Rochester Institute of Technology
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Theses
Thesis/Dissertation Collections
9-1-1986
A study on the relationship of dark reaction of diazo
and photopolymer presensitized, negative working,
lithographic plates with temperature relative
humidity, and time
Kannan Adityan
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Recommended Citation
Adityan, Kannan, "A study on the relationship of dark reaction of diazo and photopolymer presensitized, negative working,
lithographic plates with temperature relative humidity, and time" (1986). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Thesis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion
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A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP OP DARK REACTION OP
DIAZO AND PHOTOPOLYMER PRESENSITIZED,
WORKING,
NEGATIVE
LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES WITH TEMPERATURE,
RELATIVE HUMIDITY,
AND TIME
by
KANNAN R.
A thesis
submitted
requirements
School
of
for the
Printing
Photography
of
in
ADITYAN
fulfillment
partial
degree
in the
of
Master
College
of
of
Science
of
Julius Silver
Prof.
in
the
and
Technology
September 1986
Dr.
the
Graphic Arts
the Rochester Institute
Thesis Advisors:
of
Prank Cost
Certificate of Approval -- Master's Thesis
School of Printing
Rochester Institute of Technology
Rochester, New York
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
MASTER'S THESIS
This is to certify that the Master's Thesis of
name of stu ent
With a major in
Printing Technology
has been approved by the Thesis Committee as
satisfactory for the thesis requirement for the
Master of Science degree at the convocation of
October 22, 1986
date
Thes i s COlllTlittee: Julius Silver
~Trhe~s~i~sWTA~dv~l~'s~o-r-------------
Joseph Noga
Graduate Program Coordinator
Miles Southworth
Director or Designate
1
______________________________________________
hereb~
(grant,
Memo~ial
.L ibrary, of R.I.-T., to
reproduce my thesis in whole or in part.
Any reproduction will
.,y) permission to the Wallace
I
not be for commercial use or profit.
Or
I _~K~a..:..;n..:..;n;.;;;a..:..;n~R..;.;.•..;..A..;.;.d;;.;.i.;..ty~a;;.;.n~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ prefer to be
contacted each time a request for reproduction is made. I can be
... · ~ached. at the following address.
Date
ICi
16 OeL,; I? 86
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The
author
for providing
to
wishes
with
first
thesis
the
of
topic
thank
all
Dr.
Julius
guiding him
and
all
Silver
the
way through.
Appreciation is
for his
The
guidance
also
and
following
Reilly,
Graphic
and
Arts
And Mr.
leading
to
to
people
are
gratefully acknowledged;
Professor B.Arpag,
Technician Jim Lewis,
and
Bill
Professor Frank Cost
advise.
Instructor Jim Mudge,
Jim
expressed
Assistant
all
Professor
from
the
college
for
his
advise
Photography.
Ryan
theorise
the
of
Kodak
is
conclusion.
11
thanked
of
TABLE OP CONTENTS
Page
List
of
iv
Figures
Abstract
1
Introduction
1
Hypothesis
5
III
Background Theory
6
IV
Literature Review
23
Methodology
27
I
II
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Result
29a
Statistical Data Analysis
62
Data Analysis
68
Conclusion
71
Recommendations for Further Research
72
XI
Appendix A:
Temperature-Relative
XII
Appendix B:
Calculations for
XIII
XIV
Humidity Table
Determining
loor
.
.
73
.
75
Footnotes
112
Bibliography
115
m
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1
Diazo Presensitized Plate
Fig.
2
Photopolymer Presensitized Plate
Fig.
3
through
Fig.
13
(Working)
Fig.
(Working)
.
.
34
Curves showing the relationship between
dark
reaction
reaction
dark
and
and
and
temperature, dark
relative
reaction
and
photopolymer
humidity,
time
and
for both diazo
plates
30
-
61
Fig.
35
Diazo Presensitized Plate
70
Fig.
36
Photopolymer Presensitized Plate
70
iv
ABSTRACT
Dark
if it is
exposed
it is being
to
of
a negative
working
For the
chosen.
plate
of
controllable
integrator
of
of
light
and
then developed
by
plates
and
time.
With
due
the
to
and
into
then
will
a
is
to
result
much
show
up on
the
hand
to
and
the
measure
variations
results
relative
dark
curves
reaction
humidity,
and
and
levels
or
same
amount
plates
were
solid
reaction
were
by
A light
The
in temperature,
obtained
dark
the
eliminate
controlled
the
to
guide.
critical
to
temperature
solutions.
sensitivity
were
different
to
a
plates
photopolymer
plates
humidity being
to
expose
and
sections
small
humidity in
relative
a
diazo
subjected
salt
relationship between
reaction
steps
used
as
If there
lithographic
saturated
with
determined visually
the
solid
is
also
place
experiment
cut
were
The
used
energy,
though
even
guide
humidity.
working,
relative
super-
was
takes
more
this
were
They
oven.
various
as
plate.
These plates
variables.
acts
plate
light,
sensitivity
relative
place,
negative
temperature
using
and
purpose
presensitised,
the
which
active
of
which
reaction
taking
reaction
the
or
scale
this dark
in
condition
low level
a
high temperature
dark
a
in the dark.
stored
The Stouffer
measure
is
reaction
step
undergone
relative
drawn to
temperature,
dark reaction
by
humidity,
study the
dark
and
time.
The
in
curves
show
an
temperature,
diazo
plates.
to be
seemed
relative
relative
The
more
humidity,
It is
and
would
last
relative
results
dark
time
presensitized
stored
humidity
as
suggested
plates
humidity.
are
case
but
a
high
coating.
the
on
results
and
the
temperature,
on
determined.
in diazo
does
plates.
And that these
by
of
hand,
other
reaction
under
the
not
done
were
that dark
disprove
plate
reaction
if
obtained
the
on
plates,
was
longer
presensitized
relative
of
and
concluded
photopolymer
the
analyses
dependence
in the
time
and
increase
an
with
reaction
higher temperatures,
at
destroys
A statistical
relative
humidity,
photopolymer
stable
humidity
percentage
increase in dark
the
optimum
occur
temperature
analyzing the
assumption
influenced
that
by
plates
data.
The
photopolymer
temperature
and
and
INTRODUCTION
The
when
effect
they
are
Dark
reaction
negative working plate
scum
the
on
press
the
over
occurs
effect
reaction.
the
of
area
entire
plate
far enough,
proceeds
develop
not
will
dark
called
coatings
plate
sensitive
dark is
in the
stored
If this fogging
coating.
light
on
produced
a
will
and
completely
.
It is necessary here to differentiate between dark
reaction and
continuous
the light
the
time
on
the
after
reaction.
Continuing
exposure
all
humidity
of
Dark
the
coated
a
plates
after
coating.
temperature
to harden
an
was
image
and
over
on
the
to
the
the
the
on
the
on
and
areas
slower
temperature
and
which
after
hand,
other
some
continuous
with
were
the
occurs
indefinitely,
continues
a
era
and
a
of
more
plates'
few hours
slower
for
on
a
relative
.
surface
shortly
and
partly
air
reaction
presensitized
from
plate
that depends
speed
1
the
of
only in
occurs
becomes
have
we
by
produced
effect
continues
then
ended,
reaction
it
and
exposure
Dark reaction,
ends.
areas
has
exposure
to light
exposed
during
plate
If the
reaction.
of
deepetch
couple
relative
plate5.
in the
platemaking.
Within
whole
problem
of
a
plates
short
At
had
period
that time
to be
of
days, depending
humidity, ordinary
plate,
and
it
Coatings for
was
pre-
exposed
time
on
varying
the
coatings
impossible to
presensitized
shop-
used
get
plates
today
light-sensitive
are
reaction,
year
that
so
after
they
they
are
be
can
photopolymer
one
of
the
main
insensitivity
results
to
agree
The
the importance
Plate
plates
specifying
exposure
that
of
and
one
a
on
yet
energy,
one
another
the
plate
exposed
the
new
than the
one;
six
and
particular
solid
step
a
exposure
month
one
and
time
year
the
six
months
one
old
and
year
one.
to
another
the
than
rather
the
proper
is due to the fact
If from
after
same
be
a
six
amount
step of the
would, all
the
expose
achieve
reaction.
solid
they
to
This
plate.
read,
the
and
help in understanding
to
today,
after
seem
not
reaction.
users
exposed
plate
on
the
But
diazo
dark
undergo
should
dark
developed,
guide
to
undergo
after
do
instruct the
presensitised
was
In fact the
that
is its
plates
performed
and
reaction.
reaches
these plates
plates
paragraphs
specific
a
a
stating
states
influenced by temperature
manufacturers
until
to
temperature
humidity.
relative
experiments
appeared
dark
of
and
of
Manual-5
photopolymer
of
statement.
were
and
following
dark
months
extent
by
affected
Graphic Arts
above
humidity
the
to
goes
the
photopolymer. plates
relative
six
Also
from the
the
with
upto
not
temperature
obtained
processed
are
advantages
to
slow
plates
humidity.
relative
very
coated.
The Lithographers Manual
that
a
undergo
and
new
batch
months,
of
light
sensitivity
different.
The
higher step than
will
read
a
plate
will
read
a
higher
step
Hence the
plate
dark reaction
specific
effect
by instructing
on
the
A plate
reaction
and
could
be
hence
have
the large
with
manufacturer
exposure
to
to
plates
have
might
reaction
the
a
an
plate
manufacturer
used
exposure
the
time
plate
plate
If the
required.
for
a
hence
light
has to
time
and
energy
period
for
settle
reduces
the
causes
the
reaction
short
relatively
plate
and
sensitive
more
energy-
high together
be
would
a
dark
slow
very
the light
but
time, then the dark
and
to
of
undergoes
which
long life,
a
expose
makes
plate
between
produced
amount
energy
be
dark
the
the
expose
of
problem
contrast.
initially
needed
But
step.
solid
to
us
the
around
get
manufacturers
The
time.
of
compromise
the life
versus
of
the
plate.
The dark
a
reaction
one
is
used
a
in this
scale.
