SUMMARY OF FACTORY ACTS IN THE 19TH CENTURY UK
The earliest legislation on working conditions applied only to the cotton industry. The first Act to cover
workers in other industries was the Mines Act of 1842. Gradually legislation was extended to other
industries and smaller establishments.
1802: The Health and Morals of Apprentices Act. This applied to orphan apprentices in the textile
industry. No children under the age of 9 were to be apprenticed and the working day limited to 12 hours
with no night work. There was no system for enforcement.
1819: The Cotton Mills Act. This applied only to the cotton mills and restricted the working week for
those aged 9 to 16 to 72 hours. No children under the age of 9 were to be apprenticed. No system of
enforcement was devised.
1831: Cotton Mill Act. This act applied only to cotton mills and restricted the working hours for those
under 18 to 12 hours a day. Night working was forbidden for those under 21. Once again there was no
enforcement system.
1833: Factory Act. No children under 9 were to be employed except in silk mills. Those aged 9 to 13
were restricted to 9 hours a day and 48 hours a week with two hours school a day. Children and young
persons were not to work outside the period 5.30 a.m. to 8.30 p.m. For the first time, factory inspectors
were appointed.
1842: Mines Act. This stopped children under 9 and women from working underground.
1844: Factory Act (Mills). This act applied only to the textile industry and limited the work of children
aged 8 to 13 to 6.5 hours a day, which was considered to be "half-time".
1845: Calico Print Works Act. This related to factories printing designs on cotton fabrics. Children under
8 were not to be employed. Those under 13 and women were not to work between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.
Children under 13 should attend school for 30 day per half year.
1847: Factory Act. Women and young persons in textile factories were limited to 10 hours a day or 10.5
if Saturday was a half holiday. This is sometimes known as the Ten Hour Act.
1853: Factory Act. This act related to mills and required that the work of children aged 9 to 13 be
between the hours of 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. in summer and 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. in winter. Similarly the work of
women and young persons was restricted to the hours between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m.
1860: Bleach and Dye Works Act. This brought factories engaged in bleaching and dyeing cloth under
the same rules as textile mills. It did not apply to open air bleach crofts but an act of 1862 prevented
night work at such establishments.
1864: Factory Act. Applied to pottery industry, match making, paper industry and fustian cutting.
1867: Factory Act. This brought any workplace employing more than 50 persons in manufacture under
the factory acts.
1867: Workshops' Regulations Act. Workplaces with less than 50 persons were prevented from
employing children under 8 years old. Children aged 8 to 13 were restricted to half time working. Young
persons and women were restricted to a 12 hours day with 1 and a half hours allowed for meal breaks.
Children, young people and women were not to be employed after 2 p.m. on Saturdays in
establishments with more than five employees and child employees were to attend school 10 hours a
week.
1874: Factory Act. This forbade employment of children in mills under the age of 9. In 1875 the age limit
was raised to 10. Children aged 8 could still be employed in workshops and non-textile factories.
1876: Education Act. This act made school attendance compulsory for those up to the age of 10. Once
over 10 a child could leave on attaining the school leaving certificate, also known as a Labour Certificate.
Forster's Education Act of 1870 had not made school attendance either compulsory or free.
1878: Factory and Workshop Act. This act covered all mechanically powered textile and non-textile
mills. Workshops were treated as non-textile factories. Domestic workshops were treated as for nontextile factories in relation to the conditions for children and women workers.
1891: Education Act. The age limit for starting half time work was raised to 11. The system of working
half time continued until 1918.
1891: Factory and Workshop Act. Mothers were not to return to work within 4 weeks of giving birth.
From 1893 the limit was raised to 11 weeks.
Works Cited:
http://www.educationforum.co.uk/KS3_2/reading.htm