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SECTION
1
Standards-Based
Instruction
Standards-at-a-Glance
• History-Social Science
Students have learned about the impact of
imperialism in China and elsewhere. Now
they will study how China’s neighbor Japan
resisted Western domination by
industrializing and starting to build an
empire of its own.
• Analysis Skills
HR1 Students distinguish valid arguments
from fallacious arguments in historical
interpretations.
HR2 Students identify bias and prejudice in
historical interpretations.
• English-Language Arts
Writing 1.0
The emperor Meiji wrote a poem
to provide inspiration for Japan’s
efforts to become a modern country
in the late 1800s:
our country,
“ May
Taking what is good,
and rejecting what is bad,
Be not inferior
To any other.
Japan Modernizes
Standards Preview
L3
L3
WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection
Discuss the implications of the emperor
Meiji’s poem about his hopes for change
in Japan.
Focus Point out the Section Focus
Question and write it on the board.
Tell students to refer to this question
as they read. (Answer appears with
Section 1 Assessment answers.)
■
Preview Have students preview the
Section Standards and the list of
Terms, People, and Places.
■
Reading Skill Have students use the
Reading Strategy: Recognize Multiple
Causes worksheet.
Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 108
Have students read this
section using the Paragraph Shrinking
strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read,
have students fill in the cause and effect
chart about the Meiji Restoration.
Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide, p. 82
320 New Global Patterns
Changes for Japan
Emperor Meiji
aloud or play the audio.
AUDIO Witness History Audio CD,
Changes for Japan
■
AUDIO
”
Set a Purpose
■
WITNESS HISTORY
Focus Question How did Japan become a
modern industrial power, and what did it do with
its new strength?
Remind students that for more than two
centuries Japan’s leaders kept the island
nation isolated. Discuss reasons why Japanese leaders might reverse this policy
and open Japan to foreign influences.
■
A traditional Japanese fan
1
Prepare to Read
Build Background Knowledge
Page 320 Monday, July 25, 2005 3:16 PM
H-SS 10.4.1 Describe the rise of industrial economies
and their link to imperialism and colonialism (e.g., the role
played by national security and strategic advantage; moral
issues raised by the search for national hegemony, Social
Darwinism, and the missionary impulse; material issues such
as land, resources, and technology).
H-SS 10.4.2 Discuss the locations of the colonial rule of
such nations as England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the
Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Portugal, and the United States.
Terms, People, and Places
zaibatsu
homogeneous society
First Sino-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
Matthew Perry
Tokyo
Meiji Restoration
Diet
Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects
As you read this section, identify the causes and
effects of the Meiji Restoration in a chart like the
one below.
Causes
•
•
•
Meiji
Restoration
•
•
Effects
•
•
•
In 1853, the United States displayed its new military might, sending a naval force to make Japan open its ports to trade. Japanese
leaders debated how to respond. While some resisted giving up
their 215-year-old policy of seclusion, others felt that it would be
wiser for Japan to learn from the foreigners.
In the end, Japan chose to abandon its centuries of isolation.
The country swiftly transformed itself into a modern industrial
power and then set out on its own imperialist path.
Discontent in Tokugawa Japan
In the early 1600s, Japan was still ruled by shoguns, or supreme
military dictators. Although emperors still lived in the ceremonial
capital of Kyoto, the shoguns held the real power in Edo. Daimyo,
or landholding warrior lords, helped the shoguns control Japan.
In 1603, a new family, the Tokugawas, seized power. The Tokugawa shoguns reimposed centralized feudalism, closed Japan to
foreigners, and forbade Japanese people to travel overseas. The
nation’s only window on the world was through Nagasaki, where
the Dutch were allowed very limited trade.
For more than 200 years, Japan developed in isolation. Internal
commerce expanded, agricultural production grew, and bustling
cities sprang up. However, these economic changes strained in
Japanese society. Many daimyo suffered financial hardship. They
needed money in a commercial economy, but a daimyo’s wealth
was in land rather than cash. Lesser samurai were unhappy, too,
because they lacked the money to live as well as urban merchants.
Vocabulary Builder
Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use words from this section.
Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 107; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3
High-Use Words
emphasize, p. 321
thereby, p. 322
Definitions and Sample Sentences
vt. to stress
The teacher underlined the word with a red marker to emphasize its importance.
adv. by that means, because of that
The player hit a home run, thereby breaking the tie and winning the game.
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Merchants in turn resented their place at the bottom of the social ladder. No matter how rich they were, they had no political power. Peasants,
meanwhile, suffered under heavy taxes.
The government responded by trying to revive old ways, emphasizing
farming over commerce and praising traditional values. These efforts
had scant success. By the 1800s, shoguns were no longer strong leaders,
and corruption was common. Discontent simmered throughout Japan.
Teach
Vocabulary Builder
emphasizing—(EM fuh syz ing) vt.
stressing
Discontent in Tokugawa
Japan/Japan Opens Up
H-SS 10.4.1
Standards Check By the mid-1800s, why did so many groups of people
in Japan feel discontented? H-SS 10.4.1
Instruct
■
Introduce: Vocabulary Builder
Have students read the Vocabulary
Builder terms and definitions. Ask
them to list factors a ruler might consider when deciding what the government should emphasize under his or
her reign.
■
Teach Using the Think-Write-PairShare strategy (TE, p. T23), have students work together to identify the
internal and external pressures faced
in Tokugawa Japan. (internal: discontent of daimyo, lesser samurai, merchants, and peasants; failure of
Tokugawa reform efforts; weakening of
shogun’s power; external: inability of
Japan to defend itself against U.S.
forces) Ask How did these pressures
influence the signing of unequal
treaties with foreign powers and
the downfall of Tokugawa government? (Together, these factors weakened Japan so much that the shogun
felt he had to sign the unequal treaties.
This act brought on great criticism of
the shogun and then revolt.) What was
the Meiji reformers’ main goal?
(They wanted to adapt Western ways to
Japanese needs so that Japan could
withstand Western demands.)
■
Quick Activity Read aloud the Primary Source selection. Ask students
whether they agree with Lord Ii’s opinion on contact with foreign powers.
Then have students work in groups to
discuss the decision by Japan’s rulers
to adapt to Western ways rather than
continue to isolate Japan from foreign
influence. Have groups list reasons in
support of each position.
Japan Opens Up
While the shogun faced troubles at home, disturbing news reached him
from abroad during the 1830s and 1840s. The British victory over China
in the Opium War and the way in which imperialists had forced China to
sign unequal treaties alarmed the shogun. Surely, he reasoned, it would
not be long before Western powers turned toward Japan.
External Pressure and Internal Revolt The shogun’s fears
were correct. In July 1853, a fleet of well-armed American ships
commanded by Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into lower
Tokyo Bay. Perry had a letter from Millard Fillmore, the President
of the United States. The letter demanded that Japan open its ports
to diplomatic and commercial exchange.
The shogun’s advisors debated what to do. Japan did not have
the ability to defend itself against the powerful United States Navy.
In the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, the shogun agreed to open two
Japanese ports to American ships, though not for trade.
The United States soon won trading and other rights, including
extraterritoriality and low taxes on American imports. European
nations demanded and won similar rights. Like the Chinese, the
Japanese felt humiliated by the terms of these unequal treaties.
Some bitterly criticized the shogun for not taking a strong stand
against the foreigners.
L3
In the Japanese woodblock print below, Japanese
boats go out to meet one of Commodore
Matthew Perry’s ships in Tokyo Bay. In response
to Perry’s expedition, the Japanese statesmen
Lord li considered Japan’s strategy toward
contact with foreign powers:
Primary Source
is a saying that when one is besieged in
“ There
a castle, to raise the drawbridge is to imprison
oneself. . . . Even though the Shogun’s ancestors set up seclusion laws, they left the Dutch
and Chinese to act as a bridge. . . . Might this
bridge not now be of advantage to us, . . .
providing us with the means whereby we may
for a time avert the outbreak of hostilities
and then, after some time has elapsed, gain
a complete victory?