These
clear
When
reaction
with
the
critical
There
are
end.
a
of
numbered
The
number
More
about
1/2
undergone
30*
in
that
dark
inch
to
density
is
steps
the
reaction
is
the
dark
black
step
plate
is
means
it is
step
in the
at
is 0.10.
step
solid
usual
or
first
5
and
steps
measure
the
on
than
per
to
used
shows
The
wide
of
It
guide.
sensitivity
an
The
scale.
gray
from 1
guide
clear
a
densities
working plates,
negative
step.
called
accurately using
different
increase
sensitivity
highest
coating has
30
quite
is Dupont's
scale
are
measured
commonly
experiment
transmission gray
inches long.
the
most
guide,
sensitivity
be
can
more
called
that
the
the
sensitive
than
lot
on
usual.
of
the
In
a
negative
dark reaction,
plate.
more
working plate,
gray
steps
if there has been
than
usual
will
show
a
up
HYPOTHESIS
Variations in temperature,
have
no
effect
negative
on
working,
the
dark
relative
reaction
lithographic
no
effect
on
presensitised,
dark
the
negative
The purpose
of
temperature,
relative
photopolymer
plates.
influence
of
temperature
One
could
also
and
temperature,
dark
reaction
condition
results
relative
reaction
There
are
and
of
humidity,
and
time
plates.
study the
diazo
on
contradicting
relative
and
could
time
also
obtained.
reaction
be
on
such
and
humidity
relative
plates.
predicted
An
on
plates
of
and
on
such
the
plates.
reaction
humidity,
optimum
for these
effect
reports
study the relationship between dark
dark
time
and
photopolymer
is to
experiment
humidity,
presensitised,
lithographic
working,
this
diazo
time
and
plates.
Variations in temperature,
have
of
humidity,
and
storing
using the
BACKGROUND THEORY
Light
and
sensitive
transition
A commonly
metal
used
in the
chemical
transition
reaction
is
an
"
H20
equillibrium
increased
dichromate
allows
much
dark
be
on
to
of
problem
these
with
is
photopolymer
dark
it
plates
the chemistry
starting
avoid
which
diazo
such
soluble
The
reaction.
:
dark
not
at
in the
hydroxyl
of
of
expense
reverse
do
which
the
reaction
the
direction.
not
coating
show
must
possible.
plates
were
reaction.
would
and
amount
the
solutions
plates.
diazo
of
dark
If the
formed
coating
To
dichromate,
+
reaction.
make
as
reaction.
20H"
Cr207"~
proceeds
the chemistry behind
with
much
reaction
and
reaction
water
the
completely dry,
the
of
is
reaction.
overcome
solution
chromate
you
Diazo
a
more
or
This
is
represented
2Cr04""
This is
a
dark
of
problem
polymers
soluble
water
salt
without
be
can
the
metal
make
dichromate
+
have
salts
because it is easy to
polymer
involving
systems
mainly developed to
To
study the
dark
be necessary to understand
The
following
photopolymer
pages
plates,
deal
first
plates.
Diazo Presensitized Plates
Diazo
resins
first introduced
were
by
the
German chemist,
7
Peter Greiss,
aromatic
amino
in 1858
.
compound
He
such
observed
as
an
that
aniline
when
or
a
primary
toluidine
was
treated
was
a
an
with
ice
an
unstable
diazo
group,
compound
It
compound.
(Di
-N2-
Diazo is
cold
nitrous
known
an
arene
as
from French
salt
or
diazo
nitrogen).
=
azote
product
the
contains
begin
group to
ionic
polar,
the
acid,
diazonium
for it
called
so
azo
highly
a
of
was
two;
=
solution
and
with
Q
the
undergoes
following
U.V.
Light
ci"
N2+C1~
s-
But the
problem
It
also
undergoes
of
a
+
stable
Diazo
used
in
is
Benzene
a
The
benzene is
a
six
atoms,
hydrogen
substituting
the
six
chemist's
to
each
More
other
hydrogen
of
or
of
which
'double*
bond,
coupler
is
of
or
chain
atoms
of
benzene.
carbon
but
a
for
merely
atoms,
that
'spare'
atoms
the ring
coal-tar
or
of
structure
coal-tar
compound
a
made
for
a
the
forms
single
by
one
or
gives
carbon
more
of
Each
additional
benzene
the
atoms
linkage.
an
of
ring
significance
unused
therefore
dyestuff
indicates
atoms,
each
derived
are
substances
attached
The
end
enough.
from
the
are
the
at
stable
obtained
structures
complex
available
adjacent
the
which
double lines in the hexagon is
in the ring has
be
shorthand
)>
hexagon. <C
atom.
for
point
unstable.
group is
not
the
of
not
need
but
is
photoreproduction
chemical
itself
starting
used.
carbon
as
the basic
,
only
actually
pair
If this
dark reaction.
compounds
it
that
is
material
more
industry.
of
N2
benzene ring it is
from benzene
and
the
with
:
reaction
rapid
and
complete
a
8
greater
stability than the
with
compounds
straight-chain
double bonds.
In
a
diazo
nitrogen atoms
sensitive
made
reactive
preparation
to both light
the first diazo
sensitivity imposes
The coupling
(after
I864
work
of
gave
light
and
described
possible
but
compounds;
commenced
and
image but though
remained
interest.
Then
further
research
Company
of
that diazo
West
plate
so-called
did
in
not
as
compounds
patent
of
compounds
were
188915
Feer
shown
process
Germany.
was
taken
A.
today
a
process
gave
positive
commercial
process.
though
to
in 1920
pioneered
by this
light-
attract
1 5
.
by
In fact the first
out
of
a
continued
Kogel
manufacture
that
Primulin
become
His
using diazo
processes
development were
and
in the
for nearly 30 years,
the
came
and
in
in 1858).
1881
until
The Primulin
workable
Wiesbaden,
presensitized
the
Bevan.
the diazo
of
not
reproduction
with
neglected
sensitivity
was
photographic
^
heat
possible,
Peter Greiss
compound
developments
reported
diazotype
in 1890
Green, Cross,
It
It
by
used
the diazo
In 1885 Dr.
sensitive.
first
was
significant
Vicille
process
properties
restrictions.
discovered
dyestuffs.
It is
substances.
photoreproduction
certain
the base for the
Although these
heat.
and
reaction
to
rise
synthetic
Berthelot
he
other
many
grouping is
diazo
forms
hence
and
of
This
two
contains
substituting group
hence diazo.
,
chemically very
laboratory
one
compound,
Much
the Kalle
patent
firm in 1942.
for
a
This
was
film
with
on
an
A
diazo.
realisation
of
plates
with
diazo
market
the
aluminum
web
base.
Principles
give
a
presensitised
working
with
components
and
fit
to
a
stability to
has
a
diazo
it
of
wide
decomposed,
by
which
exist
as
system
to
that the
recognise
it has
absorbed
a
diazo
such.
reproduction
of
an
on
a
about
other
and
newspaper
either
of
diazo
sufficient
on
that
process
radiation
great
reproduction
or
exposed
and
reaction
loses
.
to
the
It is
having been destroyed
the
no
few
final
diazo
of
compound
longer
energy;
has
photo-
a
formation, it is
compound
a
and
requirements.
change
as
types,
and
possible
heated
coupling
dye
various
device
For the purpose
relying
coupling
the diazo
to
to
couples
compounds
chemical
meant
a
differing
compound
is
as
of
given
possible
the
by
the
to
has
is
undergoes
form dyes
to
may be
variety
compound
of
ceased
to
able
plate
brought
compound
diversity
it
made
diazo
few diazo
a
which
speak
to
a
referred
a
give
is this
It
light
actinic
usual
which
components
combinations
flexibility
When
were
working
for
surface
aluminum
on
dye-coupling
Coupling
dyestuffs.
materials
negative
In 1972 their development
dyestuff is usually
coupling
Kalle
the
led to
(negative)
process
working
negative
research
And in 1951
pigments.
substance
different
further
later
printing down
negative
of
component.
or
year
a
was
and
work.
offset
The
a
first
photopolymer
film base
acetate
sufficient
exists
but what
where
in fact
10
has happened is
ring containing two
been
split
view
the
atoms
nitrogen
diazo
reactive
is
substituent
from the
off
substance
the
that
ring.
From
group
has
itself is disrupted
the diazo
-
On the contrary the benzene ring
effect
occur
re-
and
as
a
result
of
compound
molecules,
into
situation
the
This
compound.
can
contain
upto
to
regain
to
light.
One
groups.
consists
to
be
a
group,
also
shown
contributes
a
so
water,
which
atmosphere
show
an
increased
is the phenols,
one
The
substituent
coupling
than
one
diazo-coupler
and
summarised
changes
the
factor
the
or
or
more
be
or
process
arises
far discussed
diagrammatically
17'
:
paper
papers
allowed
sensitivity
chemical
again
substitutions;
a
hydroxyl
'coupler',
of
dye
in the
combination.
so
new
why diazo
of
must
enter
'Dry'
which
component
coupling energy to
more
one
to
therefore
number
changes
diazo
the
water.
