GEOL 322 – Mineralogy
Spring, 2013
Lab 1: Introductory Mineral Identification!
Mi
ne
r
a
l
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on i
s
of
t
e
n t
he
f
i
r
s
t
s
t
e
p i
n unde
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng t
he
c
ompl
e
x na
t
ur
a
l
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
t
ha
t
a
n Ea
r
t
h s
c
i
e
nt
i
s
t
e
nc
ount
e
r
s
.
The
a
na
l
ys
i
s
a
nd i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on of
mi
ne
r
a
l
s
c
a
n t
a
ke
pl
a
c
e
a
t
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
l
e
ve
l
s
of
s
ophi
s
t
i
c
a
t
i
on
.
For
t
hi
s
l
a
b we
wi
l
l
wor
k on ha
nd s
pe
c
i
me
n
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on,
t
he
mos
t
ba
s
i
c
of
mi
ne
r
a
l
ogi
c
a
l
a
na
l
ys
e
s
.
La
t
e
r
i
n t
he
c
our
s
e
,
mor
e
s
ophi
s
t
i
c
a
t
e
d a
na
l
yt
i
c
a
l
t
e
c
hni
que
s
wi
l
l
be
i
nt
r
oduc
e
d.
As
de
s
c
r
i
be
d i
n Chapter 6 (all chapter and page numbers are in the Nesse textbook unless
otherwise specified),
t
he
r
e
a
r
e
nume
r
ous
pr
ope
r
t
i
e
s
t
ha
t
c
a
n be
e
va
l
ua
t
e
d by vi
s
ua
l
i
ns
pe
c
t
i
on of
a
mi
ne
r
a
l
s
a
mpl
e
,
or
wi
t
h t
he
us
e
of
ve
r
y s
i
mpl
e
t
e
s
t
i
ng e
qui
pme
nt
.
The
pur
pos
e
of
t
hi
s
l
a
b i
s
f
or
you t
o be
c
ome
f
a
mi
l
i
a
r
wi
t
h t
he
t
e
r
mi
nol
ogy a
nd me
t
hods
c
ommo
nl
y us
e
d i
n mi
ne
r
a
l
ogi
c
a
l
i
d
e
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on of
ha
nd s
a
mpl
e
s
.
Some
k
e
y pr
ope
r
t
i
e
s
you wi
l
l
be
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
i
ng i
n t
hi
s
l
a
b i
nc
l
ude
:
1. Habit describes the three­dimensional aspects of the crystal form. Se
e
Chapter 2 f
or
t
e
r
ms
us
e
d t
o
de
s
c
r
i
be
t
he
f
or
m or
ha
bi
t
of
mi
ne
r
a
l
s
.
Te
r
ms
de
s
c
r
i
bi
ng t
he
c
r
ys
t
a
l
l
ogr
a
phi
c
f
or
m
s
houl
d be
us
e
d whe
r
e
a
ppr
opr
i
a
t
e
(
e
.
g.
c
ube
,
r
hombohe
dr
on,
oc
t
a
he
dr
on;
s
e
e
s
e
c
t
i
ons
on
c
r
ys
t
a
l
f
or
ms
,
p. 31­43)
.
Ot
he
r
t
e
r
ms
us
e
d t
o de
s
c
r
i
be
ha
bi
t
a
r
e
f
ound on p. 44­45.
1
2
Some
t
e
r
ms
us
e
d t
o de
s
c
r
i
be
habit a
nd e
xa
mpl
e
s
.
Habit
Definition
Ac
i
c
u
l
a
r
ve
r
y e
l
ong
a
t
e
d a
nd needle­shaped
Bl
a
de
d
e
l
onga
t
e
a
n
d f
l
a
t
t
e
ne
d blades
c
ol
umna
r
;
pr
i
s
ma
t
i
c column­like
Equa
n
t
box­
s
ha
pe
d wi
t
h equal di
me
ns
i
ons
Fi
br
ou
s
a
ggr
e
ga
t
e
of
hairlike,
t
hr
e
a
dl
i
ke
or
ne
e
dl
e
l
i
ke
c
r
ys
t
a
l
s
f
ol
i
a
t
e
d;
mi
c
a
c
e
ous e
a
s
i
l
y s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
d i
nt
o sheets or
l
e
a
ve
s
Ma
s
s
i
v
e
no di
s
t
i
nc
t
s
ha
pe
t
a
bul
a
r
;
l
a
me
l
l
a
r
tablet­like, one
di
me
ns
i
on ma
r
ke
dl
y s
ma
l
l
e
r
t
ha
n t
he
ot
he
r
t
wo
Example
r
ut
i
l
e
kya
ni
t
e
t
our
ma
l
i
ne
ga
l
e
na
a
nt
i
gor
i
t
e
bi
ot
i
t
e
c
hr
ys
oc
ol
l
a
gyps
um
2. Cleavage and fracture
Cleavage is the tendency to split or break along planes, whereas Fracture is the
irregular breakage of minerals. So
me
mi
ne
r
a
l
s
onl
y ha
ve
c
l
e
a
va
ge
(
e
.
