pressure rock formation and metasomatism, and
exhumation processes. Comparisons with jadeitites from Myanmar, Japan, Kazakhstan, etc. will
attempt to place their formation in the context of the tectonics and petrogenesis of their various sources.
This research was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0309320.
For students of all ages visit the Museum's JadeOlogy website for more information on jade and
Harlow's studies.
Recent papers and abstracts:
Johnson, C.A., and Harlow, G.E. (1999) Guatemala jadeitites and albitites were formed by deuteriumrich serpentinizing fluids deep within a subduction-channel. Geology 27, 629-632.
Seitz, R., Harlow, G.E., Sisson, V.B., and Taube, K.A. (2001) Formative jades and expanded jade
sources in Guatemala. Antiquity 87, 687-88. (PDF)
Giuseppe Giunta, Luigi Beccaluva, Massimo Coltorti, Daniela Cutrupia, Carlos Dengo, George E.
Harlow, Byron Mota, Elisa Padoa, Joshua Rosenfeld and Franca Siena (2002) The Motagua suture zone
in Guatemala — A Fieldtrip Guidebook. Ofioliti 27 (1), 47-72.
Harlow, G.E., Sisson, V.B., Avé-Lallemant, H.G., Sorensen, S.S. and R. Seitz (2003) High-pressure
metasomatic rocks along the Motagua Fault Zone, Guatemala. Ofioliti 28, 115-120. (PrePrint)
Harlow, G.E., Hemming, S.R., Avé-Lallemant, H.G., Sisson, V.B., and Sorensen, S.S. (2004) Two highpressure—low-temperature serpentine-matrix mélange belts, Motagua fault zone, Guatemala: A record
of Aptian and Maastrichtian collisions. Geology 32, 17-20.
Harlow, G.E., Quinn, E.P., Rossman, G.R., and Rohtert, W.R. (2004) Blue omphacite from Guatemala.
Gem News International section, Gems and Gemology 40, 68-70. (PrePrint)
Harlow, G.E. (2004) L’Origine de jade jadéite. Revue de Gemmologie A.F.G. 150, 7-11.(Sommaire)
Taube, K.A., Sisson, V.B., Seitz, R., and Harlow, G.E. (2004) The sourcing of Mesoamerican jade:
Expanded geological reconaissance in the Motagua Region, Guatemala. In: Olmec Art and Dumbarton
Oaks. Karl A. Taube, Pre-Columbian Art at Dumbarton Oaks, No. 2, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington,
246p; 203-228.
Harlow, G.E. and Sorensen, S.S. (2005) Jade (nephrite and jadeitite) and serpentinite: Metasomatic
connections. International Geology Review 47, 113-146.
Sorensen, S., Harlow, G.E. and Rumble, D. (2006) The origin of jadeitite-forming subduction zone
fluids: CL-guided SIMS oxygen isotope and trace element evidence. American Mineralogist 91, 979996.(PDF)
Harlow, G.E,. Murphy, A.R., Hozjan, D.J., de Mille, C.N. and Levinson, A.A. (2006) Pre-Columbian
jadeite axes from Antigua, West Indies: Description and possible sources. Canadian Mineralogist 44,
305-321. (PrePrint).
Tsujimori, T., Sisson, V.B., Liou, J.G., Harlow, G.E., and Sorensen, S.S. (2006) Petrologic
characterization of Guatemalan lawsonite-eclogite: Direct information on eclogitization of
subducted oceanic crust in a cold subduction zone. In: Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism: Deep
Continental Subduction (eds: B.H. Hacker, W.C. McClelland and J.G. Liou), Geological Society of
America Special Paper 403, 147-168.
Tsujimori, T., Sisson, V.B., Liou, J.G., Harlow, G.E., and Sorensen, S.S. (2006) Very low-temperature
record in subduction process: a review of global lawsonite-eclogites. Lithos 92, 609-624.
(doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2006.03.054)
Harlow, G.E., Sorensen, S.S., and Sisson, V.B. (2007) Jade. In: The Geology of Gem Deposits (ed.,
Lee A. Groat), Short Course Handbook Series 37, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Quebec, pp.
207-254.
Brueckner, H.K., Avé Lallemant, H.G., Sisson, V.B., Harlow, G.E., Hemming, S.R., Sorensen, S. S.,
Tsujimori, T. and Martens, U. (2009) Metamorphic reworking of a high-pressure-low temperature
mélange along the Motagua fault, Guatemala: A revised record of Neocomian and Maastrichtian
transpressional tectonics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 284, 228-235.
Fu, B. Valley, J.W., Kita, N.T., Spicuzza, M.J., Paton, C., Tsujimori, T., Bröcker, M., and Harlow, G.E.
(2010) Origin of zircons in jadeitite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 159, 769–780.
Simons, K.K., Harlow, G.E., Sorensen, S.S. Brueckner, H.K., Goldstein, S.L., Hemming, N.G., and
Langmuir, C.H. (2010) Lithium isotopes in Guatemala and Franciscan HP-LT Rocks: insights into the
role of sediment-derived fluids in the mantle wedge. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74, 36213641.Fu, B. Valley, J.W., Kita, N.T., Spicuzza, M.J., Paton, C., Tsujimori, T., Bröcker, M., and Harlow,
G.E. (2010) Origin of zircons in jadeitite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 159, 769–780.
Sorensen, S.S., Sisson, V.B., Harlow, G.E., and Avé Lallemant, H.G. (2010) Element Residence and
Transport During Subduction Zone Metasomatism: Evidence from a Jadeitite-Serpentinite Contact,
Guatemala. International Geology Review 52 (9), 899-940.
Harlow, G.E., Sisson, V.B., and Sorensen, S.S. (2011) Jadeitite from Guatemala: Distinctions among
multiple occurrences. Geologica Acta. (Reprint)
Harlow, G.E., Summerfield, G.R., Davies, H., and Matisoo-Smith L. (in press) A jade gouge from
Emirau island, Papua-New Guinea (Early Lapita context: 3300 BP): A unique jadeitite. European
Journal of Mineralogy.