'speed'
a
ring carrying
atleast
-OH.
from
come
and
these
of
explains
to
reactions
conveniently
is simply
radiation
required
formation
the
exposed
that
particular
The
of
While
energy into
is
the
compounds.
the
survives
substance
substance
benzene
as
of
but
the benzene ring
simpler
substance.
promote
and
the largest
phenol,
formation,
of
a
new
second
components
of
of
a
7 %
moisture
Coupling
a
absorption
second
have been
which
in
appears
of
point
exist
that
sense
broken down into
or
to
ceased
has
-
group
chemists'
the
destroyed in the
not
in the benzene
group
are
choice
11
H20
+
\
Diazo
Compound
where
Water
+
/V-OH
N2
Phenolic
Compound
=
X
nitrogen,
Apart from the
substance,
nitrogen
diazo
compounds:
diazo
highly
give
positive
2) The
compound
phenolic
negative
3) The
again
While the
be
on
giving
a
major
used
disadvantages
of
product
can
parts
dye
may be
coupled
This
would
be
a
exposure
could
be
used
formation,
giving
a
diazo
of
positive
interest
then form
of
an
form the
there
remains
a
in negative-working sensitizers
is
again
avoiding the
and
If the
colloids.
the
to
chemistry in
systems,
sufficiently basic
radiation
used
process.
for presensitizing
structure
and
negative
in
is
may be
exposure
contribution
of
with
actinic
benzene ring
for
dichromated
of
is constructed
effect
process
a
operating
exposure
by
produced
formed
field
considerable
can
after
dyes tuff.
azo
component
photomechanical work
which
of
methods
process.
nitrogen
image,
phenolic
a
process.
the coupling
as
compound
colored
to
compound
liberated.
three different
residual
diazo
the
of
is
gas
are
to
halide
=
conversion
There
1) The
basic
<\
,
N
with
>
constituents
to
change
naphthalene
'inner
the newly formed
salt'
sensitizer
the double
nucleus;
between its
18
acidic
part.
the
.
but
this
original
After
12
exposure
an
unchanged
negative
An
with
sensitizer
image
reactive
substances
which
acid
as
a
These
a
less
are
alkali
The
more
which
will
negative
image
and
exposure.
plate
reactive
to form
together
in
organic
solvents,
to find
is
not
difficult
leave
the
light
expose
the
base
it
exposure
of
effect
react
is
containing
highly
soluble
and
solution
is,
a
as
working
sensitizers
that
polymerize,
in
negative
leaving
away
compound
used
groups.
substituent
dilute
or
developing
polymer
to
approach
dissolve
new
design
original
nitrogen,
molecules.
dilute
a
off
split
large
the
to
the
leave
to
and
used
benzene-based diazo
simpler
to
of
is
solution
alternative
somewhat
is
acidic
produced
which
is
wipe
on
hydrophilic.
Diazo
plate
a
them
formaldehyde
and
diazo diphenyl
as
themselves
directly
zinc
albumin,
chloride.
casein,
and
insoluble
reasonable
The following figure 1
presensitized,
negative
resins
wear
Diazos
gum
are
amine
stabilized
differ from
arabic
to
that have
condensation
in that
light
good
for
the working
a
lithographic
of
they
converts
ink
characteristics
shows
working,
and
use
Exposure
light-sensitive.
to
in
19
^
diazo
like
and
presensitized
the
such
receptivity
for
used
of
compound
colloids
are
of
are
Most
coatings.
products
with
resins
printing.
diazo
plate.
13
Light
Negative
i'
'
<<
<r
v
<
-*
Diazo
Coating
Metal Support
Conversion of diazo
group into hydroxyl
group,
Exposed Areas
Become Insoluble
ra
V///A
DIAZO
enough
water
soluble
X///////A.
PRESENSITIZED
FIGURE
1
which
polar
PLATE
are
to
not
be
14
Photopolymer Presensitized Plates
Photopolymerization first became
preparative
means
of
interest
of
to
monomers
converting
a
as
As
polymers.
on
early
of
Hoffmann
1860
as
bromide.
vinyl
carried
During
of
polymer
products
compounds
was
thiophene"
such
aldehydes,
ketones,
as
iodoform.
Such
which
1930 's
Murray
in the
printed
free
late
circuit
polymers,
radicals.
1940'
s
J
view
of
point
designed for
that
showed
on
The
need
a
use
in
for
in the
could
light.
of
detecting
photoresists
of
graphic
be
to
the development
with
called
naphtha.
alketones
means
with
"furfurane-pyrrol-
of
exposure
as
useful
amines
and
photoresist,
developed
be
Development
industry.
a
consisted
resists
Photopolymerization became
of
It
could
to form
photopolymerized
great
photo
sensitized
,
of
in 1926.
sold
resin,
In the
presence
from the
studied
1920 's
in the
Murray
and
condensation
"Neokel,"
following
preparation.
Beebe
iodine
be
photopolymerization
decades
several
to
polymerization continued
the
out
the
became
the
of
photocross-linkable
arts
and,
O A
began in 1947
particularly lithography,
of
these
polymers
dimerization
of
based
is
cinnamic
on
acid
the
or
principles
its
formation
of
truxillates
Esterification
of
polyvinyl
resultant
in
cinnamoyl
chloride
family
photocross-linkable
of
pyridine
Photocross-linking
or
esters
photo-
of
trixinates
alcohol
solution
copolymers
the
with
2S
polymers
causes
which
.
with
formation
are
of
suitable
a
15
for
lithography
electronics
industry;
reproducible
resolution
resists
printed-circuit
capabilities
of
energy-sensitive
has
5
x
in the
IO"5
Principles
of
linkages.
are
solid
are
stimulus,
carbon
monomer
point
The
of
chemical
with
and
the
degree
controlled
by time,
temperature,
catalyst.
The
industrial
is
in the
A
plastic
certain
induced to
main
or
number
polymerize
synthetic
of
the
produce
a
of
in
one
resin
of
solvent.
by
is
concentration
of
of
A
substance
polymerization
and
use
the lower
monomer.
solid
in
changes
for instance,
normally induced
monomeric
under
and
insolubility
is
or
appropriate
dissolve
solvents
complete
liquid,
corresponding
be transformed into
and
an
Monomers
monomer.
gaseous,
join together
polymerization
catalyst
Under
a
long-
cross
without
is
may be
the molecule,
whatever
or
with
polymer
molecules
might
low melting
a
which
molecules
larger
the solubility in
process
dimensions
involving
substances
conditions.
progressively larger
liquid
of
compounds
monomer
the
atoms,
unit
ordinary
properties;
submicrometers
organic
complex
of
simple
under
to
several
of
geometries
late 1970 's27.
The basic
quite
1940 's
photosensitive
or
Polymerization
rings
or
late
in the
m
Polymers
chains
from image
progressed
The
boards.
of
the
facilitated
cinnamate
polyvinyl
eg.
in the
used
were
polymers
production
millimeters
of
then
Ultimately,
.
polymerization
a
chemistry
industry.
substances
excitation
can
also
be
brought about
by
16
absorbed
of
monomer
achieves
second
its
absorbs
quantum
molecule
the
of
the first
then
unite
or
simplest
case,
a
formed.
By having
substances,
state
a
which
mixture
combine
can
with
a
so
the energy
which
on
to
the
which
third,
linear
of
it
it
energy,
In doing
passed
a
or
chain
complex
more
in
is
with
combine
long
radiation
molecule
one
when
of
monomer.
molecule
that
is
mechanism
higher energy
a
activated
can
The
radiation.
and
are
structures
In the
on.
so
is
polymer
types
two
second
eventually
monochromatic
of
finally
achieved.
Image Formation
In undergoing these changes,
in the
sense
in the
pattern
properties
from the
to
to
majority
of
after
The
the
of
sensitizers
printing
somewhat
Of thsse the
proper
and
and
are
negative
printed
those
of
which
involve
inherently
They
are
is
the
solvent
used
parts
which
or
working.
has been in
encountered
metal
the
liquid processing
working lithographic
circuitry
a
were
Thus,
not.
negative
photopolymers
a
important
were
a
is
physical
most
of
selection
systems
situations.
in
a
plates,
engraving
variety
as
and
as
plates.
A successful
is
by
application
for
'image'
The
change.
image formation
no
differentiate between the
exposure,
presensitized
relief
monomer.
radiation
photomechanical
is
layer, having different
photopolymer
main
color
visible
monomer
possible
exposed
step
a
in solubility;
change
it is
of
there
monomer-polymer
limited
in the
system
substances
for
photoreproduction
available
as
monomers.
17
For instance,
plate
and
is
convert
to
a
liquid
number
of
itself be
coated
risk
of
dried
and
on
damage.
of
suitable
transition from
reason
a
after
involve
will
not
a
and
so
a
careful
on
tend
to
exposure
For this
condition.
systems
without
in the
as
extreme
be
initial
this
place
should
could
then be handled
take
solid
it
that
so
layer has
can
be
photopolymer
solvent
and
sensitive
which
substance
monomeric
support
liquid to
a
practical
suitable
the
changes
radiation
the
temperature,
As the
the
requirement,
system
a
such
would
and
exposure
of
effect
Obviously
solid.
application
value
room
at
the
glass
a
on
spread
difficulties.
general
solid
be
could
condition;
the liquid to
practical
To be
to
require
manipulation
choice
in processing
exposure.
The coating
on
in this
exposed
be very limited in
would
of
monomer
a
of
support
such
cover
sheet.
and
a
and
hence
reduces
the
that
photopolymerization
it
The
is
termination
sheet
of
acts
growing
as
an
formed
is
between the
sandwiched
cover
layer
support
oxygen
radical
barrier
by
chains
oxidation.
Photopolymerizable layers usually
polymeric
binder;
stabilizer;
a
the
areas
exposed
a
photopolymerizable
photoiniator;
are
type,
two-dimensional
image
areas
are
and
a
dye.
photohardened
crosslink
then insoluble
of
consist
monomer;
On
a
thermal
exposure
by formation
a
of
to light
caged-
structures.
The
cross
in solvents.
The
soluble
linked
non-
18
crosslinkable
to
action
areas
be
can
Polymeric binders hold the
Sometimes
the
of
ultimate
physical
properties
resistance, adhesion,
by
the
choice
inactive
and
does
affected
is
acrylates,
binders.
stability are
of
the binder.
In general,
The working
mechanism
as
the
photopolymer
produce
two
different
same
diazo
resin
hydroxyl
water
water
soluble.
unexposed
in the
become
on
image
different
production and
have better
is
insoluble
no
two
the
but
diazo
longer
in the
on
polar
exposure
water
will
is
the
not
light
will
In the
the
into
to
uncover
a
material
to be
enough
areas.
exposed
attached.
are
group
caused
as
some
plate
of
such
groups
plates.
which
plate
with
resin
effect
in the
resin
treatment
a
And the
aluminum
areas.
Photopolymers,
quite
The
.
convert
polar,
The diazo
areas
non-
and
soluble
will
plate
will
diazo
the
And the diazo group
group.
molecules
sensitizer
of
binder
the
in
attached
are
epoxy
reactions
light
plate
to be
negative
or
binders,
other
Polymerizable
reported.
readily
in cross-linking,
participate
methacrylates,
In
temperature
flexibility,
dimensional
not
.
system.
polymerized
and
binders have been
active
the
of
image resolution,
as
such
a
29
determine
the binders
flexible film,
the form
together
ingredients
other
in
Properties
images.
or
patterns
relief
provide
chemical
or
solvent
with
removed
when
on
the
other
exposed
reaction
resolution
of
than
hand,
to light.
free
undergo
reaction
It involves the
radicals.
silver
a
halide
Photopolymer
systems
plates
but have
poor
sensitivity
be
can
1) by
.
light
of
extended
also
The
mechanism
are
produce
a
more
two
produce
radicals
are
obtained
by
34
homolytic
radicals
will
free
radical.