”
Solutions for All Learners
L4 Advanced Readers
L4 Gifted and Talented
When Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan in
July 1853, the Japanese shogun was unsure how to
respond so he sought the recommendations of his advisors. Ask students to conduct further research on Commodore Perry’s arrival in Japan. Suggest that they pay
special attention to the shogun’s decision and the factors
he had to consider in making it. Then have students
recreate a meeting of the shogun and his advisors concerning Perry’s arrival. Divide the class into three groups
for the discussion: one group will argue for cooperation,
one for resistance, and one will represent the shogun and
remain undecided. Allow students time to prepare arguments for their side and questions for the other sides and
then commence the meeting of the shogun’s council.
Answer
The economy changed but the social structure
remained the same, and the shoguns were no
longer strong leaders.
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Independent Practice
Traveler’s Tales To help students learn
more about Fukuzawa’s impressions of
the United States, have them read the
selection The First Japanese in America
and complete the worksheet.
Japanese Diplomat
Fukuzawa Yukichi Visits America
Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 109
In 1860, writer and educator Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835–1901)
joined the first Japanese diplomatic mission to the United
States. When he returned home, he wrote articles and books
explaining Western customs and practices to the Japanese. In
this selection from his autobiography, Fukuzawa recalls his early
impressions of San Francisco, and discusses some of the differences between American and Japanese cultures and attitudes.
Monitor Progress
As students fill in their cause-and-effect
charts, circulate to make sure they understand that both internal and external
pressures led to the opening of Japan. For
a completed version of the chart, see
Note Taking Transparencies, 38
Foreign pressure deepened the social and economic unrest. In 1867,
discontented daimyo and samurai led a revolt that unseated the shogun
and “restored” the 15-year-old emperor Mutsuhito to power. When he was
crowned emperor, Mutsuhito took the name Meiji (MAY jee), which means
“enlightened rule.” He moved from the old imperial capital in Kyoto to the
shogun’s palace in Edo, which was renamed Tokyo, or “eastern capital.”
Vocabulary Builder
thereby—(THEHR by) adv. by that
means, because of that
The Meiji Restoration The young emperor began a long reign known
as the Meiji Restoration. This period, which lasted from 1868 to 1912,
was a major turning point in Japanese history. The Meiji reformers, who
ruled in the emperor’s name, were determined to strengthen Japan. Their
goal was summarized in their motto, “A rich country, a strong military.”
The emperor supported and embodied the reforms.
The new leaders set out to study Western ways, adapt them to Japanese needs, and thereby keep Japan from having to give in to Western
demands. In 1871, members of the government traveled overseas to
learn about Western governments, economies, technology, and customs.
The government brought experts from Western countries to Japan and
sent young samurai to study abroad, furthering Japan’s knowledge of
Western industrial techniques.
Standards Check How did Japan react when it was forced to accept
unequal treaties? H-SS 10.4.1
History Background
Answer
Discontented samurai and daimyo restored
the emperor to power and set about reforming
Japan to allow it to compete more effectively
with Western powers.
322 New Global Patterns
An Eye-Opening Experience During the
Tokugawa era, the Japanese had viewed other world
cultures as inconsequential. The humiliating experience of being forced to accept Western demands
made many Japanese people question this view. Over
time, they reshaped their views of other societies.
Fukuzawa argued that the technology, sciences, and
humane laws of Western countries made them both
“civilized and enlightened.” Like Fukuzawa, whose
observations students may read in the Traveler’s Tales
feature and worksheet, many Japanese officials went
abroad to study Western ways. In 1871, about half the
key Meiji leaders spent some time in the United States
or Europe.
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of swords at our sides and the
[rope] sandals.
The Meiji Transformation
usual pair
the
l. There we noticed, covering
“AllSo ofattirused,worwee the
were taken to the modern hote
e wealthy could buy
which in Japan only the mor
interior, the valuable carpets
es and tobacco
h a square inch to make purs
muc
so
at
ps
from importers' sho
—something quite
was laid over an entire room
pouches with. Here the carpet
wearing the shoes
ts
hos
costly fabric walked our
astounding—[and] upon this
ets!
from the stre
with which they had come in
H-SS 10.4.1
Instruct
”
were having a
some ladies and gentlemen
One evening our hosts said that
it. We went.
nd
atte
us
would be glad to have
dancing party and that they
ladies and
The
g.
doin
e
wer
they
t
make out wha
To our dismay we could not
y as it
funn
As
.
ping about the room together
gentlemen seemed to be hop
ressions
exp
our
ed
troll
con
we
to laugh, and
was, we knew it would be rude
of the instances
few
a
but
e
wer
se
The
on.
t
wen
with difficulty as the dancing
ety.
nge customs of American soci
of our bewilderment at the stra
“
■
Introduce Have students develop a
list of challenges the Meiji reformers
may have faced as they tried to change
Japan from a feudal society to a modern, industrial nation. Ask students
where they might start—education,
government, or economy, for example.