ABSTRACTS:
Avé Lallemant, H.G., Harlow, G.E., Sorensen, S.S., Sisson, V.B., Kane, R. E., Han Htun, Myint Soe
(2000) The Nansibon Jade Mines, Myanmar: Structure and Tectonics. EOS Transactions AGU 81(48),
F1108, Abstract T61B-05. http://www.agu.org/meetings/waisfm00.html + "T61B-05"
Sorensen, S.S., Harlow, G.E., and Rumble, D. III (2003) SIMS oxygen isotope analyses of jadeitite:
Trace element correlations, fluid compositions, and temperature estimates. 2003 Annual Meeting, Geol.
Soc. Amer., Abstracts with Programs, 35(6), 225 (CD-ROM, 90-7) (PDF)
Sisson, V.B., Harlow, G.E., Sorensen, S.S., Brueckner, H.K., Sahm, E., Hemming, S., and AvéLallemant, H.G., (2003) Lawsonite eclogite and other high-pressure assemblages in the southern
Motagua Fault zone, Guatemala: Implications for Chortís Collision and Subduction Zones. Abstracts
with Programs, 2003 Annual Meeting, Geological Society of Amererica 35(7), 639. (PDF)
Harlow, G.E., Price, N., and Sahm, E. (2004) Jadeitites from the paired high-pressure belts of the
Motagua Fault Zone, Guatemala: Implications for different P-T conditions. Abstracts with Programs,
2004 Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America 36(5), 454 (Abstract 79345, CD-ROM 195-9).
(HTM)
Simons, K.K., Langmuir, C.H., and Harlow, G.E. (2004) Lithium isotopic variability of Guatemalan
HP-LT rocks. Eos Trans. AGU Fall 85(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V11C-04. (PDF)
Sisson, V.B., Harlow, G.E., Sorensen, S.S. (2005) Jadeitite: a record of metasomatism at various depths
in Guatemalan subduction zones. Goldschmidt 2005, Abstracts, A785. (PDF)
Avé Lallemant, H.G., Francis, A.H., Sisson V.B., Hemming, S.R., Roden,-Tice, M., Breuckner, H.K.,
Harlow, G.E., and Chiquin, M. (2005) Two Jadeitite Belts in the Motagua Valley Fault Zone,
Guatemala: Two Subduction Events or One Subduction Event with Retrogression? Abstracts with
Programs, Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America 37(7), 67. (PDF)
Sorensen, S.S., Sisson V.B., Harlow, G.E., Avé Lallemant, H.G. (2005) Geochemistry of a JadeititeSerpentinite Contact, Guatemala. Abstracts with Programs, Annual Meeting, Geological Society of
America 37(7), 125. (PDF)
Harlow, G.E,. Murphy, A.R., Hozjan, D.J., de Mille, C.N. and Levinson, A.A. (2005) Pre-Columbian
jadeite axes from Antigua, West Indies: Description and Possible Sources. Abstracts with Programs,
Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America 37(7), 278.
Tsujimori, T., Sisson, V.B., Liou, J.G., Harlow, G.E., Sorensen, S.S. (2005) Petrologic characterization
on Guatemalan lawsonite eclogite: Eclogitization of subducted oceanic crust in a cold subduction zone.
Abstracts with Programs, Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America 37(7), 89.
Brueckner, H.K., Hemming, S., Sorensen, S., Harlow, G.E., (2005) Synchronous Sm-Nd mineral ages
from HP Terranes on both sides of the Motagua Fault of Guatemala: convergent suture and strike slip
fault? Eos Trans. AGU Fall 86(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T23D-04. (PDF)
Simons, K., Sorensen, S., Harlow, G., Hemming, N.G., Breuckner, H.K., Langmuir, C.H., Hemming,
S., Goldstein, S. (2006) Composition of the Subduction Component Fluid Estimated from Lithium
Isotopes in Guatemalan HP-LT Rocks. Eos Trans. AGU 87(36) Joint Assembly Suppl., Abstract V33A04. (PDF)
Harlow, G.E., Sorensen, S.S., Sisson V.B., Cleary, J. (2006) Jadeite jade from Guatemala: Distinctions
among multiple deposits. GIA Gemological Research Confernece, Aug. 26-27, San Diego, CA;
Abstracts. (PDF)
Harlow, G.E., Price, N.A., Tsujimori, T. (2006) Serpentinites of the Motagua fault zone, Guatemala: A
mineralogical assessment. Program with Abstracts, 19th General Meeting of the International
Mineralogical Association, 23-28July 2006, Kobe, Japan. (PDF)
http://www.resources.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/237850/Jade.pdf
http://www.mesoamerica-foundation.org/cultureandhistory/originsofjade.html
The Origins of Mesoamerican Jade
More precious than metal, jade was highly prized by the Maya and most other
Mesoamerican societies. George Harlow, a mineralogist, explores the origins of
Mesoamerican jade in “Hard Rock.”
Hard Rock
by George Harlow
A mineralogist explores the origins of Mesoamerican jade.
When the Spanish conquistadors entered the territory of the declining Maya
civilization in search of gold, they overlooked what the Maya considered a more
valuable resource, their jade mines. Along with the Aztecs and other
Mesoamerican groups inhabiting Mexico and Central America, the Maya were
avid users of jade, sculpting and polishing the rare, hard, usually green rock into
ornaments, figurines, and other treasured objects. But the material was new to
the sixteenth-century Europeans, who had yet to appreciate the riches of Asian
jade. In some cases they excitedly mistook jade artifacts for emeralds.
Jade was prized by Mesoamericans as far back as 3,500 years ago. Prominent
among the earliest craftsmen were the ancient Olmec of southern Veracruz and
Tabasco, Mexico, who were unequaled at cutting and polishing jade rocks.
Judging by the quantity and quality of their artifacts made of blue-green rock,
the Olmec apparently preferred that color over others. Maya jade artifacts, many
of which have been unearthed at important sites and graves of the Classic
period (roughly A.D. 250 to 900), are more often a mottled green and white,
while their choice pieces were of an emerald green variety.
The term jade is a fuzzy one, embracing a range of different rocks, the most
important of which are jadeite rock, or jadeitite, and nephrite. Of the two,
jadeitite is the only one found in Mesoamerica and considered by lapidaries and
connoisseurs to be the finest jade from Asia. It is composed principally of the
mineral jadeite, a sodium aluminum silicate. In pure form this mineral is white,
but substitution of iron (and less commonly, chromium) for a tiny fraction of the
aluminum yields a green coloring. Jadeitite is tough (it is difficult to break and
doesn't fall apart) and dense (heavy for its size).