We
is
negative
All
one
type
structure
of
an
react
thus
ultimately,
production
with
species
free
of
one
of
that
which
is,
of
of
a
growing
this
molecular
derive
structure;
.
such
as
aldehydes,
molecules
density
an
chains
which
with
reaction
and
Free
bond.
produce
ar.d
electron,
electrons
covalent
weight
IV light
of
reactive.
stops
monomer
unpaired
unpaired
monomer
As
photopolymer
has
more
reaction
photopolymers
of
a
two
the
high
extremely
or
with
a
which
fission
radicals.
increase in
working
under
are
have
and
as
These
.
33
follows^
is
initiation than that by the
which
radicals
free
another
usage.
dyes^
and
each
the
or
photoinitiatcrs
compounds,
of
absorption
photopolymerisation
efficient
the
light
their
limits
called
polymers
sensitisers.
spectral
fragments,
free
called
of
in the polymer,
These photoinitiators
alone.
there
of
spectral
:
range
which
molecules
halogen
ketones,
of
tacky
are
There
the
chromophore
inclusion
the
by
They
of
modification
crosslinking
2)
32
ways^
the
of
range
photopolymerisable
absorbing
two
m
the
However,
response^
spectral
no
These
another
meet
one
more
is taking place
viscosity in
a
plate.
in
principle
acrylic
from
acid,
the
essentially
molecular
20
H
H
!
I
C
0
II
C
=
C
-
I
I
H
OH
The double bond is
getting involved in
of
capable
photopolymerisation.
Instead
can
an
use
organic
alcohol
as
and
reaction
Light polymerises
areas
in
areas
can
But
a
this
washed
does
is
reaction
not
slow
a
an
in
to
an
polyester
water
away using
out
in
well
have
the
acrylic
practice-^
formation
of
and
condition.
image
the
non-
unexposed
solution
An
ester
alkaline
forms
we
acid
plate.
an
give
and
The
system.
working
we
will
in
reverse
will
of
photopolymer
a
acid
organic
work
and
derivative
a
monomer
ester
negative
be
with
working
ester
This
water.
of
with
a
the
as
image
high
pH.
reverse
large
molecules.
One
type
plates
is
with
soluble
a
coating for lithographic
photopolymeric
of
cinnamic
acid
ester
of
compound-^
in
a
but
water
organic
soluble
.
in
presensitised
or
wipe-on
exposed
parts
of
the
solvent
which
dissolves
organic
coating become
away the
image is very tough,
withstand
long
long
periods
suffers
of
runs.
time
from high
On
The
plates
prior
cost
of
to
This
coating
are
use.
materials
and
exposure
is insoluble
can
to
sensitised
be
light
insoluble in the
unexposed
and
resin
epoxy
solvents,
plates.
resultant
an
portions.
used
for
the
organic
The
the plates generally
precoated
and
The process,
and
stored
however,
the necessity
of
for
21
using
used
organic
solvents
in
Photopolymer
processing.
extensively for making
for
circuits
printed
plates
are
electronic
components.
Modern developments have
more
have
and
of
water
dark
dark
repellent
also
made
reaction
reaction
on
print
remains
diazo
and
the
storing the
plates.
temperature
and
optimum
image areas,
for longer runs,
but
the
to be
humidity
presensitized
shows
plate.
Studying
solved.
photopolymer
temperature
figure 2
plates
the
resistant
and
And the dependence
relative
following
photopolymer
them
photopolymer
in
abrasion
still
determining
The
and
the
made
could
plates
will
relative
of
these
also
problem
the
help
in
humidity for
plates
on
be determined.
the working
of
a
22
Light
Negative
"
t
lit
Photopolymer
Coating
Metal Substrate
Exposed Areas
Become Insoluble
Photopolymerization
production
of
1ZZ.
PHOTOPOLYMER
free
Y/r/////\
PRESENSITIZED
FIGURE
2
PLATE
and
reaction
radicals
23
LITERATURE REVIEW
The
concept
1950'
in the early
other
written
the dark
of
s
dark
reaction
seems
when
the
number
reaction
of
are
only
diazo
and
photopolymer
a
coated
presensitised
Systems'
dark reaction,
of
most
articles
on
Even
dark
the
popular
and
them deal
of
plates.
coated
few written material
'Light Sensitive
on
But
cited.
dichromated
there
extensively
are
materials
most
been
have
to
with
today
reaction
of
plates.
Jaromir Kosar deals
by
with
emphasis
bichromate
on
plates.
Some
of
the
earliest
the Lithographers Technical
Progress
titled
'When to
the
discussion
is
(of the
humidity,
and
low pH
reaction.
The
article
dependent
on
is, dark
factors
1957 TAGA
'The
function
humidity.
of
the
The
the
in the
publication
of
specific
the
had
only
that
an
dark
reaction
temperature
introduces the
concept
all
it.
the
is
That
three
zone.
article
rate
reaction
effect
when
'danger'
reaction
two variables;
paper
factors
Here
dark
up
that dark
state
problem
a
are
kinetics
Here the
colloids".
it
to
was
relative
speed
can
from
there
reaction'.
temperature,
coating)
on
of
becomes
influencing
on
goes
product
reaction
The
Beutner
the
how high
are
Research
February issue
trouble from dark
expect
about
reaction
(LTF)
Foundation
In their I965
publication.
one
in dark
articles
by
Grant
in bichromated
is found to
and
of
C.
be
a
relative
'half
life'
in
2L
lithographic
period
fixed
which
the
that
such
we
exposure,
in
the plate
can
About
paper
goes
to
cover
presensitised
been
on
is
reached.
enormous
and
In 1969.
what
effect
in
one
or
two
diazo
and
other
in its
does
type
seem,
relative
humidity
Topics in Current
the working
deals
about
with
The
photocrossl
article
ink able
polymerisation,
when
a
of
and
diazo
polymers
and
system
Dr.
polymers
are
Production*.
He
is
a
out
above
have
an
in the way
staling
rates".
an
good
source
systems.
and
of
It
photopolymerisation
that
exposed
to
with
and
photo-
photograf ting
and
in the
to
extended
published
concludes
says,
the
between photopolymers
Julius Silver dealt
plates
plates
is
photopolymerisable
containing
to
Photopolymerisation
the
differentiates
presensitised
Magazine
of
additive
been
photopolymer
photocrosslinking,
photocrosslinkable
In 1982,
of
development
the
which
of
high
their
Chemistry
Polymers',
an
there
plates
'
a
conclusions
affect
by Dr. J. L.R.Williams titled,
information
occur
no
with
equation
pointed
that
however,
of
systems.
and
has
a
half-life
an
at
As
plates.
infancy
steps
presensitised
the work
"Recently
diazo
hours
for
stand
the
as
determine
Photocrosslinking
also
point
difference between different
temperature
article
It
The
this
derives
say,
still
increases two
step
define
to
plate
a
also
coating
temperatures.
let
we
paper
to
used
the bichromate
this work
solid
question.
be
could
If
terminology.
can
monomers
or
light.
the
dark reaction
January issue
of
'Book
"
The
fogging is
while
of
plate.
of
a
to
problems
in
Dark
retain
will
These
residues
and
increase
lead to
that
of
by fogging
do
not
damage
is
so
without
to
leaving
fine
come.
and
after
plate
to
are
look
great
visible
roll
the
with
to
gum
by
type
is
high
image
in
the
along
is
.
.
reaction
unexposed
absorption
It
.
to
areas
dark
by
about
reaction.
in the
of
also
subconsciously
thereby
the plate
promote
reaction
processing
cannot
Usually
without
good
dark
after
the
indication
deal
While running
film
resin
almost
and
residues.
the
both
ink....
different
that
to
the
scumming.
affected
up well
processing.
renew
the
non-
will
combination
subject
dark
coating
compensate
by
This is due
plate
the
of
type
temperatures
since
coating
interfere
to
that
....Plates
the
plate,
of
is brought
accelerate
cause
a
somewhat
elevated
the pressman
water
which
are
eventual
waterfeed
absorption
look
the
of
solubility
significant
the
will
the
gum
of
are
diazonium
that
type
are
which
can
which
one
photopolymer
and
reaction,
greatly
reaction
residues
reduces
areas.
dark
presence
humidity
with
The
extent.
environments
The
humidity.
plates
some
is
resin
in the
photopolymer
a
to
diazonium
the
are
some
subject
storage
the
and
reaction
possible
There
resin
dark
of
with
occur
readily
very
problem
declines
of
the
and
be
and
unless
processed
plates
of
trouble
left
on
the
ability
of
the
gum
the
plate
26
actually becomes
receptive
to
ink in the
an
article
non-
image
areas.
Also
published
Encyclopedia
Polymers'.
of
The
polymerisation
in 1982
Chemical
article
and
in the Kirk-Othmer
'
Technology titled,
goes
leads
was
to
into
a
the
lot
chemistry
of
developments in photopolymerisation
Fhotoreactive
other
of
photo-
references.
Recent
and
their
uses
are
articles
about
dark
reaction
also
cited.
There
of
and
diazo
and
temperature
The
dark
also
misleading
photopolymer
the Graphic
statements
on
are
such
and
plates.
Arts Manual
as,
reaction.
examples
"photopolymer
relative
articles
are
The Lithographers Manual
plates
where
are
one
not
can
fine
affected
by
humidity".
mentioned
above
are
the
better
ones
cited
METHODOLOGY
For the
and
Kodak
purpose
photopolymer
lithographic
plates
these
were
plates
The
and
plates
l/2"
pi at e
from
the
into
small
batch.
same
pieces
hole
was
were
then
subjected
variables
plate
reduce
diazo
working,
negative
small
plates
temperature
different
37
.
maintain^
punched
about
of
at
one
6"
of
end
long
the
the
are
given
A
The
relative
pH
was
salt
solutions
humidity they
used
were
RH
Sodium Dichromate
50
%
RH
Sodium Chloride
75 fc RH
Potassium Sulphate
95 % RH
salts
the
placed
and
of
solutions
the
slushy
passed
with
made
the
was
the
at
the
through
mason
onto
solution
humidity
inside the
closed
were
then transferred
relative
was
using
for
the
supposed
to
below.