g.
ha
l
i
t
e
a
nd c
a
l
c
i
t
e
)
,
s
ome
o
nl
y e
xhi
bi
t
f
r
a
c
t
ur
e
(
e
.
g.
be
r
yl
a
nd qua
r
t
z
)
,
a
nd s
ome
e
xhi
bi
t
bot
h (
e
.
g.
a
mphi
bol
e
s
a
nd py
r
oxe
ne
s
)
.
(
s
e
e
p. 122)
A good
de
s
c
r
i
pt
i
on of
c
l
e
a
va
ge
s
h
oul
d i
nc
l
ude
3 f
e
a
t
ur
e
s
:
1)
The
e
a
s
e
wi
t
h whi
c
h t
he
pl
a
ne
c
l
e
a
ve
s
.
Thi
s
c
a
n of
t
e
n be
de
duc
e
d s
i
mpl
y f
r
om
t
he
s
moot
hne
s
s
of
pr
e
vi
o
us
e
xi
s
t
i
ng pl
a
ne
s
wi
t
hout
a
c
t
ua
l
l
y de
s
t
r
oyi
ng t
he
s
a
mpl
e
.
(
perfect,
good a
nd poor c
l
e
a
va
ge
)
.
2)
The
numbe
r
of
non­parallel c
l
e
a
va
ge
pl
a
ne
s
(
c
l
e
a
va
ge
pl
a
ne
s
i
n di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
or
i
e
nt
a
t
i
ons
)
.
I
t
i
s
c
ommon t
o obs
e
r
ve
1 (
basal c
l
e
a
va
ge
,
a
s
i
n mi
c
a
s
a
nd t
opa
z
)
,
2 (
prismatic c
l
e
a
va
ge
,
a
s
i
n a
mphi
bol
e
s
a
nd pyr
oxe
ne
s
)
,
3 (
cubic or
rhombohedral c
l
e
a
va
ge
­
­
s
e
e
pa
r
t
3)
,
4 (
octahedral c
l
e
a
va
ge
,
a
s
i
n f
l
uor
i
t
e
)
,
a
nd 6 (
dodecahedral c
l
e
a
va
ge
,
r
a
r
e
l
y s
e
e
n i
n s
pha
l
e
r
i
t
e
)
.
3)
The
a
ngl
e
be
t
we
e
n non­parallel c
l
e
a
va
ge
pl
a
ne
s
.
3 c
l
e
a
va
ge
s
a
l
l
a
t
90 t
o e
a
c
h
ot
he
r
a
r
e
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d t
o a
s
cubic c
l
e
a
va
ge
(
a
s
i
n ha
l
i
t
e
)
;
3 c
l
e
a
va
ge
s
not
a
t
90 (
a
s
i
n
c
a
l
c
i
t
e
)
a
r
e
c
a
l
l
e
d rhombohedral c
l
e
a
va
ge
.
3
Fracture is the manner in which the mineral breaks other than along planes of cleavage.
(
s
e
e
p. 123)
Fracture
Description
Example
c
onc
h
oi
da
l s
moot
hl
y curved, r
i
bbe
d s
ur
f
a
c
e
obs
i
di
a
n
Eve
n
ne
a
r
l
y flat s
ur
f
a
c
e
s
ga
r
ne
t
Ha
c
kl
y
r
a
gge
d s
ur
f
a
c
e
wi
t
h s
ha
r
p e
dge
s
a
nd poi
nt
s
na
t
i
ve
c
oppe
r
i
r
r
e
gu
l
a
r
r
ough a
nd irregular s
ur
f
a
c
e
r
hodoni
t
e
s
pl
i
nt
e
r
y
f
i
br
ous
or
splintery f
r
a
c
t
ur
e
s
ur
f
a
c
e
(
l
i
ke
wood)
pe
c
t
ol
i
t
e
3. Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to scratching and abrasion. Re
l
a
t
i
ve
ha
r
dne
s
s
i
s
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d on t
he
Mohs Hardness Scale.