Nephrite is found in many parts of the world -- notably Turkistan, Siberia, Poland,
New Zealand, and British Columbia -- but not in Mesoamerica. (Ironically, the
term nephrite derives from the Latin lapis nephriticus, coined by Europeans to
apply to Mesoamerican jade. The Latin name meant "kidney stone" and
originated because some Indians wore jade amulets in the belief that the stone
could cure kidney disorders.) Nephrite is not quite as dense as jadeitite but is the
toughest known rock consisting principally of felted, intergrown, fiberlike crystals
of the minerals tremolite and actinolite. These minerals are calcium magnesium
silicates with variable amounts of iron substituting for some of the magnesium,
again producing a green color.
A further complication is that the term jade is often applied to other green rocks
that the Maya and their neighbors sculpted, some of which are formed in close
association with jadeitite but none of which has the same mineralogy or
chemical composition. These include serpentine, certain quartz rocks (notably
chrysoprase and fuchsite jasper), and green albitite (albite rock, a transformation
of jadeitite). In using the term jade, I will be referring strictly to jadeitite.
Knowledge of the source or sources of Mesoamerican jade was lost following the
upheavals of the European conquest and remained a mystery as late as the
1950s. Since jade artifacts are distributed widely in Mexico, Central America, and
the Caribbean, for a century or more people have searched for sources over a
large area, even speculating that the raw material originated in Asia. Finally, in
1952 a sample rock found near the small town of Manzanal, Guatemala, in the
central valley of the Rio Motagua, was identified as jade. Further investigation
revealed a nine-mile-long zone on the north side of the valley, paralleling the
highway leading to the Atlantic coast, that was mined for jade in prehistoric
times and can still yield commercially useful amounts.
Following rediscovery of the Motagua Valley source, archaeologists have tried to
determine whether or not it was the sole origin of jade for all the scattered
Mesoamerican artifacts. For example, archaeologist Ron L. Bishop and his
associates Edward Sayer and Lambertus van Zelst examined more than 300 jade
artifacts using a technique called instrumental neutron activation analysis, in
which samples are bombarded with neutrons and the resultant radioactivity is
measured. (The technique has the advantage of not harming artifacts, but the
objects remain radioactive for several months and so must be kept isolated.)
Using this technique, Bishop and his colleagues measured the proportions of ten
different elements in each of their artifacts and reported in 1983 that about half
the samples did not chemically resemble raw jade they had collected from the
Motagua Valley. Most of the unmatched pieces felt into three categories. There
were two varieties of emerald green artifacts -- what they called "Chichén green"
beads from the sacrificial well at Chichén Itzá and "chrome green" pieces from all
over the Maya area. In addition, there were blue-green celts and other objects
from Costa Rica (blue-green Olmec material was not tested but probably could
be grouped with the Costa Rican samples). As a result, Bishop and his colleagues
concluded that several sources for Mesoamerican jade remain to be found.
Having an interest in the mineralogy and geological origin of jade, I tried to
throw some new light on this question. Laboratory experiments have shown that
jadeite, the principal component of jade, is formed under a combination of
conditions that is unusual in the earth's crust: high pressure (as encountered at
depths of at least fifteen miles) and relatively low temperature (400 to 700
degrees Fahrenheit, as compared with a more typical 1300 to 1500 degrees for
such depths). Such conditions occur naturally when plate tectonic collisions push
slabs of cold crust relatively rapidly down beneath an adjacent piece of crust, the
"diving" plate reaching the fifteen-mile depth in only one or two million years.
Jadeite is readily formed under such conditions; the catch is that it rarely makes
it back to the surface without in the meantime encountering other conditions
(higher temperatures being the most perilous) that transform into other
minerals.
In addition, while a variety of rocks contain small amounts of jadeite, to qualify
as jade, a sample must contain at least 90 percent jadeite. Jade is very rare, and
only a handful of sources are known apart from the Motagua Valley, including
localities in northern Burma, Japan, northwestern and south-central Russia, and
western California. When found in place, jade always turns up as masses or veins
within serpentinite, a green rock named for its undulating, layered texture. At
some point, serpentine apparently plays a role in concentrating jadeite into jade.
Veins of jade range from a few feet to a hundred feet across, but individual solid
blocks of jade rarely reach ten or twelve feet in diameter.
Most serpentine does not contain jade, however. Generally, one has to look for
serpentine near a large side-slipping fault, like the San Andreas fault. Such faults
seem to provide, first, a conduit for watery fluids in the serpentinite to
concentrate jadeite into jade and, second, relatively speedy pathway to bring
jade safely to the surface. A further consideration is that wherever uplift occurs
rapidly, so does erosion, which eventually destroys the jade brought to the
surface. So one must look in fairly young terrain (less than 100 million years old).
Finally, jade is also found with other unusual rocks, further indicators of the
special geological conditions. Based on all these clues, we can anticipate regions
in Mesoamerica where jade might be found.
The Motagua Valley follows the Motagua fault, an active fault that appears to be
continuous with the Swan Fracture Zone, which cuts the floor of the Caribbean
Sea and is the boundary between the North American and Caribbean plates of
the earth's crust. The Motagua fault is the major fault of the right kind in the
Mesoamerican region, although there are other related faults in Guatemala.
Serpentine is found along portions of these other faults, but neither jade nor any
of the unusual rocks associated with it appear to be present.
One might expect to find jade in Cuba or Hispaniola, which are located along the
Swan Fracture Zone and other parallel faults. In fact, rocks containing grains of
jadeite have recently been described from the Dominican Republic (in
Hispaniola), but so far none are jadeite-like. The only other significant faults in
this part of the world that have side-slipping motion are in Venezuela and
Colombia. Again, jade-bearing rocks have been found in Venezuela, but no jade.
Southern Mexico and northwestern Costa Rica also have some sources of
serpentine, but these are not connected with major side-slipping faults and have
yielded no jadeite-bearing rocks or typically associated unusual rocks.
So far, then, the Motagua Valley remains the only apparent source in the region.