%
saturated
of
was
by
controlled
30
string
then
the
levels
various
The temperature
humidity.
And
solutions.
and
4 teaspoonfuls
maintain
oven.
to
Magnesium Chloride
Super
mentioned
an
salt
experiment
relative
and
in
controlled
was
cut
To
chosen.
Algraphy
.
These
then
chosen
Howson
experiment
presensitised,
were
were
A
wide.
this
of
jar.
string
on
the
with
a
mason
used
required
hole
The lid
the
in
above
jar.
^.bout
each
jar
level.
in the
plate
and
the
mason
jar
of
outside.
This set-up
to
2c
holds the plate
contact
was
position
levels
at
in the
maintain
a
and
in
oven
appendix
which
85, 95,
75,
of
the
shows
relative
specific
does
The
solution.
salt
inside the
placed
controlled
to
the
with
table 1
in
not
bring
mason
jar
the
plate
the
with
the
temperature
and
115
humidity
plate
was
The
F.
degrees
salt
various
in
solutions
used
various
at
temperatures.
Inside
each
subjecting the
relative
with
a
Dupont gray
was
source
a
a
was
travel
source
distance
were
too
the
watts
70
to
Extreme
of
pressure,
number
The plates
read
There
of
off
were
temperature,
halide
A 500
with
of
of
for
watts
50
plates
for
units
in the
exercised
using
strokes,
diazo
plates
a
travel
each
plate.
at
For
developed
automatic
to
they
plate
these
process
plates
and
so
on
for
developing
wiped
dry
and
each
the
as
less
from
at
halide light
or
then gummed,
same
the
amount
each
solid
plate.
3 different time periods,
4
The light
more
were
and
in this
used
used.
hand
were
and
integrator
light
the
metal
light were
plates
was
possible
as
a
platemaker.
multi-head
processed
care
uniformly
step was
the
be
as
plate.
units
in
exposed
photopolymer
45",
exposing,
small
processor.
the
temperatures
The light integrator
metal
45".
of
After
hung.
were
various
were
scale.
same
plates
After
they
for
used
of
diazo
the
50
plates
the
Douthitt
a
distance
was
to
plates
humidities
experiment
jar 3
mason
different
levels
of
^
different levels
relative
humidity
29
giving
these
a
total
conditions
plates
48
of
exposed
3
and
combinations
plates
developed in
solid
steps
humidity,
types
of
and
and
temperature,
solid
plate.
steps
and
For
variables.
leading
used
were
With the data collected,
of
us
to
a
each
sum
of
of
144
all.
curves
solid
time.
were
steps
This
plotted
and
was
between the
relative
done
for both
29a
RESULT
The data
the
As
is
in the
curves
can
plotted
from the
collected
be
following
seen,
against
for both the diazo
dark
reaction
of
humidity.
diazo
and
various
the
relative
photopolymer
And
plates
can
be
used
photopolymer
temperatures,
at
solid
the
step
general
could
trend
not
of
to
plates,
relative
At high temperatures
and
be read,
the
plot
the
and
the
of
conditions
and
the
relative
deviation,
normal
relative
curves.
time,
and
represents
graphs
humidity,
arrows
steps,
plates.
compare
from
solid
humidity,
temperature
room
by
represented
The horizontal dotted line in the
condition
to
used
pages.
temperature,
and
was
experiment
at
the
time.
humidities
have been
when
used
to
the
indicate
30
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to
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61
w
Eh
Q
W
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i-i
CA
to
W
OS
X
o
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ui
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W
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w
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62
STATISTICAL DATA ANALYSIS
The relationship between two
determined using the
formula
which
r
sample
variables
(x,y)
can
be
(r)
correlation
is,
S
=
S
xv
.S
xx
yy
where,
n
v\
S
n2xi2
x-):
(aZ
"
xx
n
'
S
=
n
=
Sxy
relationship
step
on
relative
and
the
formula
gray
set
of
The
variable
and
values,
x
reaction
and
dark
The
at
say
here
in terms
used
of
determine
to
the
(indicated by the
solid
dark
reaction
reaction
time
of
calculation
indicates
solid
and
negative
75 degrees F
the
y)
temperature,
presensitised,
plates.
yi
(Zxi) (I
be
can
scale)
humidity,
lithographic
"
)2
y.
j-fr
dark
between
photopolymer
reaction
(
-
n.Zxiyi
above
o
5"
y.2
7*1
yy
The
n
M
0
o
5
is
and
relative
step.
both
and
diazo
working,
as
for
follows, for
a
diazo
humidity,
one
plate.
and
y
dark
63
X.
x.
y.
^l
1
30
50
2
y-
l
Ji
900
75
95
5
5
5
5
5625
9625
25
25
25
25
250
20
18050
100
2500
2
=
(
62500
Z
(-1
Sxx
syy
=
4 (18050)
=
9700
=
4
(100)
-
62500
400
-
0
4 (1250)
=
Sxy
-
250
0
Sxv
=
r
s
=
=
ODP
150
250
375
475
1250
r\
Tl
11
Vi
''
=
.s
xx
yy
0
0
indeterminate
indeterminate
)2
y
=
40
64
Here
the
variation
dark
lOOr
the
of
reaction
represented
indeterminate
Similar
which
to
determine
at
for
experiment
temperature
The
level
the
at
each
the lOOr
calculation
relationship
each
of
results
tabulations
the
of
2
value
will
also
given
in detail
When
the
curve
was
-romnoi-ntn-rp.
the
%
ve
see
at
every
we
the
temperature
The
in the
horizontal
humidity,
when
have
plate
and
showing
and
the
out
would
enable
any
in
lOOr
p
Also
used.
for
us
and
reaction
1,
3
at
and
determining
humidity
relative
calculations
pages.
dependence
relative
.,,.,.r
a
an
115 degrees F
and
useful
presented
are
case
are
repeated
well.
as
in the following
x-axis
be
The
obtained
find
calculated
temperature.
are
the
to
This
reaction
plates
not
4 temperatures
is
is
this
is
85, 95,
conducted.
performed
to
performed
of
to
humidity.
between dark
photopolymer
The
was
reaction
%
case
is in this
which
calculation
relative
are
due
step,
the
or
is in this
the relationship between dark
humidity
relative
days.
in
changes
dependence
which
solid
because dark
calculations
the
at
the
to
above
different temperatures
at
%
the
us
the
by
In the
value
due
variations
5
gives
dependent variable,
humidity.
relative
each
value
in the independent variable,
variations
value
p
of
or
in the form
calculations
appendix.
line parallel
straight
dark
reaction
time
could
manufacturers
on
not
'indeterminate'
relative
of
readings.
would
humidity
be
like
under
This
to
extreme
conditions.
Hence the temperatures,
under
which
dependence
humidity,
which
have
we
dark
of
or
reaction
time,
least dark
indeterminate
an
be
can
reaction
increases the dependence
increases.
That
temperature,
for the
is,
at
takes
which
more
And
or
dark
for the
value
time,
as
at
the
reaction
time
%
relative
on
reaction
%
and
under
conditions
as
place.
dark
humidity,
'value'
temperature,
the higher the
relative
plates
on
considered
of
humidities,
relative
%
the
the
value
variable
any
worst
takes
condition
place.
66
DIAZO PRESENSITISED PLATE
TEMPERATURE
% Dependence
Relative
1
Dark Reaction
of
Humidity
day
at
3 days
5 day:
indet.
75
indet.
85
indet.
indet.
indet.
95
58
90
115
87
RELATIVE
HUMIDITY
at
%
1
30
indet.
77
77
50
75
95
75
95
115
30
%
RH
indet.
indet.
indet.
indet.
5 days
indet.
indet.
indet.
indet.
91
77
at
of
various
50
%
Dark Reaction
Temperature
on
RH
75 % RH
95 % RH
indet.
indet.
indet.
indet.
indet.
indet.
15
75
0
75
75
_*
%
Dependence of Dark Reaction on
Time at various Relative Humidity
75 UF
75
95
3 days
% Dependence
RELATIVE
HUMIDITY
30
50
Dark Reaction on
Relative Humidity
94
Time
85
of
various
day
TEMPERATURE
F
58
58
_*
% Dependence
Temp,
on
Temp.
various
indet.
indet.
indet.
indet.
s
were
F
95*F
indet.
indet.
indet.
indet.
indet.
75
75
0
fogged completely
115 F
indet.
75
15
67
PHOTOPOLYMER PRESENSITISED PLATE
TEMPERATURE
F
% Dependence of Dark Reaction on
Relative Humidity at various Temp.
1
day
3 days
5 days
58
58
indet.
19
19
75
58
85
84
95
115
58
RELATIVE
HUMIDITY
%
indet.
at
1
30
50
.
of
various
_*
Dark Reaction on
Relative Humidity
day
3 days
5 days
9
9
47
47
47
indet.
indet.
13
75
95
77
9
.08
%
Dependence of Dark Reaction
Time at various Temperature
TEMPERATURE
F
9
% Dependence
Temp,
_*
%
30
50
RH
%
75 % RH
RH
75
75
75
85
0
0
100
0
95
115
75
75
75
75
75
75
fo Dependence
RELATIVE
HUMIDITY
Time
75
at
of
various
95
F
100
0
0
0
75
75
75
75
43
11
30
50
75
75
75
95
did
not
hold
on
95 % RH
75
43
11
_*
Dark Reaction on
Relative Humidity
85 F
F
on
to
plate
115 F
75
75
75
_*
cc
DATA ANALYSIS
The results
the
also
obtained
photopolymer
temperature
published
and
be
cannot
of
a
soluble
high
diazo
areas.
coating
The
be
material
weierht
this
and
binder
and
some
to
and
At
to
on
the
affected
the
ler
humidity.