Encourage students to consider which
groups in society might resist change
most strongly, as well as the reasons
why some Japanese people might support change.
■
Teach Using the Numbered Heads
strategy (TE, p. T23), discuss the ways
in which the Meiji Restoration transformed Japanese society. Create a twocolumn chart on the board, labeling one
column Area of Change and the other
Effects of Change. Have students fill in
the chart with the changes discussed
in the text, the consequences of each
change, and the groups most strongly
affected. Ask students to identify both
short-term and possible long-term
consequences.
■
Quick Activity Display Color
Transparency 60: Western Culture
Influences Japan. Use the lesson
suggested in the transparency book to
guide a discussion of the Japanese commitment to modernization.
Color Transparencies, 60
Fukuzawa
Yukichi
”
From The Autobiography of
Fukuzawa Yukichi
Thinking Critically
An American
scene by a
Japanese artist
Calligraphy by Fukuzawa
which means "a spirit
of independence and
self respect"
L3
1. Make Inferences Why is Fukuzawa
amazed that people in America walk on
carpeting with their shoes on?
2. Identify Point of View What opinion
do you think Fukuzawa has of American
culture?
The Meiji Transformation
The Meiji reformers faced an enormous task. They were committed to
replacing the rigid feudal order with a completely new political and
social system and to building a modern industrial economy. Change did
not come easily. In the end, however, Japan adapted foreign ideas with
great speed and success.
A Modern Government The reformers wanted to create a strong
central government, equal to those of Western powers. After studying
various European governments, they adapted the German model. In 1889,
the emperor issued the Meiji constitution. It set forth the principle that all
citizens were equal before the law. Like the German system, however, it
gave the emperor autocratic, or absolute, power. A legislature, or Diet,
was formed, made up of one elected house and one house appointed by the
emperor. Additionally, voting rights were sharply limited.
Japan then established a Western-style bureaucracy with separate
departments to supervise finance, the army, the navy, and education. To
strengthen the military, it turned to Western technology and ended the
special privilege of samurai. In the past, samurai alone were warriors. In
modern Japan, as in the West, all men were subject to military service.
Link to Technology
Spinning a Fortune When the Japanese government automated part of the silk-making process, the
results were dramatic. Silk production soared from
just over two million pounds in the 1870s to 93 million pounds in the late 1920s. Silk became a valuable
export, and Japan won over markets previously controlled by the Chinese, whose silk workers made the
fabric by hand.
Given such results, it is not surprising that the Japanese were encouraged to value new technology. In
1878, a song composed for Japanese children
impressed on them the ten objects that their country
should adopt from the West to be truly modern: steam
engines, steamboats, horse carriages, cameras, lightning conductors, gas lamps, telegrams, newspapers,
schools, and a postal system.
Answers
Thinking Critically
1. He thinks of carpets as a costly luxury item that
people should not walk on in their street shoes.
2. He finds it opulent, confusing, strange, and perhaps interesting.
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Independent Practice
Break students into groups and assign
them one of the following areas of change
during the Meiji Restoration: government, industry, or society. Ask each group
to create a poster or multimedia presentation describing the ways in which their
assigned area changed. Have each group
present to the class.
Monitor Progress
■
Have students reread the last paragraph before the Checkpoint on the
next page. Ask By the 1890s, how
had the more modernized Japan
changed its relationship with the
West? (Japan became more powerful,
acquiring its own empire and revising
the unequal treaties.)
If students need more instruction on
identifying causes and effects, have
them read the Skills Handbook,
p. SH36.