If so, where might the emerald green and blue-green jades have come from? To
answer this question, I have collected hundreds of pounds of additional raw
samples in the Motagua Valley and analyzed about twenty-five Mesoamerican
jade artifacts in great detail. In 1984 a student and I surveyed the serpentinites
in a twenty-five-mile section of the north side of the central Motagua Valley,
particularly where cross-cutting streams would expose the tougher jade. We
found some rocks near La Palmilla, about six miles east of Manzanal, that
resemble some of the emerald green materials. (Although we did not find any
blue-green rocks, more recently, a new productive site along the Motagua Valley
has been reported by the owners of a jade workshop, who are keeping the exact
whereabouts secret. I have not fully analyzed this new material, but some of it
looks similar to the darker blue-green artifacts from Costa Rica.)
To study Mesoamerican jade artifacts and rock samples, I chose a technique
called electron microprobe analysis. The electron microprobe is a specialized
electron microscope that can determine the composition of even a small speck of
a mineral lying in a polished surface. It can be safely used on artifacts, provided
they are small enough to fit into the instrument (no more than about five inches
in diameter and two inches thick.)
Unlike instrumental neutron activation analysis, the electron microprobe provides
a look at the individual minerals making up a rock, not just the bulk composition.
Although mostly jadeite, jade is not a homogeneous substance but an
assemblage, or aggregate, of several minerals, each with its own range of
chemical composition. In addition to yielding insight into the geology of jade
formation, the detailed mineralogical information obtained with the electron
microprobe provides a better means to distinguish jades originating from
different deposits.
Under the scrutiny of the electron microprobe, one can sort most jade among the
various known geological sources in the world. The key minerals for jade from
the primary Motagua Valley source are jadeite, omphacite, albite, white mica
(two varieties), and titanite. The jade and many other rocks found with it contain
some or all of these minerals in various amounts, as well as several other
minerals that are less distinctive but still useful clues to their origin. In examining
Mesoamerican artifacts, I found that both the assortment of minerals they
contain and their chemical compositions show a resemblance to Motagua rock
samples; they could not, for example, be confused with Burmese jade.
I knew that jadeite in which as little as one percent of the aluminum atoms are
replaced by chromium is a very strong emerald green. Chromian jadeite rock,
called imperial jade, is well known from Burma. Analysis of emerald green
Mesoamerican artifacts of the type Bishop and his colleagues classified as
“chrome green,” however, showed all but one to be composed principally of
chromian omphacite, a mineral that is roughly half jadeite and half diopside (a
calcium magnesium silicate). Strictly speaking, therefore, these pieces -- as well
as the new, similar samples of rock I found in the Motagua Valley -- were not
jade.
The exception was an emerald green bead from an Olmec site that proved to be
mostly jadeite and white mica with small areas of chromian jadeite and other
related minerals. This is the "Chichén green" kind of emerald green. Although it
only slightly resembles one rock sample found in Guatemala, the association of
jadeite and white mica and other minerals is completely consistent with Motagua
Valley rock.
Blue-green jade artifacts contain slightly iron-enriched jadeite, a fair amount of
titanite, and albite, all typical for the range of minerals found in the Guatemalan
rocks. Although even the newly discovered Motagua Valley source does not seem
to match the ancient examples exactly for color and mineralogy, there are no
major surprises. The bottom line is that all the Mesoamerican jade artifacts
examined so far are consistent with Motagua Valley sources, although perhaps
more than the two specific areas now known there.
A single regional source for jade means that extensive transport accounts for the
wide distribution of these artifacts. Archaeology offers few clues to the social
arrangements by which this was accomplished. Among the things to be
explained are the predominance of blue-green jades among Olmec and Costa
Rican artifacts, and of Chichén green at the sacrificial well at Chichén Itzá. Did
each culture operate its own quarry for hundreds of years to get its special
variety (suggesting they would have had to defend their particular source) or did
some local entrepreneurial extractors supply the needs of the various cultures
through trade?
The valley is not the most hospitable environment, so that in the past, as in the
present, the major centers of actual stoneworking may have been elsewhere,
such as in the Guatemalan highlands. The only site of any size is Guaytan
Castillo, about six miles west of the main known jade source. The nearest
significant cities, Kaminaljuyu, in the highlands, and Copán, across the present
border with Honduras, are neither close nor well situated to control access. If
expeditions were made to the valley from outside, however, no long-term
residence and access controls may have been required. Conceivably, the valley
was treated as a sacred source, unoccupied and undefended, to which various
peoples made pilgrimages to retrieve stone for back home.
Contrasted with the paucity now found in the field, the large quantity of the
emerald green “jade” (chromian omphacite) and artifacts suggests that the
source has been much depleted or that in their quest ancient peoples searched
the valley much more intently. Probably both hypotheses are true. At every jade
prospect, flaked obsidian from imported stone tools is found in the mounds of
jade rubble. The Maya and others must have developed a keen eye for green
rocks and literally left no stone unturned.
George Harlow is Chairman and Curator of the Department of Mineral Sciences
at the American Museum of Natural History, New York.
“Hard Rock” was originally appeared in Natural History's series. “The Maya
Rediscovered.” We wish to thank author George Harlow and editor Carol Burnett
for their generous cooperation; a Spanish translation of this article is now
available from Mesoamerica Foundation.
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-KCYD200904016.htm
Classification and mineralogical characteristics of nephrite deposits in
China
LIU Fei,YU Xiao-yan (School of Gemology,China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083)
In this study,nephrite(tremolite jade) deposits from eleven different producing areas in China are
classified into magmatic hydrothermal and metamorphic hydrothermal deposit types.According to their
main ore-forming hydrothermal sources,the magmatic hydrothermal type is further divided into
intermediate-acidic,basic and ultrabasic rock types based on their intrusion properties.The metamorphic
hydrothermal type deposits are classified into carbonatite and serpentinite types based on their parent
rocks.Similarity and difference of nephrite deposits including characteristics of intrusion and parent
rocks,ore occurrence and geotectonic setting is analyzed by comparative study.The paper has
summarized nephrites varieties and their mineralogical features including mineral constitution and
texture,and briefly analyzed the ore exploration potential.