95 %
as
that
humidity
plates,
a
on
the
seem
to
a
diazo
the
(ability
exposed
resin
the
of
unaffected
the
humidity
diazo
the molecular
developing
hand,
other
be
for
unexposed
of
a
But
moisture
relative
at
plate
plate.
degrades
remove
increases
in
the
high
coupling
differently
They
to
coating
at
solubility
of
was
in figur 35-
shown
diazo
to
on
consists
relative
the
fogged.
plate
a
and
relative
condition
such
least held
material
oehave
and
totally
when
the plate)
:r_~
F
is
plate
at
the
fact
temperature
a
of
reaction
the
such
it difficult
of
The dark
to
115 degrees
polymer
makes
reduces
relative
proportion
the
coating
::..;
and
in
changes
to
opposed
plates.
coating generally
hold
with
two
experiment
stability
due
at
as
temperature
coating to
could
as
and
humidity have, however,
the limit.
used
the
The diazo
at
And
reaches
processed
a
these
increases in
the purposes
and
humidity,
by
diazo
the
that
influenced
are
relative
on
humidity.
humidity it
and
and
effects
plates
simply
fact
reports.
different
relative
plates
relative
Temperature
diazo
the
confirm
solvents.
also
undergo
high temperature
more
dependent
on
69
relative
a
high
humidity
humidity they
subjecting the
are
Photopolymer
plates
There is
holds
the layer
of
shewn
in figure
36.
relative
layer
humidity
disrupts
and
interface.
exposure
washes
And
and
away,
95 %
a
are
humidity
relative
The
processed
humidity.
relative
at
high
affected.
they
when
a
at
tetter
the
But
plates
stable.
remarkably
construction.
to
lower
and
but
plates
the plates
behaved
They
very adversely
plates
115 degrees F
even
are
away from
washes
coating
after
temperature.
on
temperature than the diazo
relative
at
than
thin layer
a
It
water
the
staying
on
both
be
could
of
the
the
the
binder
the
through
adhesion
polymer
following
polymer
aluminum
theorised
permeates
polymer
of
onto
the
of
generally
photopolymer
instead
from
are
at
that
the
at
after
exposed
and
plate
as
high
photopolymer
the
metal-polymer
due
to
processing,
it
hardening
plate
which
unexposed
areas.
simply
70
High temperature
and
Diazo
relative
humidity
degrades the diazo
Coating
coating.
Soluble
Binder
Polymer
Aluminum
DIAZO
PRESENSITIZED
FIGURE
35
Water
at
relative
Photopolymer
PLATE
high
humidity
through
the
disrupts
photo-adhesion at
the
metal-polymer interface.
permeates
Coating
binder
polymer
and
Water
\
Soluble
Binder
Polymer
--
-
MER
PRESENSITIZED
FIGURE
36
PLATE
Aluminum
71
CONCLUSION
The data
polymer
plates
humidity,
at
However,
plates
more
better
humidity.
only the
off
using
at
long
as
a
photopolymer
plates
the
and
time,
and
results
could
relative
plates
are
and
be
the diazo
relative
stored
humidity
is
that
low.
is,
relative
stable
is,
you
on
than
are
temperatures.
plates
at
that
dependent
humidity,
even
relative
diazo
the
more
higher
at
and
plates;
are
is
conclusion
higher
plates
reaction
due to time.
the
a
higher temperature;
low temperature
photopolymer
as
at
for better
Hence,
stored
humidity
dark
humidity
at
plates
photo
relative
and
and
photopolymer
photopolymer
even
temperature
on
relative
using diazo
off
plates
high
than the
stable
relative
and
undergo
conducted
dependent
a
Whereas the
the diazo
better
at
also
humidity
relative
is
plate
humidity.
are
and
plates
the experiments
of
that the diazo
you
These
high temperature
In light
that diazo
influenced by temperature
are
time.
and
are
indicates
analysis
should
while
be
the
high temperature
72
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER
1)
Dark
reaction
photopolymer
2)
could
be
studied
between different
plates
by
various
manufacturers.
The difference in dark reaction,
positive
RESEARCH
working
and
negative
if
all,
between
plates
could
at
working
diazo
and
be
studied.
3) And
most
which
important
have
determine
of
undergone
the
reproduction.
effects
all
one
could
print
different levels
dark
reaction
of
has
the
with
dark
on
plates
reaction
tone
and
73
APPENDIX A
74
APPENDIX A
The
various
saturated
salt
relative
solutions
humidities
at
maintained
different
by
temperatures
different
is
given
below.
Magnesium Chloride
67.10 degrees F (19.53 degrees C)
33.4% RH
118.56 F (48.09 C)
31.4% RH
Sodium Dichromate
67.68 F (19.82 C)
55.5% RH
117.16 F (47.31 C)
48.0% RH
Sodium Chloride
68.45
118.94
(20.25 C)
75.5% RH
F (48.30 C)
74.9% RH
F
Potassium Sulphate
67.66 F (19.81 C)
97.1% RH
118.51 F (48.06 C)
96.0% RH
As
-
5
used
can
range
of
namely,
be
seen
the
the
relative
relative
75, 85, 95,
humidity (RH)
humidity
and
at
the
is
various
115 degrees F.
within
the
temperatures
74a
APPENDIX B
(
c
Ar'PENDIX 5
(Calculations
As
determining
)
lOOr
lOOr2
the
of
by
represented
temperature,
Now we
proceed
humidity,
calculations
for
the
Diazo
at
75 degrees F
F
degrees
1.
1
-
and
J7\
and
3
time
150
9025
25
25
25
25
475
18050
100
1250
900
75
95
5
5
5
250
20
625
and
x. y.
2500
5625
(Z
I'-*
are
250
375
yi5
=
40
diazo
constant
then
^i
5
=
And
the
presensitised
2
2
30
X
time.
days
l
reaction-
variables
for
5 days
x.
is dark
time.
Presensitised Plates
*i
Xn)2
case
independent
temperature
%
the
independent
the
temperature,
constant
xi
50
( T
3,
on
calculations
constant
of
value
our
and
photopolymer
constant
-
the
to
at
and
in
the
and
humidity,
on
plates
variable
variable
dtep,
solid
relative
presensitised
relative
dependent
The dependent
variable.
is the
mentioned
already
dependence
85
for
on
to
similar
plates.
76
ixi)2
nZxi2
=
sxX
xx
(
-
\
4
x
ITT
(18050)
-
x
62500
9700
S
Ty.2
=
(5y.)Z
n
-
4
(100)
400
-
0
S
=
nTx.y.
xy
-r
4
=
r
x
-
x
(1250)
-
) (2T
t=i
tfrr 1
(250) (20)
(Jx.
y.)
x
Sxv
Sxx*Syy
0
=
0
indeterminate
=
85
degrees
F
95
5 daj
-
1
'i
yi
Vi
150
5625
25
25
25
9025
36
570
yi
30
50
75
95
5
5
5
6
250
21
18050
62500
F
900
2500
-
2
*i2
xi
=
degre es
250
375
1345
=
441
1
day
s
=
4
=
9700
=
4
=
3
=
4
=
130
=
130
XX
S
yy
s
(18050)
(ill)
xy
r
441
-
(1345)
62500
-
(250) (21)
-
(9700)(3)
0.7621
lOOr
95
58.08
.2
=
degrees
F
%
3 days
-
2
2
xi
Vi
x^i
900
25
25
150
36
450
Xi
Yi
30
5
5
2500
75
95
6
7
5625
9025
49
665
250
23
I8050
135
1515
50
250
(2>i>2
(|Xi)2
=
=
62500
i-'
in
S
=
4
(18050)
xx
9700
-
62500
529
?e
4
=
3yy
(I35)
529
-
11
4
=
Svv
(1515)
(23) (250)
-
310
310
(9700) (ill
0.9490
lOOr2
90.07 %
=
yi2
xi
y.
30
50
5
5
5
X.
'l
75
95
250
xiyi
1
900
2500
7
5625
9025
22
18050
25
25
25
150
49
665
124
1440
250
375
(Zy^)2
iZH)2
=
=
62500
t--l
Sxx
syy
(18050)
=
4
=
9700
=
4
=
12
(124)
-
-
62500
484
^
79
4
s
(1440)
xy
(250) (22)
-
260
260
=
r
(9?00)(12)
=
0.7621
=
58.08
lOOr2
115 degrees F
-
1
%
day
yi2
xi
y
30
5
6
6
7
x.
.
Jl
50
75
95
Vi
1
900
25
150
2500
5625
36
36
450
9025
49
300
665
.n..
(iXi)2
=
Sxx
syy
Sxy
Itt
18050
250
E
62500
(18050)
=
4
=
9700
=
4
=
8
=
4
=
260
(146)
(1565)
-
62500
576
-
-
(250)
.
...
1563
(24)
=
576
eo
260
(9700)(8)
O.9333
lOOr2
87.ll %
=
Diazo
at
30
% RH
-
50
% RH
-
Presensitised Plates
constant
1.
3
3.
and
*i2
xi
yi
75
5625
7225
9025
13225
25
25
25
25
425
475
U5
5
5
5
5
370
20
35100
Too
I850
85
95
Vi
r\
=
(
136900
575
Z Yi
i
(35100
=
4
=
3500
XX
4
syy
sxy
375
y\
*i>2
in
s
time
5 days
xi2
(X
and
days
5
and
humidity
relative
=
0
=
4
0
(100)
(1850)
-
= i
136900
400
-
-
37 0 (20)
)2
=
400
ei
o
o
indeterminate
lOOr
50
%
RH
-
2
indeterminate
=
1
day
y.
J
75
115
5
5
5
6
5625
7225
9025
13225
"370
20
35100
85
95
(Zx.)2
=
Ui
Sxx
2
x.
l
xi
l
yi
xiyi
25
25
25
425
475
36
690
TTT
19^5
375
)2
136900
=
1
=
4
=
3500
4
S
(35100)
(ill)
-
136900
441
-
yy
3
sxy
-
4
=
90
(1965)
QO
(3500)(3)
0.8783
-
( 370)
(20)
441
52
lOOr
75 % RH
77-14
%
3 days
-
2
x.2
xi
yi
75
115
5
5
6
6
370
22
85
95
yi
Vi
5625
7225
9025
13225
25
25
425
36
36
570
35100
122
206*0
i
=
690
(Zyi>
Xi)2
(,Z
375
136900
I71
4
XX
(35100)
-
I369OO
3500
4
(122)
484
-
yy
4
4
(2060)
xy
100
100
(3500H4)
0.8452
lOOr'
91.93
%
-
(370)
(22)
=
484
75 % RH
-
5 days
2
x.2
X.
y.