(
s
e
e
p. 121)
4
Mineral
Ta
l
c
Gyps
u
m
Mohs
scale
1
2
Comparative Hardness
2.
5 Fi
nge
r
na
i
l
2.
5 Al
umi
num
Ca
l
c
i
t
e
3
3.
5 Coppe
r
pe
nny
Fl
uor
i
t
e
4
4.
5 I
r
on
Apa
t
i
t
e
5
5.
5 Kni
f
e
bl
a
de
5.
5 Wi
ndow gl
a
s
s
Or
t
hoc
l
a
s
e
6
6.
5 St
e
e
l
f
i
l
e
6.
5 Por
c
e
l
a
i
n s
t
r
e
a
k pl
a
t
e
Qua
r
t
z
Top
a
z
Cor
undu
m
Di
a
mo
nd
7
8
9
10
4. Tenacity (p. 122) refers to the behavior of minerals when deformed or broken.
5. Luster and opacity (p. 125)
Luster is the general appearance of a macroscopic fresh surface in reflected light.
Opacity describes whether a mineral is transparent (
c
a
n s
e
e
t
hr
ough mi
ne
r
a
l
)
,
translucent (
c
a
n onl
y s
e
e
l
i
ght
t
hr
ough s
a
mpl
e
)
,
or opaque (
doe
s
not
t
r
a
ns
mi
t
l
i
ght
)
.
Th
e
l
us
t
e
r
o
f
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
mi
ne
r
a
l
s
i
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d t
o a
pr
ope
r
t
y c
a
l
l
e
d t
he
r
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
ve
i
nde
x (
RI
)
.
Some
l
us
t
e
r
t
e
r
ms
a
l
ong wi
t
h e
xa
mpl
e
s
:
Luster
Description
Me
t
a
l
l
i
c
s
hi
ny,
metallic
Non­metallic
Ada
ma
nt
i
ne br
i
l
l
i
a
nt
a
nd di
a
mond­
l
i
ke
Vi
t
r
e
ous
br
i
ght
a
nd glassy
Gr
e
a
s
y
a
ppe
a
r
s
greasy or
c
oa
t
e
d wi
t
h oi
l
Pe
a
r
l
y
i
r
i
de
s
c
e
nt
,
l
i
ke
mot
he
r
­
of
­
pe
a
r
l
Si
l
ky
l
i
ke
s
i
l
k,
s
a
t
i
n,
or
s
ome
pol
ye
s
t
e
r
Re
s
i
nous
l
us
t
e
r
of
a
r
e
s
i
n
Ea
r
t
hy
dul
l
a
nd di
r
t
y­
l
ooki
ng
5
Mineral Type
opa
que
mi
ne
r
a
l
s
mi
ne
r
a
l
s
wi
t
h hi
gh RI
mi
ne
r
a
l
s
wi
t
h me
d.
RI
mi
ne
r
a
l
s
wi
t
h l
ow/
hi
RI
l
ook on c
l
e
a
va
ge
s
ur
f
a
c
e
f
i
br
ous
mi
ne
r
a
l
s
Example
ga
l
e
na
z
i
r
c
on
qua
r
t
z
,
gl
a
s
s
ne
phe
l
i
ne
a
na
l
c
i
me
gyps
um
s
pha
l
e
r
i
t
e
r
ough or
por
ous
mi
ne
r
a
l
s ka
ol
i
ni
t
e
6
6. Color and streak – our perception of the wavelengths of light reflected from or passing
through the mineral. (p. 125)
Some
mi
ne
r
a
l
s
a
r
e
a
l
wa
ys
t
he
s
a
me
color. Ga
l
e
na
i
s
a
l
wa
ys
l
e
a
d­
gr
a
y;
a
z
ur
i
t
e
i
s
a
l
wa
ys
a
s
ha
de
of
bl
ue
(
s
ome
t
i
me
s
s
o da
r
k a
s
t
o a
l
mos
t
l
ook bl
a
c
k)
;
ma
l
a
c
hi
t
e
i
s
a
l
wa
ys
a
pa
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
s
ha
de
of
gr
e
e
n.
I
n t
he
s
e
mi
ne
r
a
l
s
c
ol
or
c
a
n be
a
di
a
gnos
t
i
c
pr
ope
r
t
y.
Mi
ne
r
a
l
s
s
uc
h a
s
qua
r
t
z
,
c
or
undum,
be
r
yl
,
c
a
l
c
i
t
e
,
a
nd f
l
uor
i
t
e
a
r
e
we
l
l
known f
or
t
he
va
r
i
e
t
y of
c
ol
or
s
t
he
y di
s
pl
a
y.