【Key Words】： nephrite genetic types of ore deposit mineralogical features exploration prospect
China
【CateGory Index】： P619.28
【DOI】： CNKI:SUN:KCYD.0.2009-04-016
References may all be available on the WEB. They appear to be inChinese.
http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/5-2/Jade.pdf
Appears to be a good reference from University of Pennsylvania
http://rockhoundblog.com/regular-postings/jade-is-the-gem-name-for-mineral-aggregates-composedof-either-or-both-of-two-different-minerals-jadeite-and-nephrite/
http://aris.empr.gov.bc.ca/ArisReports/16737.PDF
http://www.minersoc.org/pages/Archive-MM/Volume_33/33-260-385.pdf
http://www.wsgs.uwyo.edu/research/minerals/Jade.aspx
Nephrite Jade / Wyoming Jade
Nephrite jade (also known as “Wyoming Jade”), the Wyoming State Gemstone, was first
described in the Granite Mountains area of central Wyoming in 1936 (Sinkankas, 1959;
Sutherland, 1990). The most intense jade exploration and mining activity occurred there
between about 1940 and 1960 (Madsen, 1978). Recent exploration activity indicates renewed interest
in Wyoming Jade.
Gemologists apply the term jade to two distinct and unrelated mineral species: jadeite and nephrite.
These two types of jade resemble each other so closely that they are essentially indistinguishable in
most hand specimens isolated from their geologic environment of origin. Positive distinction between
the two jades often requires the aid of tests such as petrographic, specific gravity, chemical, and/or xray diffraction analyses (Hausel and Sutherland, 2000). Wyoming Jade is nephrite jade; jadeite is not
known to occur in Wyoming. Most of the high-quality jade found in Wyoming has been extracted from
alluvial deposits in and around the Granite Mountains of central Wyoming. Jade’s specific gravity of
2.9 to 3.02 is not great enough to concentrate usable-sized pieces into well-defined placers.
Wyoming Jade is considered to be some of the finest nephrite in the world, against which material from
other deposits must be compared (Sinkankas, 1959). Wyoming’s nephrite jade varies from translucent
to opaque, and ranges in color from off-white (rare) to apple green, emerald green, leaf green, olive
green, black, and green and white “snowflake jade” (Hausel and Sutherland, 2000). Detrital nephrite
jade is found over a wide area of central Wyoming, from the southern end of the Wind River Range on
the west to the Platte River near the town of Guernsey on the east, and from Sage Creek Basin along
the Sierra Madre on the south to near the town of Lysite on the north.
Wyoming Jade Occurrences
(Click image to download PDF)
Physical properties
Nephrite is an amphibole made up of extremely dense and compact fine-grained fibrous tremoliteactinolite, whereas jadeite is a pyroxene of the augite series composed of fine-grained, compact
massive aggregates of interlocking crystals. The felted fiber (nephrite) or interlocking crystal (jadeite)
textures of these two different minerals both result in a toughness and durability much greater than
anticipated from their moderate hardness (5.0 to 6.0 for nephrite and 6.5 to 7.0 for jadeite). This
moderate hardness combined with great toughness makes jade, regardless of whether it is jadeite or
nephrite, relatively easy to saw and carve into delicate but extremely durable objects of art and
adornment (Sinkankas, 1959).
Relief carving in thin slab of
Backlit relief carving in thin slab
Wyoming nephrite jade.
of Wyoming nephrite jade.
Because of its fibrous aggregate structure, nephrite has no cleavage. If broken, nephrite shows a brittle
and irregular fracture that produces a dull to splintery fractured surface unless accompanied by
inclusions of other minerals such as mica (Sinkankas, 1959). Nephrite may occasionally show a
direction of separation if it has developed schistosity (Bauer, 1969).
Geochemistry
Nephrite is a calcium magnesium silicate [Ca2(Fe,Mg)5Si8O22(OH)2] intermediate in composition
between actinolite [Ca2(Fe,Mg)5Si8O22(OH)2] and tremolite [Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2]. Bauer (1969)
provided a chemical analysis of nephrite from Eastern Turkestan that shows a small amount of sodium
present within the mineral (1.28 percent Na2O in that particular specimen). Madsen (1978) also noted
minute amounts of sodium in some analyses of Wyoming nephrite. It is most likely that other elements
occasionally substitute within the nephrite structure depending on its specific environment of
formation. Harlow and Sorensen (2001) cite an uncommon emerald green color in nephrite as resulting
from the presence of chromium within the crystal lattice. The typical green color of nephrite derives
from the presence of iron within the crystal lattice. In the absence of iron, nephrite is almost colorless,
but appears cloudy white because of its micro-fibrous structure. Black nephrite generally results from
excess iron (Sinkankas, 1959).
Mineral associations
Nephrite is associated with actinolite and tremolite as a member of the same mineral series. It is also
associated with clinozoisite, pink zoisite, epidote, chlorite, white plagioclase, and mica as byproducts
related to metasomatic alteration (link to glossary) of amphibolite (hornblende) to nephrite (Hausel and
Sutherland, 2000). Other minerals found in association with nephrite include graphite, chromite,
magnetite, calcic garnet, diopside, apatite, rutile, pyrite, datolite, vesuvianite, prehnite, talc, serpentine
polymorphs, and titanite (Harlow and Sorensen, 2001). Foreign mineral inclusions within nephrite are
common and may include those previously mentioned, along with various black iron minerals, micas,
quartz, and, at one California location, fine specks of gold (Sinkankas, 1959).
Genesis and geology
Nephrite, a product of metasomatism and alteration, occurs as sheets, lenses, and nodules along or near
contacts between dissimilar rock types in strongly metamorphosed zones (Sinkankas, 1959). It also
occurs in or adjacent to faults and fault zones. Nephrite in Wyoming is found within granitic gneisses
and granites where enclosing or intruding amphibolites have been altered. Sherer (1969) investigated
nephrite jade in Wyoming and suggested that it developed from metasomatic alteration of amphibole
during metamorphism. Disrupted blocks of amphibolite became trapped as xenoliths in
quartzofeldspathic gneiss, and were subsequently altered to nephrite by fluids derived from regional
amphibolite-grade metamorphism. Amphibole, primarily hornblende, reacted with hot metamorphic
fluids to produce actinolite (nephrite jade), clinozoisite, and chlorite. In the Laramie Range, this
alteration was concentrated along shear zones and fractures where it resulted from the emplacement of
quartz diorite, vein quartz, or pegmatite. Water loss at sites of nephrite development stopped the
alteration process that otherwise would have eventually converted nephrite into serpentine. Wallrock
alteration accompanied nephrite development, bleaching leucocratic granite-gneiss adjacent to the jade
to produce a mottled pink and white granite-gneiss halo with associated secondary clinozoisite, pink
zoisite, epidote, chlorite, and white plagioclase pervasively altered to mica (Hausel and Sutherland,
2000).