Ji
1
75
xiyi
yi
i
375
115
5
5
5
7
5625
7225
9025
13225
49
425
475
805
370
20
35100
125
2080
85
95
(ix,)2
=
25
25
25
(I
136900
i-->
4 (35100)
XX
syy
sxy
r
=
3500
=
4 (124)
=
12
'
4
=
180
=
180
(3500)(12)
lOOr2
0.8783
=
77.14
fo
x
136900
484
-
(2080)
=
-
)2
y^:
-
(370)
(20)
=
484
^
9 5 % RH
-
1
dav
yi2
Xi2
xi
yi
75
5
5
85
xiyi
5625
425
6
7
36
570
115
13225
49
805
370
23
35100
135
2175
95
n
(Z
375
25
25
7225
9025
h
\2
Xi)
y,)2
==
136900
(2
L'-i
i-i
Sxx
S
=
4
=
3500
=
4
=
11
(35100)
(135)
-
529
-
yy
4 (2175)
xy
190
190
(3500) (11)
O.9683
lOOr2
=
93-77
%
136900
-
(370)
(23)
=
529
5
Diazo
at
75
constant
F
degrees
85 degrees F
F
95 degrees
-
temperature
and
relative
30.
50.
75.
and
95
30.
50.
and
75 % RH
-
30
-
115 degrees F
Presensitised KLates
-
and
30
%
50
% RH
yi2
Vi
y
15
5
3
5
5
15
9
RH
RH
xi2
xi
#
humidity
5
15
25
25
25
25
35
75
45
1
9
25
n
(Tyi)2
(I
x,>*.-
=
8i
i=i
l'\
sxx
syy
=
3 (35)
=
24
=
3 (75)
-
-
81
225
0
Sxy
r
=
3 (45)
=
0
=
0
-
9
(15)
0
indeterminate
225
6
lOOr
5
2
indeterminate
=
F
degrees
-
9 5 % RH
2
2
xi
yi
i
5
5
6
3
5
xi
yi
Vi
1
25
25
5
15
36
30
~^6
50
9
25
To"
35
9
(Z
1
=
(Zyi)2
>2
=
Xi)
==
81
U'
1
Sxx
syy
Sxy
=
3 (35)
=
24
=
3 (86)
"
2
=
3 (50)
=
6
24(2)
0.8660
lOOr2
=
75 1
81
-
-
-
256
9
(16)
256
87
9 5 degrees F
7 5 % RH
-
x^
XJ
yj
xi
yi
1
5
6
5
1
25
5
9
36
18
25
25
25
3
5
To"
8"6*
9
35
(Jx,)2
=
(Zyi^
81
3 (35)
xx
=
256
81
-
24
3 (86)
yy
256
-
2
3 (48)
xy
-
9 (16)
0
(2)
24
=
0
=
0 ?S
lOOr2
95 degrees F
-
%
Q5
RH
2
*i2
xi
^i
1
6
3
5
yi
Vi
1
36
6
7
7
9
25
49
49
21
20
35
13^
"52
35
cc
)2
( I
81
=
x.
*
t*i
^oo
=
(I
J-
.*'
3 (35)
XX
81
-
24
3 (134)
yy
400
-
2
3 (62)
xy
9
-
(20)
6
24
(2)
0.866
75 %
lOOr2
=
115
deerpfis
F
-
50
%
RH
Vi
x-
y.
xi
1
6
1
36
6
3
5
5
5
9
25
25
25
15
25
So-
TZ
TO
35
(Zyi)2
(Zxi)2
=
r
=
81
1
-'
t-i
xx
3 (35)
24
-
81
256
PC
3 (86)
yy
256
-
2
3 (46)
xy
(16)
9
-
-6
-6
24
(2)
-0.866
lOOr2
75 %
=
-
75 % RH
2
2
xi
yi
xi
yi
Vi
1
6
6
7
1
9
25
36
36
18
49
35
19
35
121
59
3
5
)2
(Z
XX
x.
=
(
81
3 (35)
Zyi)2
81
-
24
3 (121)
yy
2
-
361
6
=
361
9C
=
Sxy
3 (59)
(19)
9
-
6
(2)
24
0.866
lOOr2
75 %
=
Fhotopolymer Presensitised Plates
at
7 5 degrees F
85 degrees F
temperature
constant
1
-
3 days
-
yi2
Vi
xi
yi
30
9
9
9
2500
8
9025
81
81
81
64
35
18050
307
50
75
95
250
1
900
5625
*r-
270
450
675
76O
2155
2
(Zy,)2
(Zx,)2
=
62500
=
<:l
syy
time
day
x.2
Sxx
and
(I8050)
=
4
=
9700
=
4
3
(307)
-
-
62500
1225
12
91
4
=
Sxy
(2155)
250
-
( 35
-
-130
-130
9700
(3)
-0.7621
2
58.08
=
lOOr
75 degrees F
%
3 days
-
HZ
x.2
xi
y.
30
10
10
10
Ji
50
75
95
250
300
5625
100
100
100
9
9025
81
855
39
18050
381
2405
900
2500
=
62500
(I8O5O)
=
4
=
9700
4
S
(381)
- .
62500
1521
-
yy
=
500
750
)2
(Jx.)2
Sxx
Vi
1
3
(2405)
130
-
250
(39)
=
1521
92
-130
9700
(3)
-0.7621
lOOr2
58.08
=
75 degrees F
85 degrees F
-
%
5 days
5 days
-
2
x.2
1
yi
Vi
10
900
100
300
5625
100
121
500
75
10
11
2500
95
9
9025
81
825
845
250
"4"0
18050
"4"02
24?0
xi
yi
30
50
n
)2
\2
(I V
-
62500
(Zyi
X
i-i
L'i
Sxx
S
(18050)
=
4
=
9700
=
4
=
8
=
4 (2470)
(402)
-
62500
1600
-
yy
Sxy
120
-120
9700
(8)
-0.4308
-
250
(40)
=
1600
c3
lOOr2
I8.56
=
8 5 degrees F
-
1
%
day
2
2
Z
100
100
300
500
30
75
95
10
10
11
11
5625
9025
121
825
121
1025
250
42
18050
442
2670
xi
900
2500
(
62500
Xi)2
=
i-i
S
Vi
yi
50
(
yi
xi
Z
yL)
t-i
=
4
(18050)
-
62500
9700
s
=
4
(442)
1764
-
yy
4
S
=
4
(2670)
xy
180
180
9700
0.9138
(4)
-
250
(42)
=
1764
9 5 degrees F
-
1
day
h2
xi2
xi
yi
30
9
9
9
7
50
75
95
Vi
81
81
81
900
2500
49
675
665
292
2060
5625
9025
18050
250
270
450
1
*
(Ix,)2
=
S
=
(
62500
4
(18050)
-
Z
y,)
62500
9700
S
=
4
(292)
1156
-
yy
12
S
=
4
(2060)
xy
-260
-260
9700
(12)
-0.7621
lOOr
2
=
58.08
%
-
250
(34)
=
u56
C
95 degrees F
3 davs
-
11 5
degres
F
-
x.2
xi
yi
30
75
95
9
9
9
9
9025
250
16
18050
50
<!*i>2
=
Vi
1
81
81
81
81
900
2500
5625
2
62500
(Z
i
syy
=
4
=
9700
"
4
675
855
2250
i-i
Sxx
270
450
(18050)
(324)
-
2
yL)
= 1
62500
1296
-
0
sxy
r
=
4
=
0
=
0
(2250)
-
; 250
0
inde-
=
terminate
=
inde terminate
lOOr2
(36)
=
1296
1
day
96
115 degrees F
-
3 days
y2
X
y.
x.
Ji
i
30
ID
9
5625
9025
250
37
18050
v2
Sxx
syy
4
=
9700
=
4
855
343
2325
=
(18050)
(343)
-
62500
1369
-
3
4 (2325)
=
50
.io.
9700
(3)
0.2931
=
750
81
8.59
270
(Jy^2
=
lOOr2
100
62500
=
=
Sxy
=
450
2500
75
95
xi}
81
81
900
9
9
50
Vi
1
%
-
;250
(37)
1369
Photopolymer Presensitised Plates
at
30
% RH
50
$
RH
constant
-
1
day
-
1
day
relative
humidity
x.2
Ji
Vi
i
75
9
5
10
95
115
9
9
5625
7225
9025
13225
370
37
35100
81
675
100
850
81
81
1035
343
3415
K
xi)
)2
=
(Z yi
136900
i-1
4
Sxx
(35100)
=
3500
=
4
=
s
=
(343)
,-
13690c
1369
-
3
4
(3415)
xy
-30
^IP_
3500
(3)
0.2928
J. V V i.
855
n
^2
i,:i
syy
time
yi2
y.
xi
(I
and
.57
f
-
:370
(37)
=
1369
98
30
1 RH
-
<?o
f RH
-
7^
t
RH
-
3 days
3
days
3
days
x.
2
y-
75
io
750
81
81
81
765
95
115
9
9
9
5625
7225
9025
13225
100
85
1035
370
37
35100
343
3405
Ji
y.
^i
l
Kl
N.2
(I
2
xi
xi}
=
(
136900
L=*
=
4
(35100)
-
1369OO
3500
4
syy
=
=
sxy
(343)
3
4
(3405)
-70
=
r
-70
3500
=
2
1369
-
(3)
-0.6831
'-6.67 %
-
370
i^i
855
y\
^Ty^2
t-'
Sxx
x.y-
(37)
=
1369
CO
30
50
%
RH
-
RH
-
5 days
5
days
xi
y.
75
10
10
io
85
95
115
"4"0
xiyi
yi
l
io-
370
2
x.