The
s
e
c
ol
or
s
a
r
e
of
t
e
n a
r
e
s
ul
t
of
t
he
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
t
r
a
c
e
qua
nt
i
t
i
e
s
of
non­
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
a
l
e
l
e
me
nt
s
.
I
n a
ddi
t
i
o
n t
o c
he
mi
c
a
l
c
ompos
i
t
i
on,
t
he
na
t
ur
e
a
nd l
oc
a
t
i
on of
t
he
t
r
a
c
e
e
l
e
me
nt
wi
t
hi
n t
he
c
r
ys
t
a
l
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
s
t
he
c
ol
or
of
t
he
mi
ne
r
a
l
.
For
i
ns
t
a
nc
e
,
i
r
on oc
c
upyi
ng t
he
c
ha
nne
l
s
i
n be
r
yl
c
r
e
a
t
e
s
t
he
bl
ue
c
ol
or
of
a
qua
ma
r
i
ne
,
but
i
r
on
s
ubs
t
i
t
u
t
i
ng f
or
a
l
umi
num i
n t
he
be
r
yl
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
c
r
e
a
t
e
s
t
he
ye
l
l
ow c
ol
or
of
he
l
i
odor
.
I
n
ma
ny c
a
s
e
s
,
c
ol
or
c
a
n gi
ve
c
l
ue
s
a
bout
t
he
c
he
mi
c
a
l
c
ompos
i
t
i
on of
t
he
mi
ne
r
a
l
.
Some
e
xa
mpl
e
s
of
c
ol
or
i
ng a
ge
nt
s
i
n mi
n
e
r
a
l
s
i
nc
l
ude
:
Cr (
gr
e
e
n)
i
n e
me
r
a
l
d,
uva
r
ovi
t
e
,
t
our
ma
l
i
ne
;
Cr (
r
e
d)
i
n r
uby;
Cr (
pur
pl
e
)
i
n
c
hl
or
i
t
e
;
Mn (
pi
nk a
nd r
e
d)
i
n pi
e
mont
i
t
e
,
r
hodoni
t
e
,
r
hodoc
hr
os
i
t
e
;
Fe (
gr
e
e
n t
o br
own t
o
a
l
mos
t
bl
a
c
k)
i
n ol
i
vi
ne
,
pyr
oxe
ne
,
e
pi
dot
e
;
Fe (
bl
ue
)
i
n a
qua
ma
r
i
ne
;
Fe (
ye
l
l
ow)
i
n
he
l
i
odo
r
,
c
i
t
r
i
ne
;
Co (
l
i
l
a
c
)
i
n e
r
yt
h
r
i
t
e
;
Ni (
gr
e
e
n)
i
n a
nna
be
r
gi
t
e
;
Cu (
bl
ue
a
nd gr
e
e
n)
i
n
ma
l
a
c
h
i
t
e
,
a
z
ur
i
t
e
,
t
ur
quoi
s
e
;
U (
f
l
uor
e
s
c
e
nt
ye
l
l
ows
a
nd gr
e
e
ns
)
i
n c
a
r
not
i
t
e
,
a
ut
uni
t
e
.
Streak is the color of the mineral when it is finely powdered. The
s
t
r
e
a
k of
a
mi
ne
r
a
l
ma
y be
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
f
r
om i
t
s
c
ol
or
,
a
nd i
s
us
ua
l
l
y c
ons
t
a
nt
.
7. Density/Heft – density is mass per unit volume.
Heft i
s
a
wa
y of
e
va
l
ua
t
i
ng de
ns
i
t
y by
hol
di
ng
t
he
s
a
mpl
e
i
n ha
nd a
nd c
o
mpa
r
i
ng t
he
we
i
ght
t
o s
a
mpl
e
s
i
z
e
.
(
p. 119­120)
I
n t
hi
s
l
a
b we
wi
l
l
not
qua
nt
i
f
y t
he
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
gr
a
vi
t
y of
mi
ne
r
a
l
s
,
but
you s
houl
d t
a
ke
not
e
of
t
he
he
f
t
of
e
a
c
h mi
ne
r
a
l
– i
s
i
t
not
i
c
e
a
bl
y l
i
ght
e
r
or
he
a
vi
e
r
t
ha
n i
s
t
ypi
c
a
l
?