Once formed, nephrite jade is much more resistant to erosion than its enclosing rocks, and is often
found in residual and alluvial deposits as rounded boulders and cobbles. Alluvial jade tends to be solid,
flaws and weak or impure zones having been removed during erosional processes. Because of
nephrite’s durability, cobbles and boulders often survive transport over great distances from their
source. They may also take on a natural polish from fluvial abrasion and from wind-driven sand in
desert areas such as the Granite Mountains. Naturally polished pieces of nephrite jade exhibit a highgloss, waxy surface and are known as jade slicks (Hausel and Sutherland, 2000). When not in the form
of slicks, nephrite pieces may be covered with a cream to reddish brown oxidized weathering rind that
hides the jade’s true color. Experienced jade prospectors learn to recognize this weathered surface, and
can often recognize jade that others have overlooked.
http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/minerals/geological_survey_of_sa/commodities/nephrite_jade
Nephrite Jade
Jade has been used and appreciated by humans for thousands of
years. It was fashioned into ornaments, tools and weapons by
Neolithic people and has been used for religious tokens by
Aztec, Maya and Maori cultures. The Chinese have revered jade
above all other gemstones and it has a unique place in Chinese
history. Jade artefacts have been found at ancient sites of
Neolithic culture in Europe, Asia, and both North and Central
America. Some of the oldest sites, such as one in Siberia, extend
man’s use of jade back beyond 5000 BC.
The term jade is used to describe two distinct minerals —
nephrite and jadeite. Both materials are tough, compact and fine
grained. They may be similar in appearance, but belong to
different mineralogical groups. Nephrite jade belongs to the
amphibole group, and jadeite belongs to the pyroxene group.
Nephrite, the traditional Chinese jade, is a monoclinic
amphibole that ranges between the end members tremolite (Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2) and ferroactinolite
(Ca2Fe5Si8O22(OH)2). Nephrite can be white, yellow, green and brown to black, depending on the
amount of iron substituting for magnesium. Iron-poor tremolite is white, grey or green; whereas ironrich varieties (actinolite) are darker green, grey-green, and grading though to black. Cowell jade has an
iron content of up to 7.9% Fe2O3.
The most important property of nephrite jade is its toughness, which explains its widespread use for
axe heads, knife blades, and delicate, durable carvings. Toughness in this context is the opposite of
brittleness, and is a quite different property to hardness, which is simply the resistance of a material to
scratching. Diamond is the hardest mineral, whereas nephrite is the toughest, rivalling modern artificial
zirconium ceramics. The toughness of nephrite is due to its interlocking meshwork of fine fibres or
needle-like crystals which are commonly 0.1–5.0 µm (microns) in diameter and 20–150 µm long.
These fibres usually are arranged in bundles, with the toughest nephrite
having bundles of very fine fibres arranged in random interlocking
orientation. Coarse grain size and the presence of foliation (alignment of
fibres or fibre bundles) reduces the toughness of nephrite.
Jade in South Australia
Jade deposits near Cowell on Eyre Peninsula are among the largest known
nephrite jade deposits in the world. They were discovered in 1965 when
Harry Schiller, a local farmer prospecting in the area, collected a 3–4 kg
boulder of dense, hard rock near an outcrop of white, dolomitic marble. The
boulder was subsequently identified as nephrite by Adelaide University and
South Australian Museum.
Ninety-one separate jade outcrops were identified by Department of Mines
geologists in 1974, and well over one hundred are now known. All are
Fine, interlocking
fibres of Cowell
nephrite jade around a
central
prism of tremolite.
Width of view is ~40
µm.
located within an area of ~10 km2, referred to as the Cowell Jade Province. The bulk of resources occur
on the 23 leases held by Gemstone Corporation of Australia Ltd.
The jade bodies at Cowell typically have elongate, lensoid shapes in outcrop. Host rocks are dolomitic
marble and banded calc-silicate of the Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic Minbrie Gneiss. These high-grade
metamorphic rocks were produced during the first and second deformational events of the Kimban
Orogeny, ~1840 and 1780 million years ago, respectively. Subsequent retrogression occurred ~1700
Ma with later cross-warping and alteration at ~1600–1590 Ma. Nephrite only formed within the
alteration and retrogression assemblages.
Alteration zones, consisting of tremolite, chlorite, epidote,
clinozoisite–zoisite and talc, occur particularly along the margins
of, or in close proximity to, chloritised feldspar rock that has
intruded dolomitic marble. Cowell nephrite formed:
• Within alteration zones as large lenses up to 40 m long by
3 m wide, conformable with lithological layering.
Jagged outcrop of Cowell jade.
• Within cross-fractures up to 1 m wide parallel to the axial
plane of late-stage cross-warping. Nephrite in crossfractures is typically high quality, fine grained, massive,
and dark green to black, but does occur in rarer translucent
light green colours.
• By irregular alteration of coarse-grained, brecciated diopside, producing schistose nephrite that
often has diopside inclusions.
The geological setting at Cowell of Mesoproterozoic dolomitic marble host rocks contrasts with other
major occurrences of nephrite in New Zealand, Canada and Taiwan, where nephrite lenses occur within
or along the faulted margins of serpentinised ultramafic rocks such as peridotites.
Cowell jade exhibits a variety of colours and textures, but
consists predominantly of medium to fine-grained material
showing greenish yellow to green hues, grading to black. Three
main varieties are marketed — green nephrite, black nephrite and
premium black nephrite. Cowell black jade takes a very high
polish by simple lapidary techniques. Very fine-grained premium
black takes a mirror-like polish. There are also rare varieties
which exhibit spectacular patterns, including varieties with
dendritic inclusions, and wavy banding on the rind of nearsurface boulders.