Ji
750
5625
7225
9025
13225
100
100
100
100
1150
35100
400
3700
850
950
n
)2
\2
Xi)
=
=
136900
i-i
t5'
Sxx
S
=
4
=
3500
=
4 (400)
(35100)
-
136900
1600
-
yy
~
Sxy
=
0
4
(3700)
-
370
0
0
0
1
=
indeterminate
=
indeterminate
nnr2
(40)
1600
ICC
75 % RH
-
1
day
2
*i2
xi
H
75
9
85
11
95
115
9
9
yi
5625
7225
9025
13225
Vi
81
675
121
935
81
81
1035
855
334*
370
(Z
35100
3500
xi)2
Sxx
=
=
y)2
136900
4
(Z
(35100)
-
136900
3500
S
=
4
yy
(364)
1444
-
12
Sx
=
4
(3500)
-60
-60
3500
(12)
-0.2928
lOOr2
=
8.57 %
-
370
(38)
=
1^
101
75 % RH
5 days
-
^
Vi
121
825
11
10
5625
7225
9025
13225
121
121
935
1045
100
1150
43
35100
4"63
3955
x.2
X.
y.
1
Ji
i
75
n
85
11
95
U5
370
n
A
(Z*S- =
)2
136900
(Zyi
C-t
t=i
Sxx
syy
(35100)
=
4
=
3500
=
4
=
3
4
(463)
(3955)
-90
-90
(3)
-O.8783
lOOr
2
_
77.14
%
136900
1849
-
xy
3500
-
-
370
(43)
=
1849
102
95 -t
RH
1
-
day
y^2
x.2
V
X.
"
1
(
J
75
8
ji
l
85
11
95
15
7
9
5625
7225
9025
13225
370
35
35100
xi)2
=
S
=
Vi
.
1
49
665
81
1035
3T5
3235
(
136900
4
(35100)
-
600
935
64
121
Z
yi)2
136900
3500
S
=
4
(315)
1225
-
35
S
=
4 (3235)
xy
-10
-10
3500
(35)
-0.0286
lOOr
3
=
0.081
%
-
370
(35)
=
i225
103
95 % RH
-
3 davs
yi2
x.2
xi
yi
75
9
85
8
5625
7225
95
115
9
9
9025
13225
370
35
35100
(2'Xi)2
=
I
Vi
i
675
81
64
81
855
81
1035
307
3243
680
cjr
1369 00
-I
si
4
XX
(35100)
-
1369OO
3500
4
yy
(307)
1225
-
3
4
(3245)
xy
30
30
3500
(3)
0.2928
100rfc
=
8.57
-
370
(35)
yi)2
=
1225
1C4
Photopolymer Presensitised Plates
at
temperature
constant
75 degrees F
115 degrees F
30
-
-
and
%
50
RH
75 % RH
^i2
xi2
xi
Vi
yi
1
9
1
81
9
3
5
10
9
30
10
25
100
100
50
9
29
35
28T
89
Xi)2
(Z
Sxx
=
=
81
(Z
3 (35)
81
-
24
S
3 (281)
=
yy
841
-
2
S
humidity
relative
and
3 (89)
=
xy
6
24
(2)
0.866
~n
%
-
9
(29)
=
841
10'
7^ degrees F
-
75 % RH
^2
x.2
xi
*i
Vi
i
1
9
81
9
3
5
10
11
9
25
100
121
30
30
35
302
94
(Z x,
)2
=
.1
(Z
81
55
=
900
i--f
3 (35)
xx
81
-
24
3 (302)
yy
900
-
6
3 (94)
xy
-
9
(30)
12
12
24
lOOr
=
100
(6)
%
Vi
xi
3
5
9
9
9
25
29
33
8
27
64
81
81
45
2BT
7
106
xL)2
(Z
Sxx
81
=
(
3 (35)
=
676
=
81
"
24
S^
3 (226)
=
676
-
2
3 (80)
=
Sw
9 (26)
-
6
24
=
0.866
=
75 i
lOOr2
5
F
degrees
(2)
30
-
#
50
and
RH
xi2
Xi
yi
i
io
yi2
Vl
l"
.
io
i
ioo
27
99
1
5
10
25
ioo
50
o
29
35
281
87
3
(Zyi)2
(Jx^2
=
=
81
(35)
24
-
81
841
10?
3 (281)
yy
841
-
2
3 (87)
xy
9 (29)
-
0
0
24
(2)
0
lOOr'
85
%
o
F
degn= es
75 % RlI
-
xi
yi
1
11
3
5
(ZXi)2
=
x.
2
2
l
yi
Vi
1
121
11
27
9
9
81
11
25
121
55
3T
35
323
93
(Z
81
i-i
XX
3 (35)
81
-
24
(323)
-
961
=
96i
lCc
Sxy
3 (93)
=
(9)
31
-
o
o
(8)
24
0
lOOr2
85 degrees F
%
0
=
-
9 5 % RH
2
2
Vi
1
121
11
9
9
25
64
81
45
28
35
~26l>
"cTo
yi
xi
1
n
3
5
8
(ix,)2: =
,
yi
xi
(Zyi>
si
J-
i--<
I"'
Sxx
syy
=
3 (35)
=
24
'
3 (266)
81
-
-
784
14
(80)
=
=12
-
9 (28)
24
--
784
1C9
-12
(24)
14
-0.6547
lOOr2
42.86 %
=
95
115
F
degrees
F
degrees
30
-
-
and
30
% RH
50
and
%
50
RH
2
2
xi
yL
xi
yi
Vi
9
9
1
81
81
27
ioo
50
261
8T
l
3
5
10
9
25
9
25
35
9
(2yi)2
*S-=
Sxx
syy
sxy
:=
8i
=
3 (35)
=
24
=
3 (262)
=
2
=
3 (86)
6
.
(2)
0.866
81
-
-
-
784
9 (28)
784
110
100r^
75 i0
=
95
F
degrees
-
75 % RH
x:
"1
o
1
1
Vi
1
81
27
9
5
11
9
25
121
55
29
35
283
91
n
n
=
(I
81
3 (35)
yL)
81
-
24
yy
3 (283)
841
-
8
xy
9
3
(2Xi)2
xx
yi
3 (9D
12
12
24
(8)
0.866
5 *
-
9
(29)
=
84i
Ill
9 5 degrees F
-
95 % RH
yi2
x.2
x.
yi
1
1
3
5
Vi
l
7
9
6
1
49
7
9
25
81
27
36
36
22
35
T6l>
"6*4"
(Zxi)2
=
(2>i)2
81
=
l->
XX
3 (35)
81
-
24
yy
3 (166)
-
484
14
xy
3 (64)
-
-6
-6
24
(14)
-0.3273
lOOr'
10.71
%
9 (22)
hm
112
FOOTNOTES
1)
Paul J.Hartsuch,
Introduction,"
"Lithographic Plates
-
Chemistry for the Graphic Arts (I983),
2)
Ibid,
3)
Victor
p.
Strauss,
"Planographic
4) Michael H.Bruno,
5) Michael H.Bruno,
Arts Manual
L.
-
Image
Reproduction
P.L.Sony,
Platemaking
(1983),
Carriers,"
p. 261
p.
"Fundamentals
(1980),
Silver,
Printing
(I967),
"The
Lithographers Manual
7)
134
134
The Printing Industry
6) Julius
p.
Department,"
The
10:8
Platemaking,"
of
Graphic
p.380
from
classnotes
Theory,"
"Diazonium
Fall
the
course
"Graphic
1984
Salts,"
Organic Chemistry
(1983).
p.2'577
6) Julius L. Silver,
Reproduction
9)
of
Reprography
10)
Ibid.
,
p.
147
11)
Ibid.
,
p.
148
12)
Ibid.
,
p.
148
^
Thi ri.
.
P.
148
16)
Ibid.
,
p.
148
1
Theory,"
Arthur Tyrrell,
from the
classnotes
Fall
"Processes
(1972),
p.
course
"Graphic
1984
using
147
diazo
compounds,"
Easics
113
17)
Ibid.
,
p.
149
18)
Ibid.
,
p.
174
19) Michael
H.Bruno,
Lithographers
Manual
20) J. L.R.Williams,
of
"The
Polymers,"
Platemaking
(1983).
p.
Department"
10:7
"Photopolymerisation
and
Ibid.,
p.
22)
Ibid.
p. 228
23)
Anon.,
,
Encyclopedia
of
(1982),
24)
Ibid.
,
p.
681
25)
Ibid.
,
p.
681
26)
Ibid.,
p.
681
27)
Ibid.,
p.
681
Polymers,"
Chemical
p.
28) J. L.R.Williams,
of
Edition
10)
of
(1982),
Julius L.
Third
and
Photocrosslinking
Fortschritte der Chemischen Forchung
"Fhotoreactive
Encyclopedia
Volume 17,
680
"Photopolymerisation
Polymers,"
Anon.,
Kirk-Othmer
Technology.
(Topics in Current Chemistry)
29)
p. 228
229
"Photoreactive
Edition
Photocrosslinking
Fortschritte der Chemischen Forchung
(Topics in Current Chemistry) (I969),
21)
The
Silver,
p-230
Kirk-Cthmer
Technology,
Volume
17.
from the
course
"Graphic
Third
700
classnotes
eory",
32) J. L.R.Williams,
Polymers,"
Chemical
p.
(1969)1
Fall
1984
"Photopolymerisation
and
Photocrosslinking
11-
of
Polymers,"
Fortschritte der Chemischen Forchung
(Topics in Current Chemistry)
33) Julius L. Silver,
Reproduction
Theory,"
34) J. L.R.Williams,
of
classnotes
Polymers,"
Fall
from the
"Photopolymerisation
36) Michael H.Bruno.
Fall
"The
Lithographers Manual
and
(I969),
from
classnotes
Theory,"
Arnold Wexler
the
Volume
38)
53.
Probability
Fhotocrosslinking
(1983),
No.l,
and
and
of
of
p.
The
"Relative
Humidity
-
Some Saturated Salt Solutions
5
degrees
Bureau
of
C,"
Standards,
p. 21
John E.Freund,
Statistics
"Graphic
10:8
the National
July 1954,
p. 228
Department,"
Saburo Hasegawa,
Research
Irwin Miller
and
course
in the Temperature Range 0 degrees to
of
"Graphic
1984
Platemaking
Temperature Relationships
Journal
course
Fortschritte der Chemischen Forchung
35) Julius L. Silver,
37)
p. 240
1984
(Topics in Current Chemistry)
Reproduction
(I969),
"Correlation,"
for Engineers
(1977).
P-323
11
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