Investment in Meiji Japan
Yen invested (in millions)
■
120
111.6
100
80
57.6
60
40
20
75.4
68.3
57.9
35.9
14.7
12.1
0
Trade Manufacturing Railways Banking
Type of economic activity
1883
1893
Chart Skills Japanese women (above) work in a
silk manufacturing factory in the 1890s. How does
the graph reflect the Meiji reformers’ drive to
industrialize Japan?
SOURCE: S. Uyehara, The Industry and Trade of Japan
Industrialization Meiji leaders made the economy a major
priority. They encouraged Japan’s businesses to adopt Western
methods. They set up a modern banking system, built railroads,
improved ports, and organized a telegraph and postal system.
To get industries started, the government typically built factories and then sold them to wealthy business families who
developed them further. With such support, business dynasties
like the Kawasaki family soon ruled over industrial empires.
These powerful banking and industrial families were known as
zaibatsu (zy baht SOO).
By the 1890s, industry was booming. With modern machines,
silk manufacturing soared. Shipyards, copper and coal mining,
and steel making also helped make Japan an industrial powerhouse. As in other industrial countries, the population grew rapidly, and many peasants flocked to the growing cities for work.
Changes in Society The constitution ended legal distinctions between
classes, thus allowing more people to become involved in nation building.
The government set up schools and a university. It hired Westerners to
teach the new generation how to use modern technology.
Despite the reforms, class distinctions survived in Japan as they did
in the West. Also, although literacy increased and some women gained
an education, women in general were still assigned a secondary role in
society. The reform of the Japanese family system, and women’s position
in it, became the topic of major debates in the 1870s. Although the
government agreed to some increases in education for women, it dealt
harshly with other attempts at change. After 1898, Japanese women
were forbidden any political participation and legally were lumped
together with minors.
An Amazing Success Japan modernized with amazing speed during
the Meiji period. Its success was due to a number of causes. Japan had a
strong sense of identity, partly because it had a homogeneous society—
that is, its people shared a common culture and language. Economic
growth during Tokugawa times had set Japan on the road to
development. Japan also had experience in learning and adapting ideas
from foreign nations, such as China.
Solutions for All Learners
L1 Special Needs
Answer
Chart Skills The graph shows an increase in the
amount of yen invested in various economic
activities, showing that the Meiji reformers
supported their plans with resources.
324 New Global Patterns
L2 Less Proficient Readers
To help visual learners summarize the changes in
Japan, have them create an annotated timeline of
Japan’s response to imperialism. For each item on
the timeline, have them either write a description or
illustrate the action.
L2 English Language Learners
Use the following resources to help students acquire
basic skills.
Adapted Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide
■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 82
■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 83
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from foreign nations, such as China.
The Japanese were determined to resist foreign rule. By the 1890s,
Japan was strong enough to force Western powers to revise the unequal
treaties. By then, it was already acquiring its own overseas empire.
Japan’s Growing
Military Strength
H-SS 10.4.1, 10.4.2
Standards Check What changes did the reformsof the Meiji
Restoration bring about in Japan? H-SS 10.4.1
Instruct
■
Introduce Have students read the
introductory paragraph under Japan’s
Growing Military Strength and then
have them predict how industrialization and economic needs might feed
imperialist desires in Japan.
■
Teach Discuss Japan’s efforts to
expand its influence in East Asia. Ask
Why did Japan seek greater influence in Korea? (Japan wanted to create an empire equal to those of Western
powers and gain natural resources.)
How did Japan assert its power in
the region? (by armed warfare, defeating its rivals in the First Sino-Japanese
War and the Russo-Japanese War) In
what ways did Japan benefit from
expansion into East Asia? (by gaining natural resources, territory, greater
influence, and new ports)
■
Analyze the Visuals Direct students
to study the political cartoon on this
page and identify which countries the
figures in the cartoon represent. Then
have students discuss how a Korean
nationalist and a Japanese nationalist
might each react to the cartoon.
Japan’s Growing Military Strength
As in Western industrial nations, Japan’s economic needs fed its imperialist desires. As a small island nation, Japan lacked many basic
resources that were essential for industrial growth. It depended on other
countries to obtain raw materials. Spurred by this dependency and a
strong ambition to equal the West, Japan sought to build an empire. With
its modern army and navy, it maneuvered for power in East Asia.