Black Cowell jade with dendritic
markings in weathered rind.
Total recorded production to date from the Cowell Jade Province
is ~3000 t.
Additional Reading
Barnes, L.C. et al., 1980. Nephrite jade. In: Some semiprecious and ornamental stones of South
Australia. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy. Handbook, 4:11-39.
Farrand, M.G., 1985. The genesis of jade and host rocks in DDH14 at outcrop 15, Cowell jade
province, South Australia. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy. Report Book, 85/20.
South Australian Department of Mines and Energy, 1991. Jade in South Australia. South Australia.
Department of Mines and Energy. Information Sheet, 13.
Flint, D.J. and Dubowski, E.A., 1991. Cowell Jade Province: detailed geological mapping and diamond
drilling of jade and ornamental marble outcrops 1982–1987. South Australia. Department of Mines and
Energy. Report Book, 89/51.
APPENDIX”E”
ANALYSES OF SAMPLES COLLECT BY JIM McDONALD 1998.
SAMPLE #
#1 BLOCK +1250 m
#1 BLOCK +1700 m
#1 BLOCK 3.700 m
#1 BLOCK 3.900 m
#1 BLOCK E SIDE +900 m
002M/00764
1-1
17356- 1-2
17366
17368
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
5-1
5-2
6
7-1
9-1
CD-1
CD-2
CD-3
CD-4
CD-5
D1
D10
D12
D13
D16
D17
D2
D4
D6
D7
D8
D9
D9 (A)
MA9 (Si)
PISOLET
RE D16
RE-6
RRE-6
STANARD C3/Au-R
STANDARD
Mo (ppm)
Cu (ppm)
6
1
3
13
1
1
2
<1
2
1
3
14
4
1
1
1
7
1
2
22
2
2
5
<1
1
<1
<1
1
<1
1
<1
<1
<1
1
<1
<1
4
<1
1
1
26
19
Pb (ppm)
49
18
58
20
109 <3
17
38
57
40
98
8
102
60 <3
27
18 <3
35
43
11
6
30
11
44
8
9
35
7
17
4
14
9
11
18
19
13
13
10
20
117
4
33
35
70
59
Zn (ppm)
31
23
15
22
24
12
3
3
29
7
18
6
10
46
4
3
8
3
4
4
29
10
14
14
14
12
20
20
20
22
16
20
16
17
21
12
10
12
33
38
Ag (ppm)
91
0.4
73 <0.3
74
0.4
19
0.5
101 <0.3
50 <0.3
36 <0.3
26 <0.3
56 <0.3
20 <0.3
7 <0.3
95
113 <0.3
27 <0.3
20 <0.3
74 <0.3
70 <0.3
3 <0.3
24 <0.3
9 <0.3
40 <0.3
78 <0.3
11 <0.3
89
53 <0.3
50 <0.3
99 <0.3
38 <0.3
93 <0.3
65 <0.3
61 <0.3
99
79 <0.3
66 <0.3
61 <0.3
54 <0.3
111 <0.3
55
37 <0.3
74 <0.3
74 <0.3
170
127
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.5
6
6.2
SAMPLE #
#1 BLOCK +1250 m
#1 BLOCK +1700 m
#1 BLOCK 3.700 m
#1 BLOCK 3.900 m
#1 BLOCK E SIDE +900 m
002M/00764
1-1
17356- 1-2
17366
17368
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
5-1
5-2
6
7-1
9-1
CD-1
CD-2
CD-3
CD-4
CD-5
D1
D10
D12
D13
D16
D17
D2
D4
D6
D7
D8
D9
D9 (A)
MA9 (Si)
PISOLET
RE D16
RE-6
RRE-6
STANARD C3/Au-R
STANDARD
Ni (ppm)
Co (ppm)
Mn (ppm)
Fe (%)
As (ppm)
46
33
35
18
74
23
11
10
3
34
685
383
350
62
975
5.64
2.62
3.59
1.50
7.43 <2
22
2
10
11
23
14
11
75
14
14
38
195
13
15
68
62
6
9
54
6
11
13
15
35
21
53
18
38
15
23
30
46
24
20
24
42
44
16
69
64
36
63
15
6
18
20
5
2
12
46
3
2
28
16
1
2
4
5
15
1
5
12
7
27
6
12
6
9
10
17
8
8
9
19
18
6
27
26
12
31
977
688
867
998
565
142
360
1288
164
177
1053
3157
82
255
305
230
195
50
273
374
287
1045
265
460
248
332
582
532
280
364
399
721
250
257
1044
1114
788
1045
4.23
1.74 <2
6.33
4.42
2.02
1.50
6.63
9.02
0.76
0.65
6.15
3.99
1.29 <2
1.56 <2
1.85
2.88 <2
4.97
1.91 <2
2.00
2.14 <2
2.22 <2
7.91 <2
1.60 <2
4.03 <2
1.93 <2
2.30 <2
2.84 <2
4.48 <2
2.25 <2
1.90 <2
2.44 <2
6.41 <2
7.70
1.55 <2
6.13
6.21
3.87
3.97
5
15
153
2
2
18
9
3
2
16
30
4
5
2
8
15
17
56
38
SAMPLE #
#1 BLOCK +1250 m
#1 BLOCK +1700 m
#1 BLOCK 3.700 m
#1 BLOCK 3.900 m
#1 BLOCK E SIDE +900 m
002M/00764
1-1
17356- 1-2
17366
17368
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
5-1
5-2
6
7-1
9-1
CD-1
CD-2
CD-3
CD-4
CD-5
D1
D10
D12
D13
D16
D17
D2
D4
D6
D7
D8
D9
D9 (A)
MA9 (Si)
PISOLET
RE D16
RE-6
RRE-6
STANARD C3/Au-R
STANDARD
U (ppm)
Au (ppm)
18
<8
<8
<8
<8
<8
<8
<8
<8
<8
<5
<5
2
<2
9 <2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
20
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
Th (ppm)
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