8. Other properties:
r
e
a
c
t
i
on
t
o a
c
i
d
t
a
s
t
e
s
ome
carbonates bubbl
e
wi
t
h HCl
;
zeolites f
or
m a
ge
l
halite t
a
s
t
e
s
s
a
l
t
y;
sylvite t
a
s
t
e
s
bi
t
t
e
r
;
chalcanthite t
a
s
t
e
s
me
t
a
l
l
i
c
(
poi
s
onous
,
s
o DO NOT TASTE)
f
e
e
l
talc f
e
e
l
s
s
oa
py or
gr
e
a
s
y
ma
gne
t
i
s
m
native iron a
nd meteorites,
magnetite, we
a
ke
r
i
n pyrrhotite,
e
ve
n we
a
ke
r
i
n ilmenite
doubl
e
r
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
on
calcite
s
me
l
l
sphalerite s
t
r
e
a
k s
me
l
l
s
of
sulfur; he
a
t
e
d arsenic s
me
l
l
s
l
i
k
e
ga
r
l
i
c
,
selenium l
i
ke
hor
s
e
r
a
di
s
h (
As
a
nd Se
f
ume
s
a
r
e
poi
s
onous
,
s
o t
hi
s
t
e
s
t
s
houl
d not
be
r
out
i
ne
l
y us
e
d)
r
a
di
oa
c
t
i
vi
t
y
uranium and thorium minerals
f
l
uor
e
s
c
e
nc
e
scheelite f
l
uor
e
s
c
e
s
yellow to blue
Twins ­
symmetrical intergrowths of 2 or more crystals of the same species.
(
p.
102­106)
Se
e
t
he
f
i
gur
e
be
l
ow f
or
e
xa
mpl
e
s
of
c
ont
a
c
t
a
nd i
nt
e
r
pe
ne
t
r
a
t
i
on t
wi
ns
.
7
ASSIGNMENT
Known Specimens
A numbe
r
of
mi
ne
r
a
l
s
ha
ve
be
e
n s
e
t
out
t
ha
t
pr
ovi
de
e
xa
mpl
e
s
of
s
ome
of
t
he
a
bove
p
r
ope
r
t
i
e
s
.
Re
f
e
r
e
nc
e
book
s
wi
t
h s
ome
i
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
i
ons
a
nd phot
ogr
a
phs
a
r
e
a
l
s
o
a
va
i
l
a
b
l
e
f
or
you t
o c
ons
ul
t
.
Your
t
e
xt
book wi
l
l
a
l
s
o be
us
e
f
ul
.
Hand in descriptions on
separate sheets of paper.
1.
De
s
c
r
i
be
t
he
ha
bi
t
of
e
a
c
h mi
ne
r
a
l
pr
ovi
de
d i
n t
he
Ha
bi
t
s
e
c
t
i
on i
n t
he
l
a
b.
2.
De
s
c
r
i
be
t
he
f
r
a
c
t
ur
e
a
nd/
or
c
l
e
a
va
ge
of
e
a
c
h mi
ne
r
a
l
pr
ovi
de
d i
n t
he
Fr
a
c
t
ur
e
&
Cl
e
a
va
ge
s
e
c
t
i
on.
3.
De
s
c
r
i
be
t
he
l
us
t
e
r
a
nd s
t
r
e
a
k of
e
a
c
h mi
ne
r
a
l
pr
ovi
de
d i
n t
he
Lus
t
e
r
& St
r
e
a
k s
e
c
t
i
on.
4.
De
s
c
r
i
be
t
he
t
wi
nni
ng e
xhi
bi
t
e
d
by e
a
c
h mi
ne
r
a
l
pr
ovi
de
d i
n t
he
Twi
nni
ng s
e
c
t
i
on.
5.
Gi
ve
detailed de
s
c
r
i
pt
i
ons
f
or
8
s
pe
c
i
me
ns
f
r
om bot
h t
he
Known a
nd Unknown s
e
c
t
i
o
ns
(
16 t
ot
a
l
)
.
Your
de
s
c
r
i
pt
i
ons
s
houl
d i
nc
l
ude
3 of
e
a
c
h of
t
he
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
de
s
c
r
i
be
d
a
bove
:
ha
bi
t
,
c
l
e
a
va
ge
/
f
r
a
c
t
ur
e
,
ha
r
dne
s
s
,
t
e
na
c
i
t
y,
l
us
t
e
r
a
nd opa
c
i
t
y,
c
ol
or
,
s
t
r
e
a
k,
he
f
t
,
a
nd ot
h
e
r
pr
ope
r
t
i
e
s
.
8