Korea in the Middle Imperialist rivalries put the spotlight on Korea.
Located at a crossroads of East Asia, the Korean peninsula was a focus of
competition among Russia, China, and Japan. Korea had been a tributary state to China for many years. A tributary state is a state that is
independent but acknowledges the supremacy of a stronger state.
Although influenced by China, Korea had its own traditions and government. Korea had also shut its doors to foreigners. It did, however, maintain relations with China and sometimes with Japan.
By the 1800s, Korea faced pressure from outsiders. As Chinese power
declined, Russia expanded into East Asia. Then, as Japan industrialized,
it too eyed Korea. In 1876, Japan used its superior power to force Korea
to open its ports to Japanese trade. Faced with similar demands from
Western powers, the “Hermit Kingdom” had to accept unequal treaties.
Japan Gains Power As Japan extended its influence in Korea, it came
into conflict with China. In 1894, competition between Japan and China
in Korea led to the First Sino-Japanese War. (“Sino” means “Chinese.”)
Although China had greater resources, Japan had benefited from modernization. To the surprise of China and the West, Japan won easily. It
used its victory to gain treaty ports in China and control over
■ COMPARING VIEWPOINTS
L3
Japan Rising
In this political cartoon, Japan is depicted
marching over Korea on its way to Russia.
Why would Russia feel threatened by
Japan’s aggression in Korea?
Analysis Skills HR1,
HR2, HR3; E-LA
Reading 2.4, 2.5, 2.8
Colonization in Korea
The excerpts below present two different views of the effect of
Japan’s control of Korea in the early 1900s. Critical Thinking How
do the two views on the results of colonization in Korea differ?
Independent Practice
Have students create a political cartoon
or news article about imperialist rivalries
in East Asia. They may represent proJapanese or anti-Japanese viewpoints,
but should use details from the text to
support their depictions.
Positive Effects
Negative Effects
Monitor Progress
Mining, fishery, and manufacturing have advanced. The bald
mountains have been covered with young trees. Trade has
increased by leaps and bounds. . . . Study what we are
doing in Korea. . . . Japan is a steward on whom devolves
[falls] the gigantic task of uplifting the Far East.
—Japanese academic Nitobe Inazo
The result of annexation, brought about without any
conference with the Korean people, is that the Japanese . . .
by a false set of figures show a profit and loss account
between us two peoples most untrue, digging a trench of
everlasting resentment deeper and deeper. . . .
—From the Declaration of Korean Independence, 1919
Reread the red heading Japan’s Growing
Military Strength. Ask students to summarize the ways in which Japan expanded its
empire in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Answers
History Background
The Russo-Japanese War The Russo-Japanese
War began and ended on the sea. On February 19,
1904, Japanese torpedo boats made a surprise attack
on part of the Russian fleet, near Manchuria. Most of
the Russian ships were wiped out. The rest of the Russian navy was based in the Baltic Sea, more than
10,000 miles away. Its ships began a slow 15-month
journey around Africa. When they reached the waters
of East Asia on May 27, 1905, the Japanese navy
attacked again. Japan’s faster ships and more accurate gunnery forced the Russians to surrender in a
single day.
The Meiji reforms brought about rapid industrialization, modernization, and changes in
government and society in Japan.
Caption Russia may feel that it will be the next
target of Japanese aggression.
COMPARING VIEWPOINTS The Japanese
view is that colonization has improved
Korea’s economy, while the Korean view is
that colonization has created nothing but
resentment.
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Ten years later, Japan successfully challenged Russia, its other rival
for power in Korea and Manchuria. During the Russo-Japanese War,
Japan’s armies defeated Russian troops in Manchuria, and its navy
destroyed almost an entire Russian fleet. For the first time in modern
history, an Asian power humbled a European nation. In the 1905 Treaty
of Portsmouth, Japan gained control of Korea as well as rights in parts of
Manchuria.
Assess and Reteach
Assess Progress
L3
■
Have students complete the Section
Assessment.
■
Administer the Section Quiz.
Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 103
■
To further assess student understanding, use
Progress Monitoring
Transparencies, 381
The Japanese in Korea
In this illustration, Japanese soldiers march
into Seoul, Korea’s capital city. Japan
controlled Korea from 1905 until 1945.