7 <2
7 <2
<2
<2
Sr (ppm)
18
<2
4
9
6
5
2
7
7
6
5
7
36
6
2
<2
5
7
3
10
<2
7
2
2
4
3
<2
4
5
9
Cd (ppm)
31
251 <0.2
9
15 <0.2
15 <0.2
12 <0.2
18
13 <0.2
15 <0.2
9 <0.2
10
24.4
49
16 <0.2
27
36
50
7
30 <0.2
19 <0.2
51 <0.2
11 <0.2
11
418
59
56
470 <0.2
85
4 <0.2
6 <0.2
17.7
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.7
SAMPLE #
#1 BLOCK +1250 m
#1 BLOCK +1700 m
#1 BLOCK 3.700 m
#1 BLOCK 3.900 m
#1 BLOCK E SIDE +900 m
002M/00764
1-1
17356- 1-2
17366
17368
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
5-1
5-2
6
7-1
9-1
CD-1
CD-2
CD-3
CD-4
CD-5
D1
D10
D12
D13
D16
D17
D2
D4
D6
D7
D8
D9
D9 (A)
MA9 (Si)
PISOLET
RE D16
RE-6
RRE-6
STANARD C3/Au-R
STANDARD
Sb (ppm)
Bi (ppm)
18
<3
<3
<3
<3
<3
<3
<3
<3
<3
V (ppm)
24
<3
4 <3
<3
<3
<3
5
<3
<3
<3
<3
15
<2
<2
3
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
2
<2
2
<2
2
Ca (ppm)
P (%)
81
180
41
22
9
11
28
9
15
9
8
0.62
4.12
0.04
0.26
0.19
0.2
1.22
0.16
0.11
0.16
0.16
0.094
0.101
0.025
0.029
0.017
0.019
0.013
0.021
0.033
0.019
0.015
65
117
87
27
6
6
148
34
15
14
22
74
133
133
7
111
8
11
0.5
0.49
1.13
2.25
1.28
0.05
0.83
0.65
0.7
0.11
0.14
9.75
2.06
2.18
34.52
2.41
0.6
0.07
0.091
0.037
0.071
0.086
0.017
0.005
0.232
0.001
0.008
0.004
0.009
0.098
0.042
0.044
0.012
0.185
0.011
0.026
SAMPLE #
#1 BLOCK +1250 m
#1 BLOCK +1700 m
#1 BLOCK 3.700 m
#1 BLOCK 3.900 m
#1 BLOCK E SIDE +900 m
002M/00764
1-1
17356- 1-2
17366
17368
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
5-1
5-2
6
7-1
9-1
CD-1
CD-2
CD-3
CD-4
CD-5
D1
D10
D12
D13
D16
D17
D2
D4
D6
D7
D8
D9
D9 (A)
MA9 (Si)
PISOLET
RE D16
RE-6
RRE-6
STANARD C3/Au-R
STANDARD
La (ppm)
Cr (ppm)
Mg (%)
Ba (ppm)
Ti (ppm)
20
15
7
18
12
13
7
11
21
11
8
170
35
11
33
19
28
59
25
37
24
22
0.7
2.5
0.21
0.86
0.28
0.43
1.17
0.41
0.86
0.28
0.31
153
119
55 <0.01
101
45 <0.01
59
54
239
99
94
87
0.1
0.39
38
23
10
4
11
51
31
5
5
5
3
6
12
11
7
17
18
37
56
53
72
86
21
14
9
18
58
13
21
76
80
96
7
91
19
16
0.9
1.94
1.34
0.35
0.31
0.05
0.7
0.41
0.17
0.24
0.09
1.58
2.28
2.44
0.91
1.11
0.18
0.43
187
23
69
430
18
57
284
190
110
110
14
23 <0.01
220
136
232
21
30 <0.01
57 <0.01
0.08
0.21
0.25
0.26
0.02
0.01
0.25
0.22
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.17
0.14
0.2
0.09
0.03
0.13
0.1
0.37
0.37
0.01
0.21
SAMPLE #
#1 BLOCK +1250 m
#1 BLOCK +1700 m
#1 BLOCK 3.700 m
#1 BLOCK 3.900 m
#1 BLOCK E SIDE +900 m
002M/00764
1-1
17356- 1-2
17366
17368
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
5-1
5-2
6
7-1
9-1
CD-1
CD-2
CD-3
CD-4
CD-5
D1
D10
D12
D13
D16
D17
D2
D4
D6
D7
D8
D9
D9 (A)
MA9 (Si)
PISOLET
RE D16
RE-6
RRE-6
STANARD C3/Au-R
STANDARD
B (ppm)
Al (%)
22
<3
3
<3
<3
<3
4
<3
<3
5
<3
26
<3
6
8
<3
13
<3
19
<3
14
3
<3
5
3
3
4
3
7
Na (%)
K (%)
W(ppm)
2.05
2.77
0.49
1.84
0.75
1.08
1.62
1.06
1.95
0.87
0.87
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.18
0.1 <2
0.2 <2
0.23 <2
0.13
0.15
0.08
0.16
0.23
0.2
0.16
20
1.84
1.47
1.80
1.20
0.71
0.46
0.80
1.35
0.64
0.73
0.18
2.09
2.03
2.09
0.31
1.01
0.57
1.70
0.06
0.04
0.07
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.09
0.02
0.12
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.15
0.05 <2
0.11 <2
0.86 <2
0.06
0.39 <2
0.58 <2
1.05
0.24 <2
0.47 <2
0.09
0.07 <2
0.15 <2
0.13 <2
0.1 <2
0.08 <2
0.14 <2
0.38 <2
11
4
4
3
3
2
4
4
4
2
2
SAMPLE #
#1 BLOCK +1250 m
#1 BLOCK +1700 m
#1 BLOCK 3.700 m
#1 BLOCK 3.900 m
#1 BLOCK E SIDE +900 m
002M/00764
1-1
17356- 1-2
17366
17368
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
5-1
5-2
6
7-1
9-1
CD-1
CD-2
CD-3
CD-4
CD-5
D1
D10
D12
D13
D16
D17
D2
D4
D6
D7
D8
D9
D9 (A)
MA9 (Si)
PISOLET
RE D16
RE-6
RRE-6
STANARD C3/Au-R
STANDARD
Au (ppb)
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
Tl
437 <5
<5
5 <5
<5
1 <5
<5
<5
<5
1 <5
<5
1 <5
455
2
1
<1
6
1
5
2
1
2
1
2
1
<1
<1
3
3
1
Hg
1
1
<1
<1
1
1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1