Reteach
If students need more instruction, have
them read the section summary.
Reading and Note Taking
L3
Study Guide, p. 83
Adapted Reading and
L1 L2
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 83
Spanish Reading and
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 83
Extend
L2
L4
See this chapter’s Professional
Development pages for the Extend
Online activity on the Meiji Restoration.
Answer
Japan had few of the natural resources it
needed to make industrial products. Expansion
increased Japan’s access to natural resources
and enabled it to build an empire similar to
those of the Western powers.
Standard
H-SS 10.4.1
H-SS 10.4.2
E-LA W 1.0
Assessment
2, 3, 4, 5
6
Quick Write
Section 1 Assessment
1. Sentences should reflect an understanding
of each term, person, or place listed at the
beginning of the section, as well as the
proper categorization.
2. After domestic discontent and weakness in
the face of foreign powers, the Japanese
overthrew their shogun and restored the
emperor to power. Reformers modernized
and westernized the government, economy,
326 New Global Patterns
Japan Rules Korea Japan made Korea a protectorate. In 1910, it
annexed Korea outright, absorbing the kingdom into the Japanese
empire. Japan ruled Korea for 35 years. Like Western imperialists, the
Japanese set out to modernize their newly acquired territory. They built
factories, railroads, and communications systems. Development, however, generally benefited Japan. Under Japanese rule, Koreans produced more rice than ever before, but most of it went to Japan.
The Japanese were as unpopular in Korea as Western imperialists were elsewhere. They imposed harsh rule on their colony and
deliberately set out to erase the Korean language and identity.
Repression bred resentment. And resentment, in turn, nourished
a Korean nationalist movement.
Nine years after annexation, a nonviolent protest against the
Japanese began on March 1, 1919, and soon spread throughout
Korea. The Japanese crushed the uprising and massacred many
Koreans. The violence did not discourage people who worked to
end Japanese rule. Instead, the March First Movement became
a rallying symbol for Korean nationalists.
The Koreans would have to wait many years for freedom.
Japan continued to expand in East Asia during the years that
followed, seeking natural resources and territory. By the early
1900s, Japan was the strongest power in Asia.
Standards Check How did industrialization help start Japan
on an imperialst course? H-SS 10.4.1, 10.4.2
1
Terms, People, and Places
1. Place each of the terms listed at the
beginning of the section into one of the
following categories: politics, culture, or
economics. Write a sentence for each
term explaining your choice.
2. Reading Strategy: Identify Causes
and Effects Use your completed chart
to answer the section Focus Question:
How did Japan become a modern industrial power, and what did it do with its
new strength?
Standards Monitoring Online
For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice
Web Code: mza-2511
Comprehension and Critical Thinking
3. Identify Central Issues What problems weakened shogun rule in Japan
in the mid-1800s?
4. Recognize Causes What caused
Japan to end over 200 years of
seclusion?
5. Draw Conclusions List three ways in
which Japan modernized. Explain how
each of these actions helped
strengthen Japan so it could resist
Western pressure.
6. Connect to Geography Why was
control of Korea desirable to both
China and Japan?
and society. Japan used its power to protect itself and to start its own empire.
3. financial hardship, social resentment,
heavy taxes, corruption
4. a display of power by the United States
5. Sample: Japan established a Western-style
government, which strengthened the military; built modern factories, which boosted
the economy; and ended legal distinctions
among classes, which allowed more people
to work toward nation-building.
● Writing About History
Quick Write: Choose a Topic When you
write for assessment, you may occasionally
be given a choice of topics. In that case,
quickly jot down notes you could use to
answer each prompt. Then, choose the
prompt you know the most about. Practice
this process using the two sample prompts
below. Jot down notes about each prompt,
choose one, and then write a sentence
explaining why you chose that prompt.
• Explain how Japan modernized under the
Meiji reformers.
• Summarize how and why Korea became
a Japanese colony.
6. Korea’s location made it a major crossroads for all of East Asia.
● Writing About History
Sentences should show an understanding of
the main idea of one of the writing topics
given.
For additional assessment, have students
access Standards Monitoring Online at
Web Code mza-2511.